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CORNELL 

UNIVERSITY 

LIBRARY 


BOUGHT  WITH  THE  INCOME 
OF  THE  SAGE  ENDOWMENT 
FUND     GIVEN     IN     1891     BY 

HENRY  WILLIAMS  SAGE 


PS    551.L69™"  """""''V  Library 
ImAmm^HSaS!:"  'iterature- 


Date  Due 


RRDEO 

8*51 

® 

23    233 

V.  ib 


The  original  of  this  book  is  in 
the  Cornell  University  Library. 

There  are  no  known  copyright  restrictions  in 
the  United  States  on  the  use  of  the  text. 


http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021970607 


LuciAN  Lamar  Knight 


SOUniERNiniKHllllE 


Compiled  under, 
the  direct  super- 
vision of  southern 
men  of  letters^ 


Edwin  Anderson  Alderman 
Joel  Chandler  Harr-is 

EDITORS  IN  CHIEF 

ChaR-Les  William  Kent 

LITER.AR.Y  EDITOR 

LuciAN Lamar  Knight 

EDITOR 

VOLUME  15 

PU6LISHED  UNDER  THE  APPHOVAL 
AND  PATRONAGE  OF  DISTINGUISHED 
CITIZENS  OP_THE  SOUTHOJ-SX) 


The  HaiitinQHoyi  Company 


NEW  ORLEANS 


ATLANTA 


DALLAS 


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iio»iQiilflinnilininfliiiniiifiiiiq|llOinoiiioMiQniniHnnmiiinitiftBi* 


LIBRARY  OF 

SOUTHERN  LITERATURE 

VOLUME  XV 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 
OF  AUTHORS 

COMPILED   BY 
LUCIAN   LAMAR   KNIGHT 


'iiiDiiitiiiiuiiiUinuiiiuiiiuiiiuinoiiioiuuiiiUIUdr.lDiiliillloiuonri^ 


Copyright,  1907,  by 
The  Martin  and  Hoyt  Company,  Atlanta,  Georgia. 


l,mpyeight,  1910,  by 
The  Martin  and  Hoyt  Company,  Atlanta,  Georgia. 


EXECUTIVE  BOARD 


Editors  In  Chief. 

EDWIN  ANDERSON  ALDERMAN,  LL.D., 
President  University  of  Virginia. 

JOEL  CHANDLER  HARRIS,  Litt.  D., 
Editor  Uncle  Remus's  Magazine,  Atlanta,  Georgia. 


Literary  Editor. 

CHARLES  WILLIAM  KENT,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  LL.D., 
University  of  Virginia. 


Associate  Literary  Editor. 

CHARLES  ALPHONSO  SMITH,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  LL.D., 
University  of  North  Carolina. 


Assistant  Literary  Editors. 

MORGAN  CALLAWAY,  Jr.,  A.M.,  Ph.D., 
University  of  Texas. 

FRANKLIN  L.  RILEY,  A.M.,  Ph.D., 
Unvversity  of  Mississippi. 

GEORGE  A.  WAUCHOPE,  A.M.,  Ph.D., 
University  of  South  Carolina. 


Executive  Editor. 

F.  P.  GAMBLE, 
Atlanta,  Georgia. 


CONSULTING  EDITORS 


JOHN  W.  ABERCROMBIE,   LL.D., 
President   University    of  Alabama. 


RICHARD  H.  JESSE,  LL.D., 
President  University  of  Missouri. 


BROWN   AYRES,   Ph.D.,  LL.D., 
President  University  of  Tennessee. 


A.  A.  KINCANNON,  LL.D., 

Chancellor   University  of  Mississippi. 


J.  H.  KIRKLAND,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  LL.D., 
DAVID  C.  BARROW,  C.  and  M.E.,  LL.D.,       Chancellor  Vanderbilt  University. 
Chancellor    University   of   Georgia. 


Tennessee. 


THOMAS   D.   BOYD,  A.M.,   LL.D., 
President   Louisiana   State   University. 


E.  B.  CRAIGHEAD,  A.M.,  LL.D., 
President   Tulane   University,  Louisiana. 


F.  V.  N.  PAINTER,  A.M.,  D.D., 
Roanoke  College,  Virginia. 

R.  N.  ROARK,  M.A.,  Ph.D., 
President    Kentucky    State    Normal 
School. 


ANDREW  SLEDD,  Ph.D.,  LL.D., 
GEORGE  H.  DENNY,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,       President  University  of  Florida. 
President     Washington     and    Lee    Uni- 
versity. HENRY  N.  SNYDER,  A.M.,  LL.D., 

President  Wofford  College,  South 

Carolina. 
BASIL  L.  GILDERSLEEVE, 

A.M.,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  L.H.D..  _-„^^  ^,    tttthjam    tt  r. 

Johns  Hopkins   University,   Maryland.       ^^„.,       ^^^.^^^AJN,  LA^U.. 

President  Unwerstty  of  Arkansas. 


DAVID  F.  HOUSTON,  A.M.,  LL.D., 
President  University  of  Terras. 


FRANCIS  P.  VENABLE,  Ph.D.,  LL.D., 
President  University  of  North  Carolina. 


ADVISORY  COUNCIL 


CHARLES  B.  AYCOCK, 
Ex-Governor,  North  Carolina. 

WILLIAM  D.  BLOXHAM, 
Ex-Governor,  Florida. 

EDWARD  W.  CARMACK, 
Ex-U.  S.  Senator,  1  ennessee. 


RICHMOND  P.  HOBSON, 
Congressman,  Alabama. 

BENJAMIN  J.  KEILEY,  D.D, 
Resident  Catholic  Bishop  of  Georgia. 

STEPHEN  D.  LEE, 
General  Commanding  U.C.V.,  Mississippi. 


HENRY  COHEN, 
Rabbi,  Texas. 

CHARLES  A.  CULBERSON, 
U.S.  Senator,  Texas. 

DAVID  R.  FRANCIS, 
Publicist,  Missouri. 

THOMAS  F.  GAILOR,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop,  Tennessee. 

CHARLES  B.  GALLOWAY,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
Bishop  M.E.  Church,  South,  Mississippi. 

JOHN  TEMPLE  GRAVES, 
Editor  and  Lecturer,  Georgia. 


W.  W.  MOORE,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
President  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
Virginia. 

EDGAR  Y.  MULLINS,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
President  Southern  Baptist  Theological 
Seminary,  Kentucky. 

FRANCIS  T.  NICHOLS, 
Supremie  Court  of  Louisiana. 

ISIDOR  RAYNER, 
U.S.  Senator,  Maryland. 

U.  M.  ROSE, 
Ex-President  American  Bar  Assoeiationt 
Arkansas. 


DUNCAN  C.  HEYWARD, 
Ex-Governor,  South  Cartlina. 


HOKE  SMITH, 

Governor  of  Georgia, 


COPYRIGHT  ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

In  compiling  THE  DICTIONARY  OF  SOUTHERN  AUTHORS, 
the  editor  has  consulted  the  following  works: 

Appleton's    *Cyclopoedia    of    American    Biography.* 

National   Cyclopcedia   of  American    Biography. 

*The  New  International  Encyclopaediai' 

Davidson*s  'Living  Writers  of  the  South.' 

Manly 's    'Southern    Literature.' 

Rutherford's   'South   in   Literature  and  History.* 

Jesse  and  Allen's  'Missouri  Literature.* 

Brevard's  'Literature  of  the   South.' 

Link's  'Pioneers  of  Southern  Literature.'- 

Townsend's   *Kentuckians  in   History   and   Literature,* 

Wauchope's  'Writers   of   South  Carolina.* 

Weeks's  'Historical  Literature  of  North  Carolina.' 

Owen's   'Bibliography  of   Alabama.* 

Owen's  'Bibliography  of  Mississippi.* 

McCakb's  'Louisiana  Book.' 

Thomason's  'Louisiana   Writers.' 

Painter's  'Poets  of  Virginia.' 

Clarke's  'Songs  of  the   South,' 

Holliday's  'South  in  Literature.* 

Baskervill's  'Southern  Writers.* 

Wooten's  'Comprehensive  History  of  Texas.' 

Knight's  'Reminiscences  of  Famous  Georgians.* 

'Who's  Who  in  America.'  .  1908-1909. 

For  courtesies  extended,  the  editor  desires  to  make  grateful  acknowl- 
edgments to  the  following  publishers:  Houghton,  MiiBin  and  Company, 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  D.  Appleton  and  Company,  Harper  and 
Brothers,  The  Macmillan  Company,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  The  J.  B- 
Lippincott  Company,  The  Fleming  H.  Revell  Company,  The  A.  C.  Mc- 
Clurg  Company,  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Publishing  House,  South,  The 
Neale  Publishing  Company,  The  B.  F.  Johnson  Company,  and  others;  also 
to  the  following  individuals:  Dr.  Thomas  McAdory  Owen,  Director  of  the 
Department  of  Archives  and  History  of  the  State  of  Alabama;  Dr. 
Charles  W.  Kent  and  Dr.  Charles  Alphonso  Smith,  of  the  University  of 
Virginia;  Dr.  G.  A.  Wauchope,  of  South  Carolina  College;  Dr.  Stephen 
B.  Weeks,  historian  and  bibliographer  of  North  Carolina;  Miss  Louise 
Manly,  for  the  revised  manuscript  of  her  'Southern  Literature*;  Miss 
Julia  Toombs  Rankin,  Librarian  of  the  Carnegie  Library  of  Atlanta, 
Georgia;  Major  Charles  W.  Hubner  and  Miss  Katharine  H.  Wootten, 
also  of  the  Carnegie  Library  staff;  Mrs.  Maude  Bark^  Cobb,  Georgia 
State   Librarian,  and  Dr.   R.   E.  Hinman. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


LuciAN  Lamar  Knight Frontispiece 

Congressional  Library Facing  page  213 

Congressional  Library,  Public  Reading  Room  .    Facing  page  341 
Congressional  Library,  Stairway  to  Gallery    .    Facing  page  437 


Vol.  XV 


INTRODUCTION 


THE  DICTIONARY  OF  SOUTHERN  AUTHORS  is  in  no  sense 
the  sporadic  plant  of  a  summer's  growth.  It  is  in  substance  the 
labor  of  a  score  of  years.  The  idea  of  the  work  was  first  con- 
ceived during  the  editor's  student  days  at  the  University  of  Georgia, 
where  ample  opportunities  for  investigation  were  afforded  by  well-filled 
alcoves.  The  motive  which  called  it  forth  was  the  desire  to  right  what 
was  believed  to  be  the  wrong  of  an  unjust  discrimination  against  this 
section  and  to  show  the  true  value  and  extent  of  the  South's  contribu- 
tions to  American  letters. 

In  design,  therefore,  it  was  partly  polemic;  but  the  work  was  also  in- 
tended to  serve  the  practical  end  of  furnishing  definite  and  exact  informa- 
tion concerning  the  South's  literary  statistics:  to  set  forth  succinctly  the 
main  biographical  facts  in  regard  to  her  writers  and  to  present  in  sugges- 
tive outline  the  essential  reference  data  in  regard  to  her  books.  The 
impossibility  of  making  an  exhaustive  bibliography  was  soon  realized.  To 
individual  states,  therefore,  was  left  the  task  of  minutely  cataloguing  the 
vast  array  of  pamphlets  and  the  no  small  number  of  volumes  whose 
interest  to  the  reader  was  either  minor  or  local ;  and  the  labor  of  collecting 
only  the  more  important  materials  was  found  to  be  within  the  scope  of 
such  an  undertaking. 

From  year  to  year  the  work  of  compilation  proceeded  by  slow  degrees, 
but  perhaps  the  greater  part  of  the  matter  was  well  in  hand  when  the  privi- 
lege of  incorporating  it  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  was  of- 
fered. It  is  needless  to  add  that  in  the  effort  to  canvass  the  field  with  thor- 
oughness nearly  every  educational  institution  in  the  South  has  been  put 
under  Roman  tribute.  Moreover,  libraries,  public  and  private,  state  and 
civic,  have  been  ransacked;  letters  have  been  addressed  to  thousands  of 
individuals  through  the  mails ;  and  wherever  books  or  manuscripts  bearing 
directly  or  indirectly  upon  Southern  literature  have  been  found,  they  have 
been  freely  and  frequently  consulted. 

The  result  is  a  symposium  of  nearly  3,800  sketches.  Yet  the  number 
might  indeed  have  been  much  larger  had  not  the  eliminating  test  of  a 
fixed  standard  of  merit  been  rigidly  applied  and  had  not  the  policy  been 
strictly  enforced  of  excluding  from  the  work  all  whose  prominence  before 
the  public  was  not  in  some  direct  manner  associated  with  literary  activities. 
The  meagreness  of  some  of  the  sketches  is  due  to  an  inability  to  find 
complete  data.  In  hundreds  of  instances  it  was  possible  to  secure  only 
names  and  titles.  If  some  states  are  more  largely  represented  than  others, 
it  may  be  due  to  greater  productivity,  to  prior  settlement,  or  to  more  ap- 
proved methods  of  preserving  and  listing  their  literatures.  Moreover,  it 
must  be   reluctantly  admitted   that   some   degree   of   difference   has  been 

Vol  XV  xi 


xii  INTRODUCTION 

found  to  exist  in  the  zeal  with  which  assistance  has  been  rendered,  and 
while  cooperation  has  been  quite  general,  it  has  not  been  strictly  uniform. 
Despite  the  most  critical  and  diligent  research,  it  is  possible  that  some 
writers  have  been  omitted  who  should  have  been  included  and  that  some 
have  been  included  who  should  have  been  omitted;  but,  under  all  the 
circumstances,  the  wisest  judgment  has  been  'followed  and  the  best  plan 
of  obtaining  an  impartial  bibliography,  accurate  and  authoritative,  has  been 
adopted.  In  the  event  anyone  has  been  overlooked  whose  name  deserves 
to  appear  upon  this  muster-roll  of  the  South's  literary  hosts,  it  is  the 
editor's  wish  that  his  attention  be  called  to  the  matter,  in  order  that  the 
proper  correction  may  be  made  in  subsequent  editions.  New  writers  will 
be  constantly  coming  to  the  front.  The  limits  of  the  work  will  neces- 
sarily call  for  extension  from  time  to  time;  for  the  South  is  growing. 
Not  only  in  the  realized  abundance  of  the  past,  but  in  the  promised 
increase  of  the  future,  this  section  is  fabulously  rich  in  precious  ingots: 
an  intellectual  Peru  whose  revenues  are  of  gold. 


<::^S-<uJu^  <^£ei^ou^.0U- 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF 
AUTHORS 

ABBEY,  RICHARD,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Genesee  County, 
N.Y.,  November  16,  1805,  but  removed  to  the  South  in  early  life 
and  settled  in  Natchez,  Miss.  He  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church;  and,  when  the  slavery  agitation  began 
to  divide  the  household  of  faith,  he  took  an  active  stand  for  separa- 
tion. The  writings  of  Dr.  Abbey  clearly  evince  the  power  which  he 
wielded  in  the  councils  of  Methodism.  They  include:  'Letters  to 
Bishop  Green  on  Apostolic  Succession.'  (1853),  'The  Creed  of  All 
Men'  (1855),  'The  Ecclesiastical  Constitution'  (1856),  'The  Church 
and  the  Ministry'  (1859),  'Diuturnity,  or  the  Comparative  Age  of 
the  World'  (1866),  'Ecce  Ecclesia,'  an  answer  to  'Ecce  Homo'  (1868), 
and  'The  City  of  God  and  the  Church  Makers'  (1872),  besides  num- 
erous pamphlets  and  contributions  to  the  religious  press.  For  several 
years  he  was  financial  secretary  of  the  M.  E.  Publishing  House, 
South,  with  headquarters  at  Nashville,  Tenn. 

ABBOTT,  BELLE  KENDRICK.  Author.  [Ga.].  Besides  num- 
erous contributions  to  periodicals,  she  wrote  an  entertaining  novel 
entitled  'Leah  Mordecai'  (New  York,  1875).  She  was  the  first  wife 
of  Colonel  B.  F.  Abbott,  a  distinguished  member  of  the  Atlanta  Bar. 

ABBOTT,  JOHN.  Entomologist.  For  several  years  he  resided 
in  Georgia  and  on  his  return  to  England  wrote:  'The  Natural  History 
of  the  Rarer  Lepidopterous  Insects  of  Georgia,'  edited  by  Sir  J.  E; 
Smith  and  published  in  London,  in  1797,  with  one  hundred  and  four 
colored    plates. 

ABERCROMBIE,  JOHN  WILLIAM.  Educator.  He  was  born 
in  St.  Clair  County,  Ala.,  May  17,  1866.  On  completing  his  collegiate 
studies,  he  chose  the  profession  of  teaching,  and  after  filling  num- 
erous important  chairs,  he  became,  in  1902,  president  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Alabama,  his  ahna  mater.  Dr.  Abercrombie  is  one  of  the 
consulting  editors  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  is  also 
the  author  of  numerous  reports  and  pamphlets  bearing  upon  edu- 
cational subjects  and  of  several  published  addresses.  He  is  president 
of  the  Alabama  Association  of  Colleges,  a  member  of  the  National 
Council  of  Education  and  a  former  state  senator;  is  a  man  of  fine 
executive  capacity  and  of  ripe  scholarship;  and  holds  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  two  separate  institutions,  besides  the  degree  of  D.C.L. 
He  married  June  8,  1891,  Rosa  Merrill. 

ABERNETHY,  ARTHUR  TALMADGE,  author  [N.C],  was  born 
in  1872.  He  wrote  'Did  Washington  Aspire  to  be  King?'  which  was 
published  with  an  address  on  Washington  by  Honorable  Samuel  W. 
Pennypacker.  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing 
Company,  1906). 

ABERNETHY,  J.  W.  Editor.  He  published  a  work  entitled 
'The  Southern  Poets,'  a  collection  of  extracts  from  the  writings  of 
Sidney  Lanier,  Henry  Timrod  and  Paul  H.  Hayne,  with  biographical 
and  critical  introductions  and  explanations  (New  York,  Maynard,  Mer- 
rill and  Company,  1904). 
1 


SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

ABRAMS,  ALEXANDER  ST.  CLAIR.  Journalist.  [Ga.].  At 
one  time  he  was  engaged  in  editorial  work  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  where  he 
was  associated  with  Henry  W.  Grady  on  the  Herald.  Afterward 
he  located  in  Florida.  He  served  in  the  Confederate  Army  and 
wrote  a  'History  of  the  Siege  of  Vicksburg'  (1869). 

ADAIR,  JAMES.  An  Indian  trader  of  distinction,  who  spent 
nearly  forty  years  of  his  life  among  the  dark-skinned  natives  of  the 
Southern  forest,  chiefly  among  the  Chickasaws.  As  the  result  of  his 
observations,  he  published,  in  1775,  a  work  of  rare  interest  and  value, 
entitled  'The  History  of  the  Indian  Tribes,  Particularly  Those  Na- 
tions Adjoining  the  Mississippi.  East  and  West  Florida,  Georgia, 
North  and  South  Carolina,  and  Virginia.'  It  is  one  of  the  whimsical 
theories  of  the  author  that  the  Indian  race  is  of  Jewish  origin;  but, 
in  spite  of  this  very  unscientific  speculation,  his  book  contains  the 
most  intimate  account  in  existence  of  the  habits  and  customs  of  the 
Indian  tribes,  to  which  is  added  an  incomplete  but  useful  vocabulary 
of  the  Indian  dialects  with  which  the  author  was  familiar.  Concern- 
ing his  queer  notion  of  the  origin  of  the  Indians,  it  is  of  interest  to 
note  that  the  idea  was  subsequently  exploited  by  Dr.  Elias  Boudinot 
in  his  'Star  of  the  West;  or  an  Attempt  to  Discover  the  Long- Lost 
Tribes  of  Israel,'  published  in  1816,  but  it  has  received  little  favor 
among  scholars. 

ADAMS,   ANDY.     Author.      [Texas].  He  wrote  'The   Log  of  a 

Cowboy,'   a   narrative   of   real   life   on   the  hurricane   deck  of   a  Texas 

horse,   (1903),  'The  Outlet'   (1905),  and  'A  Texas  Matchmaker,'  all  racy 
stories  full  of  humorous  incidents. 

ADAMS,  FRANCIS  COLBURN.  Author.  [S.C.].  He  was  born 
in  1850.  Besides  numerous  short  stories  and  sketches  he  wrote 
'Uncle  Tom  at  Home,'  and  'Life  and  Adventures  of  Major   Potter.' 

ADAMS,  HERBERT  BAXTER,  educator,  was  born  at  Shutes- 
bury,  Mass.,  April  16,  1850,  and,  after  taking  a  full  collegiate  course 
at  Amherst,  studied  at  Heidelberg  (Ph.D.).  For  several  years  he  was 
professor  of  history  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
and  besides  editing  'Studies  in  Historical  and  Political  Science,' 
he  published  'The  Life  and  Writings  of  Jared  Sparks,'  and  numerous 
historical  monographs.  He  died  in  1901.  The  University  of  Alabama 
gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

ADAMS,  JASPER.  Clergyman  and  educator.  He  was  born  at 
Medway,  Mass.,  August  27,  1793.  On  completing  his  course  at  Brown 
University,  he  studied  theology  at  Andover  and  became  an  ordained 
minister  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  For  several  years  he 
was  president  of  the  College  of  Charleston,  S.C.,  and  later  took 
charge  of  a  seminary  at  Pendleton,  S.C.  At  one  time  his  'Moral 
Philosophy'  (New  York,  1836),  was  widely  used  in  the  schools.  He 
died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  October  25,  1841. 

ADAMS,  JOHN  HASLUP.  Editor.  He  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  January  31,  1871.  At  the  present  time  he  is  on  the  staff  of  the 
Baltimore  News.  Besides  editorials  and  book  reviews  for  his  own 
paper,  he  writes  occasional  articles  for  the  magazines.  The  sketch 
of  Severn  Teackle  Wallis  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature,'  is 
from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Adams. 

ADAMS,  THOMAS  ALBERT  SMITH.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  I,  page  1. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS  3 

ADGER,  JOHN  B.,  theologian  and  scholar,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C.,  of  Scotch-Irish  parentage,  December  13,  1810,  and  died  in  Co- 
lumbia, S.C,  in  1899.  For  years  he  was  a  professor  in  the  Presbyterian 
Theological  Seminary  at  Columbia,  and  earlier  in  life  labored  among 
the  Armenians  m  Asia  Minor.  He  wrote  'My  Life  and  Times,'  a  work 
of  great  value,  covering  almost  the  whole  expanse  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century  (Richmond,  Presbyterian  Committee  of  Publication,  1899). 
He  received  the  degree  of  D.D. 

AFFLICK,  MARY  (Hunt).  Poet.  She  lived  first  in  Kentucky, 
and  afterward  in  Texas  and  published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled 
'Gates  Ajar  and  Other  Poems.' 

AIKEN,  J.  G.,  Mrs.  Poet.  ]La.].  She  published  a  volume  of 
'Poems'    (1892). 

AINSLEE,  HEW.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  I, 
page  21. 

ALBERTON,  EDWIN.  Author.  In  a  volume  entitled  'Florida 
Wilds'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company, 
1907).  Mr.  Alberton  has  published  a  number  of  short  stories  illus- 
trative of  life  in  the  land  of  blooms  and  of  legends. 

ALDERMAN,  EDWIN  ANDERSON,  president  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia  and  editor-in-chief  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Lit- 
erature,' was  born  in  Wilmington,  N.C.,  May  IS,  1861,  a  son  of  James 
and  Susan  J.  Alderman.  He  received  his  collegiate  education  at  the 
University  of  North  Carolina,  taking  his  Ph.B.  degree  in  1882. 
Whatever  may  have  been  the  determining  factors  which  led  him 
to  choose  pedagogy  in  preference  to  the  legal  profession,  it  is  certain 
that  intellectually  and  temperamentally  he  was  cast  in  the  mold  of 
the  teacher.  For  three  years  he  served  his  novitiate  as  superintendent 
of  the  city  schools  of  Goldsboro,  N.C.  and  for  an  equal  length  of 
time  he  held  the  office  of  assistant  state  superintendent.  Then,  after 
occupying  for  one  year  the  chair  of  English  in  the  State  Normal 
College,  he  became  professor  of  pedagogy  in  the  University  of  North 
Carolina,  a  position  which  he  held  until  his  elevation  to  the  presi- 
dency of  this  institution  in  1896.  For  three  years  Dr.  Alderman,  with 
marked  administrative  skill,  directed  the  prosperous  career  of  his 
alma  mater;  and  by  reason  of  his  successful  work  at  Chapel  Hill, 
was  called  in  1899  to  the  helm  of  affairs  at  Tulane  University  in  New 
Orleans,  La.  Another  splendid  era  of  growth  was  inaugurated  by 
his  connection  with  this  great  educational  plant,  but  in  1904  he  yielded 
to  an  urgent  call  from  the  University  of  Virginia,  and  became  the 
executive  head  of  the  historic  school,  which  was  founded  by  Jefferson. 
On  broad  lines  he  has  planned  for  the  future  of  this  great  seat 
of  learning  and  in  every  department  of  the  work  the  magnetic 
influence  of  his  personality  has  been  felt.  Dr.  Alderman  has  also 
been  prominent  on  both  the  general  and  southern  boards  of  education; 
and  whether  upon  the  lecture  platform  or  in  the  quiet  forum  of  let- 
ters, he  is  equally  at  home.  His  style  both  as  a  writer  and  as  a 
speaker  is  distinctly  individual.  His  published  works  include  a  'Life 
of  William  Hooper,  Signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,'  a 
'School  History  of  North  Carolina,'  and  a  'Life  of  J.  L.  M.  Curry,' 
besides  numerous  essays  and  addresses  on  topics  educational  and 
popular,  and  his  contributions  to  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.' 
Dr.  Alderman  has  been  twice  married,  first,  in  1886,  to  Emma  Graves 
and  second,  in  1904,  to  Bessie  Green  Hearn.  He  received  the  degree 
of  D.C.L.  in  1882  from  the  University  of  the  South  and  the  degree 


4  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

of  LL.D.  in  1898  from  Tulane,  in  1902  from  Johns  Hopkins,  in  1904 
from  Columbia,  in  1905  from  Yale,  and  in  1906  from  the  University 
of  North  Carolina. 

ALEIX,  L.  T.  EULALIE,  Madame.  Author.  [La.].  She  pub- 
lished in  French  'Les  Poesies  de  Lamartine'  (1890). 

ALEXANDER,  ARCHIBALD,  theologian  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Rockbridge  County,  Va.,  April  17,  1772,  and  was  educated 
at  Timber  Ridge  Acalemy,  afterward  Washington  College,  at  Lex- 
ington. For  five  years  he  was  president  of  Hampden-Sidney  College; 
and,  on  the  organization  of  Princeton  Seminary,  he  became  the  lead- 
ing professor  of  this  pioneer  school  of  the  prophets.  From  1829  to 
1850  he  contributed  to  nearly  every  number  of  the  Princeton  Review; 
and,  not  only  in  the  class  room  but  in  the  editorial  sanctum  and  in 
the  pulpit,  he  was  perhaps  the  most  influential  man  of  his  day  in 
molding  religious  thought  and  opinion.  His  writings  include  'Out- 
lines of  the  Evidences  of  Christianity,'  a  work  which  has  been  trans- 
lated into  many  different  tongues  (1823),  'Treatise  on  the  Canon  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testaments'  (1826),  'Lives  of  the  Patriarchs'  (1835), 
'Essays  on  Religious  Experience'  (1840),  'History  of  African 
Colonization'  (1846),  'History  of  Log  College'  (1846),  'History  of  the 
Israelitish  Nation'  (1852),  'Moral  Science,'  and  several  unpublished 
manuscripts,  including^  'The  History  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  Virginia.'  The  College  pf  New  Jersey  gave  him  the  degree  of 
D.D.    He  died  at  Princeton,  N.J.,  October  22,  1851. 

ALEXANDER,  EDWARD  PORTER.  Soldier,  civil  engineer, 
railway  magnate,  author.  He  was  born  at  Washington,  Ga.,  May 
26,  1835,  and  was  educated  at  West  Point.  He  resigned  from  the 
United  States  Army  to  enter  the  service  of  the  Confederacy  and 
became  chief  of  artillery  in  Longstreet's  famous  corps,  with  the  rank 
of  brigadier.  After  the  Civil  War  he  became  an  important  factor  in 
the  railway  development  of  the  South.  He  published  in  two  vol- 
umes a  work  of  much  interest  entitled  'The  Memoirs  of  a  Con- 
federate,' (New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1907).  General  Alex- 
ander devotes  most  of  his  time  at  present  to  the  interests  of  his  large 
rice  plantation  on  South  Island,  off  the  coast  of  South  Carolina. 

ALEXANDER,  GROSS,  clergyman,  author,  educator,  was  born 
at  Scottsville,  Ky.,  June  1,  1852.  He  was  educated  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Louisville  and  married  first,  Helen  M.  Watts  and  second, 
Aribel  Wilbur.  After  holding  numerous  important  pastorates  in  the 
M.  E.  Church,  South,  he  became  jjrofessor  of  New  Testament  Greek 
and  Exegesis  in  Vanderbilt  University  for  seventeen  years.  He 
edited  'Homilies  of  Chrysostom  on  Galatians  and  Ephesians'  and 
wrote :  a  'Life  of  S.  P.  Holcomb  (the  Louisville  Courier- Journal  Companv, 
1888),  a  'History  of  M.E.  Church,  South'  (New  York,  Scribner's,  1894), 
'The  Beginnings  of  Methodism  in  the  South'  (Nashville,  Bigham  and 
Smith,  1897),  'The  Son  of  Man'  (tftirf.,  1899),  besides  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  church  periodicals  on  theological  subjects.  He  was  made  presiding 
elder  of  the  Louisville  District  in  1902.  Emory  and  Henry  College  gave 
him  the  degree  of  S.T.D. 

ALEXANDER,  HENRY  AARON,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Atlanta, 
Ga.,  October  10.  1874.  He  is  the  author  of  a  work  entitled  'Lien  Laws 
of  the  Southeastern  States.'  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  Southeastern  Publishing 
Company,  1909),  and  represents  Fulton  County  in  the  present 
General  Assembly  of  Georgia,  1909-1910. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS  5 

ALEXANDER,  J.  BELL.  Author.  [Ala.].  He  published  a  vol- 
ume entitled  'Malice,  a  Tale  of  Real  Life  in  the  South'  (1852). 

ALEXANDER,  JAMES  WADDELL,  clergyman  and  educator, 
■was  born  m  Louisa  County,  Va.,  March  13,  1804.  On  completing  his 
equipment  for  the  ministry,  he  was  called  to  pastoral  work  in  Vir- 
ginia; but  later  became  for  eleven  years  professor  of  belles  lettreis 
at  Princeton  and  afterward  pastor  of  the  Fifth  Avenue  Presbyterian 
Church,  of  New  York.  Included  among  his  published  works  are: 
Thoughts  on  Family  Worship,'  'Plain  Words  to  a  Young  Com- 
municant,' 'Thoughts  on  Preaching,'  'The  American  Mechanic  and 
Workingman,'  a  series  of  essays;  and  'The  Life  of  Archibald  Alex- 
ander.' Two  volumes  of  his  'Familiar  Letters,'  covering  a  period 
of  forty  years,  were  published  by  Dr.  John  Hall,  who  succeeded  him 
in  the  New  York  pastorate.  He  died  at  Red  Sweet  Springs,  Va., 
July  31,  1859. 

ALEXANDER,  JOHN  BREVARD,  physician,  was  born  in  Meck- 
lenburg County,  N.C.,  May  27,  1834,  the  son  of  R.  D.  and  Abigail 
Bain  Caldwell  Alexander.  His  daughter,  Annie  Lowrie  Alexander, 
M.D.,  was  the  first  Southern  woman  to  graduate  in  medicine.  Dr. 
Alexander  is  the  author  of  an  excellent  'History  of  Mecklenburg 
County'  (1902),  which  tells  of  the  famous  Mecklenburg  Declaration 
of  Independence,  framed  by  the  Scotch-Irish  patriots  of  North  Caro- 
lina in  1775.     He  resides  in  Charlotte,  N.C. 

ALEXANDER,  JOHN  H.  Author.  [Va.].  He  published  'Mos- 
by's  Men,'  a  story  of  thrilling  adventure  delightfully  told,  (Wash- 
ington and  New  York,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907). 

ALEXANDER,  JOHN  HENRY,  scientist  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Annapolis,  Md.,  June  26,  1812,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
March  2,  1867.  After  graduation  from  St.  John's  College,  he  studied 
law,  but  afterward  turned  his  attention  to  science,  became  professor 
of  physics  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  acquired  an  inter- 
national reputation.  Besides  contributing  to  scientific  journals,  he 
edited  three  editions  of  Simm's  'Treatise  cr\  Mathematical  Instru- 
ments' and  published  'The  History  of  M  (fallurgy  of  Iron,'  parts 
I  and  II  (1840-1842),  'Weights  and  Measure-.;,  Ancient  and  Modern,' and 
several  collections  of  religious  verse,  ap'/jng  them  'Introits,'  (Phila- 
delphia, 1844),  and  'Catena  Dominic?'  (1854).  At  his  death  he  left 
in  manuscript  'A  Dictionary  of  English  Surnames.'  'The  Life  of 
J.  H.  Alexander'  was  published  by  William  Pinkney  (1867),  and  a 
sketch  by  J.  E.  Hilgard  was  published  in  Vol.  I  of  the  'Biographical 
Memoirs'  of  the   National  Academy  of  Sciences. 

ALFtllEND,  EDWARD  MORRISON.  Dramatic  writer.  He 
was  bortu  at  Richmond,  Va.,  October  25,  1843,  the  son  of  Thomas 
M.  and  Mary  Ann  Alfriend.  His  education  was  received  at  William 
and  Mar/  College,  at  Williamsburg,  Va.  Most  of  his  life  has  been 
spent  at  the  North,  and  he  resides  at  present  in  New  York  City.  His 
writings  include:  'A  Woman's  Ordeal,'  'A  Foregone  Conclusion,'  'The 
Louisianijn,'  'Across  the  Potomac,'  "The  Diplomats,'  'The  Great  Dia- 
mond Robbery,'  'His  Double  Life,'  and  several  other  novels. 

ALFRjfEND,  FRANK  H.  Editor  and  author.  For  some  time 
he  edited  the  Southern  Messenger,  published  at  Richmond,  Va.,  and 
wrote  'Tht  Life  of  Jefferson  Davis'  (1868),  and  'The  Life  of  Robert 
E.  Lee'  (ISsTO),  besides  minor  works.  ■ 

ALLAIN,  HELENE,  Madame.  Poet.  [La.].  She  published  a 
volume  of  vfc^se  (1890). 


6  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

ALLAN,  ELIZABETH  PRESTON.  Author.  The  subject  of 
this  sketch  was  born  in  Lexington,  Va.,  December  22,  1848.  For 
several  years  past  she  has  edited  the  'Sunday  School  Literature'  of  the 
Southern  Presbyterian  Church  and  at  leisure  intervals  has  written 
several  delightful  stories  for  children.  Shfe  has  also  published  'The 
Life  and  Letters  of  Margaret  J.  Preston,'  her  stepmother,  (Boston, 
Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Company,  1903).  The  sketch  of  Margaret  J. 
Preston  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  her  pen.  She 
married.  May  14,  1874,  Colonel  William  Allan. 

ALLAN,  WILLIAM,  educator  and  historian,  was  born  at  Win- 
chester, Va.,  November  12,  1837.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was  chief 
of  ordnance  in  Stonewall  Jackson's  Corps,  with  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-colonel. From  1866  to  1873  he  was  professor  of  mathematics  in 
Washington  and  Lee  University,  and  from  1873  to  1889  he  was  princi- 
pal of  McDonough  School,  an  industrial  institution  near  Baltimore. 
He  wrote  an  important  work  of  great  interest  entitled  'The  Army 
of  Northern  Virginia  in  1862,'  with  an  introduction  by  John  C.  Ropes. 
(Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Company,  1892),  besides  minor  works, 
including  'Chancellorsville'  and  'Jackson's  Valley  Campaign.'  He  died 
September  17,  1889.  In  recognition  of  his  ripe  scholarship  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.D. 

ALLEN,  D.  C.  Author.  [Mo.].  He  wrote:  'The  Life  and  Char- 
acter of  Colonel  Alexander  W.  Doniphan.'  (Liberty,  Mo.,  D.  C. 
Allen,   1897.) 

ALLEN,  EDWARD  ARCHIBALD.  Professor  of  English  lan- 
guage and  literature  in  the  University  of  Missouri.  He  was  born 
at  Suffolk,  Va.,  October  3,  1843,  and  married  Priscilla  Armistead 
Sanders,  of  Liberty,  Va.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  various 
magazines,  he  is  the  author  of  'A  School  Grammar  of  the  English 
Language'  (Boston,  D.  C.  Heath  and  Company,  1900).  He  also  assisted  in 
the  compilation  of  'The  World's  Best  Essays'  (St.  Louis,  Ferd.  P.  Kaiser 
Company,  1899)  and  'The  World's  Best  Orations'  Ubid.,  1900).  In  asso- 
ciation with  Dr.  R.  H.  Jesse  he  also  edited  "Missouri  Literature"  (1901). 
For  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  he  wrote  the  sketch  of  Thomas 
L.  Snead.  Washington  and  Lee  gave  him  the  degree  of  Litt.D.  He  resides 
in  Columbia,  Mo. 

ALLEN,  HENRY  WATKINS,  statesma'1  and  soldier,  was  born 
in  Prince  Edward  County,  Va.,  April  29,  U20.  His  father,  a  phy- 
sician of  some  note,  removed  to  Lexington,  .\Io.;  but,  on  account  of 
a  disagreement,  the  youth  left  home  before  completing  his  studies 
and  began  to  teach.  In  1842,  when  President  Sam  Houston  called 
for  volunteers  in  the  Texan  War  against  Me..tico,  he  enlisted  upon 
the  side  of  the  republic.  Afterward  he  located  for  the  practice  of 
law  at  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  acquired  extensive  ho\dings  and  became  an 
important  factor  in  politics.  He  rose  to  the  lank  of  brigadier-gen- 
eral in  the  Confederate  Army;  but  the  explos  on  of  a  shell  disabled 
him  in  both  legs  and  resulted  in  placing  him  in  the  chair  of  gov- 
ernor. At  the  close  of  the  struggle,  he  located  in  the  City  of  Mexico 
and  established  a  paper.  The  Mexican  Timi  \  which  was  printed 
in  English.  But  soon  after  making  this  chang'i  of  abode  he  died  in 
his  foreign  home,  April  2,  1866.  An  extended  lour  of  Europe,  which 
he  made  during  the  prime  of  life,  bore  fruit  n  a  volume  entitled: 
'Travels  of  a  Sugar  Planter,'  and  in  the  yeai  following  his  death 
Mrs.  Sarah  A.  Dorsey  published  her  interest  Vig  'Recollections  of 
Henry  W.  Allen,'  (New  York.  1867). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF   AUTHORS  ? 

ALLEN,  JAMES  LANE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  I,  page  41. 

ALLEN,  JAMES  LANE.  One  of  the  leading  lawyers  of  Chicago. 
He  was  born  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  March  3,  1848,  and  was  educated  at 
Bethany  College,  "W.  Va.  He  practiced  law  for  two  years  at  Omaha, 
Neb.,  and  afterward  settled  in  Chicago.  He  married,  in  1870,  Josephine 
E.  Fenkell.  He  is  the  compiler  of  'Allen's  Hand-book  of  the  Ne- 
braska Code,'  and  is  the  author  of  several  stories  and  sketches,  in- 
cluding: 'The  Exodus  of  the  Children  of  Ham,'  'Aunt  Viney's  Story' 
and  'The  Horse-Shoe  Bend.' 

ALLEN,  JOHN  MILLS.  Lawyer.  Often  called  "Private  John," 
a  soubriquet  which  he  earned  in  his  first  race  for  Congress.  He  was 
born  in  Tishomingo  County,  Miss.,  July  8,  1846;  and,  after  receiving 
an  elementary  education,  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar.  Despite  his 
youth  he  served  in  the  Confederate  ranks;  and  it  was  not  until  the 
war  was  over  that  he  began  his  legal  studies.  On  December  24,  1872,  he 
married  Georgia  Taylor,  at  Tupelo,  Miss.  Entering  politics,  he  rep- 
resented his  district  in  Congress  from  188S  to  1901.  As  a  humorist 
he  made  a  reputation  which  was  national  in  extent  and  which  rivaled 
even  the  fame  of  "Sunset"  Cox.  His  speeches  are  models  of  political 
humor.    He  resides  at  Tupelo,  Miss. 

ALLEN,  JOHN  ROBERT.  Professor  of  Mental  and  Moral 
Philosophy  in  the  Southwestern  University,  at  Georgetown,  Texas,  and  a 
clergyman  in  the  M.E.  Church,  South.  He  is  a  native  of  Iredell  County, 
N.C.  He  married,  October  3,  1878,  Mollie  Crutchfield.  His  books  include : 
'Man,  Money  and  the  Bible'  (Nashville,  Southern  Methodist  Publishing 
Company),  and  'The  Itinerant  Guide'  (ibjrf.).  He  resides  in  Georgetown, 
Texas.    The  Southern  University  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

ALLEN,  LYMAN  WHITNEY,  clergyman  and  poet,  was  born 
in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  November  19,  18S4.  His  father  was  George  Otis 
Allen.  Since  1880  he  has  been  a  minister  of  the  Presbyterian  Church; 
and  he  resides  at  present  in  Newark,  N.  J.  As  a  poet  he  has  won 
signal  honors.  He  was  the  successful  competitor  for  the  New  York 
Herald's  $1,000  prize,  the  po'em  which  brought  him  this  trophy  being 
"Abraham  Lincoln — The  Star  of  Sangamon"  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons).     He  received  his  D.D.  from  Wooster. 

ALLEN,  PAUL,  editor  and  author,  was  born  in  Providence, 
R.I.,  February  15,  177S.  On  completing  his  education  at  Brown  Uni- 
versity, he  engaged  in  newspaper  work  and  prepared  the  'Travels 
of  Lewis  and  Clarke'  for  the  press.  During  the  greater  part  of  his 
adult  life  he  resided  in  Baltimore,  Md.  He  was  a  man  of  unusual 
gifts  but  was  constantly  in  need  of  a  spur.  Because  of  this  peculiar 
drawback  he  failed  to  redeem  his  engagements  to  write  either  a  'His- 
tory of  the  Revolution'  or  a  'Life  of  Washington,'  for  which  sub- 
scriptions were  taken.  Nevertheless,  he  published  a  volume  of  poems 
in  1801  and  a  'Life  of  Alexander  I'  in  1818,  besides  a  poem  in  twenty- 
five  cantos,  entitled  "Noah,"  which  was  reduced  by  advice  to  five. 
At  one  time  he  suffered  imprisonment  for  debt.  He  died  in  Baltimore, 
August  18,  1826. 

ALLEN,  WILLIAM,  statesman,  was  born  at  Edenton,  N.C, 
in  1806,  and  died  in  Ohio,  July  11,  1879.  The  earlier  part  of  his  life 
was  spent  at  Lynchburg,  Va.,  but  at  the  age  of  sixteen  he  made  his 
way  on  foot  to  Ohio,  where  his  half-sister,  the  mother  of  Allen  G. 
Thurman,  resided.     Here  he  studied  law,  became  an  advocate  of  wide 


8  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

reputation  at  the  Bar,  served  in  Congress  as  a  Democrat  and  at  the 
age  of  thirty-one,  took  his  seat  in  the  United  States  Senate,  the 
j'oungest  man  who  was  ever  given  the  toga.  He  was  subsequently 
reelected  in  1843.  Later  he  became  governor  of  the  State.  On  ac- 
count of  his  powerful  voice  he  was  called  in  Washington  "the  Ohio 
Gong.''  But  he  was  equally  vigorous  in  intellect,  a  man  of  strong 
individuality  and  character  who  left  his  impress  upon  his  times. 

ALLEN,  WILLIAM  FRANCIS.  Editor.  He  compiled,  in  as- 
sociation with  Charles  Pickard  and  Lucy  McKim,  a  work  entitled 
"The  Slave  Songs  of  the  United  States,'  (New  York,  A  Simpson  and 
Company,  1867). 

ALLEN,  YOUNG  J.,  for  more  than  fifty  years  an  honored  mis- 
sionary of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  in  China,  was  born 
in  Burke  County,  Ga.,  in  1836.  His  literary  work  is  quite  voluminous, 
including:  'The  Czar  of  Russia,'  'Li  Hung  Chang's  Travels,'  'Family 
Prayers  for  Chinese  Christians,'  'Illustrations  of  Christian  Truth,' 
'Life  of  Luther,'  and  'Woman  in  All  Lands.'  He  married  Molly 
Hampton.  For  some  time  he  taught  English  in  a  Chinese  Uni- 
versity; he  also  made  numerous  translations;  and  by  reason  of  his 
blameless  life  and  great  learning  he  became  one  of  the  revered  pa- 
triarchs of  China.     Emory  College  made  him  a  D.D. 

ALLISON,    JOHN.      Author.       [Tenn.].      He    wrote    'Dropped 

Stitches  in  Tennessee  History'  (1897). 

ALLMOND,  MARCUS  BLAKEY,  educator  and  author,  was  born 
at  Stanardsville,  Va.,  August  17,  1851.  When  a  student  at  the  Univer- 
sity he  won  the  magazine  medal,  a  trophy  which  served  to  stimulate 
his  latent  genius  of  authorship,  and  he  afterward  published  'Estelle, 
an  Idyl  of  Old  Virginia,'  'Agricola,  an  Easter  Idyl,'  'Fairfax,  My  Lord,' 
an  historical  poem,  'Outlines  of  Latin  Syntax,'  'Lectures  and  Ad- 
dresses' and  'Miscellaneous  Poems.'  In  1900  he  was  called  to  the 
chair  of  Latin  and  German  in  Hampden-Sidney  College.  He  married, 
June  30,  1879,  Virginia  Carey  Meade,  a  niece  of  Bishop  Meade.  The 
University  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

ALLSTON,    JOSEPH    BLYTH.     Soldier    and    poet.    [S.C]     He 

published  'Battle  Songs.' 

ALLSTON,  WASHINGTON.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.   I,  page  87. 

ALSOP,  GEORGE.  Author.  The  known  details  of  his  life  are 
meager;  but  he  was  an  Englishman,  born  in  1638,  resided  for  several 
years  in  the  Colonies  and  published  a  work  of  mixed  prose  and  verse 
entitled:  'A  Character  of  the  Province  of  Maryland'  (London,  1666). 

ALSTON,  ROBERT  FRANCIS  WITHERS,  governor,  rice 
planter  and  civil  engineer,  was  born  in  All  Saints'  Parish,  S.C,  April 
21,  1801,  and  died  in  Georgetown,  S.C,  April  7,  1864.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  West  Point,  but  resigned  to  engage  in  industrial  pursuits. 
From  1856  to  1858  he  was  governor  of  South  Carolina.  He  wrote 
several  volumes,  among  them  'Memoirs  of  Rice'  (1843),  'Report  on 
Public  Schools'  (1847),  and  'Essays  on  Sea  Coast  Crops.'  On  account 
of  his  extensive  operations  he  greatly  stimulated  the  cultivation  of 
rice  in  South  Carolina. 

ALTSHELER.  JOSEPH  ALEXANDER,  author,  was  born  at 
Three  Springs,  Ky.,  April  29,  1862.  On  completing  his  studies  at 
Vanderbilt  University,  he  engaged  in  journalistic  work,  first  on  the 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS  9 

Louisville  Courier-Journal  and  afterward  on  the  New  York  World. 
He  married,  May  30,  1888,  Sara  Boles.  His  stories,  which  are  based 
upon  dramatic  incidents  of  American  history,  have  proved  unusually 
popular.  They  include:  'The  Sun  of  Saratoga,'  'In  Hostile  Red,'  'A 
Soldier  of  Manhattan,'  'The  Last  Rebel,'  'A  Herald  of  the  West,'  'My 
Captive,'  'In  Circling  Camps,'  'The  Wilderness  Road,'  'Before  the 
Dawn,'  'Guthrie  of  the  Times,'  'The  Candidate,'  'Forest  Runners'  and 
'The  Young  Trailers.'  Most  of  his  books  have  been  issued  by  D. 
Appleton  and  Company  of  New  York,  but  'The  Candidate'  was  pub- 
lished by  Harper  and  Brothers. 

ANDERSON,  ARCHER.  [Va.].  He  published  several  addresses 
which  possess  both  historical  and  literary  value,  among  them,  one 
on  "Robert  E.  Lee"  and  one  on  "The  Battle  of  Chickamauga." 

ANDERSON,  E.  M.,  Mrs.  Poet.  [N.C.].  She  published  a  volume 
of  verse  entitled  'Memorial  Poems'  (Durham,  N.C,  The  Seeman  Press, 
1903). 

ANDERSON,  FLORENCE.  Author.  [Ky.].  Besides  a  novel 
entitled  'Zenaida,'  she  published  a  volume  of  'Poems.' 

ANDERSON,  GEORGE  S.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Ala.].  He  pub- 
lished 'The  Sermon  Builder'  (1892). 

ANDERSON,  L.  B.  Author.  [Va.].  He  published  a  volume  en- 
titled  'Biographies   of   Virginia   Physicians   of   Olden   Times'    (1891). 

ANDREW,  JAMES  OSGOOD.  An  eminent  Methodist  bishop. 
He  was  born  in  Washington,  Ga.,  May  3,  1794,  and  died  in  Mobile, 
Ala.,  March  1,  1871.  On  his  relations  to  African  slavery  arose  the 
partition  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  By  his  second  wife, 
whom  he  married  in  1844,  he  became  the  owner  of  slave  property; 
and,  being  the  only  member  of  the  college  of  bishops  who  pos- 
sessed such  an  interest,  he  was  requested  to  desist  from  the  exer- 
cise of  his  office  so  long  as  this  impediment  remained.  He  consid- 
ered this  action  wholly  unconstitutional,  and  rather  than  submit  to 
dictation  in  the  management  of  his  private  affairs  he  was  about  to 
surrender  his  Episcopal  seat  when  his  colleagues  from  the  slave-holding 
States  dissuaded  him  from  taking  this  step.  Subsequently,  in  1846, 
a  convocation  of  delegates  from  the  slave-holding  States  was  held  at 
Petersburg,  Va.,  and  the  result  of  this  independent  movement  was  the 
organization  of  the  M.E.  Church,  South,  of  which  this  distinguished 
representative  became  the  senior  bishop.  He  wrote  on  many  religious 
topics,  but  only  two  volumes  remain  to  tell  of  his  arduous  labors: 
'Family  Government'  and  'Miscellanies.' 

ANDREWS,  CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS.  Soldier  and  diplo- 
mat. He  was  born  at  Hillsboro,  N.  C,  1829,  but  prior  to  the  Civil 
War  he  removed  to  Minnesota ;  became  a  brigadier-general  in  the 
Union  Army;  was  United  States  Minister  to  Sweden  from  1869  to 
1876  and  United  States  Consul-general  to  Brazil  from  1882  to  1885. 
His  writings  include:  'A  History  of  the  Campaign  of  Mobile'  (New 
York,  D.  Van  Nostrand,  1867)  and  'Brazil.' 

ANDREWS,  D.  W.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Ala.].  He  was  born  in 
1801.  Besides  an  interesting  resume  of  the  North  River  Association 
(1885),  he  wrote  a  'History  of  David.' 

ANDREWS,  ELIZA  FRANCES.  Educator  and  writer.  She  was 
born  in  Washington,  Ga.,  August  1,  1840,  the  daughter  of  Judge  Gar- 
nett  and  Annulet  Ball  Andrews;  graduated  from  LaGrange  Female 


10  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

College  and  taught  for  several  years  at  Wesleyan.  She  is  an  author- 
ity on  botany,  and  her  work  entitled:  'Botany  the  Year  Around' 
(New  York,  American  Book  Company),  is  one  of  the  popular_  text- 
books. Besides  numerous  magazine  articles,  she  has  published: 
'A  Family  Secret'  (1876),  'A  Mere  Adventurer'  (1879),  'Prince  Hal' 
(Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company),  'The  War-time  Journal 
of  a  Georgia  Girl'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company^,  and  many 
serials  which  have  not  appeared  in  book  form.  Miss  Andrews  is  also 
the  author  of  some  excellent  verse.  Her  writings  are  characterized  by 
an  unusual  grace  of  diction  and  charm  of  interest.  She  resides  in 
Montgomery,  Ala. 

ANDREWS,  GARNETT,  jurist,  was  born  near  Washington,  Ga., 
October  30,  1798.  He  became  an  eminent  lawyer  and  was  for 
thirty  years  judge  of  the  Northern  Circuit  of  Georgia.  He  was 
the  author  of  an  interesting  work  of  great  historical  value  entitled: 
'Anecdotes  of  the  Georgia  Bench  and  Bar;  or,  Reminiscences  of  an 
Old  Georgia  Lawyer,'  only  a  few  copies  of  which  are  extant.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  'A  Review  of  Alexander  H.  Stephens's  War  Between 
the  States'  (1872),  and  many  newspaper  and  magazine  articles  on 
political  and  agricultural  subjects.  He  died  in  Washington,  Ga., 
August  14,  1873,  at  his  picturesque  old  home  called  "Haywood." 

ANDREWS,  MATTHEW  PAGE,  educator  and  editor,  was  born 
in  Shepherdstown,  W.Va.,  July  5,  1878.  From  time  to  time  he  has 
written  for  the  magazines.  At  present  he  is  engaged  in  preparing  an 
important  work  on  American  history,  which  is  to  be  published  in  two 
volumes.  He  is  also  editing  a  volume  of  the  poems  of  James  Ryder 
Randall.     He  resides  in  Baltimore,  Md. 

ANDREWS,  STEPHEN  P.  Lawyer  and  jurist.  [La.].  He  pub- 
lished an  important  legal  work  entitled  'A  Comparison  of  Common 
Law  with  French  and  Spanish  Law'  (New  Orleans,  1839). 

ANDRY,  LAURE,  Madame.  Author.  [La.].  She  wrote  in  the 
French  language  a  'Histoire  de  la  Louisiane'  (1882). 

ANSPACH,  FREDERICK  RINEHART.  Lutheran  clergyman. 
For  more  than  twenty-five  years  the  state  of  Maryland  furnished  the 
field  of  his  activities;  but  he  was  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1815.  Be- 
sides editing  the  Lutheran  Observer,  he  published  'Sons  of  the  Sires' 
(1852),  'Sepulchres  of  Our  Departed'  (1854),  and  'The  Two  Pilgrims' 
(1857),  besides  minor  works,  including  a  'Discourse  on  the  Death  of 
Henry  Clay,'  which  was  his  first  publication.  He  died  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  in  1867. 

ANTROBUS,  SUZANNE.  Author.  [La.].  She  wrote  'The 
King's  Messenger,  a  Story  of  Colonial  Louisiana'  (1901). 

APES,  WILLIAM.  Author.  He  was  an  Indian  of  the  Pequoit 
tribe,  who  was  born  about  the  year  1800,  lived  in  the  Indian  Territory, 
became  a  preacher,  and  published  'A  Son  of  the  Forest'  (Boston, 
1831),  'Experiences  of  Five  Christian  Indians  of  the  Pequoit  Tribe' 
(1833),  'Indian  Nullification'  (1835),  and  a  'Eulogy  of  King  Philip' 
(1836). 

ARCHDALE,  JOHN.  English  governor  of  North  Carolina.  He 
is  said  to  have  introduced  rice  culture  into  the  province  by  distribu- 
ting among  some  friends  a  bag  of  seed  rice  given  to  him  by  the 
captain  of  a  vessel  from  Madagascar.  On  returning  to  England,  he 
wrote  his  'Description  of  the  Fertile  and  Pleasant  Province  of  Caro- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF    AUTHORS  H 

Una'   (London,  1707).     Certain  scruples  concerning  the  requisite  oath 
restrained  him  from  taking  a  seat  in  Parliament. 

ARCHER,  BRANCH  T.,  Texan  revolutionist,  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia in  1790.  For  several  years  he  practiced  medicine  in  his  native 
state,  after  which  he  located  in  Texas,  took  an  active  part  in  the 
Revolution,  and  became  first  Speaker  of  the  House  and  afterward 
Secretary  of  War,  on  the  establishment  of  the  republic.  He  died  in 
Texas  in  1856.  He  was  an  orator  of  distinction  and  delivered  numer- 
ous  public  and  legislative   speeches,   some  of  which  were  published. 

ARCHER,  G.  W.  Physician.  [Md.].  At  leisure  intervals  he  exer- 
cised his  imaginative  gifts  by  writing  a  number  of  delightful  stories, 
among  them,  'Tales  of  Texas'  and  'More  Than  She  Could  Bear,' 
besides  medical  essays. 

ARMFIELD,  LUCILE,  Mrs.  Poet.  [N.C.].  She  published  a 
volume  of  verse  entitled  'Songs  from  the  Carolina  Hills'  (New  York, 
1902). 

ARMSTRONG,  GEORGE  DODD,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  at  Mendham,  N.J.,  September  IS,  1813.  On  completing  his 
studies  at  Princeton,  he  became  for  several  years  a  professor  in  Wash- 
ington College;  but  in  1851  he  was  called  to  pastoral  work  in  Norfolk, 
Va.  He  was_  one  of  the  most  influential  Presbyterian  divines  of 
the  Old  Dominion.  Some  of  his  earliest  contributions  were  made  to 
the  Southern  Literary  Messenger.  Included  among  his  writings  are: 
'The  Doctrine  of  Slavery'  (New  York,  1857),  'Scriptural  Examina- 
tion of  the  Doctrine  of  Baptism,'  '  The  Summer  of  the  Pestilence,'  an 
account  of  the  ravages  of  the  yellow  fever  in  Norfolk  in  1857;  'The 
Sacraments  of  the  New  Testament'  (1880),  and  'The  Books  of  Na- 
ture and  Revelation'  (1886).  William  and  Mary  College  gave  him 
the  degree  of  S.T.D.     He  died  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  May  12,  1899. 

ARMSTRONG,  JOSEPH  L.,  educator,  was  born  at  Fincastle,  Va., 
in  1857.  His  father  was  the  Rev.  James  E.  Armstrong,  D.D.,  and  his 
mother,  Margaret  Hickman.  He  occupies  a  chair  in  Randolph-Macon 
College  Va.,  and  besides  magazine  articles,  has  published  a  '  Grammar 
of  English'  (1889).  He  also  wrote  the  sketch  of  John  Esten  Cook 
for  '  The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.' 

ARMSTRONG,  SELENE  AVER,  editor  and  magazine  writer,  was 
born  in  Washington,  Ga.,  September  20,  1883.  Her  first  appearance 
in  print  was  as  the  winner  of  a  prize  story  in  the  Atlanta  Constitution, 
written  at  eleven  years  of  age.  She  afterward  became  society  editor  of 
the  Atlanta  Georgian.  At  present  she  is  on  the  staff  of  the  Washington 
(D.C.)  Times,  but  contributes  at  frequent  intervals  to  current  magazines. 
Her  work,  though  limited  in  volume,  is  characterized  by  an  individuality 
of  style  and  thought  which  has  attracted  attention  in  the  East  as  well  as 
in  the  South. 

"ARP,  BILL."    See  Smith,  Charles  H. 

ARRINGTON,  ALFRED  W.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Iredell  County, 
N.C,  in  1810,  a  son  of  Archibald  Arrington,  a  Whig  member  of  Con- 
gress. For  some  time  he  was  an  itinerant  Methodist  minister  in 
Indiana;  and,  on  account  of  his  rare  gift  of  eloquence,  he  attracted 
great  crowds.  But  he  left  the  pulpit  for  the  Bar,  locating  first  in 
one  state  and  then  in  another.  For  six  years  he  held  a  judicial  position 
in  Texas.  Later  he  went  to  Chicago,  where  his  reputation  became 
national.  Under  the  name  of  "Charles  Summerfield,"  he  frequently 
made   literary   contributions,   and   wrote   the   famous   'Apostrophe   to 


12  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

Water,'  which  was  often  quoted  with  great  effect  by  John  B.  Gough. 
He  also  published  'Sketches  of  the  Southwest'  and  'The  Rangers 
and  Regulators  of  the  Tanaha.'  He  died  in  Chicago,  January  31,  1867. 
Two  years  later  appeared  a  volume  of  '  Poems,'  with  a  memoir  by 
his  wife,  Leola  Arrington. 

ASBURY,  FRANCIS,  first  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  in  America,  was  born  in  Staffordsville,  England,  August  20, 
,1745,  and  died  in  Spottsylvania,  Va.,  March  31,  1816.  He  was  one  of  the 
earliest  pioneers  of  Methodism,  laid  the  foundations  of  this  great  house- 
hold of  faith,  traveled  on  horsebackover  270,000  miles,  from  first  to  last, 
and  saw  the  denomination  grow  from  a  scattered  flock  of  316  mem- 
bers to  a  powerful  organization  of  214,000  communicants.  Perhaps 
it  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  in  the  literature  of  pioneer  life  there 
is  nothing  to  surpass  'Asbury's  Journals'  in  the  materials  of  romance. 
They  were  first  published  in  three  volumes  (New  York,  1852).  For 
an  authentic  account  of  this  great  wilderness  preacher,  see  Strick- 
land's 'Life  of  Asbury'  (New  York,  1858).  Dr.  George  G.  Smith 
has  also  written  an  excellent  memoir  (Nashville,  1896).  Most  of 
his  ministerial  labors  were  perfoimed  in  the  South. 

ASHE,  SAMUEL  A'COURT,  lawyer  and  editor,  was  born  in  New 
Hanover  County,  N.C.,  September  13,  1840.  His  father  was  William 
S.  Ashe  and  his  mother,  Sarah  Green.  For  several  years  he  was 
editor  of  the  Raleigh  News  and  Observer,  a  paper  to  which  his  signal 
abilities  gave  wide  influence.  At  the  present  time  he  is  clerk  to  a 
committee  of  the  United  States  Senate.  Besides  editing  six  volumes 
of  the  '  Biographical  History  of  North  Carolina,'  published  by  C.  L. 
Van  Noppen  and  Company  (1905-1907),  to  which  he  contributed  most 
of  the  sketches,  he  is  also  the  author  of  'A  History  of  North  Carolina,' 
the  first  volume  of  which  appeared  in  1908.  During  the  Civil  War, 
Captain  Ashe  was  an  ordnance  officer  in  the  famous  Battery  Wagner. 

ASHE,  THOMAS.  Author.  Says  Appleton's  'Cyclopedia  of  Ameri- 
can Biography':  "He  is  supposed  to  be  the  'T.  A.  gent,'  who 
visited  this  country  on  board  His  Majesty's  ship,  Richmond,  and,  on 
his  return  to  England,  in  1682,  published  'Carolina,'  a  work  of  some 
pretensions  descriptive  of  the  province."  The  work  was  subsequently 
reprinted  in  'Historical  Collections  of  South   Carolina'    (1836). 

ASHMORE,  OTIS.  Educator  and  astronomer.  He  was  born  in 
Lincoln  County,  Ga.,  March  6,  1853.  He  is  widely  known  on  account 
of  the  astronomical  forecasts  which  he  has  made  for  'Grier's  Almanac;' 
but  he  has  also  contributed  numerous  articles  to  the  magazines  on 
scientific  subjects.     He  resides  in  Savannah,  Ga. 

ASTROP,  ROBERT.  Author.  He  lived  at  Brunswick,  Va.,  and 
published  a  volume  of  'Original  Poems  on  a  Variety  of  Subjects, 
Interspersed  with  Tales' _  (Philadelphia,  1835).  It  contains  only  132 
pages,  but  the  writer  claims  it  to  be  "the  largest  miscellaneous  col- 
lection ever  published  by  an  American  author."  The  chief  interest 
of  the  work  attaches  to  this  statement. 

ATKINSON,  CHARLES  PRESCOTT.  Methodist  Episcopal 
clergyman  and  educator.  He  was  born  in  Newton,  Ala.,  August  31, 
1867.  Besides  occasional  essays,  he  is  the  author  of  the  sketch  of 
Clififord  Lanier  in  '  The  Library  of  Southern  Literature,'  and  has  an 
important  work  in  preparation.  Since  1904,  Dr.  Atkinson  has  held 
the  chair  of  philosophy  in  Southern  University  at  Greensboro,  Ala. 
He  married,  October  14,  1896,  Jessie  Laird. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS         13 

ATKINSON,  GEORGE  WESLEY.  Congressman,  governor, 
jurist,  author.  He  was  born  in  Charlestown,  W.Va.,  June  29,  1845, 
and  graduated  from  Ohio  Wesleyan  University  in  1870.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar  and  became  United  States  Marshal;  served  one  term  in  Con- 
gress; occupied  the  office  of  governor  from  1897  to  1901;  was  United 
States  District  Attorney  for  the  Southern  District  of  West  Virginia  for 
four  years;  and  in  189S  became  Judge  of  the  United  States  Court  of 
Claims.  In  politics  he  is  a  stanch  Republican.  He  is  also  a  Knight  Tem- 
plar and  a' Free  Mason  of  high  rank.  He  is  a  man  of  strong  convictions 
and  of  outspoken  opinions,  and  despite  the  heavy  demands  of  public  life, 
has  written  numerous  books  upon  historical  and  economic  subjects,  inclu- 
ding: 'The  West  Virginia  Pulpit,'  'The  A.  B.  C.  of  the  Tariff,'  'Don't:  or, 
Negative  Chips  from  the  Blocks  of  Living  Truths,'  'Revenue  Digest, 
'Prominent  Men  of  West  Virginia,'  a  text-book  on  Psychology,  'Public 
Addresses,'  and  'After  the  Moonshiners.'  He  has  also  paid  tribute  to  the 
poetic  muse  in  fragmentary  bits  of  song.  The  University  of  Nashville 
gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  and  the  University  of  Virginia,  the  degree  of 
D.C.L.     He  resides  in  Charlestown,  W.Va. 

ATKINSON,  W.  D.  Lawyer.  [Ala.].  He  compiled  'The  Laws 
of  Alabama'  (1890). 

AUDUBON,  JOHN  JAMES.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  I,  page  103. 

AUDUBON,  LUCY  BAKEWELL,  was  the  wife  of  the  great  natu- 
ralist, John  James  Audubon.  She  often  shared  the  travels  of  her 
husband,  encouraged  him  in  his  scientific  labors  amid  sore  trials  and 
perplexities,  and  published  'The  Life  of  John  James  Audubon:  Edited 
by  His  Widow,'  with  an  introduction  by  James  Grant  Wilson  (New 
York,  1869).  She  survived  her  husband  for  more  than  twenty  years 
and  died  at  the  home  of  her  sister-in-law,  in  Shelbyville,  Ky.,  June 
19,  1874. 

AUDUBON,  MARIA  R.  She  published  a  work  entitled,  'Audubon 
and  His  Journals'  (New  York,  1897). 

AUGUSTIN,  GEORGE.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  'Ro- 
mances of  New  Orleans'   (1891). 

AUGUSTIN,  JAMES  M.  Clergyman.  [La.].  He  wrote  a  '  His- 
tory of  the  Catholic  Church  in  Louisiana'  (1893). 

AUGUSTIN,  JOHN.  Editor  and  poet.  He  was  born  in  New 
Orleans,  La,,  February  11,  1838.  At  different  times  he  held  the  city 
editorship  of  nearly  every  newspaper  in  New  Orleans.  When  the 
Civil  War  began  he  entered  the  Confederate  ranks;  and,  during  the 
quiet  intervals  of  camp  life,  wrote  most  of  the  poems  which  were 
afterward  published  in  a  volume,  entitled  'War  Flowers'  (1865).  But 
his  prose  surpasses  his  verse  in  artistic  power.  An  article  entitled 
"The  Oaks,"  descriptive  of  the  old  duelling-ground  of  New  Orleans, 
reveals  his  mastery  in  this  respect.  It  is  preserved  in  'The  Louisiana 
Book.'     He  died  in  New  Orleans,  February  5,  1888. 

AUGUSTIN,  MARIE.  Author.  [La.].  She  published  a  novel  en- 
titled '  Le  Mecandal '  (1892). 

AUSTIN,  MARTHA  W.  Author.  She  was  born  in  New  Orleans, 
La.,  a  daughter  of  Major  John  E.  and  Shaulline  Yerger  Creath  Austin, 
and  was  educated  at  Newcombe  College,  New  Orleans,  but  subsequently 


14  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

took  special  lectures  in  psychology  at  Radcliffe  College,  Cambridge, 
Mass.  As  an  author,  she  is  rapidly  rising  into  well  deserved  promi- 
nence. Her  two  books:  'Veronica'  (New  York,  Doubleday,  Page  and 
Company)  and  'Tristram  and  Isoult'  (Boston,  Richard  G.  Badger  and 
Company),  possess  rare  interest  and  give  prophetic  token  of  an  excep- 
tionally brilliant  career.     She  is  on  the  staff  of  the  New  Orleans  Picayune. 

AUSTIN,  MARIA  THERESA.  Mother  Superior,  [La.].  Several 
volumes  came  from  the  pen  of  this  consecrated  woman,  among  them, 
a  'Life  of  the  Venerable  Clement  Mary  Hofbauer'  (1877),  a  'Life  of 
St.  Alphonsus  Ligouri'  (1879),  a  'Life  of  Catharine  McAuley,'  found- 
ress and  first  Superior  of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  (1887),  and  'The  Annals 
of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  in  Ireland,  Great  Britain  and  America'  (1888). 
She  was  universally  called  "Mother  Austin." 

AVARy,  MYRTA  LOCKETT.  Editor,  author,  poet.  This  well- 
known  writer  is  a  native  of  Virginia.  Her  father  was  Harwood  Alex- 
ander Lockett  and  her  mother  Augusta  Harper.  She  is  the  wife  of 
Dr.  James  Corbin  Avary,  of  Atlanta,  Ga.  For  some  time  she  resided 
in  New  York,  serving  on  the  editorial  staffs  of  some  of  the  leading 
magazines.  She  has  specialized  on  sociological  subjects  and  has  writ- 
ten numerous  stories  of  tenement  life  in  the  congested  centers  of 
population.  She  has  also  been  interested  in  settlement  work  and  in 
various  metropolitan  charities.  At  present  she  is  engaged  in  sociolog- 
ical and  historical  work  in  the  South.  Besides  frequent  contributions 
to  the  periodicals  of  the  day,  she  is  the  author  of  several  books,  among 
them:  'A  Virginia  Girl  in  the  Civil  War'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and 
Company),  'Dixie  After  the  War'  (New  York,  Doubleday,  Page  and 
Company),  and  'A  Diary  From  Dixie'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and 
Company),  all  of  which  are  charming  portraitures  of  life  in  the  South, 
evincing  on  the  part  of  the  author  a  keen  insight  and  a  sympathetic 
touch. 

AVERY,  ISAAC  ERWIN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  I,  page  131. 

AVERY,  ISAAC  WHEELER,  lawyer  and  editor,  was  born  at  St. 

Augustine,  Fla.,  in  1837,  and  was  educated  at  Oglethorpe  University, 
enlisting  in  the  Confederate  Army  soon  after  completing  his  studies 
and  attaining  the  rank  of  colonel.  At  the  close  of  the  struggle  he 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  law;  but  eventually  he  relinquished  this 
profession  for  journalism,  editing  first  the  Atlanta  Herald  and  after- 
ward the  Atlanta  Capitol.  Finally  he  was  called  to  the  helm  of  the 
Constitution.  He  published  a  'History  of  Georgia,  1850-1881,'  an 
interesting  resume  of  an  eventful  period  in  the  life  of  the  common- 
wealth.    He  died  in  1897. 

AVERY,  SUSAN  LOOK.  Reformer  and  writer.  She  was  born  in 
Conway,  Mass.,  October  27,  1817,  a  daughter  of  Samuel  and  Polly 
Look.  She  married  Benjamin  F.  Avery  and  became  one  of  the  pioneer 
advocates  of  equal  suffrage.  Besides  founding  the  Woman's  (Zlub  of 
Louisville,  Ky.,  she  has  also  written  and  spoken  much  for  temperance 
reform ;  but,  while  ber  pen  has  been  tireless  and  briUiant,  she  has  left 
little  in  permanent  form.  At  the  advanced  age  of  ninety-two  years  she 
still  resides  in  Louisville,  at  the  homeof  her  daughter,  Mrs.  C.  B.Robinson. 

AVIRETT,  JAMES  BAT'TLE.  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman. 
[N.C.].  He  wrote  an  interesting  account  of  life  in  the  South  in  ante- 
bellum days  entitled  '  The  Old  South,  or  How  We  Lived  in  C^reat 
House    and    Cabin    Before    the    War,'    with    an    introduction    by    Dr. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF    AUTHORS  15 

Hunter  McGuire  (New  York,  F.  Tennyson  Neely  Company,  1901). 
Dr.  Avirett  also  published  an  important  work  of  biography  entitled 
'General  Turner  Ashby  and  His  Compeers.' 

AYRES,  BROWN,  educator,  was  born  in  Memphis,  Tenn.,  May 
25,  18S6.  For  twenty-four  years,  he  was  professor  of  physics  in 
Tulane  University;  but  is  now  president  of  the  University  of  Ten- 
nessee. He  married,  July  5,  1881,  Kate  Allen  Anderson  of  Lexington, 
Va.  Dr.  Ayres  is  one  of  the  consulting  editors  of  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature,'  a  ripe  scholar  and  a  fine  disciplinarian.  In  addi- 
tion to  several  addresses,  he  has  published  numerous  scientific  and 
educational  papers.  Three  institutions  have  given  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.     He  has  also  received  the  degrees  of  Ph.D.  and  D.C.L. 

AYRES,  DAISY  FITZHUGH.  Journalist  and  author.  She  was 
born  in  Virginia,  of  aristocratic  colonial  stock,  engaged  in  journalistic 
work  in  Kentucky  and  published  a  novel  of  fascinating  interest  en- 
titled '  The  Conquest '  (Washington  and  New  York,  The  Neale  Pub- 
lishing Company,  1906). 

BABCOCK,  BERNIE.  Story-writer  in  the  interest  of  temperance 
and  other  reforms.  She  was  born  in  Unionville,  Ohio,  April  28,  1866, 
a  daughter  of  H.  N.  and  Lottie  B.  Smade.  She  removed  to  Arkansas 
in  early  girlhood,  married  Wm.  F.  Babcock  and  now  resides  in  Little 
Rock.  She  has  written  some  excellent  short  stories,  numerous 
poems,  and  several  novels  of  purpose,  including:  'The  Daughter  of 
a  Republican,'  'The  Martyr,'  'Justice  to  the  Woman,'  'At  the  Mercy 
of  the  State,'  'An  Uncrowned  Queen,'  'By  Way  of  the  Master  Passion,' 
'Paul,  a  Victim  of  Justice,'  and  'In  Civilized  Gotham.'  On  account  of 
the  quality  and  rank  of  the  temperance  literature  which  she  has  pro- 
duced, Mrs.  Babcock  has  been  called  the  greatest  temperance  writer  in 
America,  and  her  stories  are  in  very  great  demand. 

BABCOCK,  WILLIAM  H.,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  January  19,  1849.  On  completing  his  studies  at  the  Co- 
lumbian University  Law  School,  he  engaged  in  newspaper  work  for 
several  years,  after  which  he  settled  for  the  practice  of  law  in  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  where  he  still  resides.  At  leisure  intervals  he  has  given 
his  pen  to  the  muse  and  has  also  written  several  entertaining  works 
of  fiction.  His  publications  include:  'Lord  Stirling's  Stand,  and 
Other  Poems,'  'Lays  from  Over  the  Sea,'  'Cypress  Beach,'  'The 
Brides  of  the  Tiger,'  'An  Invention  of  the  Enemy,'  '  The  Clan  of  the 
Chariots,'  '  The  Two  Last  Centuries  of  Britain,'  '  The  Tower  of  Wye' 
(Philadelphia,  Henry  T.  Coates  and  Company,  1901),  and  others.  He 
has  been  twice  married. 

BACHMAN,  CATHARINE  LOUISE.  Author.  [S.C.].  She 
wrote  '  The  Life  of  John  Bachman,  by  His  Daughter.' 

BACHMAN,  JOHN,  clergyman,  author,  scientist,  was  born  in 
Dutchess  County,  N.Y.,  February  4,  1790,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
February  25,  1874.  On  completing  his  studies  at  Williams  College  he 
spent  some  time  abroad,  after  which  he  entered  the  ministry,  and  for 
the  greater  part  of  his  life  was  pastor  of  the  Lutheran  Chuch  in 
Charleston.  But  his  most  important  achievements  were  in  the  realm 
of  scientific  investigation.  Besides  assisting  Audubon  in  his  great 
work  on  ornithology,  he  was  the  chief  contributor  to  an  authoritative 
compendium  of  standard  value  on  'The  Quadrupeds  of  North  Amer- 
ica,' he  also  wrote  'Experiments  Made  on  the  Habits  of  Vultures 
Inhabiting  Carolina'  (1834),  'A  Monograph  of  the  Hares  of  America' 


16  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

(1837),  'The  Design  and  Duties  of  the  Christian  Ministry'  (1848),  'Two 
Letters  on  Hybridity'  (1850),  'The  Doctrine  of  the  Unity  of  the  Hu- 
man Race  Examined  on  the  Principles  of  Science'  (1850),  a  'Defence 
of  Luther'  (1853),  'Characteristics  of  Genera  and  Species  as  Applied 
to  the  Doctrine  of  the  Unity  of  the  Hitman  Race'  (1854),  'Notice  of 
the  Types  of  Mankind  by  Nott  and  Glidden'  (1854),  an  'Examination 
of  Professor  Agassiz's  Sketch  of  the  National  Provinces  of  the  Animal 
World,'  and  numerous  articles  for  The  Medical  Journal  of  South  Carolina. 

BACON,  AUGUSTUS  OCTAVIUS,  United  States  Senator  from 
Georgia,  was  born  in  Bryan  County,  Ga.,  October  20,  1839.  On  com- 
pleting his  studies  at  the  University  of  Georgia,  he  shouldered  his 
musket  and  went  to  the  front.  During  the  earlier  campaigns  he 
was  adjutant  of  the  Ninth  Georgia  Regiment  of  Infantry,  but  after- 
ward became  a  captain.  At  the  close  of  hostilities  he  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  law  and  became  one  of  the  foremost  advocates  at  the 
Bar  of  Georgia.  For  seven  consecutive  terms  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  Legislature,  and  on  five  different  occasions  he  was  honored  with 
the  Speakership.  In  1894  he  was  commissioned  to  serve  in  the  United 
States  Senate  as  a  Democrat,  was  reelected  to  this  high  office  in  1900, 
and  again  in  1906  he  was  chosen  his  own  successor.  He  is  one  of 
the  ablest  debaters  in  the  Upper  Chamber,  an  elegant  and  forceful 
public  speaker,  possesses  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  intricate  prob- 
lems of  legislation,  and  commands,  whenever  he  speaks,  the  careful 
attention  of  his  colleagues.  On  frequent  occasions  he  has  delivered 
literary  addresses  and  at  intervals  has  contributed  to  newspapers  and 
reviews.  He  published  a  volume  of  speeches  (Washington,  D.C., 
1901). 

BACON,  EUGENIA  JONES,  author,  artist,  lecturer,  was  born  at 
"Green  Forest,"  near  Midway  Church,  in  Liberty  County,  Ga.,  Febru- 
ary 2,  1840.  Her  maiden  name  was  Eugenia  Jones.  She  married, 
December  8,  1858,  Oliver  Thomas  Bacon  of  Savannah.  After  the 
death  of  her  husband  and  only  child,  she  spent  several  years  abroad 
in  the  study  of  art,  and  one  of  her  pictures  was  purchased  by  the 
Grand  Duchess  of  Hesse,  daughter  of  the  late  Queen  Victoria.  Sub- 
sequently she  traveled  in  Europe  and  America.  Of  late  years  she  has 
been  engaged  in  literary  and  lecture  work.  She  is  the  owner  of  the 
famous  stone  from  Oberammergau,  a  curio  shaped  by  natural 
processes  into  the  image  of  Christ.  She  has  written  'Lyddy,  a  Tale 
of  the  Old  South,'  a  work  which  has  elicited  praise  from  high  critics 
(New  York,  1898);  'The  Stone  from  Oberammergau'  (New  York, 
1891),  'The  Man  of  Sorrows'  (London,  1896)  'The  Real  Stone  Face'  (At- 
lanta, 1899)  and  'The  Red  Moon'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale 
Publishing  Company,  1909),  besides  a  story  in  manuscript. 

BACON,  JOHN  HARWOOD.  Author.  He  was  born  in  Port- 
land, Me.,  November  6,  1875,  and  graduated  from  the  University 
of  Wisconsin.  He  served  in  the  Spanish-American  War.  Besides 
numerous  contributions  to  the  magazines,  he  has  written  'The  Pur- 
suit of  Phillis'  (New  York,  Henry  Holt  and  Company).  He  resides 
in  Louisville,  Ky. 

BACON,  JULIA,  poet,  was  born  in  Macon,  Ga.,  some  time  prior 
to  the  Civil  War.  She  wrote  numerous  stories  and  poems  which 
went  the  rounds  of  the  press,  and  published  '  Looking  for  the  Fairies, 
and  Other  Poems.'  Her  descent  from  Nathaniel  Bacon,  "the  James- 
town rebel,"  was  an  honor  of  which  she  often  boasted.  On  leaving 
Georgia,  she  made  her  home  in  Beaumont  Texas.  Later  in  life  she 
also  wrote  several  novels,  among  them:  'Broken  Links'  (1882)  ant* 
'The  Phantom  Wife;  or,  Guy  Newton's  Revenge'  (1884), 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY    OF    AUTHORS  17 

BACON,  MARY  APPLEWHITE,  educator,  was  born  at  Marietta, 
Ga.,  in  1863.  On  graduating  from  the  Lucy  Cobb  Institute  at  Athens, 
she  taught  in  the  local  schools  until  called  to  the  chair  of  English 
in  the  Milledgeville  Normal  and  Industrial  College.  She  has  been 
very  successful  in  dialect  work,  portraying  with  equal  charm  and 
fidelity  to  life  both  the  negro  and  the  "cracker";  and  her  sketches 
which  have  appeared  in  the  leading;  magazines  and  periodicals-  of  the 
day  have  brought  her  wide  recognition.  Perhaps  her  best  work  has 
been  in  Harper's  Magazine.  Several  years  ago  she  published  an 
arithmetic  for  primary  grades. 

BADGER,  K  M.,  Mrs.  Poet.  [Texas].  She  published  'Silent 
Influence,  and  Other  Poems.' 

BAGBY,  ALFRED.  Episcopal  clergyman.  Dr.  Bagby  published 
a  work  of  much  interest  entitled  'King  and  Queen  County,  Virginia' 
(New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907), 
for  the  production  of  which  he  was  equipped  by  an  active  pastorate 
of  thirty-five  years  in  this  historic  center  of  Virginia's  political  and 
social  traditions.  Dr.  George  W.  Bagby,  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
Southern  Literary  Messenger,  was  his  cousin. 

BAGBY,  DAVID  YOUNG.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Ky.].  Born  in 
18S9.  He  published  'Jesus  the  Messiah  of  Prophecy'  (1897)  and  a 
'History  of  the  New  Testament.' 

BAGBY,  GEORGE  WILLIAM.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  I,  page  141. 

BAILEY,  JOSEPH  WELDON,  United  States  Senator  from 
Texas,  was  born  in  Copiah  County,  Miss.,  October  3,  1863.  On  com- 
pleting his  education  he  settled  in  Gainesville,  Texas,  for  the  practice 
of  law,  won  distinction  in  the  courtroom  and  on  the  hustings  by  his 
eloquence  as  a  speaker,'  represented  his  district  in  Congress  for  ten 
years,  and  in  1901  took  his  seat  in  the  United  States  Senate,  in  which 
body  he  still  serves.  As  a  debater  he  has  no  superior  on  the  floor  of 
the  Upper  House.  From  time  to  time  he  has  contributed  to  current 
periodicals  and  has  delivered  addresses  on  various  themes  and  occa- 
sions.   H^  is  a  Democrat. 

BAILEY,  JOSIAH  WILLIAM,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Warrenton, 
Va.  The  sketch  of  Thomas  Dixon,  Jr.,  in  '  The  Library  of  Southern 
Literature'  is  from  his  pen.  He  also  wrote  '  The  Grounds  of  Demo- 
cratic Hope'  (1909).     He  resides  in  Raleigh,  N.C. 

BAILEY,  THOMAS  PEARCE,  Jr.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
Georgetown,  S.C,  August  18,  1867,  the  son  of  an  eminent  physi- 
cian. Dr.  Thomas  Pearce  Bailey,  and  married  August  1,  1895,  Min- 
neola  Davis,  of  Marion,  S.C.  Dr.  Bailey  holds  the  chair  of  psy- 
chology in  the  University  of  Mississippi,  and  is  also  dean  of  the  De- 
partment of  Education.  He  has  published  'Love  and  Law'  (San 
Francisco,  Whitaker  and  Ray),  has  contributed  numerous  articles  to 
the  educational  and  literary  magazines,  and  bestowed  much  thought 
and  study  upon  the  negro  problem.  The  University  of  South  Caro- 
lina gave  him  tlie  degree  of  Pli.D.     He  resides  in  Oxford,  Miss. 

BAILEY,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  Sr.,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born 
in  Pasquotank,  N.C,  January  22,  1831.  After  graduation  from  Cald- 
well College,  he  studied  law,  became  Attorney-general  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and  Code  Commissioner.  Later  he  removed  to  Houston,  Texas. 
Besides  editing  a  'Digest  of  North  Carolina  Supreme  Court  Decisions,' 


18  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

he  published  'The  Effect  of  the  Civil  War  upon  the  Rights  of  Persons 
and  Property  Onus  Probandi'  (Albany,  N.Y.,  Banks  Brothers  and 
Company),  'Conflict  of  Judicial  Decisions,'  'The  Detective  Faculty 
(Cincinnati,  The  Robert  Clarke  Company),  and  numerous  legal  and 
historical  papers.     Rutherford  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

BAIN,  CHARLES  WESLEY.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Ports- 
mouth, Va.,  June  24,  1864,  and  enjoyed  the  best  educational  ad- 
vantages. At  the  present  time  he  is  professor  of  ancient  languages 
in  the  University  of  South  Carolina.  Bain's  'First  Latin  Book'  (New 
York,  University  Publishing  Co.)  is  the  product  of  his  pen,  also  transla- 
tions from  Homer  (Boston,  Ginn  and  Company)  and  Ovid  (New  York, 
The  Macmillan  Company).     He  resides  in  Columbia,   S.C. 

BAIRD,  SAMUEL  JOHN,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Newark,  Ohio, 
in  1817.  After  graduation  from  Centre  College,  Ky.,  he  held  pasto- 
rates both  in  Kentucky  and  in  Virginia,  until  compelled  by  ill  health 
to  relinquish  his  labors.  He  made  a  special  study  of  church  govern- 
ment and  published  'The  Church  of  Christ:  Its  Constitution  and 
Order,'  'A  History  of  the  Early  Polity  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
the  Training  of  Ministers,'  '  Elohim  Revealed  in  the  Creation  and  Re- 
demption of  Man'  (1859),  'A  History  of  the  New  School'  (1868),  'A 
Collection  of  the  Acts,  Deliverances  and  Testimonies  of  the  Supreme 
Judicatory  of  the  Presbyterian  Church'  (185S),  and  'The  Assembly's 
Digest'   (1858). 

BAKER,  D.  W.  C.  Compiler.  [Texas].  He  published  'The 
Texas  Scrap-Book,'  a  work  comprising  historical,  biographical,  and 
miscellaneous  literary  materials. 

BAKER,  DANIEL,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in  Liberty 
County,  Ga.,  August  17,  1891.  For  a  number  of  years  he  was  pastor 
of  the  Independent  Presbyterian  Church  of  Savannah;  but  in  later 
life  he  became  president  of  the  Presbyterian  College,  at  Austin, 
Texas,  an  institution  which  he  organized  and  endowed.  As  the  result 
^A  a  series  of  meetings  which  he  conducted  in  Beaufort,  S.C,  in  1831, 
three  men  who  were  destined  to  sway  wide  influence  were  converted, 
among  a  host  of  others:  the  Hon.  Rhett  W.  Barnwell,  Bishop  Stephen 
Elliott,  and  Dr.  Richard  Fuller.  His  works  include:  'Baker  on  Bap- 
tism,' 'Baptism  in  a  Nutshell,'  'Affectionate  Addresses  to  Fathers  and 
Mothers,'  and  'Revival  Sermons.'  He  died  at  Austin,  Texas,  Decem- 
ber 10,  1857. 

BAKER,   JULIA   WETHERILL.     Literary    critic    and   editorial 

writer.  She  was  born  in  Woodville,  Miss.,  July  IS,  1858,  and  was  edu- 
cated in  Philadelphia,  Pa.  On  March  3,  1886,  she  was  united  in  mar- 
riage to  Marion  A.  Baker,  of  New  Orleans,  La.  She  is  on  the  editorial 
staff  of  The  Times-Democrat,  having  followed  in  this  position  the 
gifted  Lafcadio  Hearn.  She  wields  a  pen  of  unusual  brilliance  and 
contributes  to  the  leading  magazines.  In  'The  Louisiana  Book' 
(1894)  an  article  by  her  entitled  "Magicians  and  Feather  Dusters" 
reveals  the  piquant  charm  and  subtle  power  of  this  talented  writer. 
She  is  also  the  author  of  several  poems  of  exceptional  merit. 

BAKER,    KARLE    WILSON    ("Charlotte    Wilson"),    magazine 

writer,  was  born  in  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  October  13,  1878.  Her  literary 
work  has  appeared  in  several  high-class  periodicals.  She  writes  with 
equal  grace  of  touch  in  both  prose  and  verse.  Some  of  her  contribu- 
tions include:  "The  Love  of  Elia"  and  "A  Child's  Game"  in  Harper's, 
"Brother  Singers,"  "The  Rubber-Tired  Boy,"  and  "A  Point  of  Honor" 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY    OF   AUTHORS  19 

in  the  Century;  "Bed-time,"  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  "An  Accidental 
Saint,"  in  Collier's,  and  "The  End  of  a  Philosophy,''  in  Putnam's. 
She  is  at  present  engaged  in  preparing  a  history  of  Texas.  She  mar- 
ried, August  8,  1907,  Thomas  E.  Baker.  Her  home  is  in  Nacogdoches, 
Texas. 

BAKER,  WILLIAM  MUMFORD,  clergyman  and  author,  was 
born  in  Washington,  D.C.,  June  27,  1825,  of  Southern  parents.  His 
father  was  the  distinguished  Rev.  Daniel  Baker,  D.D.  After  gradu- 
ating with  honors  from  Princeton,  he  entered  the  ministry  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church.  For  fifteen  years  he  was  a  pastor  in  Texas. 
Besides  writing  'The  Life  of  Daniel  Baker,  D.D.,'  he  also  wrote: 
'Inside:  A  Chronicle  of  Secession,'  which  was  secretly  published  under 
the  name  of  G.  F.  Harrington,  portraying  in  vivid  colors  the  existing 
sentiment  at  the  South  (New  York,  1866).  His  other  works,  con- 
sisting largely  of  romantic  tales,  include:  'Oak  Mot,'  'Mose  Evans,' 
'Carter  Quarterman,'  'Colonel  Dunwoodie,'  '  The  Virginians  in  Texas,' 
'Thirlmore,'  '  His  Majesty  Myself,'  and  'Blessed  Saint  Certainty.' 
Just  before  his  death  appeared  'The  Ten  Theophanies,'  and  imme- 
diately after  his  death,  'The  Making  of  a  Man.'  He  died  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  August  20,  1883. 

BALDWIN,  JAMES  MARK,  educator  and  psychologist,  was  born 
in  Columbia,  S.C.,  January  12,  1861.  His  father  was  the  Hon.  Cyrus 
H.  Baldwin,  of  the  United  States  Sub-treasury.  On  completing  his 
collegiate  course  at  Princeton,  he  prosecuted  his  studies  abroad.  For 
fourteen  years  he  was  professor  of  psychology  at  Princeton,  and  since 
1903  he  has  filled  the  same  chair  at  Johns  Hopkins.  He  is  one  of  the 
recognized  authorities  of  the  day  in  the  realm  of  psychological 
thought.  5esides  editing  '  The  Library  of  Historical  Psychology' 
(New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons),  'The  Dictionary  of  Philosophy 
and  Psychology'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1901-1906), 
'Johnston's  Universal  Enifyclopoedia'  (Richmond,  B.  F.  Johnson  and 
Company),  and  various  periodicals,  he  has  published  a  'Hand-Book 
of  Psychology'  (New  York,  Henry  Holt  and  Company,  1890),  'Ele- 
ments of  Psychology'  (Holt,  1893),  'Mental  Development  in  the  Child 
and  the  Race'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1896),  'Social 
and  Ethical  Interpretations  in  Mental  Development'  (Macmillan, 
1898),  'The  Story  of  the  Mind'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Com- 
pany, 1898),  '  Fragments  in  Philosophy  and  Science'  (New  York, 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1902),  'Development  and  Evolution'  (New 
York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1902),  and  'Genetic  Logis,'  Vol.  I 
(Macmillan).  He  has  also  contributed  to  scientific  journals  and 
reviews  on  both  sides  of  the  water  and  has  been  the  recipient  of 
numerous  honors.  He  married,  in  1888,  Helen  Hayes  Green  of 
Princeton,  N.J.  He  received  the  Ph.D.  degree  from  Princeton,  the 
Sc.D.  from  Oxford,  England,  and  the  LL.D.  from  Glasgow  University 
and  South  Carolina  College.  Most  of  his  books  have  been  translated 
into  foreign  tongues. 

BALDWIN,  JOSEPH  GLOVER.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  I,  page  175. 

BALL,  CAROLINE  AUGUSTA,  poet,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
February  27,  1823.  Her  father  was  the  Rev.  Edward  Rutledge,  grand- 
son of  John  Rutledge,  the  first  Governor  of  South  Carolina  and  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  Her  mother  was 
Miss  Shaler  of  Connecticut.  She  spent  the  early  years  of  her  life 
in  the  "Nutmeg"  State,  where  she  wrote  the  first  of  her  charming  verses ; 
but  she   afterward   removed   to   Charleston,   her  father  having  been 


20  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

called  to  one  of  the  parish  churches  on  the  Cooper  River.  Here  she 
married  Mr.  Isaac  Ball  and  bore  with  grace  and  dignity  a  conspicuous 
part  in  the  social  life  of  the  cultured  metropolis.  But  the  sorrow  and 
suffering  which  weighed  upon  her  sympathetic  nature  in  later  years 
was  the  inspiration  of  her  best  work.  The  most  famous  of  her  poems 
is  the  beautiful  war-song  called  "The  Jacket  of  Gray,"  which  was 
set  to  music  by  Stratford  Benjamin  Woodbury.  It  is  the  opening 
gem  of  her  little  volume  entitled  '  The  Jacket  of  Gray,  and  Other 
Poems/  which  appeared  in  1866. 

BALLAGH,  JAMES  CURTIS.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
Brownsburg,  Va.,  October  10,  1866,  the  son  of  the  Rev.  James  H. 
and  Margaret  Kinnear  Ballagh,  and  received  the  best  educational 
advantages  from  Washington  and  Lee  University,  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  Johns  Hopkins  University.  At  the  last-named  institution,  he 
specialized  in  history,  economics,  and  jurisprudence,  winning  the  Stewart 
and  the  Marshall  prizes.  He  married,  July  6,  1897,  Josephine  Jackson.  He 
was  associate  professor  of  biology  at  Tulane  for  some  time;  and  in 
189S  became  associate  professor  of  history  at  Johns  Hopkins.  He  has 
traveled  over  the  greater  part  of  the  globe,  increasing  by  close  ob- 
servation his  knowledge  both  of  countries  and  of  peoples.  His  wri- 
tings include:  'White  Servitude  in  the  Colony  of  Virginia'  (1895), 
'The  Scotch-Irish  in  Virginia'  (1896),  Introduction  to  Southern  Eco- 
nomic History— I,  'The  Land  System'  (1897),  II,  'Tariff  and  Public 
Lands'  (1898),  'North  and  South  in  National  Expansion'  (1899),  'In- 
troduction of  Slavery  into  North  America'  (1898),  'Baltimore  and 
Municipal  Reform'  (1899),  'Land  System  of  the  Southwest'  (1899), 
'Institutional  Origin  of  Slaver/  (1899),  'Social  Condition  of  the  Ante- 
Bellum  Negro'  (1900),  and  'A  History  of  Slavery  in  Virginia'  (1902). 
He  has  in  preparation  'The  Letters  of  Richard  Henry  Lee'  in  two 
volumes,  and  'The  Economic  History  of  the  South.'  Most  of  his 
writings  have  been  issued  from  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  Press, 
of  Baltimore,  Md.  They  are  of  the  very  greatest  importance  because 
of  the  light  which  they  throw  upon  economic  problems,  and  especially 
upon  the  genesis  and  development  of  slave  labor  in  the  United  States. 
Johns  Hopkins  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  and  the  University  of 
Alabama  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

BANISTER,  JOHN.  Botanist.  [Eng.  and  Va.].  He  published 
'Curiosities  in  Virginia,'  a  work  dealing  largely  with  plant  and  animal 
life.     He  died  in  1692. 

BANKS,  MARY  ROSS.  Author.  [Ga.].  She  was  born  in  1846. 
From  her  pen  has  come  an  interesting  work  entitled  '  Bright  Days  in 
the  Old  Plantation  Times.' 

BANKS,  NANCY  H.  Author.  [Ky.].  She  wrote  'The  Little 
Hills'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  190S)  and  'Oldfield' 
(Macmillan,  1906),  two  delightful  stories. 

BANKS,  ROBERT  W.  Author.  [Miss.].  Colonel  Banks  pub- 
lished a  work  entitled  '  The  Battle  of  Franklin'  (New  York  and 
Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1908),  in  which  he 
interestingly  tells  the  story  of  the  famous  engagement,  chiefly  for 
the  purpose  of  commemorating  the  valor  of  his  comrade.  Major  E. 
L.  Russell,  who  amid  the  terrific  fire  of  death  planted  his  colors  on 
the  inner  breastworks  of  the  Federals. 

BARBE,  WAITMAN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
I,  page  207. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS  21 

6ARBEE,  WILLIAM  J.,  physician  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Winchester,  Ky.,  in  1816,  and  graduated  in  medicine  but  relinquished 
the  practice  to  engage  in  educational  work.  From  time  to  time  he  was 
identified  with  various  institutions ;  and  he  also  became  an  able  expounder 
of  the  doctrines  of  the  Church  of  the  Disciples.  He  wrote:  'Physical  and 
Moral  Aspects  of  Geology,'  'First  Principles  of  Geology,'  'The  Cotton 
Question,'  'The  Scriptural  Doctrine  of  Confirmation  Without  the  Laying 
On  of  Hands,'  'The  Life  of  Peter,'  and  other  works. 

BARBER,  CATHARINE  WEBB,  editor,  was  born  in  Massachu- 
setts but  came  South,  settling  first  in  Georgia  and  afterward  in  Ala- 
bama. She  edited  Miss  Barber's  Weekly  and  published  '  Three  Golden 
Links'  and  'The  Freemason's  Fireside.'     She  became  Mrs.  Towles. 

BARBOUR,  JAMES,  statesman,  was  born  in  Orange  County,  Va., 
June  10,  1775,  and  was  the  son  of  Colonel  Thomas  Barbour.  For  six- 
teen years  he  sat  in  the  House  of  Delegates,  and  in  1812  became 
Governor  of  Virginia.  Later  he  was  sent  to  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States.  In  1825  he  became  Secretary  of  War  under  President  John 
Quincy  Adams,  and  in  1828,  United  States  Minister  to  England.  He 
was  in  politics  an  ardent  Whig.  The  anti-duelling  act  on  the  Vir- 
ginia statute  books  is  from  his  pen.  Some  of  his  speeches  are  pre- 
served in  the  'Congressional  Globe.'     He  died  in  Virginia,  June  8,  1842. 

BARBOUR,  PHILIP  PENDLETON,  statesman  and  jurist,  was 
born  in  Orange  County,  Va.,  May  25,  1783.  On  account  of  some  mis- 
understanding with  his  father,  he  was  thrown  upon  his  own  resources 
at  an  early  age;  but  made  his  way  through  the  law  school  of  William 
and  Mary  College  and  duly  gained  admission  to  the  Bar.  For  many 
years  he  served  in  Congress;  and,  on  account  of  his  gifts  as  a  par- 
liamentarian, he  was  honored  with  the  Speakership.  Resigning  his 
seat,  he  became  an  occupant  of  the  Bench;  but  later  he  returned  to 
Congress  and  in  1829  he  presided  over  the  Virginia  Constitutional 
Convention.  While  making  a  speech  in  the  House,  in  1830,  he  was 
seized  with  a  hemorrhage,  which  warned  him  of  his  frail  health;  and 
he  relinquished  his  seat  in  Congress  once  more  to  spend  his  remain- 
ing days  ori  the  Bench,  first  of  the  United  States  District  Court  of 
Virginia,  and  afterward  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 
Some  of  his  speeches  have  been  preserved  in  the  'Congressional  Globe.' 
He  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  February  24,  1841. 
r  r 

BARCIA,  ANDRES  GONZALES  DE.  Spanish  historian. 
He  published  an  important  work  reviewing  the  history  of  Florida 
under  Spanish  rule  entitled  '  Historia  General  de  la  Florida'  (Madrid, 
1723). 

BARCLAY,  ANTHONY.  [Ga.].  He  published  a  volume  in 
which  he  gave  an  authentic  account  of  the  practical  joke  which  caused 
the  charge  of  plagiarism  to  be  preferred  against  Richard  Henry 
Wilde,  the  author  of  "My  Life  Is  Like  the  Summer  Rose,"  a  poem 
which  charmed  Lord  Byron  (Savannah,  Ga.,  1871). 

BARCLAY,  JAMES  TURNER,  physician  and  author,  was  born  in 
Hanover  County,  Va.,  in  1807,  of  Quaker  stock.  On  receiving  his 
medical  diploma,  he  married  Mrs.  Julia  A.  Sowers;  and  for  a  while 
he  owned  and  occupied  "Monticello,"  the  old  home  of  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son. Later  he  joined  the  followers  of  Alexander  Campbell  and  spent 
some  time  in  missionary  work  within  the  environs  ofjerusalem.  The 
remaining  years  of  his  life  were  devoted  to  educational  work.  Be- 
sides numerous    ps.pers  and  pamphlets,  he  wrote:  'The  City  of  the 


22  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

Great    King,'    which   ranks   among   the    standard   authorities   on    this 
subject.    He  died  in  1874. 

BARCLAY,  SARAH,  artist  and  author,  was  born  in  Albemarle 
County,  Va.,  and  was  the  daughter  of  Dr.  James  Turner  Barclay. 
It  is  said  that  by  disguising  herself  as  a  Mohammedan  woman  she 
was  admitted  into  the  Tomb  of  David  and  was  enabled  by  this  ruse 
to  get  a  picture  of  the  interior,  to  illustrate  her  father's  book.  She 
became  the  wife  of  Augustus  Johnson,  Consul-general  of  Syria  and 
for  some  time  spent  her  winters  in  Beyrout  and  her  summers  on  Mt. 
Lebanon.  Her  only  volume  is  an  interesting  little  work  entitled: 
'The  Howadji  in  Syria.'  Upon  her  return  to  America  she  was  shot 
by  her  son  in  a  fit  of  insanity  and  the  demented  youth  took  his  own 
life  immediately  afterward. 

BARDE,  ALEXANDRE.  [La.].  He  published  in  French  a  nar- 
rative of  much  interest  entitled  '  Histoire  des  Comites  de  Vigilance 
aux  Attakapas'  (St.  Jean  Baptiste,  La.,  1861). 

BARKER,  JACOB,  financier,  was  born  in  Maine  in  1779  and  began 
his  career  in  New  York,  but  afterward,  in  1834,  settled  in  New 
Orleans,  where  the  large  fortune  which  he  accumulated  in  business 
was  despoiled  by  the  Civil  War.  He  published  'Incidents  in  the  Life 
of  Jacob  Barker  from  1800  to  18SS'  (New  York,  1855).  The  last  years 
of  his  life  were  spent  with  his  son,  Wharton  Barker,  in  Philadelphia, 
where  he  died  in  1871,  at  the  age  of  ninety-two. 

BARKSDALE,  EMILY  WOODSON.  Author.  [Va.].  She  wrote 
'Stella  Hope:  or.  Under  the  Shadow  of  the  Upas,'  a  delightful  story 
of  Southern  girlhood  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Pub- 
lishing Company,  1907). 

BARKSDALE,  GEORGE.  Physician.  [Va.].  In  a  work  entitled 
'Punch,'  Dr.  Barksdale  portrays  the  present-day  Virginia  negro  in 
the  rural  districts  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publish- 
ing Company,  1907). 

BARNARD,  EDWARD  EMERSON,  astronomer,  was  born  in 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  December  16,  1857.  On  receiving  his  diploma  from 
Vanderbilt  University,  he  devoted  his  life  to  astronomical  research. 
For  eight  years  he  was  astronomer  at  the  Lick  Observatory  in  Cali- 
fornia. At  present  he  is  astronomer  at  the  Yerkes  Observatory  in 
Wisconsin,  and  professor  of  practical  astronomy  in  the  University  of 
Chicago.  Besides  sixteen  comets,  he  discovered  also  the  fifth  satel- 
lite of  Jupiter.  He  belongs  to  numerous  learned  societies  and  many 
honors  and  medals  have  been  conferred  upon  him  for  meritorious 
achievements.  His  literary  product  consists  mainly  of  contributions 
to  scientific  journals.  Vanderbilt  University  gave  him  his  degree  of 
Sc.D. 

BARNARD,  FREDERICK  AUGUSTUS  PORTER.  Educator 
and  mathematician.  Though  born  in  Sheffield,  Mass.,  in  1809,  he 
resided  for  nearly  thirty  years  in  the  South.  He  was  connected  with 
the  University  of  Alabama  for  seventeen  years,  first  in  the  chair  of 
mathematics  and  afterward  in  the  chair  of  chemistry;  and  with  the 
University  of  Mississippi  for  several  years,  first  in  the  chair  of  mathe- 
matics and  afterward  in  the  chair  of  astronomy,  finally  becoming 
president.  In  1864  he  was  called  to  the  head  of  Columbia  College, 
New  York,  remaining  for  twenty-five  years  at  the  helm  of  this  great 
institution.    Barnard  College  was  afterward  christened  in  his  honor. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF   AUTHORS         23 

Included  among  his  works  are  the  following  books:  'Treatise  on 
Arithmetic,'  'Analytical  Grammar,'  'Letters  on  College  Government,' 
'History  of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,'  'Recent  Progress  of 
Science,'  and  'The  Metric  System.'  He  died  in  1889.  He  received 
the  degree  of  D.D.  from  the  University  of  Mississippi,  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  from  Yale,  and  the  degree  of  Litt.D.  from  the  University  of 
New  York. 

BARNES,  ANNIE  MARIA.  Story  writer.  She  was  born  in 
Columbia,  S.C.,  in  1857,  a  daughter  of  James  Daniel  and  Henrietta 
Jackson  Neville  Barnes,  and  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
Atlanta,  Ga.  She  edited  The  Little  Worker,  juvenile  organ  of 
Woman's  Board  of  Foreign  Missons,  M.E.  Church,  South.  Among 
her  numerous  stories  which  have  proven  quite  poptilar,  are:  "Life  of 
David  Livingston"  (Nashville,  Brigham  and  Smith),  "Scenes  in  Pio- 
neer Methodism'"  {ibid.),  'Gospel  Among  the  Slaves,'  'The  Ferry 
Maid  of  the  Chattahoochee"  (Philadelphia,  Penn  Publishing  Com- 
pany), "How  Achon-hoah  Found  the  Light '  (Richmond,  Presbyterian 
Committee  of  Publication),  "Matouchon,"  "The  Outstretched  Hand," 
"Carmio,"  "Little  Burden-Sharers,"  "Chonite,"  "Marti,"  "The  King's 
Gift,'  'The  Red  Miriok,'  'The  Little  Lady  of  the  Fort,'  'Little  Betty 
Blew,"  "Mistress  Moppet,"  "A  Lass  of  Dorchester''  (Boston,  Lee  and 
Shepard),  'Isilda,'  'Tatong,'  'The  Laurel  Token,'  and  several  others. 
She  resides  in  Summerville,  S.C. 

BARNES,  JAMES,  author,  was  born  in  Annapolis,  Md.,  Septem- 
ber 19,  1866.  On  completing  his  studies  at  Princeton,  he  accepted  a 
position  on  the  staff  of  Scribner's  Magazine,  and  afterward  became 
assistant  editor  of  Harper's  Weekly,  a  position  which  he  resigned  in 
1907  to  become  literary  editor  for  D.  Appleton  and  Company.  He  is 
a  writer  of  exceptional  gifts,  and  the  versatility  of  his  genius  is 
attested  by  the  following  list  of  his  publications:  'Naval  Actions  of 
1812'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers),  '  For  King  or  Country' 
{ibid.),  'A  Loyal  Traitor'  (ibid.),  'Yankee  Ships  and  Yankee  Sailors' 
(New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company),  'Midshipman  Farragut'  (New 
York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company),  'Commodore  Bainbridge'  (New 
York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company),  'A  Princetonian'  (New  York,  G. 
P.  Putnam's  Sons),  'The  Hero  of  Erie'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and 
Company),  'Ships  and  Sailors'  (New  York,  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Com- 
pany), 'David  G.  Farragut'  (Boston,  Small,  Maynard  and  Company), 
'Drake  and  His  Yeomen'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company), 
'  The  Great  War  Trek'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company), 
'With  the  Flag  in  the  Channel'  (ibid.),  'The  Giant  of  Three  Wars' 
{ibid.),  'The  Unpardonable  War'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Com- 
pany), '  The  Son  of  Light-Horse  Harry'  (Nev/  York,  Harper  and 
Brothers),  'The  Blockaders'  (ibid.),  and  'Outside  the  Law'  (New  York, 
D.  Appleton  and  Company).  He  is  a  descendant  of  Commodore 
Bainbridge. 

BARNETT,  EVELYN  SCOTT  SNEAD.  Literary  editor  of  the 
Louisville  Courier- Journal.  She  was  born  in  Kentucky,  a  daughter  of 
Charles  Scott  and  Martha  Snead,  and  married,  June  8,  1886,  Ira  Sayre 
Barnett.  Besides  numerous  short  stories  for  periodicals  like  The  Youth's 
Companion  and  the  Century  Magazine,  she  has  written  some  very  popular 
fiction,  including:  'Mrs.  Delire's  Euchre  Party,  and  Other  Stories'  (Boston, 
L.  C.  Page  and  Company),  'Paddy  on  the  Turnpike'  (1903),  and  'The 
Dragnet,'  a  novel  which  is  now  in  press.  The  sketch  of  George 
Martin  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  her  pen. 

BARNEY,  JOHN.     Lawyer.     He  represented  Maryland  in  Con- 


24  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

gress  from  1825  to  1829  and  was  the  son  of  Commander  John  Barney, 
of  the  United  States  Navy.  He  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  January 
26,  1856,  at  the  age  of  seventy-two  years,  leaving  unfinished  a  record 
of  'Personal  Recollections  of  Men  and  Things  in  America  and 
Europe.' 

BARNEY,  MARY.  Author.  She  lived  in  Baltimore,  Md..  and 
published  '  Memoirs  of  Commodore  Barney'  (Boston,  1832). 

BARNWELL,  LILY  RIPLEY.  Poet  [N.C.].  She  published  a 
volume  of  verse  entitled  '  Heart  Songs'  (Hendersonville,  N.C,  1903, 
paper  edition). 

BARNWELL,  ROBERT  WOODWARD,  statesman,  was  born  in 
Beaufort,  S.C,  August  10,  1801,  and  died  in  Columbia,  S.C,  November 
25,  1882.  For  six  years  he  was  president  of  South  Carolina  College. 
He  was  also  elected  to  Congress,  and  served  in  both  Federal  and 
Confederate  Senates.  He  cast  the  deciding  vote  which  made  Jeffer- 
son Davis  President  of  the  Southern  Confederacy,  and  achieved  dis- 
tinction at  the  Bar  and  on  the  hustings.  He  was  an  orator  of  rare 
gifts. 

BARNWELL,  ROBERT  WOODWARD.  Protestant  Episcopal 
Bishop-coadjutor  of  Alabama.  He  was  born  in  Beaufort,  S.C,  De- 
cember 27,  1849.  Bishop  Barnwell  published  '  The  Analytics  of 
Church  Government.'     He  died  in  1900. 

BARR,  AMELIA  E.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
I,  page  231. 

BARRETT,  ROBERT  N.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Ky.  and  Texas]. 
He  was  born  in  1868.  His  publications  include:  'The  Child  of  the 
Ganges'  (1890),  'In  the  Land  of  the  Sunrise'  (1895),  'The  Story  of 
Christian  Missions'  (1898),  and  '  Our  Missionary  Problem.' 

BARRETT,  ROBERT  S.  Clergyman.  For  many  years  he  was 
pastor  of  St.  Luke's  Episcopal  Church  of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  published 
'Thought  Seeds  for  Holy  Seasons,'  'Talks  to  Young  Men,'  and 
'Character  Building.'  He  held  the  degree  of  D.D.  Dr.  Barrett  made 
frequent  visits  to  Europe,  delivered  many  lectures,  and  died  some  time 
in  the  'nineties. 

BARRICK,  JAMES  RUSSELL,  poet,  was  born  in  Kentucky  in 
1829  and  died  in  Georgia  in  1867.  For  several  years  he  was  identified 
with  leading  papers.  He  published  a  number  of  beautiful  fragments, 
among  them,  "The  Poet,"  which  appeared  in  the  first  issue  of  Scott's 
Magazine,  and  "The  Sword  and  Pen,"  which  appeared  in  the  Atlanta 
Constitution,  of  v;hich  he  was  at  one  time  the  editor.  He  lies  in  an 
unmarked  grave  in  Georgia's  capital. 

BARRINGER,  RUFUS,  lawyer  and  soldier,  was  born  in  Cabarrus 
County,  N.C,  December  2,  1821,  and  died  in  Charlotte,  N.C,  February 
3,  1895.  He  studied  law  and  won  distinction  at  the  Bar.  He  opposed 
secession  but  acquiesced  in  the  result,  enlisted  in  the  Confederate 
Army,  attained  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  and  was  several  times 
wounded.  At  the  close  of  hostilities  he  advocated  acceptance  of  the 
measures  of  reconstruction  and  supported  the  party  in  power.  On 
retiring  from  the  practice  of  law,  he  devoted  himself  to  literary  labors 
and  wrote  interesting  articles  on  North  Carolina  history  and  personal 
reminiscences. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         25 

BARRON,  S.  B.  Author.  [Texas].  During  the  Civil  War  he 
served  in  Ross's  Brigade,  and  in  later  life  he  wrote  '  The  Lone  Star 
Defenders'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Com- 
pany, 1906),  an  interesting  story  of  his  regiment. 

BARROW,  FRANCES  ELIZABETH,  author,  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  February  22,  1822,  the  daughter  of  Charles  Ben- 
ton Mease.  Her  education  was  obtained  in  New  York  and  it  was 
also  in  that  metropolis  that  she  met  and  married  James  Barrow,  Jr. 
She  began  to  write  for  publication  in  1855,  adopting  the  pen-name 
of  "Aunt  Fanny";  and,  being  successful  from  the  beginning,  about 
twenty-five  story-books  for  young  people  came  from  her  pen.  Per- 
haps the  most  popular  of  her  writings  are:  'Aunt  Fanny's  Story- 
Book,'  'Six  Nightcaps,'  'Six  Popguns,'  'Four  Good  Little  Hearts,' 
'Life  Among  Children,'  and  'Take  Heed.'  She  also  wrote  a  novel 
called  '  The  Wife's  Stratagem.'  Some  of  her  works  have  been  trans- 
lated into  foreign  tongues.  Most  of  her  life  was  spent  in  the  Northern 
States. 

BARRY,  WILLIAM  TAYLOR,  lawyer,  diplomat,  jurist,  was  born 
in  Lunenburg,  Va.,  February  5,  1785,  and  died  in  Liverpool,  England, 
August  3,  1835.  After  completing  his  studies  at  William  and  Mary 
College,  he  settled  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  for  the  practice  of  law,  and  in 
1810  was  sent  to  Congress.  The  War  of  1812  aroused  his  fighting 
blood  and  he  went  to  the  froijt.  On  returning  home  he  was  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate  but  shortly  resigned  his  commission  to 
become  Justice  of  the  Kentucky  Supreme  Court.  From  1829  to  1833 
he  was  Postmaster-general,  being  the  first  incumbent  of  the  office 
to  enter  the  Cabinet.  In  1835  he  was  appointed  Minister  to  Spain 
and  died  on  the  journey  to  Madrid.  He  was  an  eloquent  speaker 
and  wrote  and  spoke  with  convincing  power  upon  public  questions. 

BARTLETT,  NAPIER.  Editor  and  author.  He  was  born  in 
Georgia  in  1836;  but,  removing  to  New  Orleans  early  in  life,  distin- 
guished himself  in  Crescent  City  journalism.  He  served  with  gal- 
lantry in  the  Confederate  ranks;  and,  after  the  war,  he  again  un- 
sheathed the  editorial  pen  in  his  adopted  home.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  volumes,  including:  'Clarimonde,'  a  novelette,  'Stories  of  the 
Crescent  City,'  'A  Soldier's  Story  of  the  War,'  and  'The  Military  Record 
of  Louisiana.'     He  died  in  1877. 

BARTLEY,  JAMES  AVIS,  educator  and  poet,  was  born  in  Louisa 
County,  Va.,  August  2,  1830.  It  is  said  that  at  the  age  of  eleven  he 
read  the  '^Eneid.'  He  was  educated  at  Emory  and  Henry  College 
and  at  the  University  of  Virginia;  and  was  for  some  time  professor 
of  English  in  the  Baltimore  Female  College.  His  literary  product  is 
represented  by  two  volumes  of  verse  entitled:  'Lays  of  Ancient  Vir- 
ginia, and  Other  Poems'  (Richmond,  1855),  and  'Poems'  (Charlottes- 
ville, 1882),  each  of  which  contains  some  graceful  lines. 

BARTON,  SAMUEL  MARX.  Professor  of  mathematics  in  the 
University  of  the  South.  He  was  born  in  Winchester,  Va.,  March 
9,  1859,  a  son  of  Joseph  M.  and  Mary  McNeill  Barton.  He  mar- 
ried, December  28,  1897,  Mary  Millicent  Tidball.  He  is  the  author 
of  'An  Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Theory  of  Equations'  (Boston,  D. 
C.  Heath  and  Company,  1889),  and  'The  Elements^  of  Plane  Sur- 
veying' (ibid.,  1904).  The  University  of  Virginia  gave  him  the  degree  of 
Ph.D.     He  resides  in  Sewanee,  Tenn. 

BARTRAM,  WILLIAM.  Botanist.  He  was  born  in  1739  and 
died    in    1823.      Kingsessing,    Pa.,    was    the    place    of    his    birth    and 


26  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

death,  but  he  spent  some  of  his  best  years  in  the  South,  and  his 
greatest  work  is  entitled  'Travels  Through  North  and  South  Caro- 
lina, Georgia,  and  East  and  West  Florida,'  which  was  published  in 
Philadelphia  in  1791.  He  prepared  the  most  complete  list  of  Amer- 
ican birds  prior  to  the  time  of  Alexander  Wilson.  In  monastic  habits 
of  life,  he  was  very  much  like  Henry  D.  Thoreau,  the  hermit  author. 

BASANIER,  M.  French  writer.  He  wrote  an  important  work 
entitled  'L'Histoire  Notable  de  la  Floride'  (1853),  in  which  he  gives 
an  account  of  the  three  voyages  of  Jean  Ribalt  and  tells  of  the  un- 
successful effort  to  found  a  colony  of  French  Huguenots. 

BASCOM,  HENRY  BIDLEMAN,  bishop  of  the  M.E.  Church, 
South,  was  born  in  Delaware  County,  N.Y.,  of  Htiguenot  parentage. 
May  27,  1796,  and  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  September  8,  1850.  For 
several  years  he  taught  in  Kentucky  and  was  for  two  years  president 
of  Transylvania.  In  1849  he  became  bishop,  but  died  within  a  year 
after  his  ordination.  Besides  editing,  at  one  time,  the  Southern 
Quarterly  Review,  he  published  'Sermons  from  the  Pulpit,'  'Lectures 
on  Moral  and  Mental  Science,'  and  '  Methodism  and  Slavery.'  His 
works  were  edited  by  the  Rev.  T.  N.  Ralston  (Nashville,  1850-1856), 
and  his  memoirs  were  written  by  Dr.  M.  M.  Henkle  (Nashville,  1854). 
Bishop  Bascom  was  one  of  the  orators  of  Methodism.  He  received 
the  degree  of  D.D. 

BASKERVILL,  WILLIAIvI  MALONE,  educator,  author,  liter- 
ary critic,  was  born  in  Fayette  County,  Tenn.,  April  1,  1850,  and  died 
in  Nashville.  Tenn.,  September  6,  1899.  He  early  developed  a  fond- 
ness for  the  English  classics;  and  after  completing  an  elective  course 
in  languages  at  Randolph-Macon  College,  he  studied  at  Leipsic 
(Ph.D.).  For  a  while  he  taught  in  Wofford  College;  but  in  1881  he 
was  called  to  the  chair  of  English  in  Vanderbilt  University,  a  position 
which  he  filled  with  brilliant  distinction  until  his  death.  Besides  con- 
tributing to  current  periodicals,  he  edited  'Andreas:  a  Legend  of  St. 
Andrew,'  and  published  with  J.  W.  Sewell  an  'English  Grammar  for 
High  School  and  College  Use,'  and,  with  J.  A.  Harrison,  an  'Anglo- 
Saxon  Dictionary'  and  an  'Anglo-Saxon  Reader.'  But  his  reputation 
rests  mainly  upon  his  two  volume  work  in  literary  criticism  entitled 
'Southern  Writers'  (1896-1897).  He  was  an  English  scholar  of  rare 
attainments,  a  writer  of  graceful  diction,  and  a  critic  of  keen  analytical 
power. 

BASKETT,  JAMES   NEWTON,    See  Biographical  and  Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  I,  page  247. 

BASKETTE,  GIDEON  HICKS.  Journalist.  He  was  born  in 
Rutherford  County,  Tenn.,  March  11,  1845,  left  college  to  enter 
the  Confederate  Army  and  served  throughout  the  struggle.  He 
married  Annie  E.  McFadden  and  became  editor  of  the  Nashville 
Banner  in  1884.  He  has  written  for  periodicals  numerous  poems  and 
short  stories  of  unusual  merit.  The  sketch  of  Charles  Egbert  Craddock 
in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen.  He  resides  in 
Nashville,  Tenn. 

BASSETT,  JOHN  SPENCER,  educator  and  professor  of  his- 
tory in  Trinity  College,  North  Carolina,  was  born  at  Tarboro,  N.C., 
September  10,  1867,  and  married  Jessie  Lewellyn,  of  Durham,  N.C. 
He  was  called  to  the  chair  which  he  now  occupies  in  1893.  His  works 
include:  'Constitutional  Beginnings  of  North  Carolina,'  'Slavery  in 
the  State  of  North  Carolina,'  'Slavery  and  Servitude  in  the  Colony  of 
North  Carolina,'  'Anti-Slavery  Leaders  of  North  Carolina,'  'The  War 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         Tl 

of  the  Regulation,'  and  'The  Federalist  System'  (New  York,  Harper 
and  Brothers,  1905).  He  also  edited  'The  Writings  of  Colonel  William 
Byrd,  of  Westover,  Va.'  (New  York,  Doubleday,  Page  and  Company), 
and  has  written  numerous  historical  sketches  and  papers.  The  wri- 
tings of  Dr.  Bassett  are  marked  not  only  by  inquiring  research,  but 
also  by  philosophic  deduction.  Johns  Hopkins  gave  him  the  degree  of 
Ph.D.    He  resides  in  Durham,  N.C. 

BATE,  WILLIAM  6RIMAGE,  soldier  and  senator,  was  born 
near  Castilian  Springs,  Tenn.,  October  7,  1826.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Mexican  War  he  enlisted  in  one  of  the  volunteer  regiments,  serveJ 
with  distinction,  and  attained  the  rank  of  lieutenant.  Afterward  he 
owned  and  edited  a  paper  at  Gallatin,  Tenn.,  called  The  Tenth  Legion. 
but  in  the  meantime  he  studied  law;  and,  on  being  admitted  to  the 
Bar,  rose  rapidly  to  the  front.  When  Tennessee  seceded,  he  enlisted 
in  the  Confederate  Army  as  a  private,  but  eventually  wore  the  stars 
of  a  major-general.  He  was  three  times  desperately  wounded.  At 
the  close  of  hostilities,  he  resumed  the  practice  of  law,  became  twice 
governor  of  Tennessee,  and  served  in  the  United  States  Senate  for 
eighteen  years.    He  died  in  190S. 

BATES,  NEWTON  W.  Educator.  He  published  a  'History  of 
the  Civil  Government  of  Alabama'  (1892). 

BATTEY,  ROBERT,  physician,  was  born  in  Augusta,  Ga., 
November  26,  1828.  After  receiving  his  diploma  from  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  he  settled  in  Rome,  Ga.,  and  became  an  eminent 
specialist.  Besides  editing  The  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  he 
contributed  to  the  professional  press  both  of  this  country  and  of 
England  and  made  numerous  important  discoveries. 

BATTLE,  ARCHIBALD  JOHN,  Baptist  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  at  Powelton,  Ga.,  September  10,  1826,  a  son  of  Dr. 
Cullen  Battle.  At  one  time  he  was  president  of  Mercer  University, 
at  Macon.  Ga.,  and  afterward  of  Shorter  College,  at  Rome,  Ga.  He 
also  founded  the  Anniston  (Ala.)  College  for  Young  Ladies.  Dr. 
Battle  published  a  'Treatise,  Psychological  and  Theological,  on  the 
Human  Will.'  He  was  one  of  the  foremost  Baptist  divines  of  the 
South. 

BATTLE,  KEMP  PLUMMER.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  I,  page  269. 

BATTLE,,  RICHARD  HENRY,  lawyer,  was  born  at  Lewis- 
burg,  N.C,  December  3,  1835.  On  completing  his  studies,  he  entered 
the  profession  of  law  and  attained  high  rank  at  the  Bar.  He  is  also 
at  the  present  time  president  of  the  North  Carolina  Home  Insurance 
Company  of  Raleigh.  Though  he  has  published  no  books  he  has 
delivered  numerous  addresses,  including  one  at  the  unveiling  of  the 
bronze  statue  of  Zebulon  B.  Vance,  a  masterpiece  of  biographical 
analysis.  The  sketch  of  Andrew  Johnson  in  'The  Library  of  Southern 
Literature'  is  from  his  pen.  He  married,  November  28,  1860,  Annie 
Ruffin  Ashe.  The  University  of  North  Carolina  gave  him  the  degree 
of  LL.D. 

BAXTER,  WILLIAM,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in 
England  in  1823.  For  many  years  he  resided  in  Arkansas.  He  pub- 
lished 'Pea  Ridge  and  Prairie  Grove,'  'War  Lyrics,'  and  'Poems.' 

BAY,  W.  V.  N.  Lawyer.  He  published,  in  1878,  'Reminiscences 
Of  the  Bench  and  Bar  of  Missouri,'   (St.  Louis,  F.  H.  Thomas   Co.), 


"^  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

BAYLOR,  FRANCES  COURTENAY.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  I,  page  281. 

BAYNE,  CHARLES  JOSEPH.  Journalist  and  author.  He  was 
born  in  Milledgeville,  Ga.,  September  28,  1870.  While  denied  collegi- 
ate advantages,  he  has  been  a  student  and  a  traveler,  has  mastered 
several  languages,  and  wields  one  of  the  most  versatile  and  brilliant 
pens  to  be  found  in  the  journalistic  ranks  of  the  South.  He  is  at 
present  chief  editorial  writer  on  the  Atlanta  Journal.  Besides  two 
popular  lectures,  entitled  "Drones  and  Dreamers"  and  "Things  We 
Might  Have  Said,"  he  is  the  author  of  an  oriental  romance:  'The  Fall 
of  Utopia,'  published  in  1897,  and  of  many  exquisite  poems.  Some  of 
his  verse  appeared  in  book  form  in  1905  under  the  title  of  'Perdita.' 

BAYNE,  HUGH  A.  Lawyer.  [La.].  He  published  an  interesting 
volume  of  fiction  entitled  'Tales  of  Temple  Bar'  (1891). 

BAYS,  W.  W.  Poet.  [N.C.].  The  author  of  a  collection  of  verse 
entitled  "The  Superannuate  and  Other  Poems,'  (Concord,  N.C,  1903, 
paper  edition). 

BEACH,  CHARLES  FISK,  Jr.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in  Ken- 
tucky, February  4,  1854,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Fisk  Beach.  He 
was  educated  at  Centre  College,  Columbia  University,  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Paris.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  and  practiced  in 
New  York  City  from  1881  to  1896.  He  married  Annie  Josephine 
Smyly,  of  New  Orleans.  Since  1896  he  has  practiced  in  London  and 
in  Paris.  He  has  written  extensively  upon  legal  subjects,  some  of  his 
published  works  being:  'The  Law  of  Receivers'  (1887),  'Wills'  (1888), 
'Railways'  (1890),  'Private  Corporations'  (1891),  'Modern  Equity 
Jurisprudence'  (1892),  'Public  Corporations'  (1893),  'Modern  Equity 
Practice'  (1894),  'Injunctions'  (1895),  'Contracts'  (1897),  'Contributory 
Negligence'  (1897).  For  several  years  he  has  lectured  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Paris. 

BEALE,  CHARLES  WILLING.  Author.  Mr.  Beale  was  born 
in  Washington,  D.C.,  December  9,  1845,  and  received  his  education 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Several  works  of  fiction  have 
come  from  his  pen,  among  them  'The  Ghost  of  Guir  House,'  'The 
Secret  of  the  Earth,'  and  others.  He  married,  January  25,  1872, 
Maria  Taylor.     He  resides  in  Arden,  N.C. 

BEALE,  HELEN  G.  Author.  [Va.].  She  published  a  volume 
entitled  'Lansdowne.' 

BEALE,  MARIA  TAYLOR.  Author  and  artist.  Her  maiden 
name  was  Maria  Taylor.  She  was  born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  January 
30,  1849,  and  studied  art  in  Paris.  Besides  numerous  short  stories 
and  sketches  she  has  published  'Jack  O'Doon,'  a  novel  of  the  North 
Carolina  Coast  (New  York,  Henry  Holt  and  Company),  and  'The 
White  Horse  in  the  Tree-top'  {ibid.).  She  married,  January  25,  1872, 
Charles  Willing  Beale.    Her  home  is  in  Arden,  N.C. 

BEALER,  ALEXANDER  W.  Clergyman  and  writer.  [Ga.]. 
He  was  born  near  the  close  of  the  Civil  War.  For  several  years 
he  was  on  the  staff  of  the  Atlanta  Journal,  but  afterward,  entered 
the  Baptist  ministry  and  is  at  present  pastor  of  a  church  at  Thomas- 
ville,  Ga.  Besides  an  occasional  poem,  he  is  the  author  of  numerous 
short  stories  and  sketches.  His  dialect  work  is  perhaps  his  best. 
He  is  a   master   of  negro   lore  and   humor,   and   sometimes   pictures 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS         29 

'Uncle  'Rastus'  on  the  lecture  platform.     His  sister,  Gertrude  Bealer, 
who  reside,  in  New  York,  has  also  done  some  excellent  work. 

BEALL,  JOHN  B.  [Tenn.].  He  published  a  volume  entitled 
'In  Barrack  and  Field.' 

BEAN,  HARRIET  C.  She  was  a  writer  of  Augusta,  Ga.,  born  in 
1823,  and  died  in  1897,  and  published  'Poems — Retrospection.' 

BEARD,  RICHARD,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in  Sum- 
ter County,  Tenn.,  November  27,  1799.  On  completing  his  education 
at  Cumberland  University,  he  became  professor  of  languages  at  his 
alma  mater.  Later  he  was  called  to  the  office  of  president.  But 
when  the  theological  school  was  organized,  he  resigned  the  executive 
chair  to  become  professor  of  systematic  theology,  an  office  which 
he  held  for  twenty-five  years.  He  was  a  leader  among  the  Cum- 
berland Presbyterians  of  the  South.  His  published  works  include: 
'Systematic  Theology,'  'Biographical  Sketches,'  and  'Why  I  Am  a 
Cumberland  Presbyterian.'  He  died  at  Lebanon,  Tenn.,  December 
2,  1880. 

BEASLEY,  FREDERICK,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born 
near  Edenton,  N.C.,  in  1777.  and  was  the  son  of  a  planter  of  some 
.means.  After  receiving  his  diploma  from  Princeton,  he  studied 
theology  and  became  an  ordained  minister  of  the  Episcopal  Church. 
For  several  years  he  was  professor  of  moral  and  mental  philosophy 
in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  His  writings  include:  'American 
Dialogues  of  the  Dead,'  'An  Examination  of  the  Oxford  Divinity,' 
'Search  of  Truth  in  the  Science  of  the  Human  Mind,'  'Vindication 
of  the  Argument  a  priori  in  Proof  of  the  Being  and  Attributes  of 
God,  from  the  Objection  of  Dr.  Waterland,'  'Review  of  Brown's 
Philosophy  of  the  Human  Mind,'  'Vindication  of  the  Fundamental 
Principles  of  Truth  and  Order  in  the  Church  of  Christ,'  and  other 
works.  He  died  in  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  November  2,  1845.  He  re- 
ceived his  degree  of  D.D.  from  Pennsylvania  and  Columbia  Uni- 
versities. 

BEATTIE,  FRANCIS  ROBERT.  Eminent  theologian  and 
scholar.  For  many  years  he  was  professor  of  apologetics  and  sys- 
tematic theology  in  the  Presbyterian  Theological  Seminary  of  Ken- 
tucky. He  was  born  of  Scotch  parentage  at  Guelph,  Ontario,  in  the 
Dominion  of  Canada,  March  31,  1848,  a  son  of  Robert  and  Janet 
McKinley  Beattie.  He  married,  first,  Jean  G.  Galbraith,  and,  second, 
Lily  R.  Satterwhite.  For  some  time  he  was  associate  editor  of  the  Presby- 
terian Quarterly  and  the  Christian  Observer.  Among  the  numerous  works 
on  theological  and  doctrinal  subjects  that  have  come  from  his  conservative 
pen  are:  'The  Utilitarian  Theory  of  Morals'  (1884),  'Methods  of  Theism' 
(1887),  'Radical  Criticism'  (1895),  'Presbyterian  Standards'  (1893),  'Cal- 
vinism and  Modern  Thought'  (1901),  and  'Christianity  and  Modern  Evolu- 
tion' (1903).  Besides,  he  also  edited  the  Memorial  of  the  Westminster 
Assembly  Celebration  at  Charlotte,  N.C.,  in  1897.  Dr.  Beattie  held  the 
Ph.D.,  the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees.     He  died  in  1906. 

BEAUMONT,  HENRY  FRANCIS.  Editor  and  author.  He  was 
born  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  September  8,  1878,  a  son  of  Henry  Francis 
and  Mary  Fuller  Plummer  Beaumont.  He  married,  April  4,  1903, 
Adah  Pearl  Terry,  of  Birmingham,  Ala.  He  served  in  the  Spanish- 
American  War;  and,  while  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  he  founded  the 
Manila  American,  the  first  newspaper  published  there  in  English. 
Since  1894  he  has  been  president  of  the  Beaumont  Press  Bureau. 
He  is  the  author  of  'Forgotten   Pages   in  Tennessee   History,'  'The 


30  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

Lost    Regiment'    (1902),   'The   Lost   Letter'    (1904),   and   'Rulers   of 
Alien  People'  (1904). 

BEAUREGARD,  PIERRE  GUST  AVE  TOUTANT.  An  eminent 
Confederate  soldier.  He  was  born  in  St.  Bernard  Parish,  La.,  May 
28,  1818^  and  was  educated  at  West  Point,  graduating  in  the 
class  of  1838.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  resigned  his  com- 
mission in  the  United  States  Army  and  took  charge  of  the  fortifica- 
tions at  Charleston,  S.C,  being  in  command  when  Fort  Sumter  was 
bombarded.  He  rose  to  the  full  rank  of  general.  After  the  surrender 
he  became  president  of  two  insurance  companies  and  adjutant-general 
of  Louisiana.  In  1866  he  declined  an  appointment  to  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  Roumanian  troops  and,  three  years  later,  an  honor  of 
like  character  from  the  Khedive  of  Egypt  was  also  declined.  He  was 
the  author  of  two  volumes:  'A  Commentary  on  the  Campaign  and 
Battle  of  Manassas'  and  'A  Summary  of  the  Art  of  War'  (New  York, 
Putnam's).  His  literary  style  is  characterized  by  Professor  Alcee 
Fortier  as  "mathematically  precise."  For  further  information  the 
reader  is  referred  to  'The  Military  Operations  of  General  Beaure- 
gard' by  Judge  Roman.     He  died  in  New  Orleans,  February  20,  1893. 

BECK,  GEORGE,  poet,  was  born  in  England  in  1749;  but,  emi- 
grating to  America,  he  engaged  in  educational  work  and  incidentally 
painted  pictures.  For  some  time  he  conducted  a  seminary  for  young 
ladies  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  where  he  died,  December  24,  1812.  He 
wrote  short  poems,  made  numerous  translations  from  the  classics, 
and  published  "Observations  of  a  Comet."  He  was  a  scout  in 
Wayne's  campaign  against  the  Indians. 

BECKWITH,  CHARLES  MINNIGRODE,  Protestant  Episcopal 
Bishop  of  Alabama,  was  born  in  Prince  George  County,  Va.,  in  1851, 
a  son  of  Dr.  Thomas  Stanley  Beckwith  and  Agnes  Ruffin.  He  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  Georgia  and  at  the  Berkeley  Divinity 
School,  being  ordained  to  the_  priesthood  in  1881.  Twenty  years 
later  he  became  the  successor  in  office  of  Bishop  Wilmer.  Besides 
sermons  and  addresses,  his  works  include:  'The  Trinity  Course  of 
Church,  in  New  Orleans.  He  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Georgia 
and  'Rightly  Instructed  in  God's  Word.'  He  received  his  degree  of 
D.D.  from  the  University  of  the  South. 

BECKWITH,  JOHN  WA-TRUS,  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop 
of  Georgia,  was  born  at  Raleigh,  N.C.,  February  9,  1831,  and  on 
completing  his  education  was  ordained  to  the  priesthood  in  the  Epis- 
copal Church,  serving  many  important  parishes,  among  them.  Trinity 
Church,  in  New  Orleans.  He  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Georgia 
in  1868.  As  an  orator  he  possessed  few  equals  in  the  pulpit.  His 
time  was  too  much  occupied  in  meeting  the  constant  demands  made 
upon  him  to  produce  books,  and  he  published  only  occasional  sermons 
and  addresses.     He  died  in   1891. 

BECKWITH,  PAUL.  Author.  [Mo.].  He  published  a  'History 
of  the  Beckwith   Family'   (1891),  and  'Creoles  of  St.   Louis'  (1893), 

BEDDOW,  CHARLES  PETER,  Mrs.  Author.  [Ala.].  She 
wrote  a  story  of  Southern  life  entitled  'The  Oracle  of  Moccasin 
Bend'  (New  York  and  Washington,  the  Neale  Publishing  Company, 
1903),  the  scenes  of  which  are  laid  around  Lookout  Mountain,  Tenn. 
"Old  Uncle  Steve'  is  the  oracle  of  the  story,  an  ante-bellum  type, 
full  of  quaint  philosophy  and  good  humor.  Mrs.  Beddow  resides  in 
Birmingham,  Ala. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS  31 

BEDFORD,  GUNNING  S.,  physician,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  in  1806  and  died  in  the  city  of  New  York,  September  S,  1870. 
For  several  years  he  taught  in  the  medical  college  at  Charleston, 
S.C,  after  which,  in  association  with  Dr.  Valentine  Nott,  he  founded 
the  University  Medical  College  of  New  York.  He  published  'Diseased 
of  Women  and  Children,'  and  'Principles  and  Practice  of  Obstetrics,' 
both  of  which  passed  into  several  editions  and  were  translated  into 
French  and  German. 

BEDFORD,  LOU  SINGLETARY.  Author.  Mrs.  Bedford  was 
born  in  Kentucky  and  was  descended  from  Amos  Singletary,  of 
Massachusetts,  who  was  a  figure  of  some  prominence  in  the  War  of 
the  Revolution.  She  began  to  write  before  she  was  fifteen;  but, 
marrying  early  in  life,  she  relinquished  the  pen  for  household  duties. 
When  her  husband's  health  began  to  fail,  the  family  residence  was 
changed  to  Milton,  Fla.,  and  here  it  was  that  she  took  charge  of  the 
literary  department  of  the  local  paper  of  which  her  husband  became 
the  editor,  the  Milton  Standard,  and  began  to  renew  her  literary 
activities.  Several  volumes  of  charming  verse  soon  came  from  her 
pen :  'A  Vision,  and  Other  Poems,'  'Gathered  Leaves,'  and  'Drift- 
wood and  Drifting,'  the  last  volume  also  containing  some  prose 
sketches.  Several  years  ago  she  made  her  home  in  Texas.  Among 
her  unpublished  manuscripts  is  a  poetical  romance  entitled:  "Forrest 
Dayre." 

BEDINGER,  HENRY.  Congressman  and  diplomatist.  Mr.  Bed- 
inger  was  born  near  Sheperdstown,  Va.,  in  1810.  He  succeeded  his 
brother-in-law.  General  George  Rust,  as  a  member  of  Congress, 
and  from  18S3  to  18S8  was  Minister  to  Denmark.  His  literary  gifts 
were  of  high  order  and  he  wrote  a  number  of  excellent  poems. 

BEE,  THOMAS,  patriot  and  jurist,  was  born  in  South  Carolina 
in  1720.  Exposing  the  popular  cause  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, he  jeoparded  large  property  interests  and  took  an  active  part 
in  the  exciting  drama.  He  became  lieutenant-governor  of  South 
Carolina  and  also  represented  the  State  in  the  Continental  Congress. 
The  last  years  of  his  life  were  spent  on  the  bench  of  the  United 
States  Court  for  the  District  of  South  Carolina,  and  he  compiled  and 
published  'Reports  of  the  District  Court.' 

BEER,  WlLLIAM,  librarian,  was  born  in  Plymouth,  England, 
in  1849,  but  for  several  years  has  resided  in  New  Orleans.  He  is 
the  author  of  an  important  paper  entitled  "The  Capture  of  Fort 
Charlotte,    Mobile"    (Louisiana    Historical   Society,    1896). 

BEERS,  FANNIE  A.,  Mrs.  She  resided  in  Mississippi  and  wrote 
an  interesting  volume  entitled  'Memories:  a  Record  of  Personal 
Experieiices  and  Adventures  During  Four  years  of  War'  (Phil- 
adelphia, J.  B.  Lippincott  and  Company).  The  volume  contains  a 
portrait  of  the  author. 

BELL,  AGRIPPA  NELSON.  Physician.  He  was  born  in  North- 
umberland County,  Va.,  August  3,  1820.  Before  the  war  he  located 
in  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  where  he  became  an  eminent  practitioner  and  wrote 
'Knowledge  of  Living  Things'  (1860),  and  "The  Climatology  and 
Mineral  Waters  of  the  United  States'  (1895),  besides  numerous  medi- 
cal papers. 

BELL,  HIRAM  PARKS,  lawyer  and  Congressman,  was  born 
in  Jackson  County,  Ga.,  January  27,  1827.  Elected  to  the  secession 
convention,   he   opposed   the   ordinance  but  bov/ed   to   the   sovereign 


32  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

will  of  the  commonwealth.  On  the  field  of  battle  he  commanded 
the  43rd  Georgia;  and,  sustaining  wounds  which  retired  him  from 
the  saddle,  he  took  his  seat  in  the  Confederate  Congress.  After 
the  war  he  represented  his  district  for  four  years  in  the  National 
House  of  Representatives.  Late  in  life  he  wrote  a  volume  of  remi- 
niscences entitled:  'Men  and  Things,'  which  contains  also  a  number  of 
his  speeches  on  public  questions.     He  died  in  1908. 

BELL,  J.  M.  Author.  [Va.].  He  wrote  'A  Biography  of  Gov- 
ernor William  Smith,'  (1891). 

BELL,  JOHN,  statesman,  was  born  near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Feb- 
ruary IS,  1797.  On  completing  his  education,  he  was  duly  admitted 
to  the  Bar,  but  his  most  distinguished  attainments  were  in  the  sphere 
of  politics.  For  several  consecutive  terms  he  served  in  the  National 
House  of  Representatives,  and  in  1841  became  Secretary  of  War 
under  President  William  Henry  Harrison,  but  resigned  this  office 
when  President  Tyler,  who  came  to  the  Executive  chair  one  month 
later,  separated  from  the  Whigs.  He  declined  an  offer  of  a  United 
States  senatorship;  and  in  1860  was  nominated  by  the  American 
Party  for  President  of  the  United  States.  On  the  public  questions 
of  the  day  he  spoke  with  great  power,  but  few  of  his  speeches  have 
been  preserved,  except  in  the  debates  of  Congress.  He  died  at  his 
home  in  Tennessee,  September  10,  1869. 

BELL,  ORELIA  KEY.  She  was  born  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  in  1864, 
a  daughter  of  Marcus  A.  Bell  and  a  kinswoman  of  the  famous  author 
of  the  national  anthem,  Francis  Scott  Key.  At  an  early  age  she 
began  to  write  in  verse,  evincing  a  talent  which  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  the  best  critics.  It  was  not  long  before  Charles  A.  Dara, 
of  the  New  York  Sun,  paid  her  at  the  rate  of  a  dollar  a  line  for  her 
poems;  and  she  contributed  to  many  of  the  periodicals.  But  ill 
health  overtook  this  rare  songster  and  caused  her  to  retire  all  too 
soon  from  the  choral  ranks.  Some  of  her  best-known  poems  are 
"Po'  Jo,"  "Gathering  Roses,"  "Under  the  Laurels,"  and  "To-day's 
Gethsemane."     She  was  exceedingly  clever  in  the  writing  of  sonnets. 

BELLAMY,  ELIZABETH  WHITFIELD.  Author.  She  was 
born  at  Quincy,  Fla.,  in  1839.  Her  maiden  name  was  Croom.  She 
wrote  an  interesting  story,  entitled  'Four  Oaks,'  which  was  published 
both  in  New  York  and  in  London  and  was  widely  read.  Her  othir 
published  works  are:  'Kamba  Thorpe,'  'The  Little  Joanna,'  'Old  Vri--. 
Gilbert,'  and  'Penny  Lancaster,  the  Story  of  a  Georgia  Farm.'  She  di=ci 
in  1900. 

BELLINGER,  LUCIUS.  Physician.  [S.C]  He  published  a 
volume  entitled  'Stray  Leaves.' 

BELTRAML  J.  C.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  in  French  an  im- 
portant work  entitled  'La  Decouverte  des  Sources  du  Mississippi' 
(New  Orleans,  1824). 

BENEDICT,  FRANK  LEE.  Author.  He  was  born  in  Alexan- 
dria, N.Y.,  July  6,  1834,  and  was  educated  by  private  tutors  at  home 
and  abroad.  He  is  the  author  of  several  popular  stories  of  fiction, 
including:  'My  Daughter  Elinor,'  'Miss  Van  Kortland,'  'John  Worth- 
ington's  Name,'  'Misj  Dorothy's  Charge,'  'Mr.  Vaughn's  Heir,'  'St. 
Simon's  Niece,'  'Her  Friend  Lawrence,'  '  'Twixt  Hammer  and  An- 
vil,' 'Madame,'  'The  Price  She  Paid,'  and  'A  Late  Remorse.'  He  has 
written  also  a  volume  of  poems.  "The  Shadow  Worshipper.'  and  nn- 
merous  short  stories  and  sketches.    He  lives  at  St.  Albans,  W.Va 


BIOGRAPHICAL    DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS  33 

BENET,  STEPHEN  VINCENT,  soldier,  was  born  at  St.  Augus- 
tine, Fla.,  January  22,  1827,  and  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Georgia  and  in  the  military  school  at  West  Point.  For  several  years 
he  was  an  instructor  of  cadets;  but  in  1869  became  assistant  chief 
of  ordnance  and  later  chief  of  the  department,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general.  He  translated  'Jomini's  Political  and  Military  History  of  the 
Campaign  of  Waterloo'  and  wrote  'Military  Law  and  Practice  of  Court- 
Martials.' 

BENJAMIN,  JUDAH  P.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  I,  page  303. 

BENNET,  W.  W.  Clergyman.  [Va.].  He  published  'The  Great 
Revival  in  the  Southern  Army'  and  'Methodism  in  Virginia.' 

BENNETT,  CLAUD  NATHANIEL,  president  of  the  Congres- 
sional Information  Bureau,  lecturer  and  writer,  was  born  at  Thomson, 
Ga.,  November  29,  1866.  Mr.  Bennett  organized  the  splendid  service 
over  which  he  presides  in  Washington,  D.C.  He  has  delivered  a 
number  of  addresses,  appeared  at  frequent  intervals  upon  the  lecture 
platform  and  written  for  high-class  periodicals  on  current  topics. 

BENNETT,  DANIEL  K.  Baptist  clergyman.  [N.C.].  He  was 
born  in  1830  and  died  in  1897.  He  published  a  'Chronology  of  North 
Carolina,'  giving  the  dates  of  the  most  important  events  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  State  from  the  earliest  times,  with  explanatory  notes 
(New  York,  James  M.  Edney,  1858). 

BENNETT,  JOHN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
I,  page  323. 

BENNETT,  MARTHA  HAINES  BUTT.  Author.  [Va.].  She 
published  'Pastimes  with  Little  Friends'  and  'Leisure  Moments,' 
besides  numerous  uncollected  short  stories  and  sketches  for  the  young. 

BENSON,  BLACKWOOD  KETCHUM.  Author.  He  was  born 
in  Edgefield  District,  S.C,  May  12,  1845,  entered  the  First  South 
Carolina  Regiment  of  Infantry  and  fought  until  the  surrender  at 
Appomattox.  He  is  the  Southern  text-book  agent  for  some  of  the 
largest  publishing  houses  of  the  East.  Besides  numerous  compilations, 
he  has  written  several  stirring  romances  of  the  Civil  War.  Among 
his  published  works  are:  'Who  Goes  There?'  (New  York,  The  Mac- 
millan  Company),  'The  Story  of  a  Spy  in  the  Civil  War'  (^ibid.),  'A 
Friend  with  the  Countersign'  (ibid.),  'Bayard's  Courier'  (ibid.),  and 
'Old  Squire'  (ibid.).    He  resides  in  Atlanta,  Ga. 

BENTLEY,  ELLA  D.     [La.].    She  published  a  volume  of  poems. 

BENTON,  THOMAS  HART.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  I,  page  345. 

BERKELEY,  SIR  WILLIAM,  colonial  Governor  of  Virginia,  was 
born  near  London,  England,  in  1610,  and  died  in  Twickenham,  July 
13,  1677.  He  was  an  accomplished  cavalier  and  courtier,  administered 
the  afifairs  of  the  colony  for  tliirty-five  years,  and  published  'The  Lost 
Lady,'  a  tragi-comedy  (London,  1628),  and  'Description  of  Virginia' 
(1663). 

BERNARD,  GEORGE  S.  [Va.].  He  compiled  and  edited  an  in- 
teresting work  entitled  'War  Talks  of  Confederate  Veterans'  (Peters- 
burg, Va.,  Fenn  and  Owen,  1892). 


34  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

BERNARD,  P.  V.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  a  volume  in 
French  entitled  'Un  Ancetre  de  la  Sainte  Alliance'  (New  Orleans,  1870). 

BERNEY,  SAFFOLD.  Author.  [Ala.].  He  wrote  'An  Indus- 
trial History  of  Alabama.' 

BERNHEIM,    G.   D.    Clergyman.      [N.C.].     Born   in    1827.      He 

published  a   work   entitled   'The   German   Settlement  and   Lutheran 
Church  in  North  Carolina  and  South  Carolina.' 

BERRIEN,  JOHN  MACPHERSON,  statesman  and  jurist,  was 
born  in  New  Jersey,  August  23,  1781,  son  of  Major  John  Berrien  of 
the  Revolution.  Graduating  from  Princeton,  he  was  admitted  to  the 
Georgia  Bar;  and,  after  several  years  of  service  on  the  Superior 
Court  Bench,  he  was  twice  commissioned  to  represent  his  adopted 
commonwealth  in  the  United  States  Senate.  On  account  of  his  pol- 
ished oratory  in  debate  he  was  called  "the  American  Cicero";  but, 
except  in  the  proceedings  of  Congress,  few  of  his  speeches  have  been 
preserved.  When  Andrew  Jackson  became  President,  he  received 
the  appointment  of  Attorney-general;  but  two  years  later,  on  account 
of  inharmonious  conditions,  he  resigned  with  the  other  members  of 
the  Cabinet.     He  died  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  January  1,  1856. 

BERRYHILL,  S.  NEWTON.  Journalist  and  poet  of  Mississippi. 
He  was  born  in  1832  and  died  in  1887.  He  wrote  some  excellent 
verse,  in  which  he  caught  the  spirit  of  his  surroundings.  His  best 
work  is  to  be  found  in  a  volume  entitled  'Backwoods  Poems'  (Col- 
umbus,  Miss.,   Excelsior   Printing  Company,   1878). 

BERTRON,  OTTILIE,  Mrs.  Author.  Her  home  was  in  Miss- 
issippi. She  wrote:  'Edith,'  a  novel  (1887)  and  'Ingersoll's  Attack 
on  Christianity,'  a  review   (1889). 

BEVERLY,  ROBERT.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
I,  page  375. 

BEYER,  GEORGE  EUGENE,  educator,  was  born  in  Dresden, 
Germany,  September  9,  1861.  For  several  years  he  has  been  professor 
of  biology  in  Tulane  University,  at  New  Orleans.  Besides  numerous 
monographs,  he  has  published  'The  Mounds  of  Louisiana'  (New 
Orleans,  Louisiana  Historical  Society,   1896). 

BIBB,  GEORGE  M.,  statesman  and  jurist,  was  born  in  Virginia 
in  1772;  and,  after  completing  his  studies  at  Princeton,  settled  in 
Kentucky  for  the  practice  of  the  law.  For  three  separate  terms  he 
was  chosen  Chief  Justice;  twice  he  was  commissioned  United  States 
Senator;  and  in  1844  he  was  made  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  the 
Cabinet  of  President  Tyler.  His  only  published  work  is  his  volume 
of  'Reports  of  Cases  at  Common  Law  and  in  Chancery  in  the  Kentucky 
Court  of  Appeals.'    He  died  in  Georgetown,  D.C.,  April  14,  1859. 

BIEDMA,  LUIS  HERNANDEZ.  Spanish  soldier  and  historian. 
He  was  an  officer  under  De  Soto  in  the  expedition  for  the  conquest 
of  Florida  in  1538.    He  wrote  an  account  of  rare  value  entitled  'Relacion 

BIEN,  H.  M.  Author.  [Miss.].  He  wrote:  'Ben-Beor,*  an  his- 
torical story  divided  into  two  parts,  the  first  a  counterpart  of  'Ben- 
Hur'  and  the  second  a  companion  romance  to  'The  Wandering  Jew.' 
It  was  published  both  at  Vicksburg,  Miss,  and  at  Baltimore  in  1892. 
He  also  wrote:  'Oriental  Legends'  (1883),  'Feast  of  Lights'  (1886), 
'Samson'  (1885).  'Purim'  (1884),  'What  is  Judaism?'  (1888),  and  'Solar 
Night'  (1887). 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF   AUTHORS         35 

de  la  Isla  de  la  Florida'  (1587).  The  work  is  included  in  the  'Coleccion 
de  Varios  Documentes  para  la  Historia  de  la  Florida'  in  Madrid. 

BIENVILLE,    JEAN    BAPTISTE    LE    MOYNE    SIEUR    DE, 

French  Governor  of  Louisiana,  was  born  in  Montreal,  Canada,  in 
1680,  and  died  in  France  in  1765.  The  part  which  he  played  in  the 
early  annals  of  Louisiana  was  both  romantic  and  important.  Among 
other  things,  he  founded  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  which  became 
the  seat  of  government.  His  correspondence  has  been  preserved 
in  the  'Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana.'  He  was  a  brother  of  Iberville 
and  one  of  ten  famous  sons  of  Charles  Le  Moyne. 

BIGBY,  MARY  CATHERINE  DOUGHERTY,  Mrs.  Poet. 
[Ga.].  She  was  born  in  1839  and  was  the  author  of  numerous  poems, 
among  them  "Delilah"  and  "The  Death  of  Polk." 

BIGGS,  JOSEPH.  Historian.  [N.C.].  He  was  born  in  1776, 
and  died  in  1844.  He  published  a  'History  of  the  Kehukee  Baptist 
Association'  (Tarboro,  N.C,  1834),  a  continuation  of  Burkitt's  pioneer 
work,  important  because  of  the  light  which  it  throws  upon  early 
State  annals. 

BIGHAM,  MADGE  ALFORD.  Kindergarten  teacher  and  writer. 
She  was  born  at  LaGrange,  Ga.,  September  30,  1874,  a  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  R.  W.  Bigham,  D.D.  In  connection  with  her  successful 
work  in  Atlanta,  she  has  written  numerous  stories  for  children,  among 
them:  "Stories  of  Mother  Goose  Village"  (1902),  "Blackie,  or  Merrv 
Animal  Tales"  (1906),  "Little  Folks'  Land"  (1907),  "Flower  Fairies" 
(1909),  and  "Within  the  Silver  Moon." 

BIGHAM,  ROBERT  WILLIAMS.  Clergyman  and  author.  For 
some  time  he  was  a  missionary  of  the  M.E.  Church,  South,  to  California 
and  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  He  was  born  near  Milledgeville,  Ga., 
October  8,  1824.  He  married,  first,  in  1858,  Charlotte  Eliza  Davies, 
and,  second  in  1872,  Sara  Jane  Davies.  The  best  of  his  writings 
are  his  juvenile  stories,  one  of  which,  'Vinny  Leal's  Trip  to  the  Golden 
Shore'  (Nashville,  Tenn.,  Methodist  Publishing  House,  1873),  is  still 
the  most  popular  juvenile  book  published  by  this  establishment.  He 
is  also  the  author  of  'Wine  and  Blood;  or  Uncle  Viv's  Story'  (1875), 
'California  Gold  Field  Scenes'  (1886),  and  'Joe,  a  Boy  in  the  War 
Times'  (1889),  all  of  which  possess  fascinating  interest  for  the  young. 
He  died  October  11,  1900,  at  Demorest,  Ga. 

BIGNEY,  -MARK  F.  Editor  and  poet.  He  was  born  in  Nova 
Scotia  in  1817.  He  settled  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  in  1847  and  became 
an  influential  factor  in  journalism.  He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  New  Orleans  City  Item.  As  an  editor,  he  is  said  to  have  been 
cautious  in  forming  his  convictions,  but  courageous  in  maintaining 
them.  He  published,  in  1867,  a  volume  of  poems  entitled  'The 
Wreck  of  the  Nautilus,  and  Other  Poems,'  in  which  there  are  several 
charming  love  songs.    He  died  in  New  Orleans,  in  1886. 

BILLON,  FREDERICK  L.  Author.  [Mo.^.  He  published  'The 
Annals  of  St.  Louis  under  French  and  Spanish  Domination  from 
1764  to  1804'  (1886). 

BINGHAM,  ROBERT  WORTH,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Orange 
County,  N.C,  November  8,  1871.  At  the  Bar  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  he 
has  risen  to  prominence.  In  politics  he  has  been  equally  successful; 
and,   after   holding   the   office   of   county   attorney,   has   been    elected 


36  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

mayor  of  Louisville.  Besides  numerous  public  addresses,  he  is  the 
author  of  the  sketch  of  Henry  Watterson  in  'The  Library  of  Southern 
Literature.'     He  married,  in   1896,  Eleanor   E.  Miller. 

BINGHAM,  WILLIAM,  educator,  was  born  in  North  Carolina 
in  183S  and  was  educated  at  the  University  of  the  State,  succeeding 
in  time  to  the  headship  of  the  school  which  had  been  conducted  suc- 
cessfully by  both  father  and  grandfather  at  Mebanesville,  N.C.  Among 
his  publications  are:  'A  Grammar  of  the  Latin  Language,'  'A  Gram- 
mar of  the  English  Language,'  and  'Caesar's  Commentaries,  with 
Notes.' 

BIRD,  MARY  PAGE,  writer,  was  born  in  Cobham,  Albemarle 
County,  Va.,  in  1866.  Under  the  pen-name  of  "Neil  Christian"  she 
published  a  story  entitled  'Wedded  to  a  Genius'  (London,  Bentley 
and  Son,  1894),  which  .brought  her  at  once  before  the  public.  This 
was  followed  by  a  serial  entitled  'Sir  Wilfred,'  which  appeared  in 
Things  and  Thoughts,  a  Virginia  magazine.  From  time  to  time  she 
has  contributed  short  stories  and  sketches  to  periodicals  and  has  also 
written  an  occasional  poem.  Her  latest  fragment  of  verse  appeared 
in  Harper's,  under  the  title  "Illusion."  She  married,  March  1,  1892, 
Gilbert  Bonham  Bird.    Her  home  is  at  Biltmore,  N.C. 

BIRNEY,  JAMES  GILLESPIE.  Reformer  and  leader  of  the  con- 
servative abolitionists.  He  was  born  in  Danville,  Ky.,  February  4, 
1792,  and  died  at  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  November  25,  1857.  Freeing 
his  own  slaves,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  problem  of  gradual  eman- 
cipation, and  not  only  took  the  platform  but  seized  the  editorial  pen. 
Twice  was  he  the  candidate  of  the  Liberty  party  for  President  of  the 
United  States,  polling  7,059  votes  in  1840,  and  62,300  votes  in  1844. 
Disabled  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  the  last  twelve  years  of  his  life 
were  spent  in  retirement  as  an  invalid  at  the  North.  His  writings 
include:  'Letters  on  Slavery  and  Colonization,'  'American  Churches 
the  Bulwarks  of  American  Slavery,'  and  'Speeches  in  England.' 

BIRNEY,  WILLIAM,  soldier,  was  born  near  Huntsville,  Ala., 
May  29,  1819,  and  was  the  son  of  James  G.  Birney,  the  conservative 
abolitionist.  His  education  was  obtained  in  part  abroad;  and  while 
sojourning  in  Paris  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  French  Revolution 
of  1848.  Enlisting  upon  the  Union  side  in  the  Civil  War  he  attained 
the  rank  of  major-general.  After  the  struggle,  he  lived  for  a  while 
in  Florida,  but  afterward  moved  to  Washington,  D.C.,  for  the  practice 
of  law.  He  wrote  'The  Life  and  Times  of  James  G.  Birney,'  which 
was  published  in  1890,  shortly  before  his  death. 

BISHOP,  DAVID  HORACE,  educator,  was  born  in  New- 
bern,  Va.,_  August  20,  1870.  Since  leaving  college  he  has  been  active 
in  educational  work.  Besides  the  sketch  of  John  H.  Ingraham  in 
'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature,'  he  is  the  author  of  numerous 
rnonographs  and  papers  preserved  in  the  publications  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Teachers'  Association  and  contributes  to  current  reviews  and 
magazines.  He  is  professor  of  English  at  the  University  of  Missis- 
sippi and  resides  at  Oxford.    He  is  an  A.M. 

BISHOP,  PUTNAM  P.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Fla.].  He  pub- 
lished 'The_  Psychologist,'  a  novel  (1886),  'The  Heart  of  Man,'  and 
'The  American   Citizen.' 

BLACK,  SALLY.  Poet.  [S.C.].  She  wrote  'The  Chimes  gi  St 
Michael.' 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS         37 

BLACK,  WARREN  COLUMBUS.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergy- 
man, was  born  near  Crystal  Springs,  Miss.,  May  24,  1848.  Besides 
filling  numerous  important  pastorates  and  achieving  distinction  on 
the  lecture  platform,  he  edited  for  seven  years  the  New  Orleans 
Christian  Advocate.  His  published  works  include  'The  Philosophy  of 
Methodism'  (1880),  'A  Centennial  Retrospect'  (1884),  'Temperance 
and  Teetotalism'  (1886),  'Christian  Manhood'  (1888),  'Eternal  Punish- 
ment' (1898),  'Is  Man  Immortal?'  (1902),  and  'Sermons  and  Addresses' 
(1909).  Dr.  Black  has  declined  numerous  calls  to  college  chairs  be- 
cause of  a  preference  for  pastoral  work.  He  married,  March  24,  1865, 
Phoebe  Marshall.  The  Southern  University  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  D.D.    He  resides  at  Meridian,  Miss. 

BLACK,  WILLIAM  H.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  at  Forsyth,  Ga., 
June  10,  1868,  a  son  of  Eugene  P.  Black.  He  is  the  author  of  'New 
York  and  New  Jersey  Corporations'  (1902  and  1905),  and  'The  Real 
Wall  Street'  (1908).    He  resides  in  New  York  City. 

BLACK,  WILLIAM  HENRY.  Educator  and  divine.  He  was 
born  at  Centreville,  Ind.,  March  19,  1854,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Felix  G.  and 
Lydia  Black.  He  has  held  numerous  important  pastorates,  was  modera- 
tor of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church  at 
Waco,  Texas,  in  1898,  and  is  now  president  of  Missouri  Valley  College. 
He  has  written:  'Sermons  for  the  Sabbath  School'  (1886),  'God,  Our 
Father'  (1889),  'Womanhood'  (1890),  'Outline  Life  of  Paul'  (1894),  and 
'The  Life  and  Times  of  Moses'  (1902).  Dr.  Black  has  been  given  the  D.D. 
and  the  LL.D.  degrees.    He  resides  in  Marshall,  Mo. 

BLACKBURN,  GEORGE  ANDREW,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Green  County,  Tenn.,  October  16,  1861.  His  father  was  John  N. 
Blackburn,  and  his  mother  Eliza  Jane  Ambrister.  On  completing 
his  equipment  for  the  ministry,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Arsenal 
Hill  Presbyterian  Church,  Columbia,  S.C.  He  has  edited  'Girardeau's 
Discussions  of  Philosophical  Questions'  (Philadelphia,  Presbyterian 
Board  of  Publication),  'Girardeau's  Discussions  of  Theological  Ques- 
tions' (Richmond,  Presbyterian  Committee  of  Publication),  and  'Ser- 
mons.' He  married,  in  1886,  Annie  Williams,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
John  L.  Girardeau,  D.D.,  of  Colimibia,  S.C. 

BLACKMAN,  WILLIAM  FREMONT.  Educator.  He  was  born 
at  North  Pitcher,  N.Y.,  September  2S,  1855,  and  was  educated  at 
Oberlin  College  and  at  Berlin.  He  married,  in  1884,  Lucy  Worth- 
ington.  He  was  for  some  time  professor  of  sociology  at  Yale 
University  and  edited  the  Yale  Review  from  1893  to  1901.  He  then 
went  South  to  assume  the  presidency  of  Rollins  College.  He  has 
written  'The  Making  of  Hawaii:  a  Study  in  Social  Evolution,'  in 
addition  to  numerous  contributions  to  the  periodicals.  Cornell  gave  him 
the  degree  of  Ph.D.    He  lives  in  Winter  Park,  Fla. 

BLACKWELL,  JAMES  DE  RUYTER.  Poet.  He  lived  in  Vir- 
ginia and  published  'The  Poetical  Works  of  James  De  Ruyter  Black- 
well,'  in  uhree  volumes  (New  York,  1879). 

BLACKWELL,  ROBERT  EMORY.  Educator.  He  was  born 
in  Warrenton,  Va.,  November  14,  1854,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  John  D.  Black- 
well,  D.D.,  and  Julia  A.  Blackwell.  He  was  educated  at  Randolph-Macon 
College  and  at  Leipsic.  He  married,  in  1877,  Theele  Epia  Duncan,  and 
became  president  of  Randolph-Macon  College  in  1902.  He  is  the  author, 
with  Prof.  James  \.  Harrison,  of  'Easy  Lessons  in  French'  and,  with  W. 
W.  Smith,  of  'Parallel  Syntax  Chart'  and  also  of  an  interesting  article  in 


38  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

The_  Southern  Methodist  Review    (1894)    on  the  question:    "Were  the 
Ancients  Acquainted  with  America?"    He  resides  in  Ashland,  Va. 

BLAIR,  ANDREW  ALEXANDER,  analytical  chemist,  was  born 
in  Woodford  County,  Ky.,  September  20,  1848,  a  son  of  the  late  Gen- 
eral Francis  P.  Blair.  He  was  educated  at  Annapolis.  Since  1881 
he  has  bee.n  engaged  in  the  general  practice  of  his  profession  and  has 
achieved  signal  distinction.  Besides  numerous  articles  in  the  scientific 
journals,  particularly  on  the  analysis  of  iron,  he  wrote  the  article 
on  "Assaying"  in  the  'Encyclopaedia  Britannica.' 

BLAIR,  FRANCIS  PRESTON,  statesman  and  soldier,  was  born 
in  Lexington,  Ky.,  February  10,  1821,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  July 
8,  187S.  On  the  issues  of  slavery,  he  joined  the  newly  organized  Re- 
publican party  and  served  in  Congress  for  several  years  prior  to  the 
war.  It  is  claimed  that  he  saved  both  Kentucky  and  Missouri  to 
the  Union.  In  the  field  he  attained  the  rank  of  major-general.  After 
the  war  he  became  dissatisfied  with  the  policies  of  his  own  party  and 
received  the  Democratic  nomination  for  Vice-president.  Later  he 
served  in  the  United  States  Senate.  He  wrote  'The  Life  and  Public 
Services  of  General  William  O.  Butler.' 

BLAIR,  FRANCIS  PRESTON,  statesman  and  editor,  was  born 
at  Abingdon,  Va.,  April  12,  1792,  and  died  at  Silver  Spring,  Md., 
October  18,  1876.  For  many  years  he  edited  The  Globe,  the  official 
organ  of  the  Democratic  party,  published  in  Washington,  D.C.,  but 
most  of  his  life  was  spent  in  Kentucky.  When  the  slavery  question 
emerged  he  became  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Republican  party 
and  presided  over  the  national  convention  but  refused  to  accept  the 
nomination,  declining  in  favor  of  John  C.  Fremont.  In  1864  he  made 
an  unofficial  visit  to  Richmond  and  proposed  an  arrangement  of 
peace  on  the  basis  of  a  joint  campaign  against  Maximilian  in  Mexico, 
and  this  interview  is  said  to  have  led  to  the  famous  Hampton  Roads 
Conference  of  February  3,  1865.  After  the  war,  he  opposed  recon- 
struction and  affiliated  with  the  Democrats.  He  was  an  influential 
factor  in  the  public  affairs  of  his  time,  both  on  the  platform  and  in 
the  editorial  sanctum;  but  few  of  his  published  thoughts   survive. 

BLAIR,  JAMES,  educator,  was  born  in  Scotland  in  16S6,  and 
died  at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  August  1,  1743.  Dr.  Blair  was  the  first 
president  of  William  and  Mary  College,  an  institution  for  which  he 
obtained  the  royal  charter.  He  assisted  in  compiling  'The  State  of 
His  Majesty's  Colony  in  Virginia,'  and  published,  in  four  volumes, 
'Our  Saviour's  Divine  Sermon'  (1772),  comprising  discourses  upon 
the  Sermon  on  the  Mount. 

BLAIR,  WILLIAM  ALLEN.  [N.C.].  He  published  a  volume 
entitled  'Historic  Banks  and  Bankers  of  North  Carolina.' 

BLAKE,  LILLIE  DEVEREUX.  Reformer  and  writer.  She  was 
born  August  12,  183S,  in  Raleigh,  N.C,  the  daughter  of  George  Pol- 
lock and  Sarah  Elizabeth  Devereux,  and  was  educated  at  the  North. 
She  married,  first,  Frank  F.  Q.  Umsted  and,  second,  Grenfill  Blake. 
Her  activity  in  the  equal  suffrage  movement  began  in  1869.  Besides 
many  lectures,  she  has  written:  'Southwold'  (18.')9),  'Rockford'  (1862), 
'Fettered  for  Life'  (1872),  'Woman's  Place  To-day'  (1883),  and  'A 
Daring  Experiment'  (1898).  Her  writings  bear  the  stamp  of  intel' 
lectual  power.     For  many  years  she  has  resided  in  New  York. 

BLAKE,  T.  C.  [Tenn.].  He  published  'The  Old  Log  House, 
a  History  of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church'  (1878). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         39 

BLANCHARD,  AMY  ELLA.  Writer  of  popular  juvenile  stories. 
She  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  a  daughter  of  David  Harris  and 
Sarah  Blanchard.  She  began  to  write  for  children  in  1881,  and  her 
success  was  so  pronounced  that  numerous  books  followed,  including: 
'Betty  of  Wye'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company),  'Wee  Ba- 
bies' (New  York,  E.  P.  Button),  'Mistress  May'  (Philadelphia,  George 
W.  Jacobs  and  Company),  'Janet's  College  Career'  (ibid.),  'Two  Mary- 
land Girls'  (ibid.),  'Bonny  Leslie  of  the  Border'  (Boston,  W.  A. 
Wilde),  and  'Little  Sister  Annie'  (Philadelphia,  George  W.  Jacobs 
and  Company).    Her  home  is  in  Baltimore,  Md. 

BLAND,  RICHARD,  patriot,  was  born  in  Virginia,  May  6,  1710. 
Opposed  to  the  Stamp  Act,  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  drama  of 
resistance,  becoming  a  delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress.  He 
was  sometimes  called  "the  Virginia  Antiquary"  because  of  his  familiar 
acquaintance  with  the  antecedents  of  the  colony  from  the  earliest 
times.  He  wrote  'A  Letter  to  the  Clergy  on  the  Two-Penny  Act' 
(1760),  and  'An  Inquiry  into  the  Rights  of  the  British  Colonies.'  He 
died  in  Williamsburg,  Va.,  October  26,  1776. 

BLAND,  RICHARD  PARKS,  statesman,  was  born  near  Hart- 
ford, Ky.,  August  19,  1835;  but,  after  residing  for  some  time  in  Cali- 
fornia and  Nevada,  he  settled  in  Missouri.  Becoming  prominent  at 
the  Bar  and  in  the  politics  of  his  adopted  State,  he  was  sent  to  Con- 
gress, where  he  became  the  author  of  the  famous  "Bland  Bill,"  which 
was  enacted  over  the  veto  of  President  Hayes  in  the  interest  of  the 
coinage  of  silver.  For  additional  information  it  will  be  necessary 
to  consult  other  works.  Most  of  his  public  speeches  are  preserved 
in  the  debates  of  Congress;  and  the  story  of  his  public  career 
appeared  soon  after  his  death  under  the  title  of  'An  American  Com- 
moner' (Columbia,  Mo.,  1900).    He  died  in  1899. 

BLAND,  THEODRIC,  physician,  soldier.  Member  of  Congress, 
poet,  was  born  in  Virginia,  in  1742.  When  pursuing  his  studies  abroad, 
he  translated  the  first  'Eclogue,'  of  Virgil,  a  work  of  some  merit;  but 
his  place  in  the  realm  of  letters  is  due  to  his  war  poem  on  "The  Battle 
of  Lexington."  According  to  Dr.  F.  V.  N.  Painter  (see  'Poets  of 
Virginia'),  this  is  the  only  contemporary  Virginia  poem  in  which 
the  Revolution  found  echo;  and  in  the  opinion  of  Charles  Campbell, 
who  edited  'The  Bland  Papers,'  it  is  distinguished  rather  for  its 
patriotic  than  for  its  poetic  merit.  Still,  we  must  remember  the 
crudeness  of  the  times.  The  author  was  an  officer  of  rank  in  the 
struggle  for  independence;  and  from  1779  to  1783  he  sat  in  the 
Continental  Congress.     He  died  in  1790. 

BLANDIN,  I.  M.  E.,  Mrs.  Author.  Beginning  with  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Ursuline  Convent  in  New  Orleans  in  1727,  she  in- 
terestingly narrates  'The  History  of  Higher  Education  of  Women  in 
the  South  prior  to  I860'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale 
Publishing  Company,   1908). 

BLECKLEY,  LOGAN  E.,  jurist  and  poet,  was  born  in  Rabun 
County,  Ga.,  in  1827.  For  many  years  he  was  associate  justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State;  and,  after  a  season  of  retirement, 
returned  to  the  Bencli,  to  become  chief  justice.  His 'decisions,  which 
are  preserved  in  the  'Georgia  Reports,'  are  characterized  by  sim- 
plicity of  style  and  are  illuminated  by  frequent  flashes  of  wit.  One 
of  the  most  amusing  productions  of  Judge  Bleckley  is  entitled: 
"A  Letter  to  Posterity."  It  was  published  in  The  Green  Bag,  a 
journal  of  the  legal  profession,  and  was  written  for  the  purpose  of 


40  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

telling  his  remote  descendants  who  he  was;  but  this  was  only  one 
of  the  many  eccentricities  of  this  unique  genius.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  several  rare  poems,  perhaps  the  best  known  being  entitled 
"In  the  Matter  of  Rest."  He  was  twice  married,  his_  first  wife, 
Caroline  Haralson  and  his  second,  Chloe  Herring.     He  died  in  1907. 

BLEDSOE,  ALBERT  TAYLOR.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  I,  page  395. 

BLEDSOE,  W.  C.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Ala.].  Born  in  1847. 
He  wrote  a  'History  of  East  Liberty  Association'   (1886). 

BLETON,  C.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  a  volume  in  French 
entitled  'De  la  Poesie  dans  I'Histoire'  (New  Orleans,  1882). 

BLOCKER,  S.  J.  Educator.  [Ark.].  He  published  a  volume 
on  'The   Civil   Government  of  the  United  States.' 

BLOSSOM,  HENRY  MARTYN,  author,  was  born  in  St.  Louis, 

Mo.,  May  10,  1866,  and  was  educated  in  his  native  city,  after  which 
he  engaged  in  the  insurance  business.  But  his  greatest  succe^ss  has 
been  in  the  field  of  authorship.  He  has  published  'The  Documents 
in  Evidence'  (St.  Louis,  1901),  'Checkers,  a  Hard  Luck  Story'  (Chi- 
cago, Herbert  S.  Stone  and  Company,  1903),  and  'The  Brother  of 
Chuck  McGann'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers,  1905),  besides 
two  dramatizations,  'Checkers,'  and  'The  Yankee  Consul.'  He  re- 
sides in  New  York. 

BLOUNT,  ANNIE  R.,  poet,  was  born  near  Augusta,  Ga.,  in 
1839,  and  was  educated  at  the  Methodist  Female  College,  at  Madison, 
Ga.  Attention  was  first  attracted  to  her  gifts  by  her  graduation 
essay  on  "The  Follies  of  the  Age."  For  several  years  after  the  war 
she  edited  a  paper  at  Bainbridge,  Ga.,  and  wrote  numerous  poems, 
some  of  them  winning  prizes.  Under  the  title  of  'The  Sisters,' 
she  published  a  collection  of  her  best  verse.  Her  pen  name  was 
"Jennie   Woodbine." 

BLOUNT,  EDWARD  A.  Poet.  [Texas].  He  published  a  vol- 
ume of  'Poems'   (1898). 

BLOXHAM,  WILLIAM  D.  Lawyer.  Governor  Bloxham  has 
twice  filled  the  executive  chair  of  Florida,  first  from  1881  to  1885 
and  afterward  from  1897  to  1901.  He  was  born  in  Leon  County, 
Fla.,  July  9,  183S,  received  his  education  at  William  and  Mary  Col- 
lege and  chose  the  legal  profession.  Both  at  the  Bar  and  in  politics 
he  has  been  a  power  in  Florida.  As  an  orator  he  is  most  effective 
and  his  state  papers  are  models  of  vigorous  and  sound  English. 
Governor  Bloxham  is  one  of  the  advisory  council  of  'The  Library 
of  Southern  Literature.'     He  resides  in  Tallahassee,   Fla. 

BLUE,  KATE  LILLY.  Author.  [S.C.].  She  wrote  'The  Hand 
of  Fate,  a  Romance  of  the  Navy'  (1895),  'Deathless  Memory,'  and 
numerous  short  stories  and  sketches.  Her  work  is  exceedingly 
clever. 

BLUE,  MATTHEW  POWERS.  [Ala.].  He  published  'The 
Churches  of  Montgomery'  (1878),  a  'Genealogy  of  the  Blue  Family,' 
and  a  'History  of  Montgomery.' 

BOCOCK,  JOHN  HOLMES,  clergyman  and  writer,  was  born 
in  Buckingham  County,  Va.,  January  31,  1813,  the  son  of  John 
Thomas    Bocock   and    Mary    Flood.     On    completing    his    studies    at 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY    OF   AUTHORS         41 

Amherst  College  he  began  his  special  equipment  for  the  Presby- 
terian ministry  at  Union  Theological  Seminary  in  Virginia;  and  in 
course  of  time  became  ah  eminent  minister  of  the  gospel.  He  mar- 
ried Sarah  Margaret  Kemper.  As  a  writer  he  was  both  vigorous 
and  fearless,  making  frequent  contributions  to  the  leading  church 
papers;  and,  after  his  death,  a  volume  entitled:  'Selections  from  the 
Religious  and  Literary  Writings  of  John  H.  Bocock,  D.D.,'  with  a 
biographical  sketch  from  the  pen  of  C.  R.  Vaughan,  D.D.,  was  edited 
by  his  widow,  a  woman  of  very  rare  gifts.  During  the  Civil  War 
Dr.  Bocock  was  a  Confederate  chaplain.  He  died  July  17,  1872,  at 
Lexington,  Va. 

BOCOCK,  JOHN  PAUL,  editor  and  poet,  was  born  at  Harris- 
onburg, Va.,  in  1856,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Bocock,  D.D.  On  com- 
pleting his  education  at  Washington  and  Lee,  he  entered  the  legal 
profession;  but  by  reason  of  his  unusual  literary  gifts  he  was 
led  into  journalism  and  became  first  a  member  of  the  staff  of 
the  Philadelphia  Press  and  afterward  of  the  New  York  World. 
He  contributed  a  number  of  splendid  articles  to  the  leading  maga- 
zines of  the  day  and  was  beginning  to  win  national  recognition 
when  death  arrested  his  young  career  in  1903;  but  a  collection  of  his 
poems  was  issued  by  his  wife  under  the  title  of  'Book  Treasures  of 
Mascenas'  (New  York,  The  Knickerbocker  Press),  the  very  name 
indicating  the  classic  character  of  the  contents.  He  also  left  a 
manuscript  entitled  'The  Literary  History  of  the   Odes  of  Horace.' 

BOCOCK,  WALTER  KEMPER,  clergyman  and  editor,  was 
a  son  of  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Bocock,  D.D.,  and  was  born  at  Georgetown, 
D.C.,  in  1858,  receiving  his  education  at  Washington  and  Lee.  For 
a  number  of  years  he  engaged  successfully  in  journalism  in  Phila- 
delphia; but,  yielding  to  an  imperative  conviction  of  duty,  he  re- 
linquished this  promising  field  of  work  to  prepare  himself  for  the 
ministr5'-  and  in  due  time  was  ordained  to  the  priesthood  in  the 
Episcopal  Church  and  filled  several  important  pulpits.  Contempo- 
raneously, he  also  engaged  in  editorial  work;  but,  after  his  health 
began  to  fail  his  pen  became  his  principal  diversion.  His  writings 
include:  'Tax  the  Area'  (New  York,  John  W.  Lovell),  and  'The 
Social  Imperative  of  Jesus,'  in  manuscript.  He  contributed  to  the 
leading  magazines  both  in  verse  and  in  prose;  and  on  the  day  of 
his  death  dictated  an  editorial.  He  died  in  1904.  Three  years  later 
a  volume  of  his  poems  was  issued  under  the  title  of  "The  Antiphon 
to  the  Stars'  (New  York,  The  Knickerbocker  Press). 

BOCOCK,  WILLIS  HENRY,  educator,  was  born  at  Halifax 
C.  H.,  Va.,  January  4,  1865,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Bocock,  D.D.  He  was 
educated  at  Hampden-Sidney  College;  and  after  graduation  was 
called  into  the  service  of  his  alma  mater.  He  was  made  professor  of 
Greek  at  the  age  of  twenty-three.  Later  he  also  taught  Latin. 
Incidentally  he  studied  for  a  year  at  Berlin;  and  in  1894  be- 
came professor  of  Greek  at  the  University  of  Georgia,  a  chair  which 
he  still  retains.  Professor  Bocock  is  the  author  of  numerous  con- 
tributions to  the  magazines  and  journals  on  philological  subjects. 
The  sketch  of  William  H.  Hayne  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Lit- 
erature' is  from  his  pen. 

BOLL,  JACOB,  naturalist,  was  born  in  Switzerland,  May  29, 
1828.  He  became  a  pupil  of  Louis  Agassiz  and  spent  the  greater 
part  of  his  life  in  scientific  researches.  For  many  years  he  resided 
in  Texas,  engaged  in  examining  the  fossiliferous  and  iron  deposits 
of  the  State.     He  made  numerous  important  discoveries  and  collected 


42  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

many  rare  specimens,  writing  much  upon  the  line  of  his  life's  work. 
He  died  in  Wilbarger  County,  Texas,  September  29,  1880. 

BOLLING,  ROBERT.  [Va.].  He  published  a  'Genealogy  of 
the  Boiling  Family  of  Virginia'   (1868). 

BOLTON,  SARAH  TITTLE.  Poet.  Her  maiden  name  was 
Sarah  Barrett.  She  was  born  in  Newport,  Ky.,  December  18,  1815, 
but  afterward  lived  in  Indiana.  When  only  sixteen  she  began  to 
write  verse  for  a  newspaper,  the  editor  of  which  was  Nathaniel 
Bolton,  and,  falling  in  love  with  the  contributor,  he  sued  for  her 
hand.  Two  of  the  author's  best-known  poems  are  "Left  on  the 
Battlefield,"  and  "Paddle  Your  Own  Canoe."  In  1866  she  published 
in  New  York,  a  volume  of  choice  selections  from  her  writings  and 
afterward  her  complete  works  were  published  with  a  memoir  (In- 
dianapolis, 1866).  For  several  years  she  resided  at  Geneva,  Switzer- 
land, during  her  husband's  tenure  of  service  as  Consul,  and  wrote 
some   very   interesting  letters   for   newspaper   publication. 

BOMBERGER,  MAUDE  A.  Author.  [Va.].  Miss  Bomberger 
has  garnered  the  results  of  an  exhaustive  inquiry  into  the  social 
life  of  Colonial  times  in  a  work  entitled  'Colonial  Recipes  from 
Old  Virginia  and  Maryland  Manors'  (New  York  and  Washington, 
The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1906),  which  is  spiced  with  numerous 
legends   and  traditions. 

BOND,  B.  W.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman.  He  wrote  'Evi- 
dences of  Christianity'  (Nashville,  The  M.  E.  Publishing  House,  South), 
and  a  'Life  of  Wesley"  {ibid.),  besides  minor  works. 

BOND,  THOMAS  EMERSON,  journalist  and  physician,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1782,  and  died  iii  New  York,  March  14, 
1856.  On  account  of  impaired  health,  he  retired  from  the  successful 
practice  of  medicine  and  devoted  himself  mainly  to  religious  journal- 
ism, becoming  also  a  lay  preacher  of  the  M.  E.  Church.  For  twelve  years 
he  edited  The  Christian  Advocate  and  Journal,  besides  contributing  to 
other  periodicals.  Several  strong  pamphlets,  bearing  upon  ecclesiastical 
topics  of  discussion,  came  from  his  pen,  notably  the  controversy  which 
resulted  in  the  rise  of  the  Methodist  Protestants.  He  also  wrote  a 
'Narrative  and  Defence  of  the  Church  Authorities.' 

BOND,  THOMAS  EMERSON,  Jr.,  journalist  and  physician,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1813.  For  several  years  he  was  associated 
with  his  father  in  the  editorship  of  The  Christian  Advocate  and 
Journal.  Just  before  the  war,  he  joined  the  southern  wing  of  the 
Church;  and,  after  the  close  of  hostilities,  he  became  one  of  the 
organizers  of  The  Episcopal  Methodist,  which  was  subsequently  merged 
into  The  Southern  Christian  Advocate.  He  was  a  master  both  of  humor 
and  of  sarcasm.    He  died  in  Hartford  County,  Md.,  August  18,  1872. 

BONDURANT,  ALEXANDER  LEE,  educator,  was  born  in  Buck- 
ingham County,  Va.,  June  22,  1865.  His  father  was  Alexander  J. 
Bondurant.  He  enjoyed  the  best  educational  advantages  both  at 
home  and  abroad  and  on  completing  his  studies  he  devoted  himself 
to  educational  work.  At  present  he  holds  the  chair  of  Latin  in  the 
University  of  Mississippi.  Besides  numerous  essays  on  various  phases 
of  literary  criticism  contributed  to  periodicals,  including  The  Dial 
arid  The  Nation,  and  monographs  published  in  the  'Collections  of 
the  Mississippi  Historical  Society,'  he  wrote  the  sketch  of  Sherwood 
Bonner  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  resides  at  Ox- 
ford, Miss. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS  43 

BONER,  JOHN  HENRY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  I,  page  415. 

BONNELL,  J.  M.  Educator.  [Ga.].  For  eeveral  years  he  taught 
at  Wesleyan  and  afterward  went  to  the  mission  field  in  China.  He 
published  'The  Art  of  Pure  Composition.' 

BONNER,  SHERWOOD.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  I,  page  439. 

BONNET,  MARIE  MARGUERITE,  author,  was  born  in  New 
Orleans,  La.,  February  14,  1865,  a  daughter  of  Jean  Frangois  Bonnet; 
but  for  several  years  past  she  has  resided  at  Reading,  Pa.  She  has 
been  an  extensive  traveler  and  has  written  a  number  of  charming 
stories  for  young  people,  among  them:  'Sweet  William'  (Chicago,  A. 
C.  McClurg  and  Company,  1890),  'Little  Marjorie's  Love  Story'  (ibid., 
1891),  'Prince  Tip-Top'  (ibid.,  1892),  'My  Lady'  (ibid.,  1894),  'A  Child 
of  Tuscany'  (ibid.,  1895),  'Pierette'  (ibid.,  1896),  'A  Little-  House  in 
Pimlico'  (ibid.,  1898),  and  'Tales  of  an  Old  Chateau'  (ibid.,  1900),  'Ber- 
nardo and  Laurette'  (ibid.,  1902),  and  'Clotilde,  a  Story  of  Old  New 
Orleans'  (ibid.,  1903). 

BONSAL,  STEPHEN,  journalist  and  diplomat,  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia in  1863.  After  completing  his  education  abroad,  he  became 
war  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Herald,  and  was  later  for  several 
years  in  the  diplomatic  service  of  the  United  States  Government  at 
various  capitals.  He  has  written  'Morocco  as  it  Is,'  'The  Real 
Condition  of  Cuba,'  'The  Fight  for  Santiago,'  and  'The  Golden  Horse- 
shoe' (New  York,  The  Maomillan  Company,  1908),  besides  numerous 
contributions  to  periodicals. 

BOONE,  DANIEL,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Pennsylvania,  February 
11,  1735,  and  died  in  Missouri,  September  26,  1820.  The  fame  of  the 
great  trapper  is  indissolubly  associated  with  the  frontier  belt  of 
Kentucky,  and  twenty-five  years  after  his  burial  in  Missouri  his 
ashes  were  exhumed  and  re-interred  near  Frankfort.  Though  it  was 
easier  for  Boone  to  fight  Indians  than  to  write  books,  still  the  biogra- 
phy which  John  Filson  has  written  of  Boone  is  virtually  the  back- 
woodsman's own  account  of  himself.  It  was  written  almost  wholly 
from  Boone's  dictation. 

BOONE,  HENRY  BURNHAM.  Author.  He  was  born  at  Fall 
River,  Mass.,  May  8,  1872,  a  son  of  John  H.  and  Charlotte  Boone  and 
married,  September  25,  1896,  Francesca  Brown,  of  Charlottesville, 
Va.  He  relinquished  the  law  in  1899  to  devote  himself  to  literature. 
In  joint  authorship  with  Kenneth  Brown,  he  has  written:  'Eastover 
Court  House'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers)  and  'Redfields  Succes- 
sion' (ibid.).  He  is  also  the  author  of  'The  Career  Triumphant'  (New 
York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company).  His  address  is  "West  Cairns,"  Char- 
lottesville, Va. 

BOONE,  WILLIAM  JONES,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop,  was 
born  in  Walterborough,  S.C,  July  1,  1811,  and  died  in  Shanghai, 
China,  July  17,  1864.  He  was  the  first  missionary  of  his  church  to 
be  invested  with  the  Episcopal  honors.  Twenty  years  of  his  life 
were  spent  in  the  Orient,  and  he  was  noted  for  his  scholarship  in  the 
Chinese  language.  He  not  only  translated  the  'Prayer-book'  but  also 
assisted  in  producing  an  accurate  version  of  the  'Scriptures.' 

BOOTON,  JOHN  HEISKELL.  From  the  pen  of  this  writer 
appeared,  at  Salem.  Va.,  in  1899,  a  volume  entitled:  'Fugitive  Lyncs,' 


44  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

edited,  with  an  introduction,  by  William  Haller  Cassell;  and,  notwith- 
standing the  extreme  modesty  of  the  title,  it  is  full  of  poetic  sparkles, 
evincing  both  a  wide  range  and  a  subtle  touch. 

BORDEN,  MATTIE  FULLER,  Mrs.  Poet.  [N.C.].  She  pub- 
lished a  collection  of  verse  entitled  'Song  Poems'  (Goldsboro,  N.C, 
1906,  paper  edition). 

BORDLEY,  JOHN  BEALE>  jurist  and  writer,  was  born  in  An- 
napolis, Md.,  February  11,  1727,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  January 
26,  1804.  He  was  a  lawyer  by  profession  and  held  judicial  office  in 
Maryland,  but  he  was  also  interested  in  husbandry,  located  in  Phila- 
delphia after  the  Revolution  and  published  'Forsythe  on  Fruit  Trees, 
with  Notes,'  'On  Rotation  of  Crops,'  'Essays  and  Notes  on  Hus- 
bandry and  Rural  Affairs,'  with  plates  (1799-1801),  and  'A  View  of 
the  Courses  of  Crops  in  England  and  Maryland'  (1784). 

BORUM,  JOSEPH  H.  Clergyman.  [Tenn.].  He  published  'Bap- 
tist Preachers  of  Tennessee.'     He  died  about  1893. 

BOSHER,  KATE  LANGLEY,  Mre.  Author.  [Va.].  She  has 
published  two  entertaining  works  of  fiction,  'Bobbie,  by  Kate  Cairns' 
(1900),  and  'When  Love  is  Love'  (1904). 

BOSSU,  M.,  French  traveler,  was  born  about  1725.  He  became 
a  captain  in  the  royal  Navy,  made  three  journeys  to  America  by 
order  of  his  government,  and  was  one  of  the  first  European  travelers 
to  explore  Louisiana  after  De  Soto.  He  published  an  account  of  his 
explorations  in  two  separate  works  entitled  'Nouveaux  Voyages  aux 
Indies  Occidentales'  (Paris,  1768,  two  volumes),  and  'Nouveaux  Voy- 
ages dans  I'Amerique'  (Amsterdam,  1777).  Both  were  afterward 
translated  into  English,  because  of  the  importance  of  his  researches 
to  historians. 

BOTTS,  JOHN  MINOR,  Congressman,  was  born  at  Dumfries, 
Va.,  September  16,  1802,  and  died  at  Culpeper,  Va.,  January  7,  1869. 
He  studied  law,  became  a  planter  on  an  extensive  scale,  served  in 
Congress  as  a  Whig,  supported  John  Quincy  Adams  in  his  plea  for 
the  right  of  petition  in  the  interest  of  abolitionists,  opposed  Tyler, 
though  a  personal  (friend,  when  he  changed  front  in  1841,  and,  on  the 
dissolution  of  his  party,  joined  the  Americans  and  declined  a  nomi- 
nation for  President.  He  opposed  secession  and  when  hostilities 
began  retired  to  his  plantation,  where  he  was  put  under  arrest  by 
General  Winder,  on  the  well-founded  suspicion  that  he  was  writing 
a  secret  history  of  the  conflict.  The  manuscript  could  not  be  found, 
but  after  the  war  it  was  brought  forth,  a  part  of  it  having  been  con- 
fided to  General  Mercier,  the  French  Minister  at  Washington,  and  it 
formed  the  basis  for  a  volume  entitled:  'The  Great  Rebellion,  Its 
Secret  History,  Rise,  Progress  and  Disastrous  Failure'  (New  York, 
1866). 

BOUCHER,  JONATHAN,  Episcopal  clergyman,  was  born  in 
England  in  1738.  For  several  years  he  was  rector  of  a  church  at 
Annapolis,  Md.,  but  his  violent  opposition  to  the  cause  of  indepen- 
dence made  him  obnoxious  to  his  flock  and  he  was  forced  to  leave  the 
colonies.  He  afterward  published  a  series  of  lectures  entitled  'A 
View  of  the  Causes  and  Consequences  of  the  American  Revolution' 
(1799),  which  he  dedicated  to  General  Washington.  He  also  com- 
piled a  glossary  of  obsolete  and  provincial  words  which  the  proprie- 
tors of  'Webster's  Dictionary'  purchased  from  him  to  be  used  in  an 
English  edition.     He  died  in  England  in  1804. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS         ^5 

BOULDIN,  POWHATAN.  Author.  [Va.].  He  published  'Re- 
miniscences of  John  Randolph  of  Roanoke'  (1878)  and  'The  Old 
Trunk.' 

BOURGEOIS,  M.  Author.  He  was  born  in  France,  but  lived 
for  many  years  in  Lxjuisiana,  styled  himself  "an  old  clerk  of  the 
Council  of  New  Orleans,"  and  published  a  volume  entitled-  'Vovae-e 
aux  Etats-Unis'  (Paris,  1834).  '    "  "^  ^^ 

BOURLAND,  ALBERT  PIKE,  educator,  was  born  near  Falcon, 
Ark.,  November  14,  1861.  For  several  years  past  he  has  filled  the 
chair  of  English  in  Peabody  College  for  Teachers,  at  Nashville,  Tenn. 
He  has  published  "The  Teaching  of  English,"  a  series  of  articles  in 
the  Southwestern  Journal  of  Education,  and  'The  School  and  Indus- 
trial Progress.' 

BOWEN,  EDWIN  W.  Educator  and  author.  After  receiving 
his  Ph.D.  degree  from  Johns  Hopkins  University,  he  spent  a  year 
at  the  University  of  Leipsic.  He  is  professor  of  Latin  in  Randolph- 
Macon  College,  Va.,  a  student  of  letters,  and  a  contributor  to  maga- 
zines and  reviews.  Dr.  Bowen  is  also  the  author  of  a  work  entitled 
'The  Makers  of  American  Literature'  (New  York  and  Washington, 
The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907).  It  is  an  excellent  compen- 
dium furnishing  not  only  biographical  data  but  critical  estimates. 

BOWEN,  ELIZA  A.  Educator.  [Ga.].  She  was  born  in  1828  and 
died  in  1898.  Miss  Bowen  published  an  elementary  text-book  for 
high  schools  and  academies  entitled  'Astronomy  by  Observation,' 
besides  numerous  monographs  on  subjects  educational  and  scientific. 
She  also  wrote  an  incomplete  'History  of  Wilkes  County,  Ga.' 

BOWEN,  JOHN  WESLEY  EDWARD.  Clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, of  African  descent.  He  was  born  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  December 
3,  1855,  and  on  receiving  his  diploma  from'  the  University  of  New  Orleans, 
he  studied  theology,  entered  the  Methodist  ministry,  held  pastorates  for 
several  years  in  some  of  the  large  northern  cities  and  taught  in  various 
colleges.  In  1893  he  became  a  professor  in  Gammon  Theological  Semi- 
nary at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  later  succeeded  to  the  office  of  president.  His 
published  works  include :  'National  Sermons,'  'University  Addresses,' 
'Discussions  in  Philosophy  and  Theology,'  'The  United  Negro,'  'The  Re- 
ligious History  of  the  Negro,'  'The  Educational  History  of  the  Negro,' 
and  numerous  monographs.  He  received  his  Ph.D.  from  Boston  Univer- 
sity and  his  D.D.  from  Gammon. 

BOWEN,  THOMAS  JEFFERSON.  Baptist  missionary  and  ex- 
plorer of  the  Niger  region  in  Central  Africa.  He  was  born  in  Georgia 
in  1814.  Besides  a  grammar  for  the  natives  among  whom  he  labored, 
he  published  a  work  on  'Central  Africa.'    He  died  in  1875. 

BOWERS,  CHARLES  WILLIAM.  Journalist.  He  published  a 
collection  of  verse  entitled  'The  Newspaper  Waste  Basket,  and  Other 
Poems'  (Highland  Springs,  Va.,  1906),  concerning  which  the  author 
tells  us  that  he  "personally  bought  the  paper,  cut  it,  set  the  type, 
printed  and  bound  the  volume." 

BOWIE,  WALTER  WORTHINGTON.  [Md.].  He  published  a 
volume  entitled  'The  Bowies  and  Their  Kindred'  (1899). 

BOWLES,  WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS.  An  eminent  chief  of  the 
Creek  Indians.  He  was  born  of  English  parents  at  Frederick,  Md., 
in  1744,  but  abandoned  civilization  to  become  the  head  of  this  noted 


46  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

tribe.  He  was  also  at  one  time  ambassador  of  the  United  Nations 
of  Creeks  and  Cherokees  to  the  Court  of  London.  He  wrote  'The 
Lifeof  George  Augustus  Bowles,'  in  which  he  tells  the  thrilling  story 
of  his  own  eventful  career.     He  died  in  180S. 

BOYCE,  JAMES  PETTIGRU,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born 
in  South  Carolina,  in  1827.  For  several  years  he  was  a  professor  in 
Furman  University  and  was  elected  to  fill  a  chair  in  the  Southern 
Theological  Seminary  in  18S8,  but  the  outbreak  of  the  war  caused 
the  suspension  of  the  institution.  He  was  sent  to  the  South  Carolina 
Legislature  in  1862  and  in  1864.  For  some  time  after  the  war  he 
devoted  his  efforts  to  the  resuscitation  of  the  Southern  Theological 
Seminary,  securing  pledges  to  the  amount  of  $90,000.  Besides  pub- 
lishing sermons  and  addresses  in  book  form,  he  also  contributed  to 
the  current  religious  periodicals.  His  degrees  were  D.D.,  LL.D.  and 
S.T.D. 

BOYD,  C.  R.  Educator.  [Va.].  He  vn-ote  a  'History  of  Wash- 
ington County'  and  'Geological  Treatises.' 

BOYD,  THOMAS  DUCKETT.  Educator.  He  was  born  at 
Wytheville,  Va.,  January  20,  1854,  the  son  of  Thomas  Jefferson  and 
Minerva  French  Boyd.  He  received  the  best  educational  advantages 
and  became  professor  in  the  Louisiana  State  University  from  1873 
to  1888;  president  of  the  State  Normal  School  from  1888  to  1896; 
and  is  now  (1910)  president  of  the  Louisiana  State  University,  having 
been  elected  to  this  positon  in  1896.  He  married  Annie  F.  Fuqua. 
He  is  the  author  of  numerous  reports  and  monographs  on  educa- 
tional subjects,  and  is  one  of  the  consulting  editors  of  'The  Library 
of  Southern  Literature.'     He  resides  in  Baton  Rouge,  La. 

BOYD,  WILLIAM  KENNETH,  educator,  was  born  in  Curryville, 
Mo.,  June  10,  1879.  Since  graduation  he  has  been  engaged  in  teach- 
ing. He  is  at  present  professor  of  history  in  Trinity  College,  Dur- 
ham, N.C.  Besides  editing  the  papers  of  the  Historical  Society  of 
Trinity  College,  he  has  contributed  to  various  periodicals  and  pub- 
lished "The  Ecclesiastical  Edicts  of  the  Theodosian  Code,"  in  the 
Columbia  University  Studies  (1906).  He  was  also  at  one  time  on 
the  staff  of  the  'Encyclopedia  Britannica.'  Columbia  University 
gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  The  sketch  of  William  Gaston  in 
'  The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen. 

BOYKIN,  SAMUEL,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Milledgeville, 
Ga.,  November  24,  1829.  He  was  a  Baptist,  edited  for  some  time 
The  Christian  Index  and  other  periodicals,  and  published  'Memorial 
of  Hon.  Howell  Cobb'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  and  Company, 
1870). 

BOYLE,  VIRGINIA  FRAZER.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  II,  page  463. 

BOYLE,  ESMERALDA.  Poet  and  writer.  [Md.].  Besides  a 
work  entitled  'Biographical  Sketches  of  Distinguished  Citizens  of 
Maryland,'  the  author  has  also  published  in  verse  'The  Story  of 
Felice,'  'Thistledown,'  and  'Songs  of  Land  and  Sea.' 

BOZMAN,  JOHN  LEEDS,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born  at  Ox- 
ford, on  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland,  in  1757,  educated  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  chose  the  legal  profession,  and  became 
an   eminent   practitioner.     Besides   several   law   books   and   numerous 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         47 

contributions  to  the  periodicals,  he  wrote  a  'History  of  Maryland, 
from  1633-1660'  (Baltimore,  1837).  He  also  wrote  'An  Historical  and 
Philosophical  Sketch  of  the  Prime  Causes  of  the  Revolutionary  War,' 
but  the  work  was  suppressed.  Some  occasional  poems  of  real  merit 
also  came  from  the  pen  of  this  writer.     He  died  in   1823. 

BRACKENRIDGE,  HENRY  MARIE,  jurist  and  author,  was 
born  m  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  May  11,  1789,  a  son  of  Hugh  Henry  Bracken- 
ridge.  He  attended  school  at  St.  Genevieve,  in  Louisiana,  after 
which  he  studied  law  and  located  first  in  Baltimore  and  afterward 
in  St.  Louis.  When  only  twenty-three  he  became  district  judge  for 
the  territory  of  Orleans,  and  still  later  district  judge  for  the  western 
district  of  Florida.  He  wrote  a  work  on  'Louisiana'  (Pittsburg,  1812), 
a  'History  of  the  Second  War  with  England,'  'A  Voyage  to  South 
America,'  in  two  volumes  (Baltimore,  1818;  London,  1820),  which 
was  praised  by  Humboldt,  'Recollections  of  Persons  and  Places  in 
the  West'  (Philadelphia,  1834;  enlarged,  1868),  'Essays  on  Trusts  and 
Trustees'  (Washington,  1842),  a  'History  of  the  Western  Insurrec- 
tion,' and  a  number  of  pamphlets,  including  a  eulogy  delivered  at 
Pensacola,  Fla.,  on  Adams  and  Jefferson.  He  spoke  both  French 
and  Spanish.     He  died  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  January  18,  1871. 

BRACKENRIDGE,  HUGH  HENRY,  jurist  and  author,  was  born 
near  Campbellton,  Scotland,  in  1748,  and  died  in  Carlisle,  Pa.,  June 
25,  1816.  After  graduating  from  Princeton,  he  taught  school  for 
several  years  in  Maryland,  and  composed  for  his  pupils  a  drama 
called  "Bunker  Hill"  (Philadelphia,  1776).  He  studied  theology,-xand, 
though  not  an  ordained  minister,  became  a  chaplain  in  the  Continental 
Army  and  published  six  political  sermons  delivered  in  camp.  Latere 
he  studied  law  at  Annapolis  and  removed  to  Pittsburg,  where  he 
wrote  'Incidents  of  the  Whiskey  Insurrection  in  Western  Pennsyl- 
vania' (Philadelphia,  1795),  and  a  political  satire,  'Modern  Chivalry, 
or  the  Adventures  of  Capt.  Farrago  and  Teague  O'Regan,  His 
Servant,'  and  published  several  orations  and  miscellaneous  sketches. 

BRADFORD,  JOSEPH,  dramatic  writer,  was  born  near  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  October  24,  1843,  and  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  April  13, 
1886.  His  real  name  was  William  Randolph  Hunter.  On  account  of 
ill  health;  he  relinquished  a  naval  career  of  some  promise  for  the 
stage,  and  chose  the  pseudonym  by  which  he  was  afterward  known. 
The  last  fifteen  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  literary  work.  His 
best  known  plays  are:  "The  Cherubs,"  "Our  Bachelors,"  and  "One 
of  the  Finest."  In  the  portrayal  of  eccentric  characters  he  was  quite 
successful. 

BRADFORD,  MARY  F.  She  wrote  a  biography  of  J.  J.  Audu- 
bon, the  famous  naturalist  (New  Orleans,  1897). 

BRADLEY,  A.  G.     [Va.].    Author  of  'Sketches  from  Old  Virginia.' 

BRADLEY,  HENRY  STILES,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born 
in  Jackson  County,  Ga,,  March  22,  1869.  His  father  was  Henry  Stiles 
Bradley  and  his  mother  Susan  Jackson.  On  completing  his  educa- 
tional equipment,  he  became  a  professor  for  several  years  at  Emory 
College,  his  alma  mater.  He  was  also  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
North  Georgia  Conference  of  the  M.E.  Church,  South;  and,  being  im- 
pelled by  his  popular  gifts  toward  the  pulpit,  he  was  assigned  to 
Trinity  Church,  in  Atlanta.  Four  years  later,  he  was  tried  on  a 
charge  of  heretical  teaching,  and  after  acquittal  was  transferred 
to  St.  Louis.  In  the  fall  of  1909  he  left  the  fold  of  Methodism  and 
accepted  the  call  of  the  Piedmont  Congregational  Church  of  Worces- 


48  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

ter,  Mass.  He  is  an  original  thinker,  outspoken  and  fearless.  His 
only  published  work  is  entitled:  'Christianity  as  Taught  by  Christ,' 
but  he  has  made  frequent  contributions  to  the  press  and  delivered 
numerous  lectures.  For  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  he 
wrote  the  sketch  of  Joel  Chandler  Harris.  The  University  of  Georgia 
gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

BRADLEY,  MARY  EMILY.  Author.  [Md.  and  Va.].  Born  in 
1835.     She  published  'Douglas  Farm.' 

BRADLEY,  THOMAS  BIBB.  Author.  [Ala.].  He  was  born  in 
1830  and  died  in  1855.  He  published  in  association  with  his  cousin, 
Julia  Pleasants,  afterward  Mrs.  Creswell,  a  volume  of  verse  entitled 
'Aphelia,  and  Other  Poems  by  Two  Cousins  of  the  South'  (New  York, 
1854). 

BRADSHAW,  SIDNEY  ERNEST,  educator,  was  born  near  Cov- 
ington, Tenn.  His  father  was  Sidney  J.  Bradshaw.  He  fills  the 
chair  of  modern  languages  at  Furman  University,  Greenville,  S.C. 
Besides  numerous  monographs,  he  wrote  the  sketch  of  Harry  Stillwell 
Edwards  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature,'  and  a  dissertation 
on  'Southern  Poetry  Prior  to  I860'  (Richmond,  B.  F.  Johnson  and 
Company,  1900),  which  earned  him  the  Ph.D.  degree  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia. 

BRANCH,  WILLIAM,  Jr.  [Va.]  He  wrote  'Life,  and  Other 
Poems'   (1819). 

BRANSON,  EUGENE  CUNNINGHAM,  educator,  was  born  at 
Morehead  City,  N.C.,  August  6,  1861.  After  completing  his  studies 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  educational  interests  of  the  South  and  few 
men  have  rendered  more  effective  service,  especially  in  the  introduc- 
tion of  improved  methods.  He  is  the  author  of  several  text-books, 
among  them,  'Methods  of  Teaching  Arithmetic'  (1896),  'Methods  of 
Teaching  Reading  and  Spelling'  (1896),  and  'Branson's  Common 
School  Spellers'  (1900).  He  has  also  revised  Page's  'Theory  and 
Practice  of  Teaching'  (1899),  and  edited  Arnold's  'Way-marks  for 
Teachers'  (1900),  Shaw's  'School  Hygiene'  (1901),  and  Johnson's 
readers.  Professor  Branson  is  president  of  the  State  Normal  School, 
at  Athens,  Ga. 

BREAZEALE,  J.  W.  M.  Lawyer.  [Tenn.].  He  wrote  'Life,  or 
Matters  and  Things  in  General'   (1842). 

BRECKINRIDGE,  JOHN,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  at 
Cabell's  Dale,  near  Lexington,  Ky.,  July  4,  1797,  and  died  at  the  same 
place  August  14,  1841.  For  many  years  he  labored  with  success  in 
the  pastorate,  serving  churches  both  in  Baltimore  and  Phila- 
delphia. He  was  also  at  one  time  chaplain  of  the  National  House  of 
Representatives.  Later  he  became  general  agent  cf  the  Presbyterian 
Board  of  Education  and  afterward  professor  of  theology  in  the 
Seminary  at  Princeton.  He  possessed  in  an  eminent  degree  the  gift 
of  eloquence;  and  was  moreover  a  man  of  great  learning.  His  con- 
troversy with  Archbishop  Hughes  of  New  York  bore  fruit  in  a 
volume  entitled:  'A  Discussion  of  the  Question:  "Is  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Religion  Inimical  to  Civil  or  Religious  Liberty?"  and  of  the 
Question:  "Is  the  Presbyterian  Church  Inimical  to  Civil  or  Religious 
Liberty?'"    In  1839  he  published  a  'Memorial  of  Mrs.  Breckinridge.' 

BRECKINRIDGE,  JOHN,  statesman,  was  born  in  Augusta 
County,  Va.,  December  2,  1760,  and  died  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  December 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         49 

14,  1806.  While  a  student  at  William  and  Mary  College,  he  was 
elected  to  the  Virginia  House  of  Delegates,  being  at  the  time  only 
nineteen.  Declining  an  election  to  Congress,  he  located  in  Kentucky, 
becoming  first  attorney-general  of  the  state  and  afterward  United 
States  Senator.  He  resigned  the  latter  position  to  become  Attorney- 
general  of  the  United  States  under  Jefiferson.  The  famous  Kentucky 
resolutions  of  1798  were  drafted  by  Mr.  Breckinridge,  according  to 
numerous  authorities.  He  also  led  the  debate  in  the  Senate  Chamber 
on  the  annexation  of  Louisiana.  Soon  after  entering  the  Cabinet, 
he  died  of  typhoid  fever.     His  speeches  were  published  in  book  form. 

BRECKINRIDGE,  JOHN  CABELL.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Sketch,  Vol.   11,  page  491. 

BRECKINRIDGE,  ROBERT  JEFFERSON.  Theologian  and 
educator.  His  father  was  John  Breckinridge,  United  States  Senator 
from  Kentucky  and  member  of  President  Jefferson's  Cabinet.  He 
was  born  at  Cabell's  Dale,  Ky.,  March  8,  1809,  and  died  in  Danville, 
Ky.,  December  27,  1871,  Equipped  for  the  Bar,  he  served  four  con- 
secutive terms  in  the  Legislature  and  became  an  advocate  of  gradual 
emancipation.  But  he  afterward  relinquished  the  law  for  the  minis- 
try, and  bringing  his  extraordinary  powers  of  mind  to  bear  upon  the 
teachings  of  the  Scriptures,  he  became  one  of  the  landmarks  of 
Presbyterianism  in  the  South.  For  nearly  twenty  years  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  didactic  and  polemic  theology  in  the  Seminary  at  Dan- 
ville, Ky. ;  and  the  public  school  system  of  the  State  was  in  large 
part  the  offspring  of  his  brain.  Included  among  his  published  works 
are:  'Travels  in  France  and  Germany'  (Philadelphia,  1839),  'Popery' 
(1841),  'Memoranda  of  Foreign  Travel'  (Baltimore,  1845),  'The  In- 
ternal Evidence  of  Christianity'  (1852),  'The  Knowledge  of  God  Ob- 
jectively Considered'  (New  York,  1857),  and  'The  Knowledge  of  God 
Subjectively  Considered.'  Much  of  his  time  was  also  given  to 
editorial  work.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  adhered  to  the 
cause  of  the  Union ;  but  one  of  his  sons,  W.  C.  P.  Breckinridge,  and 
his  nephew,   Joseph   C.   Breckinridge,   donned  the   Confederate  uniform. 

BRECKINRIDGE,  WILLIAM  CAMPBELL  PRESTON,  law- 
yer and  orator,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  August  28,  1837. 
Soon  after  completing  his  studies  at  Centre  College  he  enlisted  in 
the  Confederate  ranks  and  commanded  a  brigade  of  cavalry  troops. 
For  two  years  he  engaged  in  editorial  work,  but  relinquished  the 
pen  to  resume  the  practice  of  law.  He  was  afterward  made  pro- 
fessor of  equity  jurisprudence  in  Cumberland  University  and  in  1884 
was  elected  without  opposition  to  Congress.  On  account  of  his 
oratorical  gifts  he  wielded  an  immense  power  in  debate  and  was 
always  in  demand  on  public  occasions.  For  several  terms  he  repre- 
sented his  district  in  the  halls  of  national  legislation.  Numbers  of 
his  speeches  have  been  preserved  in  pamphlet  editions,  in  miscel- 
laneous collections,  and  in  the  debates  of  Congress.  Centre  College 
made  him  an   LL.D. 

BRENNAN,  JOSEPH.  Editor.  He  was  born  in  the  north  of 
Ireland,  in  1829,  but  spent  much  of  his  early  life  in  Cork.  Becom- 
ing allied  with  the  Young  Ireland  party,  he  edited  for  som-e  time  The 
Irish  Felon,  and  in  consequence  of  his  bold  opinions  suffered  im- 
prisonment. On  being  released,  he  was  made  editor  of  The  Irishmen; 
but  he  was  soon  afterward  implicated  in  revolutonary  designs  and 
escaped  to  America,  settling  in  New  Orleans.  He  was  engaged  in 
journalism  until  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  in  his  thirtieth 
year.  He  was  the  author  of  some  very  rare  poems,  the  one  entitled 
"The  Exile  to  His  Wife"  being,  perhaps.,  the  best. 


50  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

BRENT,  FRANK  PIERCE.  For  many  years  secretary  of  the 
State  Board  of  Education  of  Virginia.  He  was  born  in  Mount  Airy, 
Nelson  County,  Va.,  October  14,  1852,  and  enjoyed  superior  educational 
advantages,  including  two  years  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  post-graduate 
work  in  Greek  under  Dr.  Gildersleeve  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  and 
summer  school  lectures  at  Amherst  College  and  Harvard  University.  He 
married,  December  27,  1883,  Mattie  Buxton  Porter,  of  Portsmouth,  Va. 
He  has  taught  Latin,  Greek,  French,  and  German  in  some  of  the  leading 
academies  of  Virginia  and  published  'Tacitus,  the  Latin  Historian'  (1876), 
'The  Study  of  the  Ancient  Classics'  (1878),  'Bacon's  Rebellion'  (1892), 
'The  Early  Settlement  of  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Virginia'  (1890),  'The 
Ordinance  of  1787,'  a  "Phi  Beta  Kappa"  address  and  numerous  contributions 
to  periodicals.  The'  sketch  of  Armistead  C.  Gordon  in  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen.     He  resides  in  Richmond,  Va. 

BRENT,  HENRY  JOHNSON,  author,  was  born  in  Washington, 
D.C.,  in  1811,  and  was  a  grandnephew  of  Archbishop  Carroll  of  Mary- 
land. Besides  editing  The  Knickerbocker,  a  magazine  which  he 
founded  with  Lewis  Gaylord  Clark  and  which  flourished  for  over 
thirty  years,  he  published  a  novel  entitled  'Life  Almost  Alone'  (1859), 
and  a  work  entitled  'Was  it  a  Ghost?'  in  which  he  discusses  the 
celebrated  murder  of  the  Joyce  children.  He  died  in  New  York  in 
1880. 

BREVARD,  CAROLINE  MAYS,  educator,  was  born  in  Talla- 
hassee, Fla.,  August  29,  1860.  Her  father  was  General  Theodore 
Brevard  and  her  mother,  Mary  Call.  She  has  published  a  'School  His- 
tory of  Florida'  (New  York,  The  American  Book  Co.,  1904),  a  work 
which  ranks  high,  and  'Literature  of  the  South'  (New  York,  The 
Broadway.  Publishing  Co.,  1908),  besides  numerous  articles  on  his- 
torical and  literary  subjects.  She  also  wrote  the  Florida  supple- 
ment for  'Frye's  Grammar  School  Geography'  (Boston:  Ginn  and 
Co.,  1906),  and  the  sketch  of  Caroline  Lee  Hentz  in  'The  Library 
of  Southern  Literature'  is  likewise  from  her  pen.  She  is  engaged 
in  educational  work  in  Tallahassee. 

BREVARD,  EPHRAIM,  patriot  and  physician,  was  born  about 
1750,  of  Scotch-Irish  parentage,  but  the  exact  locality  of  his  birth 
is  unknown.  He  was  educated  at  Princeton;  and,  after  equipping 
himself  for  the  practice  of  medicine,  he  located  at  Charlotte,  N.C. 
On  the  issue  of  taxation,  his  sympathies  were  with  the  colonies 
even  to  the  extent  of  separate  self-government;  and  his  prominence 
in  the  movement  resulted  in  his  election  to  the  post  of  secretary 
of  the  famous  Mecklenburg  Convention  of  May  31,  1775.  He  is  also 
credited  with  the  actual  authorship  of  the  resolutions  which  consti- 
tuted the  first  formal  severence  of  the  ties  of  allegiance  to  the  British 
crown.  With  six  brothers.  Dr.  Brevard  supported  the  cause  of 
American  independence.  For  some  time  he  was  a  prisoner  in  Charles- 
ton; and  so  impaired  was  his  health  by  this  experience  that  soon  after 
regaining  his  liberty  he  died,  in  1783.  He  was  buried  at  Hopewell; 
but,  in  the  confusion  of  the  times,  his  grave  was  unmarked  and  can- 
not to-day  be  identified. 

BREWER,  KATE.  Author.  [Ala.].  She  wrote  'Fanciful  Tales 
from  Legends  of  the  Adirondack  Indians,'  four  exquisite  little 
stories  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Co., 
1907). 

BREWER,  WILLIS.  Lawyer  and  planter.  He  was  born  in  1844, 
served  in  the   Confederate   Army,    and    represented   Alabama   in   Con- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF   AUTHORS         51 

gress.  His  work  entitled  'Alabama:  Her  History,  Resources,  War 
Record,  and  Public  Men'  is  an  encyclopaedia  of  information  covering 
the  whole  period  from  1540  to  1872.  He  has  also  written  'The  Chil- 
dren of  Issachar'  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons),  a  work  which 
deals  with  the  days   of  reconstruction  in  the   South. 

BRICKNELL,  JOHN.  [N.C.].  He  wrote  'The  Natural  History 
of  North  Carolina'  (1737). 

BRIDGMAN,  FREDERICK  ARTHUR,  artist  and  author,  was 
born  in  Tuskegee,  Ala.,  November  10,  1847,  and  after  studying  art 
in  New  York  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he  opened  a  studio.  On  ac- 
count of  his  eminent  attainments  he  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor.  He  has  published  in  English  a  volume  entitled  'Winter 
in  Algeria'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Bros.),  and  in  French  two  vol- 
umes 'Anarchy  in  Art,'  and  'The  Idol  and  the  Ideal.'  He  has  also 
composed  some  very  difficult  orchestral  music.     He  resides  in  Paris. 

BRIGHT,  AMANDA,  Mrs.  Author.  [Ala.  and  Tenn.].  She 
published    'The    Three    Bernices'    (1869),    and    'The    Prince    of    Seir.' 

BRINGHURST,  NETTIE  HOUSTON,  Mrs.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  General  Sam  Houston,  of  Texas.  Occasional  poems 
were  contributed  by  her  to  the  press,  among  the  number  "A  Sup- 
position," found  in  'Songs  of  the  South.' 

BRISBANE,  ABBOTT  HALL,  civil  engineer  and  author,  was 
born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  about  1800.  He  was  educated  at  West 
Point,  but  resigned  from  the  Army,  afterward  commanding  a  regi- 
ment of  South  Carolina  volunteers  in  the  war  against  the  Seminoles, 
engaged  in  constructing  railroads,  taught  belles  lettres,  and  wrote 
a  political  novel  entitled  'Ralphton,  or  the  Young  Carolinian  of  1776.' 
He  died  in  Summerville,  S.C,  September  28,  1861. 

BRISCOE,  MARGARET  SUTTON.  Author.  [Md.].  She  pub- 
lished a  collection  of  stories  entitled  'The  Change  of  Heart'  (1903). 
The  stories,  which  are  six  in  number,  are  entertainingly  written.  The 
author  is  now  Mrs.  Hopkins. 

BROADDUS,  JOHN,  clerg-yman,  was  born  in  Caroline  County, 
Va.,  November  4,  1770,  and  died  in  Salem,  Va.,  December  1,  1846. 
Entering  the  ministry,  he  became  an  influential  Baptist  divine  and 
held  pastorates  in  Boston,  Philadelphia  and  New  York,  in  addition 
to  numerous  Southern  cities.  He  wrote  constantly  for  the  press 
and  published  a  'History  of  the  Bible,'  a  'Catechism,'  a  'Form  of 
Church  Discipline,'  and  'Letters  and  Sermons,'  besides  two  hymn- 
books.  Some  of  his  manuscripts  were  published  after  his  death, 
with  a  memoir  by  J.  B.  Jeter,  D.D.  (New  York,  1852).  Columbia 
University  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

BROADHEAD,  GARLAND  CARR,  geologist,  was  born  near 
Charlottesville,  Va.,  October  30,  1827.  After  graduation  from  the 
University  of  Missouri,  he  became  assistant  State  geologist  and  was 
employed  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  to  make  collections  in 
Missouri  for  the  Centennial  Exhibition.  He  published  'Missouri 
Geological  Reports,  185S-1871'  (Jefferson  City,  1873),  and  'Reports  of 
the  Missouri  Geological  Survey,  1873-1874.' 

BROADUS,  JOHN  ALBERT.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  II,  page  503, 


52  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

BROCK,  ROBERT  ALONZO.  Secretary  of  the  Southern  His- 
torical Society,  antiquarian,  genealogist,  historian.  He  was  born  in 
Richmond,  Va.,  March  9,  1839,  the  son  of  Robert  King  and  Elizabeth 
Mildred  Ragland  Brock.  He  was  for  eighteen  years  secretary  of  the 
Virginia  Historical  Society,  and  edited  eleven  volumes  of  the  papers 
of  this  organization.  In  1887  he  was  called  to  the  position  which  he 
now  holds ;  and  more  than  twenty  volumes  of  the  papers  of  the 
Southern  Historical  Society  have  been  edited  by  this  painstaking 
scholar.  He  is  one  of  the  foremost  literary  savants  in  America  and 
is  a  member  of  numerous  learned  bodies  in  the  United  States,  Can- 
ada and  Europe.  He  is  the  author  of  many  important  papers  bearing 
upon  historical  and  genealogical  lines  of  research  and  is  also  registrar 
and  historian  of  the  Virginia  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American 
Revolution.     He  resides  in  Richmond,  Va. 

BROCK,  SIDNEY  G.  Journalist,  lawyer,  author.  He  was  born 
in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  April  10,  1837,  a  son  of  E.  A.  and  M.  M.  Brock 
and  was  educated  at  Allegheny  College,  Meadville,  Pa.  He  settled  in 
Macon,  Mo.,  for  the  practice  of  law  and  was  mayor  of  the  town  from  1886 
to  1888.  He  became  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  United  States 
Treasury  Department,  in  1889,  under  President  Harrison,  and  held  this 
position  for  four  years.  He  is  the  author  of  the  following  works: 
'The  Hawaiian  Islands,  their  History,  Products,  and  Commerce,'  'History 
of  the  Navigation,  Commerce,  etc.,  of  the  Great  Lakes,'  'History  of  the 
Pacific  States  and  Alaska,'  and  'The  Advance  of  the  United  States  for  a 
Hundred  Years,  from  1790  to  1890.'     He  resides  in  Macon,  Mo. 

BRODHEAD,  EVA  WILDER.  Author.  [Ky.].  Besides  short 
stories  and  sketches,  she  wrote  'One  of  the  Visconti,'  'Diana's  Liv- 
ery,' and  other  popular  novels. 

BROOKE,  ST.  GEORGE  TUCKER.  He  was  born  in  Char- 
lottesville, Va.,  July  22,  1844,  the  son  of  Henry  Lawrence  and 
Virginia  Tucker  Brooke.  His  maternal  grandfather.  Judge  Henry 
St.  George,  was  professor  of  law  at  the  University  of  Virginia.  He 
served  in  the  Confederate  Army,  participating  in  the  battles  of 
Gettysburg,  Spottsylvania,  and  the  Wilderness,  and  was  wounded  and 
maimed  for  life  at  Haw's  Shop,  May  28,  1864.  Later  he  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar  and  became  professor  of  law  in  the  Law  College  of  the 
University  of  West  Virginia  in  1878,  and  still  holds  this  position.  He 
married,  August  IS,  1882,  Mary  Harrison  Brown.  He  is  the  author  of 
'Common  Law  Practice  and  Pleading,'  in  addition  to  numerous  articles 
for  magazines.  The  University  of  Virginia  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
He  resides  in  Morgantown,  W.Va. 

BROOKS,  NATHAN  COVINGTON,  educator  and  poet,  was 
born  in  Cecil  County,  Md.,  August  12,  1819.  Choosing  the  career  of 
an  educator  of  youth,  he  organized  the  Baltimore  Female  College  and 
became  the  president.  During  moments  of  relaxation  he  gave  his  pen 
to  the  muses;  and  his  poem  entitled  "The  South  Sea  Islander,"  won 
first  prize  in  a  contest  which  included  Mrs.  Sigourney,  George  W. 
Bethune  and  N.  P.  Willis  among  his  competitors.  He  published: 
'Scripture  Anthology'  (Philadelphia,  1837),  "The  Literary  Amaranth,' 
a  collection  of  prose  and  verse  (1840),  'The  History  of  the  Church,' 
a  metrical  composition;  'The  History  of  the  Mexican  War,'  a  work 
of  standard  value;  and  several  text-books  and  translations  from 
the  classic  authors. 

BROOKS,  SAMUEL  PALMER.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
Milledgeville,  Ga.,  December  4,  1863,  a  son  of  Samuel  Erskine  and 
Aurelia  E.  Palmer  Brooks,  and  was  educated  at  Baylor  and  Yale  Uni- 
versities.     He   also    took   post-graduate    work    at    the    University    of 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS  53 

Chicago.  He  married,  December  24,  1893,  Mattie  Sime,  of  Cleburne, 
Texas.  In  1902  he  became  president  of  Baylor  University,  his  alma 
mater.  Besides  delivering  numerous  platform  lectures  on  educa- 
tional subjects,  he  has  also  contributed  many  articles  to  the  maga- 
zines. Richmond  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  resides  in 
Waco,  Texas. 

BROOKS,  ULYSSES  R.,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born  in  Barn- 
well, S.C.,  October  27,  1846.  His  father  was  James  Carroll  Brooks, 
a  brother  of  the  distinguished  statesman,  Preston  S.  Brooks.  His 
mother  was  Sarah  Crawford  Robert,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Colonel 
Ulysses  Maner  Robert,  a  descendant  of  the  celebrated  Pierre  Rob- 
ert, who  established  the  old  Huguenot  Church  in  Charleston,  S.C. 
Despite  his  youth,  he  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  Army  at  the  out- 
break of  the  war  and  made  an  efficient  soldier.  He  engaged  success- 
fully in  the  active  practice  of  law  until  his  appointment  as  clerk 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  South  Carolina,  a  position  which  he  still 
holds.  During  hours  of  relaxation  he  has  given  his  cultured  pen 
to  literary  diversions.  Besides  a  work  of  graphic  interest  entitled 
'Butler  and  his  Cavalry'  (1907),  he  has  also  published  the  first  volume  of 
a  work  which  is  destined  to  take  high  rank  in  the  biographical 
literature  of  the  State  entitled  'The  Bench  and  Bar  of  South  Caro- 
lina' (1909).  He  married,  December  5,  1871,  Mary  Jones,  an  adopted 
daughter  of  General  James  Jones.  Colonel  Brooks  resides  in  Co- 
lumbia, S.C. 

BROUGH,  CHARLES  HILLMAN.  He  wrote:  'The  History 
of  Taxation  in  Mississippi,'  and  'The  History  of  Banking  in  Missis- 
sippi,' published  by  the  Historical  Society  of  the  State.  He  received 
the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

BROUGHTON,  LEONARD  GASTON,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Wake  County,  N.C.,  in  1865.  He  is  pastor  of  the  Tabernacle  Bap- 
tist Church  of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  the  organizer  of  the  numerous  de- 
partmental activities  connected  with  this  important  charge.  The 
Bible  Conference,  of  which  he  is  also  the  founder,  attracts  hundreds 
of  people  yearly  to  Atlanta.  At  various  times  Dr.  Broughton  has 
occupied  the  London  pulpit  of  Dr.  Campbell  Morgan.  He  is  a 
power  in  the  religious  world.  His  publications  include  'The  Second 
Coming  of  Christ,'  'Table  Talks  of  Jesus,'  'The  Soul-Winning 
Church,'  'Up  from  Sin,'  'The  Revival  of  a  Dead  Church,'  'God's 
Will  and  My  Life,'  'Salvation  and  the  Old  Theology,'  'The  Plain 
Man  and  his  Bible,'  'Religion  and  Health,'  and  'Old  Wine  in  New 
Bottles.'  The  Fleming  H.  Revell  Company,  New  York  and  Chicago, 
has  published  most  of  Dr.  Broughton's  works. 

BROWN,  AARON  VENABLE,  statesman,  was  born  in  Bruns- 
wick County,  Va.,  August  IS,  179S,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C., 
March  8,  1859.  After  settling  in  Tennessee  for  the  practice  of  law, 
he  was  sent  to  Congress;  and,  on  the  expiration  of  his  second  term, 
was  elected  governor.  He  was  the  author  of  the  famous  'Tennessee 
Platform'  of  1850.  His  last  public  service  was  performed  in  the 
office  of  Attorney-general  under  President  Buchanan.  Some  time 
before  his  death  he  published  a  volume  of  his  speeches.  (Nashville, 
1854). 

BROWN,  A.  J.  Author.  He  wrote  a  'History  of  Newton  County, 
Miss.,  1834-1894'  (Jackson,  1894),  giving  an  interesting  account  of 
early  settlements. 


54  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

BROWN,  ALBERT  GALLATIN,  statesman,  was  born  in  Chester 
District,  S.C,  May  31,  1813,  and  died  near  Jacksonville,  Miss.,  June 
12,  1880.  Entering  the  legal  profession,  he  became  one  of  the  fore- 
most men  of  his  adopted  State.  He  served  on  the  bench  of  the 
Superior  Court,  was  several  times  elected  to  Congress,  was  Governor 
of  the  State  from  1843  to  1848,  and  was  twice  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate,  resigning  in  1861  when  secession  was  thought  to  be 
the  only  recourse  of  the  South  under  the  Constitution.  He  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  his  speeches  in   1859. 

BROWN,  ALEXANDER.  Historian  and  planter.  He  was  born 
at  Glenmore,  Nelson  County,  Va.,  September  5,  1843.  He  studied 
under  private  tutors  and  entered  Lynchburg  College,  but  his  edu- 
cation was  interrupted  by  the  outbreak  of  the  war.  He  served  in 
the  Confederate  Army  from  1861  to  1865.  After  the  surrender  he 
engaged  in  business,  but  subsequently  relinquished  commercial  life  for 
agricultural  pursuits.  He  married,  first,  Caroline  Augusta  Caball, 
and,  second,  Sarah  Randolph  Caball.  His  literary  work  is  mostly  in 
the  line  of  historical  investigation;  and  numerous  volumes  have  come 
from  his  pen,  all  of  which  are  characterized  by  thoroughness  of  re- 
search and  by  vivid  narrative  interest.  He  wrote :  'New  Views  of  Early 
Virginia'  (1886),  'The  Genesis  of  the  United  States'  (1890),  'The 
Caballs  and  Their  Kin'  (1895),  'The  First  Republic  in  America' 
(1898),  'The  History  of  Our  Earliest  History'  (1898),  'English  Poli- 
tics in  Early  Virginia  History,'  and  numerous  magazine  articles.  The 
University  of  the  South  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.C.L.  and  William  and 
Mary  the  degree  of  LL.D.     He  died  at  Norwood,  Va.,  in  1906. 

BROWN,  ANNA  MUSE.  [Ga.].  She  published  'The  Life  and 
Letters  of  Laura  A.  Haygood.'  Her  maiden  name  was  Anna  Muse. 
She  iiBarried  Oswald  Eugene   Brown. 

BROWN,  BENJAMIN  GRATZ,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Lexington, 
Ky.,  May  28,  1826,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  December  13,  1885. 
On  completing  his  education  at  Yale,  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar; 
and  a  speech  which  he  delivered  in  the  Legislature  against  slavery  is 
said  to  have  marked  the  beginning  of  free  soil  sentiment  in  Missouri. 
He  edited  for  several  years  The  Missouri  Democrat,  a  paper  de- 
voted to  the  Republican  policies.  In  the  Union  Army  he  commanded 
a  brigade.  After  the  war  he  was  elected  Governor  of  Missouri  on 
the  liberal  Republican  ticket  by  a  majority  of  40,000;  and  in  1872 
he  was  the  Vice-presidential  candidate  on  the  Democratic  ticket  with 
Horace  Greeley.  From  1863  to  1867  he  served  in  the  United  States 
Senate;  and  the  speeches  which  he  delivered  in  this  body  are  pre- 
served in  the  'Congressional  Record.' 

BROWN,  DEMETRIA  VAKA  (Mrs.  Kenneth  Brown).  Author. 
She  was  born  Demetria  Vaka,  a  Greek,  and  married,  April 
21,  1904,  Kenneth  Brown.  Besides  writing,  in  association  with  her 
husband,  a  story  entitled  'The  First  Secretary,'  she  is  also  the  author 
of  a  volume  entitled  'Haremlik.'  She  resides  at  "West  Cairns," 
Charlottesville,  Va. 

BROWN,    EMMA    ALICE.      Poet.      [Md.]      She    published    a 

volume  of  'Poems.' 

BROWN,  GEORGE  WILLIAM,  jurist,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  October  13,  1812,  and  died  at  Lake  Mohonk,  N.Y.,  September 
6,  1890.  He  was  educated  at  Rutgers  College,  studied  law.  became 
chief    judge    of    the  Appellate    Court    of    Baltimore    and    professor  of 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY    OF   AUTHORS  55 

constitutional  law  in  the  University  of  Maryland.  With  William 
H.  Norris,  he  published  a  'Digest  of  the  Maryland  Reports'  (Balti- 
more, 1847),  a  'Sketch  of  the  Life  of  Thomas  Donaldson,'  'The  Origin 
of  Civil  Growth  in  Maryland,'  and  a  number  of  addresses  on  various 
themes. 

BROWN,  GLENN,  architect,  was  born  in  Fauquier  County,  Va., 
September  13,  1854,  a  grandson  of  Bedford  Brown,  U.S.  Senator 
from  North  Carolina.  For  years  he  has  been  one  of  the  leading 
architects  of  Washington,  D.C.,  and  has  written  several  works, 
including  'Healthy  Foundations  for  Houses'  (1885),  a  'History  of 
the  U.S.  Capitol'  (1900),  and  numerous  articles  in  technical  journals. 

BROWN,  IDA.  Educator.  [Miss.].  She  published  'The  Story 
of  the  Ages'  (1900). 

BROWN,  JOHN,  clergyman,  was  born  near  Bremen,  Germany,  July 
21,  1771,  and  died  in  Virginia,  January  26,  1850.  He  belonged  to  the 
German  Reformed  Church,  preached  in  the  German  language,  and 
published  a  volume  of  pastoral  addresses  to  the  Germans  in  Vir- 
ginia  (1818). 

BROWN,  JOHN  HENRY,  historian,  was  born  in  Missouri  in 
1820.     He  located  in  Texas  and  wrote  'The  History  of  Texas.' 

BROWN,  JOHN  MASON.  Historian.  He  wrote  'The  Political 
Beginnings  of  Kentucky,'  (Louisville,  The  Filson  Club,  1889),  a 
work  which  traces  the  historic  record  from  the  earliest  days  of 
pioneerhood  to  the  formal  admission  of  the  State  into  the  American 
union. 

BROWN,  JOHN  THOMPSON.  Educator.  He  holds  the  as- 
sociate professorship  of  English  at  the  University  of  Tennessee. 
Besides  editing  a  public.ation  for  the  Macmillan  Company  of  New 
York,  he  has  contributed  to  magazines  and  reviews.  The  sketch 
of  George  Washington  Harris  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Lit- 
erature' is  from  his  pen. 

BROWN,  JOSEPH  BROWNLEE,  poet  and  educator,  was  born 
in  Charleston,  S.C,  October  4,  1824,  and  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  October 
21,  1888.  He  studied  law  but  the  greater  part  of  his  life  was  devoted  to 
teaching,  and  at  leisure  intervals  he  contributed  to  the  periodicals.  He 
was  an  accomplished  scholar,  and  besides  translating  'Homer's  Iliad'  into 
hexameter  verse  he  wrote  a  number  of  rare  poems,  one  of  which,  "Tha- 
latta !  Thalatta !"  is  preserved  in  Wauchope's  'Writers  of  South  Carolina' 
(Columbia,  The  State  Company,  1909). 

BROWN,  JOSEPH  EMERSON,  governor.  United  States  Sena- 
tor, and  railway  president,  was  born  in  Pickens  County,  S.C,  April 
IS,  1821,  of  sturdy  Scotch-Irish  stock.  From  circumstances  of  ex- 
treme poverty  he  rose  to  high  eminence  and  great  usefulness.  He 
became  Georgia's  war  governor,  occupying  the  executive  chair  for 
eight  years.  After  the  war,  on  account  of  his  attitude  of  acquies- 
cence toward  the  measures  of  reconstruction,  he  suffered  a  reversal 
of  popular  favor;  but,  his  judgment  having  been  approved  by  time, 
he  was  first  appointed  and  afterward  twice  elected  by  the  Legislature 
of  Georgia  to  the  United  States  Senate.  In  early  life  he  served  on 
the  Superior  Court  Bench,  and  later  he  was  for  many  years  presi- 
dent of  the  company  which  leased  and  operated  the  Western  and 
Atlantic  Railroad.  He  died  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  1894,  having  amassed  a 
fortune;   but   his   benefactions   were   both  wise   and   numerous.      Long 


56  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

before  his  death,  two  volumes  appeared  which  were  in  the  main  de- 
voted to  the  salient  events  and  episodes  of  his  extraordinary  career: 
'History  of  Georgia  from  1850  to  1881,'  by  Isaac  W.  Avery,  and 
'Life  and  Times  of  Joseph  E.  Brown,'  by  Herbert  Fielder.  They  also 
contain  many  of  his   speeches. 

BROWN,  JOSEPH  M.,  governor  and  author,,  was  born  at  Can- 
ton, Ga.,  December  28,  1851.  His  father  was  Joseph  E.  Brown, 
Georgia's  famous  war  governor,  and  his  mother  Elizabeth 
Gresham.  After  graduating  with  the  first  honor  from  Oglethorpe 
University,  he  chose  the  legal  profession,  but  while  pursuing  his 
studies  at  Harvard  his  eyesight  failed.  For  years  he  was  general 
traffic  manager  of  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad  and  was  after- 
ward with  the  Seaboard.  Still  later  he  became  a  member  of  the  rail- 
road commission.  From  this  office  he  was  dismissed  by  Governor 
Hoke  Smith,  on  account  of  an  issue  which  rose  between  them  over 
port  rates.  The  result  was  that  Mr.  Brown  entered  the  race 
for  governor  against  Mr.  Smith,  and  defeated  him  at  the  next  elec- 
tion. The  wielder  of  an  accomplished  pen  he  published  in  1886  a 
'History  of  the  Atlanta  Campaign,'  which  was  followed  by  an  his- 
torical romance  entitled  'Kennesaw's  Bombardment.'  But  his  most 
pretentious  work  is  'Astyanax'  (New  York,  The  Broadway  Publish- 
ing Company,  1907),  an  epic  of  early  America  in  the  preparation  of  which 
i;e  spent  thirty-five  years  of  diligent  research  into  Aztec  and  Indian 
antiquities  and  in  the  opinion  of  scholars  the  work  is  a  masterpiece 
of  archeological  lore  and  romantic  fiction.  He  married,  February  12, 
1889,  Cora  A.  McCord.  His  country  home  is  near  Marietta,  on  a 
plantation  which  was  once  owned  by  Governor  Charles  J.  McDonald. 

BROWN,  KENNETH.  Author.  He  was  born  in  Chicago,  111., 
March  9,  1868,  a  son  of  Frank  B.  and  Caroline  Frothingham  Brown. 
He  was  educated  by  private  tutors  at  home  and  abroad,  after  which 
he  spent  five  years  at  Harvard  University.  He  was  subsequently  connected 
with  some  of  the  foremost  American  newspapers.  He  married,  in  1904, 
Demetria  Vaka,  a  Greek.  In  1900  he  made  his  residence  at  "West 
Cairns,"  near  Charlottesville,  Va.  In  collaboration  with  his  brother- 
in-law,  H.  B.  Boone,  he  has  written  two  fascinating  books:  'Eastover 
Court  House'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers)  and  'The  Red- 
fields  Succession'  (ibid.)  and  with  Mrs.  Kenneth  Brown,  he  has  writ- 
ten 'Sirocco'  and  'The  First  Secretary.'  He  is  engaged  in  literary 
work  in  Boston,  Mass. 

BROWN,  MARY  MITCHELL.  Educator.  [Texas].  She  pub- 
lished a  'School  History  of  Texas,'  'The  Golden  Wedding,'  and  a 
number  of  poems,  including  an  ode  to  Jefferson  Davis. 

BROWN,  SAMUEL.  Physician.  [Va.].  He  was  born  in  1769 
and  died  in  1834.  He  published  an  interesting  'Description  of  a 
Cave  on  Crooked  Creek.' 

BROWN,  WALTER  WIDEMAN.  Educator.  [S.C.].  He  was 
born  March  18,  18S8.  His  published  works  include;  'Brown's  Polit- 
ical Chart'  (1882),  'How  the  Victory  was  Won'  (1892),  'Money  Don' 
Make  'Ristocrats'  (1893),  "Being,"  a  poem  (1893),  'Judy  and  other 
Sketches'  (1895),  'The  House  of  Haunts'  (1896),  and  numerous  po- 
litical and  educational  articles  contributed  to  periodicals.  The  writ- 
ings of  Professor  Brown  evince  an  intimate  familiarity  with  negro  dia- 
lect and  character. 

BROWN,  WILLIAM  GARROTT.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.   II,  page   531. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         57 

BROWN,  WILLIAM  HILL.  Poet.  [N.C.].  Born  in  1766.  He 
wrote  a  tragedy,  founded  upon  the  death  of  Major  Andre  and  a 
comedy  'Ira  and  Isabella'  (1807).  He  died  at  Murfreesboro,  N.C, 
September  2,  1793. 

BROV/N,  WILLIAM  MONTGOMERY.  Protestant  Episcopal 
Bishop  of  Arkansas.  He -was  born  November  6,  18SS,  in  Wayne  County, 
Ohio.  He  married,  April  19,  1885,  Ella  Scranton  Bradford.  He  established 
numerous  missions  and  on  September  S,  1900,  became  Protestant  Episcopal 
Bishop  of  Arkansas.  He  is  the  author  of  'The  Church  for  Americans.' 
Bishop  Brown  holds  the  degree  of  D.D.     He  resides  in  Little  Rock,  Ark. 

BROWN,  WILLIAM  PERRY.  Author.  He  was  born  in  1847, 
in  the  Indian  Territory,  where  his  father  was  an  agent  for  the  Gov- 
ernment. Besides  numerous  magazine  articles,  he  has  written  the 
following  books :  'A  Sea  Island  Romance'  (New  York,  John  B.  Alder, 
1888),  'Roraima'  (published  in  London,  1898),  'Ralph  Granger's  For- 
tunes' (Akron,  Ohio,  Saalfileld  Publishing  Company),  'Florida  Lads' 
(ibid.,  1903),  'Sea  Island  Boys'  and  'Vance  Sevier'  (ibid.).  Most  of  his 
writings  have  been  for  boys.     He  resides  in  Glenville,  W.Va. 

BROWNE,  ALEXANDER.  Author.  [Va.].  He  published  a 
work  entitled  'The  Genesis  of  the  United  States'  (1891). 

BROWNE,  ANNIE  GREENE.  Author.  [Ala.].  She  published 
'Fireside  Battles'   (1900). 

BROWNE,  HENRY.  Clergyman.  [Va.].  He  published  'The 
Captives  of  Abb's  Valley,'  and  'The  Great  Supper.' 

BROWNE,  WILLIAM  HAND,  professor  of  English  litera- 
ture in  Johns  Hopkins  University,  was  born  December  31,  1828, 
a  son  of  William  and  Patience  Hand  Browne,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Maryland  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution. 
Besides  numerous  compilations  and  translations,  he  has  produced  the 
following  books:  'Maryland,  the  History  of  a  Palatinate,'  'George 
Calvert  and  Cecilius  Calvert,  Barons  Baltimore,'  and  'The  Life  of 
Alexander  H.  Stephens,'  the  latter  in  collaboration  with  Richard 
Malcolm  Johnston.  For  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  he  wrote 
the  sketch  of  John  B.  Tabb.  The  most  important  of  his  translations  is 
'Von  Falke's  Greece  and  Rome.'  Two  of  his  principal  compilations 
are:  'The  Clarendon  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language'  and  'Selec- 
tions from  the  Early  Scotch  Poets.'  He  edited  The  Southern  Review 
from  1867  to  1868,  and  The  Southern  Magazine  from  1870  to  1875. 
He  also  edited  the  'Archives  of  Maryland.'  At  the  advanced  age  of 
more  than  fourscore  years,  Dr.  Browne  still  resides  in  Baltimore,  Md. 

BROWNING,  MESHACK.  Sportsman.  [Md.].  He  wrote  an 
interesting  volume  entitled  'Forty-four  Years  of  the  Life  of  a  Mary- 
land Hunter'   (1864). 

BROWNING,  RAYMOND.  Poet.  [N.C]  The  author  of  a  col- 
lection of  verse  entitled  'After-Study  Meditations'  (Trinity  College, 
N.C,  1906). 

BROWNLEE,  ALICE  VIVIAN  (Mrs.  James  L.  Cole).  Author. 
She  was  born^  in  1874.  An  interesting  novel  has  come  from  her  pen 
entitled  'The  Affinities'  (Atlanta,  Constitution  Publishing  Company). 
Her  home  is  in  Birmingham.  Ala. 


58  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

BROWNLOW,  WILLIAM  GANNAWAY.  Journalist.  He  was 
sometimes  called  "Parson  Brownlow"  because  for  ten  years  he  was 
an  itinerant  Methodist  preacher.  Born  in  Wythe  County,  Va.,  Aug- 
ust 29,  180S,  he  enjoyed  only  a  fair  education,  but  was  a  man  of 
tenacious  and  independent  convictions  and  was  early  led  into  poli- 
tics. For  several  years  he  edited  The  Whig  at  Knoxville,  Tenn.  He 
made  himself  unpopular  by  opposing  nullification  and  was  defeated 
for  Congress  by  Andrew  Jackson.  Though  an  advocate  of  slavery, 
he  opposed  secession  and  became  an  avowed  Unionist,  with  the  re- 
sult that  his  paper  was  confiscated  and  he  was  forced  to  take  refuge 
in  the  North.  But  he  returned  to  Tennessee  during  the  days  of 
reconstruction  to  become  Governor  of  the  State  under  bayonet  rule 
and  United  States  Senator.  Later  he  again  acquired  an  interest 
in  The  Whig.  He  published :  'The  Iron  Wheel  Examined,'  a  reply 
to  attacks  on  the  Methodist  Church  (Nashville,  1856) ;  'Ought  Ameri- 
can Slavery  to  be  Perpetuated?'  a  debate  in  which  he  took  the  af- 
firmative side  (Philadelphia,  1858),  and  'Sketches  of  the  Rise,  Prog- 
ress, and  Decline  of  Secession,  with  a  Narrative  of  Personal  Ad- 
ventures among  the  Rebels'  (1862).  He  died  in  Knoxville,  Tenn., 
April  29,  1877. 

BRUCEi  ELI  METCALF,  Congressman,  philanthropist,  orator, 
was  born  in  Fleming  County,  Ky.,  February  2,  1828,  and  died  in  New 
York  City,  December  15,  1866.  He  acquired  en  immense  fortune, 
by  means  of  which  he  rendered  great  service  to  letters.  As  an  orator 
he  wielded  an  influence  which  made  him  a  power  in  Kentucky  and 
which  sent  him  to  Congress,  and  he  delivered  in  Richmond  a  speech 
on  the  financial  resources  of  the  Confederacy,  which  is  said  never  to 
have  been  surpassed.  During  the  Civil  War  he  served  on  the  staff 
of  General  Breckinridge.  He  spent  his  means  lavishly  in  support  of 
the  Confederate  cause,  to  which  he  contributed  not  less  than  $300,000 
in  gold.  At  the  close  of  hostilities  he  financed  the  consolidation 
of  two  Louisville  papers.  The  Courier  and  TJie  Journal  and  Mr. 
Bruce  Haldeman,  who  is  now  president  of  the  Courier  Journal 
Publishing  Company,  bears  the  name  of  the  distinguished  philan- 
thropist. William  C.  P.  Breckinridge,  in  an  editorial  which  appeared 
in  the  Lexington  Observer  declared  that  no  private  individual  known 
to  history  surpassed  Colonel  Bruce  in  the  munificence  of  his  gifts.  He 
is  buried  at  Covington,  Ky.,  where  the  local  chapter  of  the  U.D.C. 
is  named  in  his  honor. 

BRUCE,  JAMES  DOUGLAS,  educator,  was  born  at  Staunton 
Hill,  Va.,  December  9,  1862,  and  was  given  the  best  educational  ad- 
vantages (M.A.,  University  of  Va.;  Ph.D.,  Johns  Hopkins).  At 
present  he  occupies  the  chair  of  English  language  and  literature  in 
the  University  of  Tennessee.  Besides  contributing  to  German  and 
American  philological  reviews,  he  also  writes  for  The  Nation.  He 
has  edited  'The  Anglo-Saxon  Book  of  Psalms'  (Baltimore,  1894), 
'De  Ortu  Walwanii,'  an  Arthurian  romance  (Baltimore,  1899),  'Vita 
Meriadoci,'  an  Arthurian  romance  (Baltimore,  1900),  'La  Mort 
d'Arthur,  a  middle  English  poem  in  stanzas  (London,  1903),  and  'La  Mort 
d'Artes,'  an  old  French  Arthurian  romance  (Halle,  1909).  The  sketch 
of  Richard  Henry  Wilde  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literatui'e'  is  from 
his  pen. 

BRUCE,  JEROME.  Physician.  Dr.  Bruce  wrote  an  interesting 
work  entitled  'Studies  in  Black  and  White'  (New  York  and  Wash- 
ington, The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1906).  It  presents  the  race  prob- 
lem from  the  standpoint  of  ante-bellum  days  and  incidentally  un- 
folds a  romance  of  engaging  interest. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         59 

BRUCE,  PHILIP  ALEXANDER.  Author.  He  was  born  at 
Staunton  Hill,  Charlotte  County,  Va..  March  7,  1856,  a  son  of  Charles  and 
Sarah  Sedden  Bruce.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Virginia  and 
at  Harvard  Law  School,  and  married,  October  19,  1896,  Betty  f.  Taylor, 
of  Norfolk,  Va.  He  was  for  some  years  editor  of  the  Richmond  Times 
and  afterwardwas  corresponding  secretary  for  many  years  of  the  Virginia 
Historical  Society.  His  writings  are  in  the  main  historical  and  are  marked 
by  vigor  of  thought  and  thoroughness  of  research.  They  include:  'The 
Plantation  Negro  as  a  Freeman'  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  1889), 
'Economic  History  of  Virginia  in  the  Seventeenth  Century'  (New  York, 
Macmillan  Company,  1896),  'Rise  of  the  New  .South'  (Barrie  and  Sons), 
'School  History  of  the  United  States'  (American  Book  Company,  1903), 
'Social  Life  of  Virginia  in  the  Seventeenth  Century'  (Richmond,  Bell  Book 
Company,  1907),  an  excellent  'Life  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee'  (Philadel- 
phia, Jacobs  and  Company,  1907),  and  numerous  contributions  to  English 
reviews  and  American  magazines.  For  'The  Library  of  Southern  Litera- 
ture' he  wrote  the  sketch  of  John  Randolph.  He  is  also  the  author  of  a 
series  of  articles  for  'The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation.'  Both 
William  and  Mary  College  and  Washington  and  Lee  University  have  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.     He  resides  in  Norfolk,  Va. 

BRUCE,  THOMAS.  Author.  [Va.].  He  has  published  a  num- 
ber of  very  interesting  stories,  among  them,  'Cupid  and  Duty,' 
'That  Bruisin'  Lad  o'  Greystone  Lodge'  (1890),  and  'Loveless  Mar- 
riages.'   He  also  wrote  'Historical  Sketches  of  Roanoke.' 

BRUCE,  WILLIAM  LIDDELL,  Mrs.  Author.  From  the  pen 
of  this  Southern  woman  has  come  an  interesting  story  based  upon 
changed  conditions  in  the  Dixie  cotton  belt  entitled  'Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin  of  To-day'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publish- 
ing Company,  1906). 

BRUNER,  JAMES  DOWDEN,  educator,  was  born  in  Leitch- 
field,  Ky.,  May  19,  1864.  Several  volumes  have  come  from  his  pen, 
among  them,  'Phonology  of  Pistoiese  Dialect'  (Baltimore:  The  Johns 
Hopkins  Press,  1894),  Hugo's  'Hernani'  (New  York,  The  American 
Book  Company,  1906),  Corneille's  'Le  Cid'  (ibid.,  1908),  and  'Hugo's 
Dramatic  Characters'  (Boston,  Ginn  &  Company,  1908),  besides  numerous 
minor  works.  At  the  present  time  he  is  president  of  Chowan  In- 
stitute, at  Murfreesboro,  N.C.  He  received  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 
from  Johns   Hopkins. 

BRUNNER,  JOHN  HAMILTON.  Clergyman  and  educator. 
[Tenn.].  Born  in  182S.  He  published  'Sunday  Evening  Talks' 
(Nashville,  M.  E.  Publishing  House,  South,  1879),  and  'Union  of  the 
Churches'  (1884). 

BRUNS,  JOHN  DICKSON.  Physician  and  educator.  He  was 
born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  February  24,  1836,  and  died  in  New  Orleans, 
La.,  May  20,  1883.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was  a  hospital  surgeon.  In 
18S6  he  was  made  professor  of  physiology  and  pathology  in  the  New 
Orleans  School  of  Medicine.  He  wrote  some  graceful  verse,  characterized 
by  unusual  charm  of  description,  and  published  'The  Life  and  Genius  of 
Henry  Timrod,'  besides  medical  papers. 

BRYAN,  DANIEL.  Poet.  [Va.].  He  wrote  'The  Mountain 
Muse,  or  the  Adventures  of  Daniel  Boone,'  1813),  and  'A  Lay  of 
Gratitude,'  inspired  by  the  visit   of   Lafayette    (1826). 

BRYAN,  ELLA  HOWARD,  author,  was  born  in  Savannah,  Ga., 
of  "distinguished    colonial    stock.     Under    the    pen-pame    of    "Clinton 


50  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Dangerfield,"  she  contributes  to  current  magazines,  writing  not  only- 
stories  and  sketches  of  sparkling  interest  but  also  excellent  verse.  She 
has  published  only  one  book,  'Behind  the  Veil'  (Boston,  Little,  Brown 
and  Company),  but  her  work  has  appeared  in  over  twenty  high-class 
periodicals.  Miss  Bryan  is  in  direct  line  of  descent  from  Jonathan  Bryan, 
who  aided  Oglethorpe  in  the  settlement  of  the  colony  of  Georgia. 

BRYAN,  EMMA  LYON.  Author.  [Va.].  She  wrote  '1860- 
1865:  a  Romance  of  Virginia.' 

BRYAN,  GUY  M.,  Congressman,  author,  orator,  was  one  of  the 
foremost  public  men  of  Texas.  He  served  in  both  State  and  Federal 
Legislatures  and  attended  the  famous  Charleston  Convention  of 
I860.  Colonel  Bryan  was  a  nephew  of  Stephen  F.  Austin  for  whom 
the  capital  of  the  State  was  named;  and  based  largely  upon  the  manu- 
scripts of  this  early  pioneer  he  contributed  several  very  important 
chapters  to  Wooten's  'Comprehensive  History  of  Texas'  (Dallas, 
William  G.   Scarff,   1898). 

BRYAN,  MARY  EDWARDS.  Novelist.  This  popular  writer  of 
fiction  was  born  at  Fonda,  Jefferson  County,  Ga.,  in  1844  and  was  the 
daughter  of  Major  John  D.  and  Louisa  Edwards.  Evincing  unusual 
talent,  she  was  given  the  best  advantages;  but  her  studies,  which  she 
began  at  Fletcher  Institute,  Thomasville,  Ga.,  were  interrupted  by  her 
marriage  to  Mr.  Bryan,  at  the  early  age  of  fifteen.  Later  she  took  special 
college  work.  From  1874  to  1884  she  was  associate  editor  of  The  Sunny 
South.  She  relinquished  this  position  to  become  editor  first  of  the  New 
York  Bazaar  and  afterward  of  The  Half  Hour,  but  subsequently  re- 
turned to  the  periodical  in  which  her  fascinating  stories  first  appeared. 
She  is  one  of  the  most  widely  read  of  Southern  writers,  and  her  literary 
work  is  characterized  by  an  exquisite  charm  of  style  and  incident.  Among 
her  novels  are:  'Manch,'  'Wild  Work,'  'Kildee,'  'Nan  Haggard,'  'The 
Bayou  Tree,'  'Uncle  Ned's  White  Child,'  'A  Stormy  Wedding,'  'Ruth— An 
Outcast,'  'My  Sin,'  'The  Girl  He  Bought,'  'His  Legal  Wife,'  'A  Fair  Judas,' 
and  several  others.  Mrs.  Bryan  has  also  written  some  excellent  verse. 
She  spends  her  winters  at  Cocoa,  Fla. 

BRYAN,  WILLIAM  SMITH,  editor  and  publisher,  was  born  in 
St.  Charles  County,  Mo.,  January  8,  1846,  became  one  of  the  foremost 
editors  of  the  State,  organized  a  publishing  business,  and  was  the 
first  to  introduce  colored  illustrations.  His  works  include:  'Pioneer 
Families  of  Missouri'  with  Robert  Rose  (Philadelphia);  'Our  Islands' 
(St.  Louis,  N.  D.  Thompson  Company);  'America's  War  for  Hu- 
manity' (ibid.)  ;  'The  History  of  the  Discovery  and  Exploration  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley'  in  two  volumes,  and  'The  History  of  the  Thirteen 
Colonies,'  besides  minor  works.     He  resides  in   New  York. 

BRYANT,  EDGAR  EUGENE,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Mississippi, 
December  9,  1861,  but  afterward  removed  to  Arkansas,  where  he  speedily 
rose  to  the  front  at  the  Bar  and  in  public  life  and  published  'Speeches 
and  Addresses'  (189S). 

BRYANT,  EDWIN,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Massachusetts  in  180S 
and  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  1869.  For.  many  years  he  was  a  journalist 
in  Kentucky,  but  in  1846  he  headed  a  party  of  emigrants  to  California, 
and,  on  his  return,  published  an  account  of  his  adventures,  under  the 
title:  'What  I  saw  in  California'   (New  York,  1848). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF   AUTHORS         61 

BUCHANAN,  JOSEPH,  inventor,  was  born  in  Washington 
County,  Va.,  August  24,  1785,  and  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  September 
29,  1829.  He  removed  to  Tennessee,  studied  medicine,  became  a 
professor  in  the  medical  department  of  Transylvania  University 
and  patented  a  number  of  inventions,  among  them  a  steam  engine, 
with  which  he  ran  a  wagon  through  the  streets  of  Louisville  in 
1824,  and  a  musical  instrument  in  which  the  notes  were  produced 
by  glasses  of  different  composition.  He  edited  various  papers  and 
published  'The    Philosophy  of    Human   Nature'    (Richmond,   Ky.,   1812). 

BUCHANAN,  JOSEPH  RHODES,  physician,  was  born  in  Frank- 
fort, Ky.,  December  11,  1814,  a  son  of  Joseph  Buchanan,  the 
inventor.  He  studied  medicine,  became  an  eminent  practitioner  of 
the  Eclectic  School,  taught  in  various  institutions,  and  made  num- 
erous contributions  to  scientific  thought  and  progress.  Besides 
editing  for  several  years  Buchanan's  Journal  of  Men,  he  published 
'Outlines  of  Lectures  on  the  Neurological  System  of  Anthropology' 
(Cincinnati,  1854),  'Eclectic  Practice  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,'  a 
work  which  passed  into  several  editions  (Philadelphia,  1868),  'The 
New  Education'  (New  York,  1882),  'Therapeutic  Sarcognomy'  (Bos- 
ton, 1884),  a  'Manual  of  Psychometry'  (1885),  and  a  volume  on 
'Cerebral  Physiology.'  He  discovered  what  he  called  the  sciences 
of  Sarcognomy  and  Psychometry,  and  embodied  them  in  elaborate 
discussions. 

BUCHHOLZ,  HEINRICH  EWALD,  editor  and  author,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  January  19,  1879.  Several  rich  volumes 
have  come  from  his  pen,  among  them  'The  Civil  War'  (1905),  'The 
Crown  of  the  Chesapeake'  (1906),  'The  Governors  of  Maryland' 
(1907),  and  'Maryland  Country  Seats'  (1908).  He  has  also  edited 
'Men  of  Mark  in  Maryland'  and  'Edgar  Allan  Poe,  a  Centenary  Trib- 
ute.' At  present  he  is  the  editor  of  the  Merchants'  and  Manufacturers' 
Journal.     He  resides  in  Baltimore,  Md. 

BUCHNER,  EDWARD  FRANKLIN.  Educator.  He  was  born 
in  Paxton,  Ford  County,  III.,  September  3,  1868,  the  son  of  Chris- 
tian Jacob  and  Louise  Caroline  Lohmann  Buchner;  married,  June  1,  1898, 
Hannah  Louise  Cable;  and  was  for  some  time  instructor  in  philosophy 
and  pedagogy  at  Yale  University.  From  1896  to  1901  he  was  lecturer 
on  psychology  in  the  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  In  1903 
he  accepted  the  chair  of  philosophy  and  education  in  the  University  of 
Alabama.  He  is  an  authority  on  philosophical  and  educational  subjects. 
Besides  numerous  articles  for  magazines  and  encyclopsedias,  he  has  written 
'A  Study  of  Kant's  Psychology  with  Reference  to  the  Critical  Philosophy' 
(New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1897),  and  has  also  translated  and 
edited  'The  Educational  Theory  of  Immanuel  Kant'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B. 
Lippincott  Company,  1904).    Yale  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

BUCK,  CHARLES  W.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in  Vicksburg, 
Miss.,  March  17,  1849,  the  son  of  John  W.  and  Mary  Bell  Buck, 
married  Elizabeth  Crow  BuUett,  and  was  an  ardent  Democrat  until 
1896,  when  he  adopted  an  independent  course  in  politics.  He  is  an 
able  lawyer  and  a  man  of  culture.  Besides  an  interesting  volume 
entitled  'Under  the  Sun,'  he  has  frequently  contributed  to  the  periodi- 
cals.    He  resides  in  Louisville,  Ky. 

BUCK,  IRVING  A.  Author.  Captain  Buck  was  adjutant-general 
on  the  staff  of  General  Patrick  Cleburne  during  the  Civil  War. 
He  enjoyed  the  most  intimate  acquaintance  with  his  superior  officer 
and   published   a   work   of   rare    interest   entitled   'Cleburne    and    His 


62  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

Men'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company, 
1908),  in  which,  step  by  step,  he  traces  the  career  of  his  brave  com- 
mander from  Shiloh   and   Perryville   to   the  tragic   field   of   Franklin. 

BUCKLEY,  RICHARD  WALLACE.  Author.  [Va.].  He  wrote 
a  story  of  rather  weird  interest  in  which  hereditary  tendencies  play 
an  important  part,  entitled  'The  Last  of  the  Hortons'  (New  York 
and   Washington,   The   Neale    Publishing   Company,    1907). 

BUCKNER,  R.  T.,  Mrs.    Author.     [La.].    She  published  a  volume 

entitled  'Toward  the  Gulf  (New  York,  1887). 

BUELL,  RICHARD  HOOKER,  engineer,  was  born  at  Cumber- 
land, Md.,  November  9,  1842,  received  his  education  at  Troy  Poly- 
technic Institute  and  published  'The  Cadet  Engineer'  (Philadelphia, 
1875),  'Safety- Valves'  (New  York,  1878),  additions  to  Weisbach's  'Me- 
chanics of  Engineering'  and  treatises  on  heat,  steam  and  steam-engines, 
besides  numerous  monographs. 

BUIST,  GEORGE,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  in 
1770,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  August  31,  1808.  For  many  years 
he  was  a  pastor  in  Charleston;  but  he  also  conducted  one  of  the 
local  institutions  of  learning.  He  was  a  scholar  of  unusual  attain- 
ments, having  received  his  diploma  from  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh; and  besides  contributing  to  the  British  Encyclopaedia  he 
published  for  school  use  an  abridgment  of  'Hume's  History'  and  a 
version  of  the  Psalms. 

BULLARD,  HENRY  ADAMS.  Jurist  and  educator.  He  was 
born  in  Groton,  Mass.,  September  9,  1788;  but,  after  taking  his  de- 
gree at  Harvard  University,  he  settled  in  Louisiana  for  the  practice  of 
law.  For  a  time  he  occupied  a  seat  in  Congress;  but  he  preferred  judicial 
to  legislative  work  and  accepted  an  appointment  as  District  Judge. 
Later  he  was  promoted  to  the  Supreme  Bench  of  the  State,  remaining 
upon  this  tribunal  for  twelve  years.  He  was  also  for  some  time 
professor  of  civil  law  in  the  University  of  Louisiana.  His  decisions 
are  said  to  be  models  of  judicial  rhetoric.  Besides  compiling  a  'Di- 
gest of  Louisiana  Laws,'  he  delivered  eulogies  upon  F.  X.  Martin 
and  Sargent  S.  Prentiss,  both  of  which  were  subsequently  published. 
He  died  in  New  Orleans,  April  17,  1851. 

BULLEN,  MARY  SWINTON  LEGARE.  [S.C.].  She  published 
an  interesting  memoir  of  her  brother,  Hugh  Swinton  Legare,  includ- 
ing the  diary  which  he  kept  at  Brussels,  and  also  important  letters 
and  papers   (Charleston,  1848). 

BULLOCH,  JAMES  DUNWODY,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Georgia,  in  1824,  and  died  in  Liverpool,  England,  in  1901.  He  served 
with  distinction  in  both  Atlantic  and  Pacific  fleets,  but  when  the  Civil 
War  began  he  resigned  his  commission  to  enter  the  Confederate 
service  and  was  at  once  given  the  rank  of  commander.  On  account 
of  his  experiences  in  naval  affairs  he  was  sent  to  England  as  naval 
agent  to  negotiate  the  purchase  of  war  vessels  and  supplies,  and  he 
proved  to  be  of  such  value  to  the  Government  in  this  role  that  he  was 
kept  in  England  for  an  extended  period.  He  purchased  the  Alabama  and 
the  Shenandoah,  two  of  the  most  famous  Confederate  warships,  besides 
also  the  Florida,  and  dispatched  them  to  American  waters.  After  the 
war  he  made  England  his  permanent  home.  Captain  Bulloch  published  in 
two  volumes  a  work  of  much  interest  entitled :  'The  Secret  Service  of  the 
Confederate  States;  or,  How. the  Confederate  Cruisers  were  Equipped' 
(1883).     He  was  an  uncle  of  ex-President  Roosevelt. 


BIOGRAPHICAL    DICTIONARY    OF   AUTHORS  63 

BUNNER,  E.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  a  'History  of  Louisi- 
ana from  the  First  Discovery  and  Settlement'    (New   York,   1855). 

BURCKETT,  FLORENCE.  Author.  [La.].  She  wrote  a  novel 
entitled  'Wildmoor'   (1875). 

BURGESS,  JOHN  WILLIAM,  lawyer  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Giles  County,  Tenn.,  August  26,  1844.  On  completing  his  studies  at 
Amherst  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  but  afterward  chose  an  edu- 
cational career,  for  which  he  further  prepared  himself  at  the  German 
universities.  Since  1876  he  has  been  professor  of  political  science 
and  constitutional  law  at  Columbia  University,  also  for  many  years 
dean  of  the  faculty  of  political  science.  He  has  made  frequent  con- 
tributions to  magazines  and  reviews,  and  among  the  articles  which 
attracted  widest  attention  were  "The  American  University,"  "The 
Middle  Period,"  and  "Political  Science  and  Comparative  Constitu- 
tional Law."     He  has  received  the  Ph.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees. 

BURGWYN,  WILLIAM  HYSLOP  SUMNER,  lawyer  and  banker, 
was  born  at  Jamaica  Plains,  Mass.,  July  23,  1845.  His  father  was 
Henry  King  Burgwyn  and  his  mother,  Anna  Greenough.  In  early 
childhood  he  was  brought  to  the  South.  Enlisting  in  the  Confederate 
Army  when  only  fifteen,  he  was  several  times  wounded.  He  gradu- 
ated with  the  highest  honors  from  the  University  of  North  Carolina; 
studied  law  at  Harvard  and  practiced  his  profession  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  until  1882,  when  he  opened  a  bank  at  Henderson,  NiC.  During 
the  Spanish-American  War  he  commanded  a  regiment  of  North 
Carolina  volunteers.  He  is  the  author  of  a  'Digest  of  Maryland 
Reports'  (1878),  'Addresses  on  General  Thomas  L.  Clingman  and 
General  Matt  W.  Ransom,'  and  various  historical  monographs. 
The  sketch  of  Zebulon  B.  Vance  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Litera- 
ture' is  also  from  his  pen.  He  married,  November  21,  1876,  Margaret 
Carlisle  Dunlop  of  Richmond;  Ya.  He  is  engaged  in  the  banking 
business  at  Weldon,  N.C. 

BURGWYN,  C.  P.  E.  Poet.  [Va.].  He  wrote  'The  Huguenot 
Lovers,  and  Other  Poems.' 

BURK,  JOHN,  historian  and  dramatist,  was  a  native  of  Ireland, 
the  date  of  his  birth  being  unknown.  For  a  time  he  edited  The  Pole 
Star  in  Boston,  which  according  to  Professor  Brander  Matthews, 
"remained  above  the  horizon  for  barely  six  months  and  then  sank 
forever  into  the  darkness  of  night."  Later  he  took  up  his  resi- 
dence at  Petersburg,  Va.,  for  the  practice  of  law;  and,  on  March  4, 
1803,  he  delivered  an  eloquent  oration  in  the  court-house  to  celebrate 
the  election  of  Jefferson.  His  literary  gifts  were  of  high  order;  and 
besides  'The  History  of  the  Late  War  in  Ireland'  (Philadelphia,  1797), 
and  'The  History  of  Virginia'  (1804-1818,  Vol.  IV,  completed  by 
Louis  Girardin  and  Skelton  Jones),  which  the  critics  have  warmly 
commended,  he  wrote  several  dramas,  including:  'Female  Patriotism; 
or  the  Death  of  Jean  d'Arc'  and  'Bunker  Hill;  or  the  Death  of  War- 
ren.' He  was  killed  on  April  11,  1808,  by  Felix  Coquebert,  in  a  duel 
resulting  from  a  political  quarrel. 

BURKE,  JOHN  W.  [Ga.].  He  published  'The  Life  of  Robert 
Emmet.' 

BURKITT,  LEMUEL.  Clergyman  and  historian.  [N.C.].  He 
was  born  in  1750  and  died  in  1803.  The  earliest  volume  of  North 
Carolina  history  came  from  the  pen  of  this  pioneer  writer  who,  in 
association   with  Jesse    Read,   published   a   'History  of   the   Kehukee 


64  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Baptist  Association'  (Halifax,  N.C.,   1803;   republished,   Philadelphia, 
1850). 

BURNETT,  FRANCES  HODGSON.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Sketch,  Vol.  II,  page  5SS. 

BURNETT,  PETER  HARDEMAN,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  November  IS,  1807.  For  many  years  he  lived  in  Tennes- 
see and  Missouri;  but  in  1843  he  went  to  Oregon,  taking  an  import- 
ant part  in  the  territorial  organization,  and  afterward  located  in 
California,  when  the  discovery  of  gold  began  to  lure  the  argonauts. 
He  rose  to  prominence,  becoming  Governor  of  the  State  and  Asso- 
ciate Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court.  His  writings  include:  'The  Path 
which  Led  a  Protestant  Lawyer  to  the  Catholic  Church'  (New  York, 
1860),  'The  American  Theory  of  Government  Considered  with  Refer- 
ence to  the  Present  Crisis'  (1861),  'Recollections  of  an  Old  Pioneer' 
1878),  and  'Reasons  Why  We  Should  Believe  in  God,  Love  God  and 
Obey  God'  (1884).  From  1863  to  1880  he  was  president  of  the  Pacific 
Bank  of  San  Francisco. 

BURNEY,  STANFORD  GUTHRIE.  Clergyman  and  educator. 
For  many  years  he  was  professor  of  theology  in  Cumberland  Univer- 
sity, Tennessee.  He  published  'Studies  in  Theology,'  a  'Treatise  on 
Elocution'  and  several  minor  works. 

BURT,  ARMISTEAD,  lawyer  and  poet,  was  born  in  Abbeville 
District,  S.C.,  in  1802,  and  became  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. He  was  quite  a  poet  and  produced  three  volumes  of 
verse:  'The  Coronation;  or  Hypocrisy  Exposed,'  to  which  was  added 
'Sullivan's  Island,  with  Notes'  (Charleston,  1822),  'Journeyman 
Weaving'  (New  York,  1831),  and  'Poems,  Chiefly  Satirical'  (New 
York,  1833).  But  he  outgrew  the  poetic  habit;  and  for  the  next 
fifty  years  no   other  work  appears   from  his  pen.     He   died   in   1883. 

BURWELL,  LETITIA  McCREERY.  Author.  [Va.].  She  wrote 
an  interesting  volume  entitled  'A  Girl's  Life  in  Virginia  before  the 
War,'  besides  short  stories  and  sketches  and  quite  a  number  of  poems. 

BURWELL,  WILLIAM  McCREERY.  Editor.  [Va.].  He  was 
born  in  1809  and  died  in  1888.  At  one  time  he  conducted  DeBozu's 
Review.  He  published  'Essays  on  Economics,'  'White  Acre  Against 
Black  Acre,'  'Exile  and  Empire,'  and  minor  writings. 

BUSH,  GEORGE  CARY.  Educator.  [Fla.].  He  wrote  'The 
History  of  Education  in  Florida,' 

BUTLER,  MATTHEW  CALBRAITH.  Statesman  and  soldier. 
He  was  born  near  Greenville,  S.C,  March  8,  1836.  Before  graduation 
he  left  South  Carolina  College,  entered  the  practice  of  law  and  from 
the  start  achieved  signal  success  at  the  Bar.  He  won  distinction  in 
the  Confederate  Army,  attaining  the  rank  of  major-general;  and  after 
the  war  became  an  active  factor  in  the  political  affairs  of  the  state. 
From  1877  to  1889  he  represented  South  Carolina  with  distinction  in 
the  United  States  Senate.  At  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  with  Spain, 
in  1898,  he  was  commissioned  major-general  of  United  States  volun- 
teers; but  declined  to  accept  retirement  as  an  ami}'  officer.  He  mar- 
ried, February  21,  18S8,  Maria  S.  Pickens.  General  Butler  was  an 
eloquent  and  effective  public  speaker.  He  wrote  the  sketch  of  Gen- 
eral Wade  Hampton  for  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He 
died  in  Columbia,  S.C,  April  14,  1909. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS        65 

BUTLER,  NOBLE,  educator,  was  born  in  Washington  County, 
Pa.,  in  1819,  but  much  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  South  and  he  died 
in  Louisville,  Ky.,  having  filled  for  years  the  chair  of  Greek  and 
Latin  in  the  University  of  Louisville.  Among  other  text-books,  he 
published  a  'Practical  and  Critical  English  Grammar'  (Louisville, 
1875). 

BUTLER,  PIERCE,  educator,  Vas  born  in  New  Orleans,  La., 
January  18,  1873.  For  some  time  he  has  been  a  professor  in  New- 
comb  College,  in  New  Orleans.  His  published  works  include: 
'Women  of  Mediaeval  France'  (Philadelphia,  Barrie  and  Company, 
1907),  a  'Life  of  Judah  P.  Benjamin'  (Philadelphia,  George  W.  Jacobs 
and  Company,  1907),  and  'Legenda  Aurea,'  a  thesis  (Baltimore,  1899). 
For  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  he  wrote  the  sketch  of 
Judah  P.  Benjamin.  He  received  the  Ph.D.  degree  from  Johns 
Hopkins. 

BUTLER,  WILLIAM  ORLANDO,  lawyer  and  soldier,  was  born 
in  Jessamine  County,  Ky.,  in  1791  and  died  in  CarroUton,  Ky.,  August 
6,  1880.  Both  in  the  War  of  1812  and  in  the  Mexican  War  he 
achieved  distinction,  becoming  senior  major-general  of  volunteers 
and  succeeding  Winfield  Scott  in  the  chief  command.  Afterward  he 
became  the  Vice-presidential  condidate  on  the  free  soil  ticket  with 
Lewis  Cass.  In  the  practice  of  law  he  achieved  large  success.  At 
intervals  he  dipped  into  verse,  "The  Boatman's  Horn"  being  among 
the  best  known  of  his  poems.  'The  Life  and  Services  of  General 
William  Orlando  Butler,'  edited  by  Francis  P.  Blair,  appeared  in  1848 

BUTTS,  SARAH  HARRIET,  author,  was  born  in  Columbus,  Ga., 
September  30,  1845.  She  married  Dr.  Jud'son  A.  Butts,  of  Bruns- 
wick, Ga.,  September  30,  1867  and  was  regent  and  founder  of  the 
Brunswick  chapter  of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution. 
Her  only  literary  work  is  entitled  'Mothers  of  Some  Distinguished 
Georgians,'  published  by  J.  J.  Little  and  Company  of  New  York  in 
1902;  but  her  memory  is  most  beautifully  embalmed  in  this  produc- 
tion.    She  died  in  Brunswick,  Ga.,  June  16,  1905. 

BYARS,  WILLIAM  VINCENT,  editor  and  poet,  was  born  in 
Covington,  Tenn.,  June  21,  1857.  His  education  was  chiefly  directed 
by  his  father.  Professor  James  Byars,  who  was  quite  an  eminent 
scholar.  On  completing  his  studies  he  engaged  in  journalistic  work. 
He  acquired  something  of  a  reputation  on  the  St.  Louis  papers  and 
then  became  identified  for  several  years  with  the  New  Yorlc  World. 
He  was  also  for  a  time  on  the  staff  of  Harper's  Weekly;  but  he  now 
contributes  to  various  publications  and  resides  in  St.  Louis.  His 
published  works  include:  'Tannhauser — A  Mystery'  and  'The  Tempt- 
ing of  the  King.'  Several  fine  poems  have  also  come  from  his  pen, 
some  of  which  are  preserved  in  'Missouri  Literature.'  He  married, 
June  15,  1880,  Loula  Clement,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Francis 
Collins. 

BYNUM,  ENOCH  EDWIN,  clergyman  and  editor,  was  born  in 
Randolph  County,  Ind.,  October  13,  1861.  Dr.  Bynum  is  an  ordained 
minister  of  "the  Church  of  God,"  a  forceful  speaker  and  a  voluminous 
writer.  Besides  editing  the  Gospel  Trumpet,  he  has  piublished  'The 
Boys'  Companion'  (1890),  'Divine  Healing  of  Soul  and  Body'  (1892), 
'The  Secret  of  Salvation'  (1896),  'The  Prayer  of  Faith'  (1899),  'The 
Great  Physician'  (1900),  'Behind  the  Prison  Bars'  (1901),  'Ordinances 
of  the  Bible'  (1904),  and  'Travels  and  Experiences  in  Other  Lands' 
(1906).     He  resides  in  Moundsville,  W.Va. 


66  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

BYRD,  ELLA  BILLINGSLEY.  Educator.  [Ala.].  She  pub- 
lished a  novel  entitled  'Marston  Hall.' 

BYRI?,  WILLIAM.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
11,  page  583. 

BYRNE,  THOMAS  SEBASTIAN.  Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of 
Nashville,  Tenn.  He  was  born  in  Hamilton,  Ohio,  July  29,  1842,  a  son  of 
Eugene  and  Mary  Anne  Reynolds  Byrne.  He  was  ordained  priest,  May  22, 
1869.  He  taught  for  some  time  in  Mount  St.  Mary  Seminary  and  later 
took  charge  of  the  cathedral  at  Cincinnati.  In  1894  he  became  Bishop  of 
Nashville.  Much  of  his  time  has  been  given  to  literary  work.  At  the 
World's  Parliament  of  Religions  in  Chicago,  he  read  a  paper  on  "Man 
from  a  Catholic  Point  of  View,"  which  has  been  widely  published.  He 
has  also  made  numerous  translations  and  written  for  the  religious  press. 
He  resides  in  Nashville,  Tenn. 

CABELL,  EDWARD  CARRINGTON,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  February  S,  1816,  a  son  of  William  H.  Cabell.  On  receiv- 
ing his  diploma  from  the  University  of  Virginia,  he  located  in  Florida 
and  served  for  four  consecutive  terms  in  Congress  from  the  Peninsula 
State.  During  the  war  he  served  for  a  time  in  the  Confederate  ranks. 
It  is  said  that  a  speech  which  he  delivered  in  Congress  resulted  in 
the  fortification  of  Key  West.  He  wrote  an  elaborate  account  of 
Florida,  which  was  published  in  DeBow's  Review. 

CABELL,  JAMES  ALSTON,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Richmond,  Va. 
After  completing  his  studies,  he  filled  for  a  time  the  chair  of  chemis- 
try in  Central  University,  Ky.,  studied  law,  became  a  member  of 
the  Virginia  Legislature,  and  took  high  rank  at  the  Bar.  He  belongs 
to  various  patriotic,  historical  and  literary  organizations,  edits  the 
Virginia  Masonic  Journal,  and  is  the  author  of  numerous  monographs. 

CABELL,  I.  C,  Mrs.  Author,  of  Virginia.  She  published  a  vol- 
ume   entitled   'Historical   and   Biographical    Sketches.' 

CABELL,  JAMES  BRANCH.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  II,  page  609. 

CABELL,  JAMES  LAWRENCE,  physician,  was  born  in  Nelson 
County,  Va.,  August  26,  1813,  a  son  .of  Dr.  George  Cabell,  Jr.  While 
pursuing  his  studies  abroad  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  anatomy 
and  surgery  in  the  University  of  Virginia.  During  the  war  he  was 
in  charge  of  military  hospitals  for  the  Confederate  Government. 
Besides  contributing  to  medical  journals,  he  published:  'The  Testi- 
mony of  Modern  Science  to  the  Unity  of  Mankind'  (New  York,  1858). 

CABELL,  JULIA  MAYO,  Mrs.  She  wrote  'An  Odd  Volume  of 
Fact  and  Fiction'  (Richmond,  1852),  consisting  mainly  of  letters  of 
travel,  interspersed  with  ballads,  elegies  and  epigrams. 

CABELL,  MARGARET  COUCH  ANTHONY,  Mrs.  Author,  of 
Virginia,  born  in  1814  and  died  in  1883.  She  published  'Recollections 
of  Lynchburg.' 

CABEZA  DE  VACA,  ALVA  NUNEZ,  Spanish  explorer,  was  born 
in  1507  and  died  in  1559.  From  the  pen  of  this  famous  adventurer 
has  come  the  earliest  book  on  the  Southern  Indians,  viz. ;  'Voyages 
and  Memoirs'  (Madrid,  1542). 

CABLE,  GEORGE  WASHINGTON.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Sketch,  Vol.  II,  page  619. 


BIOGRAPHICAL    DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         67 

CAIN,  WILLIAM.  Educator.  [N.C.].  Born  in  1847.  He  pub- 
lished several  text-books  on  mathematics. 

CALDER,  ALMA.  Author.  [La.].  She  wrote  'Miriam's  Heri- 
tage,' a  novel  (1878). 

CALDWELL,  CHARLES,  physician,  was  born  in  Caswell  County, 
N.C,  May  14,  1772,  studied  medicine  in  Philadelphia  and  served  as 
a  brigade  surgeon  in  General  Lee's  command,  during  the  whiskey 
insurrection  of  1791-1794.  He  taught  for  some  time  in  medical 
schools  and  also  wielded  an  editorial  pen  of  great  power.  Besides 
numerous  essays  and  translations,  he  wrote:  'The  Life  and  Campaigns 
of  General  Greene'  (1819)  and  'Memoirs  of  Horace  HoUey,'  and  his 
'Autobiography'  was  published  after  his  death  from  manuscript  which 
he  left.     He  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  July  9,  1853. 

CALDWELL,  HOWARD  HAYNE.  Lawyer.  [S.C]  He  was 
born  in  1831  and  died  in  1858.  Mr.  Caldwell  published  'Oliata'  (1855), 
'Poems'   (1858),  and  numerous  prose  articles. 

CALDWELL,  JAMES  FITZ-JAMES.  Lawyer.  [S.C.].  He  pub- 
lished: 'Gregg's  Brigade  of  South  Carolinians'  (1866)  and  'Letters 
from  Europe,'  and  a  romance  of  reconstruction  entitled  'The  Stranger' 
(New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1906). 

CALDWELL,  J.  H.  Clergyman.  [S.C.].  Dr.  Caldwell  published 
'The  Thurstons  of  the  Old  Palmetto  State'  and  'Varieties  of  Southern 
Life.' 

CALDWELL,  JOSEPH,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Lammington,  N.  J.,  April  21,  1773,  and  was  educated  at  Princeton. 
When  only  twenty-three,  he  became  professor  of  mathematics  in  the 
University  of  North  Carolina;  and  with  this  institution  he  was  identi- 
fied almost  uninterruptedly  until  the  time  of  his  death,  serving  it  for 
nearly  three  decades  in  the  office  of  president.  His  publications 
include:  'A  Compendious  System  of  Elementary  Geometry'  (1822) 
and  'Letters  of  Carleton.'  He  died  at  Chapel  Hill,  N.C,  January  24, 
1835.     Princeton  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

CALDWELL,  JOSHUA  WILLIAM.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Sketch,  Vol.  II,  page  655. 

CALDWELL,  LISLE  B.,  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman  and 
educator,  was  born  in  New  York  in  1834.  But  for  many  years  he 
labored  in  Tennessee  in  both  pastoral  and  educational  lines  of  work 
and  published  'The  Wines  of  Palestine,  or  the  Bible  Defended'  (1859) 
and  'Beyond  the  Grave'  (1884). 

CALDWELL,  WILLIE  WALKER,  Mrs.  Author.  [Va.].  She 
published  a  volume  entitled  'The  Tie  that  Binds.' 

CALHOUN,  ALICE  J.  Author.  She  wrote  a  story  of  plantation 
life  in  the  South  entitled  'When  the  Yellow  Jasmine  Blooms'  (New 
York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907),  which 
is  well  constructed.     Her  portrayals  of  negro  character  are  excellent. 

CALHOUN,  JOHN  CALDWELL.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Sketch,  Vol.  II,  page  673. 

CALISH,  EDWARD  N.,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Toledo,  Ohio,  in 
1865.  For  several  years  he  has  resided  in  the  South  and  at  present 
occupies  an  important  pastorate  in  Richmond.  His  publications  in- 
clude: 'A  Book  of  Prayer'   (1893),  'A  Child's  Bible'   (1895),  and  'The 


68  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Jew   in    English    Literature.'     He    married,   January   22,    1890,    Gisela 
Woolner.     The  University  of  Virginia  gave  him  the  Ph.D  degree. 

CALL,  DANIEL.  Lawyer.  His  birthplace  is  unknown,  but  he 
was  born  about  the  year  1/65  and  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  May  20, 
1840.  He  was  a  brother-in-law  of  Chief  Justice  John  Marshall,  and 
published  'Reports  of  the  Virginia  Court  of  Appeals,'  in  six  volumes, 
from  1790  to  1818. 

CALL,  WILKINSON,  United  States  Senator,  was  born  in  Rus- 
sellville,  Ky.,  January  9,  1834;  but,  locating  in  Florida  in  early  life, 
he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  and  became  an  important  factor  in  the 
public  life  of  the  State.  Soon  after  the  war,  from  which  he  emerged 
with  the  rank  of  adjutant-general,  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States 
Senate,  but  v/as  refused  a  seat,  on  account  of  the  issues  of  reconstruc- 
tion. However,  he  was  again  commissioned  in  1879;  and  for  eighteen 
consecutive  years  he  continued  to  wear  the  toga.  He  delivered 
numerous  public  addresses,  but  few  of  his  speeches  have  been  pre- 
served except  in  the  debates  of  Congress. 

CALLAHAN,  JAMES  MORTON.  Educator,  author,  lecturer. 
He  was  born  in  Bedford,  Ind.,  November  4,  1864,  the  son  of  Mar- 
tin I.  and  Sophia  Oregon  Tannehill  Callahan,  and  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Indiana,  but  took  post-graduate  work  at  the  University  of 
Chicago  and  at  Johns  Hopkins  University.  Since  1902  h^  has  been  pro- 
fessor of  history  and  political  science  in  the  University  of  West  Virignia. 
His  writings  are  characterized  by  great  thoroughness  of  research  and  by 
sound  reasoning,  and  constitute  an  important  contribution  to  the  practical 
thought  of  the  day.  Included  among  his  works  are :  'The  Neutrality  of 
the  American  Lakes,'  'Cuba  and  International  Relations,'  'American 
Relations  in  the  Pacific  and  the  Far  West,'  'Confederate  Diplomacy,' 
'American  Expansion  Policy,'  'The  Monroe  Doctrine  and  Inter-American 
Relations,'  'The  United  States  and  Canada:  a  Study  in  International 
History,'  besides  various  historical  monographs  and  a  series  of  sketches 
of  great  heroes  and  leaders.  Dr.  Callahan  resides  in  Morgantown,  W.Va., 
and  most  of  his  books  have  been  issued  by  the  Johns  Hopkins  Press,  Balti- 
more, Md.    Johns  Hopkins  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

CALLAWAY,  MORGAN,  Jr.  Professor  of  English  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Texas.  He  was  born  in  Cuthbert,  Ga.,  November  2,  1862.  His 
father  was  the  Rev.  Morgan  Callaway,  D.D.,  for  many  years  professor  of 
English  at  Emory  College,  Oxford,  Ga.  Morgan  Callaway  was  educated 
at  Emory  College  and  at  Johns  Hopkins  University.  His  publications 
include:  'The  Absolute  Participle  in  Anglo-Saxon'  and  'The  Appositive 
Participle  in  Anglo-Saxon.'  He  has  also  edited  'The  Select  Poems  of  Sid- 
ney Lanier'  (New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons),  and  contributed  numer- 
ous articles  to  the  magazines,  including  "Jane  Welsh  Carlyle,"  "English  in 
Our  Preparatory  Schools,"  and  "The  Poetry  of  Sidney  Lanier."  Dr.  Cal- 
laway is  one  of  the  assistant  literary  editors  of  'The  Library  of  Southern 
Literature,'  a  man  of  ripe  scholarship  and  of  high  rank  among  philologists. 
Johns  Hopkins  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D.    He  resides  in  Austin,  Texas. 

CALLENDER,  JAMES  THOMAS,  editor,  was  born  in  Scotland 
and  refugeed  to  this  country  in  consequence  of  an  article  which  he 
published  on  "The  Political  Progress  of  Britain."  For  several  years 
he  edited  the  Richmond  Recorder.  He  was  an  uncompromising 
fighter,  caustic  and  bitter,  antagonized  both  Washington  and  Adams, 
and  after  being  an  ardent  supporter  of  Jefferson,  became  his  oppo- 
nent. He  wrote  'Sketches  of  the  History  of  America'  and  'The 
Prospect  before  Us.'  Mr.  Callender  was  drowned  in  the  James  River 
in  1813. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS         69 

CALLER,  MARY  ALICE.  Teacher  of  English  language  and 
literature  in  the  Alabama  Conference  Female  College,  in  Tuskegee, 
Ala.  She  comes  of  one  of  the  best  families  of  the  State,  her  grand- 
father. Colonel  James  Caller,  having  been  prominent  in  public  life. 
She  was  educated  at  Centenary  College  and  has  held  several  important 
collegiate  chairs,  but  since  1877  has  been  the  teacher  of  English  at 
Tuskegee.  She  has  written  an  excellent  'Literary  Guide  for  Home 
and  School,'  and  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Poems  of  Nature'  (1897). 
During  the  summer  months  she  resides  in  Avondale,  Ala. 

CALVERT,  GEORGE  HENRY,  author,  was  born  in  Prince 
George  County,  Md.,  January  2,  1803,  and  was  a  grandson  of  Lord 
Baltimore.  After  graduation  from  Harvard,  he  studied  at  Gottingen; 
and,  on  returning  to  America,  he  resided  for  some  time  near  Balti- 
more, but  afterward  made  his  home  at  Newport,  R.I.,  where  he  died 
May  24,  1889.  For  some  time  he  edited  the  Baltimore  American; 
but  his  life  was  devoted  mainly  to  philosophical  researches.  An 
occasional  poem  gave  evidence  of  the  fact  that  he  was  also  a  man 
of  artistic  temperament.  His  published  works  include:  'Illustrations 
of  Phrenology'  (1832),  'A  Volume  from  the  Life  of  Herbert  Barclay' 
(1833),  'Don  Carlos,'  a  metrical  translation  from  the  German  (1836), 
'Count  Julian,'  a  tragedy  (1840),  'Cabiro,'  which  was  commenced  in 
1840  and  completed  in  1864,  'Correspondence  between  Schiller  and 
Goethe'  a  translation  (1845),  'Scenes  and  Thoughts  in  Europe,'  two 
series  (1846  and  1852),  'The  Battle  of  Lake  Erie,'  an  oration  (1853), 
'Comedies  and  Social  Science'  (1856),  'Joan  of  Arc'  (1860),  'The 
Gentleman,  and  Other  Poems'  (1863),  'Arnold  and  Andre,'  an  histor- 
ical drama  (1864),  'Ellen,'  a  poem  (1869),  'Goethe,  His  Life  and 
Works'  (1872),  'Brief  Essays  and  Brevities'  (1874),  'Essays  ^stheti- 
cal'  (1875),  and  'Wordsworth'  (1875). 

CAMERON,  HENRY  CLAY,  educator,  was  born  in  Shepherds- 
town,  Va.,  September  1,  1827.  After  graduating  from  Princeton,  he 
studied  theology  but  devoted  himself  to  educational  work  for  several 
years  before  applying  for  ordination.  From  1859  to  1870  he  was 
instructor  of  French  at  Princeton,  at  another  time  he  held  the 
office  of  librarian,  and  in  1877  he  became  professor  of  Greek.  He 
edited  for  twenty  years  the  General  Catalogtue  of  the  College  of  New 
Jersey,  wrote  numerous  articles  for  encyclopaedias,  notably  one  on 
"Jonathan  Edwards  and  the  Rise  of  Colleges  in  America,"  and  pub- 
lished several  historical  pamphlets,  besides  a  series  of  classical  maps, 
in  association  with  Professor  Guyot. 

CAMERON,  WILLIAM  EVELYN.  One  of  the  leading  public 
men  of  Virginia  since  the  war.  He  was  born  in  Petersburg,  Va.,  No- 
vember 29,  1842,  a  son  of  Walker  Anderson  and  Elizabeth  Byrd  Wal- 
ker Cameron.  His  college  career  was  interrupted  by  the  war.  He 
served  in  all  the  battles  of  Lee's  army,  from  Seven  Pines  to  Appomat- 
tox, and  rose  from  private  to  assistant  adjutant-general.  He  was 
wounded  at  Second  Manassas.  He  married,  October  1,  1868,  Louisa 
Clara  Egerton.  He  edited  some  of  the  leading  newspapers  of  the 
State  for  ten  years,  and  was  then  admitted  to  the  Bar.  He  was 
Mayor  of  Petersburg  from  1876  to  1882,  and  Governor  of  Virginia 
from  1882  to  1886.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention of  1881.  His  writings  include:  'The  Life  and  Character  of 
Robert  E.  Lee'  (1902),  'The  History  of  the  Chicago  Exposition'  (1903), 
and  'The  World's  Fair'  (1904).     He  resides  in  Petersburg,  Va. 

CAMP,  GEORGfE  KING,  journalist  and  poet,  was  born  at  Darien, 
Ga.,   in    1851,    and,    on    the    paternal    side,    was    a    descendant    of   Sir 


70  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Matthew  Hale.  From  the  University  of  Georgia  he  went  to  the  Vir- 
ginia Military  Institute;  and,  graduating  with  honors,  he  began  the 
practice  of  law.  While  located  in  Atlanta,  he  published  a  volume  of 
poems  entitled  'Whispering  Winds,'  and,  being  something  of  a  musi- 
cian, he  set  to  music  "The  Memorial  Window,"  by  Jarnes  Barron 
Hope.  After  an  unfortunate  marriage,  followed  by  his  child's  death, 
he  went  to  San  Francisco,  accepting  a  place  on  the  staff  of  The  Examiner, 
and  here  he  published  'Shadows.' 

CAMPBELL,  ALEXANDER.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  II,  page  711. 

CAMPBELL,  ALEXANDER  AUGUSTUS,  clergyman  and  phy- 
sician, was  born  in  Amherst  County,  Va.,  December  30,  1789,  and 
died  in  Jackson,  Tenn.,  May  27,  1846.  At  first  an  infidel,  he  was 
rescued  from  the  clutches  of  unbelief  by  an  attack  of  yellow  fever; 
and,  while  actively  engaged  in  the  practice  of  medicine,  he  began 
the  study  of  divinity  and  became  an  active  minister.  He  also  lec- 
tured at  intervals  and  edited  a  paper.  His  only  published  work  is  a 
treatise  on  'Scriptural  Baptism.' 

CAMPBELL,  CHARLES,  historian,  was  born  In  Petersburg,  Va., 
May  1,  1807,  and  died  in  Staunton,  Va.,  July  11,  1876.  For  many 
years  he  conducted  a  select  school  at  Petersburg,  and  afterward 
became  principal  of  the  Anderson  Seminary,  located  in  the  same 
town.  His  leisure  intervals  were  devoted  mainly  to  historical  inves- 
tigations. He  contributed  to  numerous  periodicals  and  published 
The  Bland  Papers,  which  ran  from  1840  to  1843;  'An  Introduction  to 
the  History  of  the  Colony  and  Ancient  Dominion  of  Virginia'  (Rich- 
mond, 1849),  'Some  Materials  for  a  Memoir  of  John  Daly  Burk' 
(Albany,  1868),  and  'Genealogy  of  the  Spottswood  Family.' 

CAMPBELL,  JESSE  H.  He  was  born  in  Mcintosh  County,  Ga., 
February  10,  1807,  became  an  influential  divine  and  wrote  'Georgia 
Baptists:  Historical  and  Biographical.' 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN  ARCHIBALD.  An  eminent  jurist.  He 
was  born  at  Washington,  Ga.,  in  1811  and  received  his  diploma  from 
Franklin  College  in  Athens,  Ga.,  in  1826,  when  only  fifteen  years 
old.  His  career  was  one  of  unusual  distinction.  He  served  in  the 
Alabama  Legislature ;  attained  the  rank  of  colonel  in  the  Indian 
wars;  became  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States,  and  Assistant  Secretary  of  State  of  the  Confederate  States. 
Besides  numerous  political  speeches,  including  one  on  "Rights  of 
Slave  States"  and  one  on  "John  C.  Calhoun,"  he  published  also  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "Reminiscences  of  the  Civil  War."  Judge  Campbell 
received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  his  alma  mater.     He  died  in  1889. 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN  LYLE,  chemist,  was  born  in  Rockbridge 
County,  Va.,  December  17,  1818,  and  died  at  Lexington,  Va.,  Febru- 
ary 2,  1886.  For  many  years  he  filled  the  chair  of  chemistry  and 
geology  in  Washington  College,  afterward  Washington  and  Lee 
University;  and,  besides  contributing  to  scientific  journals,  he  pub- 
lished 'Geology  and  Mineral  Resources  of  the  James  River  Valley' 
(1882)   and  'Campbell's  Agriculture.' 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN  POAGE,  clergyman  and  physician,  was  born 
in  Augusta  County,  Va,,  in  1767,  and  died  near  Chillicothe,  Ohio, 
November  4,  1814.  For  many  years  he  lived  in  Kentucky.  He  was 
at  first  inclined  to  take  an  atheistic  view  of  the  universe,  but  was 
converted   to  Christianity  by   reading  a  volume   by   Dr.   Jenyn's  and 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         71 

gave  up  medicine  to  preach  the  gospel.  He  published  'The  Passen- 
ger,* 'Strictures  on  Stone's  Letters  on  the  Atonement,'  'Vindex,' 
'Letters  to  Rev.  Mr.  Craighead,'  'The  Pelagian  Detected,'  'An  Answer 
to  Jones,'  and  numerous  discourses.  Besides,  he  left  in  manuscript 
a  'History  of  the  Western  Frontier.' 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN  WILSON.  He  was  a  bookseller  of  Peters- 
burg, Va.,  who  published  a  'History  of  Virginia  to  1781'  (Philadel- 
phia, 1813).     Charles  Campbell,  the  historian,  was  his  son. 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN  WILSON,  jurist,  was  born  in  Augusta 
County,  Va.,  February  23,  1782,  and  died  in  Delaware,  Ohio.,  Sep- 
tember 24,  1833.  At  an  early  age  he  was  taken  by  his  parents  to 
Kentucky;  but,  on  completing  his  education,  he  located  in  Ohio, 
became  a  Member  of  Congress  and  served  on  the  Bench  of  the  U.S. 
District  Court.  His  writings  were  published  by  his  wife  with  an 
introductory  sketch  of  his  life   (Columbus,  Ohio,  1838). 

CAMPBELL,  RICHARD.  Jurist.  He  was  born  at  Pensacola, 
Fla.,  in  early  colonial  days  and  became  prominent  on  the  Bench.  His 
work  entitled  'Historical  Sketches  of  Colonial  Florida'  has  been  an 
important  source  of  information  to  subsequent  writers.  It  deals 
chiefly  with  Western  Florida,  a  section  of  the  State  with  which  he 
was  most  familiar,  the  greater  part  of  his  life  having  been  spent  in 
the  city  of  his  birth. 

CAMPBELL.  WILLIAM  HENRY,  educator  and  divine,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  September  14,  1808.  On  completing  his 
studies  at  Princeton,  he  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Dutch  Reformed 
Church  and  was  for  many  years  president  of  Rutgers  College.  His 
published  works  include:  'Subjects  and  Modes  of  Baptism,'  'Influence 
of  Christianity  upon  Civil  and  Religious  Liberty,'  and  a  'System  of 
Catechetical  Instruction.' 

CANDLER,  ALLEN  DANIEL.  Congressman  and  governor.  He 
was  born  in  Lumpkin  County,  Ga.,  November  4,  1834,  a  son  of  Daniel  G. 
Candler.  He  married,  January  12,  1864,  Eugenia  T.  Williams.  He  repre- 
sented the  Ninth  District  of  Georgia  in  Congress  for  several  years  and 
was  governor  of  the  State  for  two  consecutive  terms.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  volume  entitled  'Colonel  William  Candler,  of  Georgia:  His  Ancestry 
and  Progeny'  (1900),  and  is  also  the  compiler  and  editor  of  'Colonial 
Records  of  Georgia'  (thirty  volumes),  'Revolutionary  Records  of  Georgia' 
(three  volumes)  and  'Confederate  Records  of  Georgia'  (six  volumes). 
He  resides  in  Atlanta,  Ga. 

CANDLER,  WARREN  A.  Bishop  of  the  M.E.  Church,  South, 
educator  and  writer.  He  was  born  in  Carroll  County,  Ga.,  August 
23,  1857,  a  son  of  Samuel  Charles  and  Martha  Beall  Candler.  He 
was  educated  at  Emory  College,  Oxford,  Ga.,  and  married,  Novem- 
ber 21,  1877,  Nettie  Curtright,"  of  LaGrange,  Ga.  Entering  the 
ministry,  he  remained  in  active  pastoral  work  until  called  to  the 
presidency  of  Emory  College,  an  institution  founded  by  his  dis- 
tinguished kinsman,  Dr.  Ignatius  A.  Few.  He  also  edited  for  some 
time  The  Christian  Advocate,  published  at  Nashville,  Tenn.  He  re- 
linquished educational  work  to  assume  the  Episcopal  honors ;  and  _  in 
the  high  office  of  bishop  he  has  frequently  crossed  the  water  to  in- 
spect the  mission  work  of  the  Church  in  foreign  fields.  An  eloquent 
advocate,  whether  upon  the  rostrum  or  in  the  pulpit,  he  recently 
electrified  the  city  of  London  by  an  able  address  which  he  delivered 
before  one  of  the  great  church  convocations.     Notwithstanding  the 


72  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

onerous  demands  made  upon  him,  Bishop  Candler  has  found  time  for 
literary  work.  His  writings  include:  a  'History  of  Sunday  Schools' 
(New  York,  Methodist  Book  Concern,  1880),  'Georgia's  Educational 
Work'  (1893),  'Christus  Austor'  (Nashville,  Southern  Methodist  Pub- 
lishing House,  1899),  'High  Living  and  High  Lives'  (1901),  and  'Great 
Revivals  and  the  Great  Republic'  (1905).  Bishop  Candler  received  from 
Emory  College  both  the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees.  He  resides  in 
Atlanta,  Ga. 

CANONGE,  L.  PLACIDE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  II,  page  737. 

CAPERS,  ELLISON,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop,  soldier  and 
author,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  October  14,  1837.  After  gradu- 
ation from  South  Carolina  Military  Academy,  he  taught  for  some 
time  in  the  same  institution.  During  the  Civil  War  he  attained  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general  in  the  Confederate  Army.  At  the  close  of 
hostilities  he  studied  theology,  was  rector  of  Christ  Church  in  Green- 
ville, S.C,  for  twenty  years  and  in  1893,  became  bishop.  Besides 
minor  works,  he  wrote  the  volume  on  South  Carolina  in  'The  Con- 
federate Military  History'  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  The  Confederate  Publishing 
Company,  1899,  twelve  volumes).     Bishop  Capers  died  in  1907. 

CAPERS,  HENRY  D.,  lawyer  and  educator,  was  born  in  South 
Carolina  in  1830.  Under  the  Confederate  Government  he  was  chief 
clerk  in  the  Treasury  Department,  a  position  which  enabled  him  to 
write  with  authority  'The  Life  of  Memminger,'  his  best  known  and 
most  important  work.  He  also  published  'Bellevue'  and  other  novels. 
For  many  years  his  home  has  been  in  Georgia. 

CAPERS,  WILLIAM.  Methodist  Episcopal  bishop,  was  born  in 
St.  Thomas  Parish,  S.C,  January  26,  1790,  and  died  at  Anderson,  S.C, 
January  29,  1855.  The  earlier  days  of  his  ministry  were  devoted 
to  missionary  work  among  the  Indians  and  the  slaves.  He  traveled 
abroad;  edited  at  different  times  various  publications;  became  promi- 
nent on  the  platform  and  in  the  pulpit;  adhered  to  the  Southern  side 
when  the  church  divided  on  the  issues  of  slavery,  and  was  made 
bishop  in  1846.  His  home  was  one  of  the  favorite  resorts  of  Bishop 
Asbury  in  the  pioneer  days  of  Methodism.  Besides  an  'Autobiogra- 
phy,' which  appeared  after  his  death,  with  a  memoir  by  Dr.  Wight- 
man  _  (Nashville,  Tenn.,  1858),  he  published  'Catechisms  for  Negro 
Missions'  and  'Short  Sermons  and  Tales  for  Children.' 

CAPPLEMAN,  JOSIE  FRAZEE,  Mrs.  Poet.  She  resides  in 
Little  Rock,  Ark.  Since  the  death  of  her  husband,  which  occurred 
in  1903,  she  has  been  dependent  upon  the  earnings  of  her  pen;  Ijut 
she  has  compelled  the  favor  of  the  public,  and  the  respect  of  the 
critics  She  is  the  author  of  a  volume  entitled  'Heart  Songs'  (Rich- 
mond, B.  F.  Johnson),  besides  numerous  sketches. 

CARDENAS,  A.  DE.  Spanish  historian.  He  wrote  an  interest- 
ing work  in  which  De  Soto's  journey  to  the  Mississippi  is  described, 
viz.:  'Historia  General  de  la  Florida'  (Madrid,  1723). 

CARDOZO,  ISAAC  N.,  journalist,  was  born  in  Savannah,  Ga., 
June  17,  1784,  and  was  drowned  in  the  James  River,  August  26,  1850. 
For  many  years  he  was  an  influential  editor  in  Charleston,  S.C,  wield- 
ing a  pen  of  rare  power.  He  edited  first  The  Southern  Patriot  and 
afterward  The  Evening  News.  Besides  contributing  to  various  periodicals, 
he  published  'Notes  on  Political  Economy'  (Charleston,  1826). 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS         73 

CARDOZO,  J.  N.  [S.C.].  He  published  'Reminiscences  of 
Charleston'  (1866). 

CAREY,  WILL  GAGE,  magazine  writer,  was  born  in  Rochelle, 
111.,  June  19,  1877.  On  completing  his  education  at  the  University  of 
Illinois,  he  located  in  the  South.  He  is  in  the  service  of  the  Govern- 
ment, with  headquarters  in  Atlanta,  and  has  contributed  over  forty 
short  stories  to  the  current  periodicals,  some  of  the  latest  being  "The 
Wolf,"  in  the  Metropolitan,  "The  Cardinal,"  in  Pearson's,  "The  Rene- 
gade," in  the  National,  and  "Spoils  of  Defeat,"  in  Uncle  Remus. 

CARLETON,  HENRY,  jurist  and  lawyer,  was  born  in  Virginia 
in  1785,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  March  28,  1863.  For  many 
years  he  resided  in  New  Orleans,  became  United  States  District 
Attorney,  and  afterward  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  resigning  on 
account  of  ill  health.  He  then  traveled  abroad,  and  on  returning 
home  located  in  Philadelphia.  Besides  some  legal  translations  from 
the  Spanish  he  published  'Liberty  and  Necessity'  (Philadelphia,  1857). 

CARLETON,  HENRY  GUY,  playwright,  was  born  at  Fort  Union, 
New  Mexico,  June  21,  1856.  For  many  years  Mr.  Carleton  resided  in 
the  South.  He  experienced  military  service  in  the  expedition  against 
the  Kiowas  and  the  Arapahoes  in  Texas,  and  afterward  became  asso- 
ciate editor  of  the  New  Orleans  Times.  Since  1881  he  has  been  suc- 
cessfully engaged  in  dramatic  authorship.  His  best  known  plays  are: 
'Memnon,'  a  tragedy  in  blank  verse  (1881),  'Victor  Durand'  (1885), 
•The  Pembertons'  (1889),  'The  Lion's  Mouth'  (1890),  'Ye  Earlie 
Trouble'  (1891),  'Princess  Erie'  (1892),  'A  Gilded  Fool'  (1892),  'The 
Butterflies'  (1894),  'The  Impudent  Young  Couple'  (1896),  'Ambition' 
(1896),  'Colinette'  (1898)  and  'Jack's  Honeymoon'  (1903).  He  resides 
in  Atlantic  City,  N.J. 

CARLISLE,  JAMES  HENRY.  Educator.  For  nearly  half  a 
century  he  was  actively  identified  with  Wofford  College,  at  Spartan- 
burg, S.C.  During  the  greater  part  of  this  time  he  was  president  of 
the  institution  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  president 
emeritus.  Dr.  Carlisle  was  born  in  Winnsboro,  S.C,  of  Scotch-Irish 
parentage.  May  4,  1825.  On  completing  his  studies  at  South  Carolina 
College,  he  engaged  in  educational  work.  When  Wofford  College 
was  organized  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  mathematics,  but  he 
subsequently  taught  in  nearly  every  department.  Besides  a  work  of  much 
interest  entitled  'The  Young  Astronomer,'  he  also  wrote  a  'Life  of 
Thomas  Arnold.'  The  Southwestern  University  gave  him  the  degree 
of  LL.D.    Dr.  Carlisle  died  in  Spartanburg,  S.C,  October  21,  1909. 

CARLISLE,  JOHN  GRIFFIN,  lawyer  and  statesman,  was  born 
in  Campbell  (now  Kenton)  County,  Ky.,  September  5,  1835.  Though 
he  received  only  a  common  school  education,  he  rose  rapidly  to  the 
front  at  the  Bar  and  became  an  influential  factor  in  politics.  Six 
times  he  was  sent  to  Congress  and  twice  he  was  honored  with  the 
Speakership.  Afterward  he  became  United  States  Senator.  During 
President  Cleveland's  second  administration  he  entered  the  Cabinet, 
holding  the  portfolio  of  Secretary  of  the  Treasury;  and  on  his  retire- 
ment from  office,  he_  located  in  the  city  of  New  York  for  the  practice 
of  law.  Some  of  his  greatest  speeches  were  delivered  on  the  tariff 
question;  and  these  among  others,  have  been  preserved  in  The  Congres- 
sional Record. 

CARMACK,  EDWARD  WARD,  journalist  and  Senator,  was  born 
near  Castilian  Springs,  Tenn.,  November  S,  1858.  He  practiced  for 
Several  years  at  Columbia,  Tenn.,  after  which  he  accepted  a  place 


74  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

on  the  staff  of  the  Nashville  American,  and  eventually  became  editor-in- 
chief.  Later  he  accepted  the  editorship  of  the  Memphis  (Commercial.  He 
took  an  active  part  in  politics,  served  four  years  in  Congress,  and  from 
1901  to  1907  was  United  States  Senator.  Few  men  in  public  life  have 
possessed  more  brilliant  gifts.  Whether  with  his  tongue  or  with  his  pen, 
he  was  a  power  in  debate  and  was  a  master  both  of  argument  and  of 
persuasion.  He  was  a  member  of  the  advisory  council  of  'The  Library 
of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married,  in  1890,  Elizabeth  C.  Dunnington. 
On  retiring  from  the  Senate  he  resumed  journalistic  work  in  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  where  on  November  19,  1908,  he  was  killed  by  Duncan  B.  Cooper, 
in  consequence  of  an  editorial  which  appeared  in  his  paper. 

CARPENTER,  MATTHEW  T.  Poet.  He  resided  for  many  years 
at  Jackson,  Miss.,  and  wrote  'Memories  of  the  Past/  a  volume  of 
verse  (New  York,  Baker  and  Scribner,  1850). 

CARPENTER,  STEPHEN  T.,  author,  was  born  in  England,  and 
before  coming  to  the  United  States  was  distinguished  in  journalism, 
having  reported  the  debates  of  .Parliament.  He  located  in  Charleston, 
S.C.,  about  1803,  where,  in  addition  to  editorial  work,  he  wrote 
'Memoirs  of  Thomas  Jefferson,'  an  interesting  work  in  two  volumes 
(New  York,  1809),  and  'Select  American  Speeches,  Forensic  and 
Parliamentary,  with  Prefatory  Remarks'  (Philadelphia,  181S).  Under 
the  pen-name  of  Donald  Campbell,  he  also  published  an  account  of 
an  'Overland  Journey  to  India'  (London,  1/95;  New  York,  1809). 
He  died  in  1820. 

CARPENTER,  WILLIAM  HENRY.  Author.  [Md.].  He  was 
born  in  1813  and  died  in  1899.  Mr.  Carpenter  wrote  a  'History  of 
Georgia'   and  'The   Regicide's   Daughter,'  besides   minor   works. 

CARR,  LUCIEN,  antiquarian,  was  born  in  Lincoln  County,  Mo., 
December  IS,  1829,  and  was  educated  at  the  University  of  St.  Louis. 
From  1876  to  1894  he  was  assistant  curator  of  the  Peabody  Museum 
of  American  Archeology  and  Ethnology,  at  Cambridge,  Mass.  Be- 
sides sundry  scientific  papers,  he  wrote:  'Missouri,  a  Bone  of  Con- 
tention' (Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Company)  and  'The  Mounds 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley'  (1891). 

CARROLL,  ANNA  ELLA,  writer  on  political  topics,  was  born  in 
Somerset  County,  _Md.,  August  29,  1815.  She  wielded  a  pen  of  mascu- 
line force  and  vigor  and,  in  opposition  to  Senator  Breckenridge's 
speech  on  secession  in  1861,  she  wrote  an  address,  of  which  number- 
less copies  were  printed  by  the  War  Department.  She  also  wrote 
several  other  pamphlets  on  topics  of  the  times.  On  her  advice,  it 
is  said  that  the  plan  of  the  United  States  Government  to  send  a 
fleet  down  the  Mississippi  River  was  abandoned,  and  that  instead,  it 
was  dispatched  to  the  Tennessee  River  with  the  result  that  the  for- 
tunes of  war  were  completely  changed. 

CARROLL,  BENAJAH  HARVEY,  Sr.  Corresponding  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  the  Baptist  Educational  Commission.  He  was  born  at 
Carrollton,  Miss.,  December  27,  1843,  a  son  of  Benajah  Carroll.  He  is 
a  graduate  of  Baylor  University  and  married,  first,  Ellen  Bell  and,  second. 
Hallie  Harrison.  Since  1902  he  has  been  dean  of  the  Theological  Depart- 
ment of  Bavlor  University,  which  institution  has  conferred  upon  him 
the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees.  He  has  made  frequent  contributions  to 
the  religious  press  and  has  published  several  books  and  tracts  (Philadelphia, 
American  Baptist  Publication  Society).    He  resides  in  Waco,  Texas. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         75 

CARROLL,  CHARLES,  of  Carrollton,  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  was  born  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  September  20,  1737, 
and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  November  14,  1832,  at  the  advanced  age 
of  ninety-six,  having  lived  to  be  the  last  survivor  of  the  immortal 
band  who  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  one  of 
the  wealthiest  land-owners  of  Maryland  and  an  ardent  Roman  Catho- 
lic; but  for  the  sake  of  his  oppressed  fellow-countrymen  he  did  not 
hesitate  to  jeopardize  his  vast  property  interests.  Frequent  articles 
which  he  contributed  to  the  public  prints  were  largely  instrumental 
in  preparing  the  Colonies  to  resist  the  arbitrary  exactions  of  the 
crown.  Under  the  Federal  Constitution  he  became  the  first  United 
States  Senator  from  Maryland.  At  his  spacious  and  elegant  home  he 
dispensed  lavish  hospitality  and  kept  an  open  establishment.  His  best 
biography  is  from  the  pen  of  John  H.  B.  Latrobe. 

CARROLL,  JOHN,  Roman  Catholic  Archbishop,  was  born  in 
Upper  Marlborough,  Md.,  in  173S,  and  died  in  Georgetown,  D.C.,  in 
1817.  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton,  the  famous  signer,  was  his 
cousin.  He  was  active  in  the  Colonial  protest  against  British  oppres- 
sion; and  after  the  Revolution,  became  the  first  Bishop  of  Baltimore 
advancing  still  higher  when  Baltimore  was  erected  into  an  Archi- 
episcopal  See.  His  writings,  which  were  mainly  controversial,  include : 
'An  Address  to  the  Roman  Catholics  of  the  United  States  of  America,' 
'A  Precise  View  of  the  Principal  Points  of  Controversy  between  the 
Protestant  and  Roman  Churches,'  'A  Review  of  the  Important  Con- 
troversy between  Dr.  Carroll  and  the  Rev.  Messrs.  Wharton  and 
Hawkins,'  and  'A  Discourse  on  General  Washington.'  St.  John's 
College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

CARTER,  BERNARD  M.  In  1824  there  appeared  in  London  a 
volume  entitled:  'Poems  by  Bernard  M.  Carter,  of  Virginia.'  It  con- 
tains some  classic  touches  but  the  style  of  the  author  is  somewhat  obscure. 
He  pays  tribute  to  his  favorite  characters,  going  back  to  the  time  of 
Pocahontas. 

CARTER,  FELECIANA.  Author.  [La.].  'Pelican  Boys  in 
Gray'  (1900). 

CARTER,  RUSSEL  KELSO,  educator,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  November  19,  1849.  For  several  years  he  taught  the  natural  sciences 
in  the  Military  Academy  at  Chester,  Pa.,  and  later  in  life  became  identified 
with  the  "Holiness"  movement  in  the  Methodist  Church.  Besides  contrib- 
uting to  scientific  journals  the  fruits  of  numerous  original  investigations, 
he  wrote  'The  Miracles  of  Healing,'  'Pastor  Blumhardt'  and  numerous 
tracts.     In  1886  he  began  the  publication  at  Chester,  Pa.,  of  'The  Kingdom." 

CARTER,  ST.  LEGER  LANDON.  Poet.  For  years  he  was  a 
favorite  contributor  to  The  Southern  Literary  Messenger,  covering  a  wide 
range;  but  his  touch  was  always  light  and  fanciful.  He  published,  in 
1844,  a  volume  of  his  verse  entitled:  'Nugae  by  Nugator'  (Baltimore).  It 
also  contained  some  prose  selections.  In  contrast  with  the  sombre  product 
of  the  period,  it  is  refreshing  to  the  traveler  to  encounter  this  little  way- 
side spring. 

CARTER,  WILLIAM  PAGE.  He  published  a  volume  of  138 
pages  entitled:  'Echoes  from  the  Glen'  (New  York,  1904),  which  he  dedi- 
cated to  his  friend,  John  Esten  Cooke.  Some  of  the  best  poems  m  the 
book  are  products  of  the  martial  sentiment,  being  tributes  to  his  war 
comrades. 


76  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

CARTWRIGHT,  PETER,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  Methodism  in 
the  Middle  West,  was  born  in  Amherst  County,  Va.,  September  1,  1785, 
and  died  near  Pleasant  Plains,  111.,  September  25,  1872.  From  the  clutch 
of  dissolute  habits  he  was  marvelously  rescued  to  become  one  of  the 
foremost  preachers  of  the  age,  notwithstanding  an  utter  lack  of  educa- 
tional equipment.  He  was  an  orator  of  wonderful  native  gifts  and 
preached  with  tremendous  power,  especially  at  camp  meetings  and  in 
outdoor  assemblies.  He  opposed  slavery  and  adhered  to  the  Union 
side  after  secession.  He  published  several  •  pam.phlets,  of  which  his 
"Controversy  with  the  Devil"  was  perhaps  the  most  famous ;  and  his  'Auto- 
biography,' edited  by  William  P.  Strickland,  appeared  in  1856  (New  York). 

CARUTHERS,  ELI  W.  Clergyman.  [N.C.].  Besides  a  'Life 
of  Rev.  David  Caldwell,  D.D.'  (1842),  he  published  a  series  of  historical 
papers  on  "Revolutionary  Incidents  in  the  Old  North  State"  (1854-1856). 
He  died  in  1865. 

CARUTHERS,  JEANNETTE.  Poet.  She  lived  at  one  time  in 
Savannah,  Ga.  In  association  with  others,  she  published  a  volume  of 
verse  entitled:  'Fancies,  by  Three  Friends.'  Afteiward  she  became  Mrs. 
Peeples  of  South  Carolina.  One  of  her  poems,  "A  Web  of  Tatting,"  is 
preserved  in  'Songs  of  the  South.' 

CARRUTHERS,  WILLIAM  A.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  II,  page  753. 

CARVER,  WILLIAM  O.  Educator.  Dr.  Carver  holds  an  im- 
portant chair  in  the  Southern  Baptist  Theological  Seminary  at  Louisville, 
Ky.,  and  is  the  author  of  an  inspirational  work  entitled  'Missions  in  the 
Plan  of  the  Ages'  (New  York  and  Chicago,  The  Fleming  H.  Revell  Com- 
pany, 1908). 

CARWILE,  JOHN  BROWN.  Banker.  [S.C.].  Born  in  1825. 
He  published  'Reminiscences  of  Newberry'  (1890). 

CASLER,  JOHN  OVERTON.  Jurist.  He  was  born  in  Frederick 
County,  Va.,  December  1,  1866.  During  the  Civil  War  he  served  in  the 
famous  Stonewall  Brigade  and  participated  in  most  of  the  campaigns  of 
the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  After  the  close  of  hostilities  he  located 
in  Texas  and  later  settled  in  Oklahoma,  where  he  is  now  an  occupant  of 
the  Bench.  Judge  Casler  wrote  'Four  Years  in  the  Stonewall  Brigade' 
(Richmond,  Va.,  The  B.  F.  Johnson  Company,  1893)  and  'Lillian  Stuart, 
the  Heroine  of  the  Rappahannock'  (J6id.,  1899),  a  novel.  He  resides  in 
Oklahoma  City,  Okla. 

CASSELBERRY,  EVANS.  Lawyer.  [Mo.].  He  published  sev- 
eral legal  works,  among  them,  'Spanish  Laws'  and  'Missouri  Land  Laws.' 

CASTELLANOS,  HENRY  C.  Author.  [La.]  He  wrote  'Epi- 
sodes of  Louisiana  Life'   (New  Orleans,  1895). 

CASTLEMAN,  VIRGINIA  CARTER.  Author.  She  was  born 
in  Gaston,  N.C,  August  26,  1864,  the  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Robert  A. 
and  Mary  Lee  Castleman.  She  enjoyed  superior  educational  ad- 
vantages and  is  in  charge  of  the  musical  department  of  Herndon 
Seminary,  a  school  founded  by  her  mother.  She  is  a  writer  of  ex- 
cellent fiction  and  a  contributor  to  various  periodicals,  some  of  her 
best  stories  being  'A  Child  of  the  Covenant,'  'Belmont,'  'Mary  Shel- 
ton,'  'Roger  of  Fairfield,'  and  'The  Long  Shadow.'  She  resides  in 
Herndon,  Va. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         77 

CATHELL,  DANIEL  WEBSTER,  physician,  was  born  in  Worces- 
ter County,  Md.,  November  29,  1839.  For  years  he  has  been  one  of 
the  leading  practitioners  of  Baltimore,  and  besides  numerous  medical 
papers,  has  published  a  work  entitled  'The  Physician  Himself  and  Things 
that  Concern  His  Reputation  and  Success.' 

CAWEIN,  MADISON.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
II,  page  785. 

CHAILLE,  STANFORD  EMERSON,  physician  and  educator,  was 
born  at  Natchez,  Miss.,  July  9,  1830,  and  was  educated  at  Harvard.  He 
was  for  years  dean  of  the  medical  department  of  Tulane  University  at 
New  Orleans.  Besides  minor  works,  he  published  'The  Origin  and  Prog- 
ress of  Medical  Jurisprudence.' 

CHALMERS,  LIONEL.  Physician.  He  was  born  in  Scotland 
in  171S  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  in  1777.  Dr.  Chalmers  was  an 
eminent  practitioner.  For  years  he  recorded  observations  of  the  weather 
in  South  Carolina  and  published  an  interesting  work  based  upon  his  data 
(London,  1776).  He  also  wrote  an  'Essay  on  Fevers'  (Charleston,  1767), 
besides  numerous  medical  papers. 

CHAMBERLAYNE,  CHURCHILL  GIBSON,  educator,  was  born 
in  Richmond,  Va.,  December  23,  1876.  His  father  was  John  Hampden 
Chamberlayne  and  his  mother,  Mary  Walker  Gibson.  He  occupies  the 
chair  of  history  and  English  in  the  Country  School  for  Boys,  near  Balti- 
more, Md.  He  has  published  several  volumes  containing  the  fruit  of 
laborious  researches  into  Virginia  antecedents,  among  them,  'The  Vestry 
Book  and  Register  of  Bristol  Parish,  Virginia,  1720-1789'  (Richmond, 
1898),  two  articles  on  'Colonial  Churches'  (Richmond,  The  Southern 
Churchman  Company,  1907),  'Die  Heirath  Richards  II  von  England  mit 
Anna  von  Luxemberg"  (Halle,  1906),  and  is  also  at  work  on  a  'History  of 
the  Virginia  Parish  in  the  Colonial  Period.'  He  received  the  Ph.D.  degree 
from  Halle.  The  sketch  of  George  William  Bagby  in  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen. 

CHAMBERS,  BETTIE  KEYES,  Mrs.  Writer.  [Texas].  She 
published  a  'Defence  of  the  Women  of  the  South.' 

CHAMBERS,  HENRY  E.,  educator,  was  born  in  New  Orleans, 
La.,  March  28,  1860.  At  the  present  time  he  is  professor  of  English  in  the 
Boys'  High  School  of  New  Orleans.  He  is  the  author  of  several  volumes, 
among  them  a  'School  History  of  the  United  States'  (New  York,  The 
American  Book  Company,  1887),  a  'Higher  History  of  the  United  States' 
(ibid.,  1889),  'Search  Questions  in  American  History'  (New  York,  Univer- 
sity Publishing  Company,  1890),  'Constitutional  History  of  Hawaii'  (Balti- 
more, Johns  Hopkins  Press,  1896),  'West  Florida'  (ibid.,  1898)  and  an 
'Introduction  to  Louisiana  History'  (1896). 

CHAMPIGNY,  CHEVALIER  DE,  French  soldier,  was  stationed 
for  some  time  at  New  Orleans.  In  a  work  entitled  'La  Louisiane  Ensang- 
lantee'  (London,  1773),  he  tells  of  the  suppression  of  the  earliest  American 
revolt,  which  occurred  at  New  Orleans  in  1767.  He  also  wrote  'Etat 
Present  de  la  Louisiane'  (Hague,  1776).     Both  works  are  rare. 

CHANCELLOR,  CHARLES  WILLIAMS,  educator  and  physi- 
cian was  born  in  Spottsylvania  County,  Va.,  February  19,  1833,  and  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  Virginia  and  at  Jefferson  Medical  College. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  served  on  the  staff  of  General  Pickett.  For  several 
years  he  was  professor  of  surgery  and  dean  of  Washington  University, 
Baltimore,  Md.,  and  from  1893  to  1897  he  was  Consul  at  Havre,  France. 


78  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Besides  various  contributions  to  medical  journals,  he  has  published 
'Treatise  on  Mineral  Waters'  and  'The  Climate  of  the  Eastern  Shore  of 
Maryland.' 

CHANCELLOR,  EUSTATHIUS.  Physician.  Dr.  Chancellor  was 
born  at  Chancellorsville,  Va.,  August  29,  1854.  He  began  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  Charlottesville,  Va.,  with  his  father,  but  in  1880  located  in 
St.  Louis,  where  he  soon  stood  in  the  front  of  his  profession.  He  wrote 
'Woman  in  the  Social  Sphere'  and  'The  Pacific  Slope,'  besides  numerous 
medical  papers. 

CHANDLER,  AUGUSTUS  B.  Author.  [Miss.].  Born  in  1839. 
Besides  stories  and  sketches,  he  published  a  number  of  poems. 

CHANDLER,  DANIEL.  He  was  born  in  1805  and  died  in  1866. 
He  delivered  an  address  before  the  Deraosthenian  and  Phi  Kappa 
societies  of  the  University  of  Georgia  in  1835,  on  "Female  Educaton" 
which  is  said  to  have  inspired  the  founding  of  the  first  female  col- 
lege ever  chartered.  The  address  was  widely  circulated;  and,  in  re- 
sponse to  the  appeal  which  it  sounded,  Wesleyan  Female  College, 
at  Macon,  Ga.,  sprang  into  existence  in  1839. 

CHANDLER,  JULIAN  ALVIN  CARROLL,  editor  and  educator, 
was  born  in  Caroline  County,  Va.,  October  29,  1872.  After  completing 
his  studies  at  historic  old  William  and  Mary  College,  he  attended  lectures 
at  Johns  Hopkins.  He  taught  for  several  years  in  various  schools  and 
colleges;  assumed,  in  1904,  the  editorship  of  Silver,  Burdett  and  Com- 
pany's standard  publications ;  and  holds  at  present  the  chair  of  history  and 
political  science  in  Richmond  College.  He  is  a  writer  of  rare  gifts  and  a 
scholar  of  exceptional  attainments.  Included  among  his  published  works 
are:  'Represeritation  in  Virginia'  (Baltimore,  The  Johns  Hopkins  Press, 
1896),  'The  History  of  Suffrage  in  Virginia'  (ibid.,  1899),  'The  Geography 
of  Virginia,'  in  joint  authorship  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company, 
1902),  'The  Makers  of  Virginia  History'  (New  York  and  Boston,  Silver, 
Burdett  and  Company,  1904),  and  'The  Makers  of  American  History,'  in 
joint  authorship  (ibid.,  1904).  The  sketch  of  Captain  John  Smith  in  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature'  was  also  written  by  Dr.  Chandler.  He 
resides  in  New  York.  The  degree  of  Ph.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by 
Johns  Hopkins,  and  the  degree  of  LL.D.,  by  Richmond  College.  He  was 
director  of  history  and  education  at  the  Jamestown  Exposition. 

CHAPEAU,  ELLEN  CHAZEL.  Dramatic  writer.  She  was  born 
in  Charleston,  S.C,  July  6,  1844,  a  daughter  of  Pierre  Auguste  and 
Ellen  Austin  Chazel.  She  was  educated  at  the  Convent  of  the  Sa- 
cred Heart,  in  New  York  City,  and  married  Thomas  T.  Chapeau. 
Under  the  pen-name  of  ''Esperance"  she  has  contributed  numerous 
short  stories  to  the  magazines.  Besides  a  meritorious  work  of  fiction, 
which  appeared  in  1901,  entitled  'Under  the  Darkness  of  the  Night' 
(Washington,  D.C.,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company),  she  has  written 
several  plays,  including:  "Madame  la  Marquise'  and  "Katherine  Wal- 
ton."    She  resides  in  Savannah,  Ga. 

CHAPELLE,  PLACIDE  LOUIS.  Archbishop  of  New  Orleans. 
He  published  '  The  Writings  and  Influence  of  the  Fathers  of  the  Church' 
(Washington,  188S). 

CHAPIN.  SALLIE  F.  Novelist.  [S.C]  She  wrote  two  enter- 
taining stories  of  the  Civil  War  period  in  the  South,  entitled  'Fitzhugh 
St.  Clair'  and  'The  South  Carolina  Rebel  Boy'  (1873),  both  of  which  were 
widely  read. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS         79 

CHAPMAN,  A.  W.  Physician.  [Fla.]  He  published  an  import- 
ant botanical  work  on  '  The  Flora  of  the  Southern  States,'  which  first 
appeared  in  1860.  Another  edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  was  issued  in 
1896. 

CHAPMAN,  JOHN  A.  Educator.  [S.C.].  He  wrote  'Within 
the  Vale,'  a  volume  of  verse;  a  'History  of  South  Carolina,'  a  'History 
of  Edgefield  County'  and  'Annals  of  Newberry,'  besides  other  minor  works. 
He  also  assisted  in  the  compilation  of  Stephens'  'History  of  the  United 
States.' 

CHAPMAN.  KATHARINE  HOPKINS.  Author.  She  wrote  a 
novel  entitled  '  Love's  Way  in  Dixie'  (Washington  and  New  York,  The 
Neale  Publishing  Company,  1906).  The  portraiture  which  it  gives  of 
Southern  life  is  well  drawn. 

CHAPMAN,  NATHANIEL,  physician,  was  born  at  Summer  Hill, 
Va.,  May  28,  1780,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  1,  1853.  After 
graduation  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  he  studied  abroad.  He 
became  an  eminent  practitioner  of  Philadelphia;  and,  for  more  than 
thirty  years,  taught  in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. He  was  also  the  first  president  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. His  published  works  include:  'Selected  Speeches'  (Philadelphia, 
1808),  'Elements  of  Therapeutics  and  Materia  Medica'  (1828),  and  two 
volumes  of  'Lectures,'  a  compendium  to  which  was  published  by  Dr.  N.  D. 
Benedict. 

CHAPPELL,  ABSALOM  HARRIS.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in 
Hancock  County,  Ga.,  December  18,  1801,  and  was  educated  at  the 
famous  Mount  Zion  Academy,  taught  by  Dr.  Beman;  and  afterward 
studied  law.  He  became  one  of  the  foremost  members  of  the  Geor- 
gia Bar;  took  an  influential  part  in  State  politics,  and  represented  his 
district  in  Congress.  He  married,  May  31,  1842j  Loretta  Rebecca 
Lamar,  daughter  of  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  Sr.  He  was  the  author  of  'Mis- 
cellanies of  Georgia,  Historical,  Biographical,  Descriptive,'  an  im- 
portant work  which  was  published  in  1874.  The  few  copies  of  this 
book  which  are  still  extant  are  very  highly  prized.  He  died  at  his 
home,  in  Columbus,  Ga.,  December  11,   1878. 

CHAPPELL,  J.  HARRIS.  Educator.  He  was  born  at  Macon, 
Ga.,  October  18,  1849,  and  died  at  Columbus,  Ga.,  April  6,  1906.  He  was 
a  son  of  Absalom  H.  and  Loretta  Lamar  Chappell  and  married,  in  1883, 
Carrie  Brown.  He  was  for  several  years  president  of  the  Georgia  Normal 
and  Industrial  College,  at  Milledgeville ;  and  the  success  of  this  splendid 
school  is  due  largely  to  the  initial  impetus  which  it  derived  from  the 
heart  and  brain  of  this  devoted  man.  His  published  works  are ;  'Georgia 
History  Stories'  (1905),  an  exquisite  collection,  and  'Baccalaureate  Ad- 
dresses' (1906).  He  was  also  the  author  of  an  entertaining  lecture  on 
"Stonewall  Jackson." 

CHARLEVOIX,  PIERRE  FRANCOIS  XAVIER  DE.  French 
traveler.  He  was  born  in  1682  and  died  in  176L  He  spent  some  tirne  in 
New  Orleans  and  wrote  the  first  detailed  account  of  Louisiana  entitled, 
'Histoire  et  Description  Generale  de  la  Nouvelle  France,'  in  six  volumes 
(Paris,  1744).  The  work  was  published  in  English  by  John  Gilmary  Shea 
(New  York,  1865-1872). 

CHARLTON,  ROBERT  MILLEDGE,  jurist,  lawyer,  poet,  was 
born  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  January  19,  1807.  His  father  was  Thomas  U.  P. 
and  his  mother  Emily  Walter  Charlton.  On  completing  his  education 
he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  and  rose  rapidly  to  the  front,  becoming  United 
States  District  Attorney,  Superior  Court  Judge  of  the  Eastern  Circuit,  and 


80  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

United  States  Senator,  besides  serving  in  the  State  Legislature  and  being 
three  times  elected  mayor  of  Savarmah.  His  literary  gifts  were  of  very 
high  order;  and,  in  addition  to  writing  for  the  Knickerbocker  Magazine 
an  interesting  series  of  sketches,  descriptive  of  coast  life,  entitled :  "Leaves 
from  the  Portfolio  of  a  Georgian  Lawyer,"  he  published,  in  1839,  a  volume 
of  'Poems'  (Boston,  1842),  which  contained  several  beautiful  fragments 
from  the  pen  of  his  brother.  Dr.  T.  J.  Charlton ;  and  another  edition  of 
this  work  was  published  in  1842,  with  some  prose  additions.  He  married, 
in  1829,  Margaret  Shick.  Perhaps  the  best-known  poem  of  this  gifted 
Georgian  is  his  thrilling  historical  ballad  entitled :  "The  Death  of  Jasper." 
He  died  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  January  18,  18S4. 

CHARLTON,  THOMAS  USHER  PULASKI,  jurist  and  lawyer, 
was  born  near  Camden,  S.C.,  in  1781,  the  son  of  Dr.  Thomas  Charl- 
ton, of  Frederick,  Md.,  and  Lucy  Kenan.  He  located  in  Savannah, 
Ga. ;  and,  before  attaining  his  twentieth  year,  he  represented  his  county 
in  the  Legislature  of  Georgia.  He  became  Attorney-general  and 
Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  the  Eastern  Circuit  and  was  six  times 
mayor  of  Savannah.  His  first  wife  (1803)  was  Emily,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Walter,  the  author  of  'Flora  Caroliniana,'  which  was  the  pioneer  work  on 
Southern  botany;  and  his  second  wife  (1813)  was  Ellen  Glasco.  He  was 
the  author  of  'The  Life  of  Major-general  James  Jackson,'  a  work  of  rare 
interest  and  value  (Augusta,  Ga.,  George  F.  Randolph  and  Company,  1809). 
He  died  at  Savannah,  November  20,  183S. 

CHARLTON,  WALTER  GLASCO,  jurist  and  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Savannah,  Ga.,  June  S,  1854.  His  father  was  Robert- Milledge  Charlton 
and  his  mother,  Margaret  Shick.  Inheriting  from  his  paternal  ancestors 
a  legal  cast  of  mind,  he  was  duly  admitted  to  the  Bar;  and  from  the 
office  of  solicitor-general  he  rose  to  the  Bench,  becoming  twice  Superior 
Court  Judge  of  the  Eastern  Circuit,  an  office  which  he  still  ably  fills.  On 
February  11,  1874,  he  married  Mary  Walton,  daughter  of  Richard  Malcolm 
Johnstoa  He  wields  an  accomplished  pen;  and,  in  addition  to  some  very 
graceful  occasional  poems,  he  is  the  author  of  several  historical  mono- 
graphs and  pamphlets,  among  them :  'The  Making  of  Georgia'  and  'Ogle- 
thorpe,' the  substance  of  the  latter  being  contained  in  an  address  which  he 
delivered  by  invitation  before  the  Legislature  of  the  Commonwealth.  The 
sketch  of  Richard  Malcolm  Johnston  in  '  The  Library  of  Southern  Litera- 
ture' is  from  the  pen  of  Judge  Charlton. 

CHASE,  LUCIEN  B.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Vermont,  August  14, 
1817,  but  located  in  Tennessee,  from  which  state  he  served  in  Congress 
from  1845  to  1849.  He  wrote  a  'History  of  the  Polk  Administration'  (New 
York,  1850).     He  died  in  Tennessee,  December  14,  1864. 

CHATTERTON,  A.  Poet.  He  published  in  1787  at  Baltimore  a 
volume  entitled :  'Buds  of  Beauty,'  but  no  further  trace  or  record  of 
him  can  be  found. 

CHAUDRON,  LOUIS  DE  VENDEL.  Writer.  He  published 
'Madame  la  Marquise'   (1892),  and  other  comedies. 

CHAZEY,  E.  LIGERET  DE,  Madame.  Author.  She  wrote  a 
volume  entitled  'Les  Creoles'  (New  Orleans,  1855). 

CHAUDRON,  ADELAIDE  DE  VONDEL,  Mrs.  Author  of 
a  series  of  school  readers  and  translator  of  several  works  from  the 
German,  including  some  of  Miihlbach's  novels. 

CHEESBOROUGH,  E.  B.  Author.  [N.C.].  He  published  a 
work,  in  two  volumes,  entitled  'The  Land  We  Love,'  which  is  full  of 
varied  information  concerning  the  South. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   O?  AUTHORS         8l 

CHEEVES,  E.  W.  FOOTE,  Mrs.,  author,  was  born  in  Virginia. 

It  was  not  until  after  the  death  of  her  husband  that,  being  defrauded  of 
the  handsome  property  which  was  her  rightful  inheritance,  she  began  to 
turn  her  literary  gifts  to  account.  Her  only  published  work  is  entitled : 
'Sketches  in  Prose  and  Verse'  (Baltimore,  1849).  She  was  related  to  the 
family  of  Washington. 

CHEEVES,  LANGDON,  juriat  and  statesman,  was  born  at  Rocky 
River,  S.C.,  September  17,  1776,  and  died  in  Columbia,  S.C,  June  25,  18S7. 
For  many  years  he  represented  his  district  in  Congress  and  succeeded 
Henry  Clay  in  the  Speakership.  As  an  orator  he  possessed  unusual  polish. 
Washington  Irving,  who  was  greatly  impressed  by  his  learning  and  elo- 
quence said  that  he  gave  him  for  the  iirst  time  an  idea  of  the  manner  in 
which  the  Greek  and  Roman  orators  must  have  spoken.  As  an  advocate 
at  the  Bar  he  possessed  few  equals;  and  he  also  at  one  time  held  judicial 
position.  He  opposed  nullification,  but  favored  secession.  The  last  years 
of  his  life  were  spent  in  retirement  on  his  plantation.  He  wrote  occa- 
sional essays  and  reviews.  Some  of  his  speeches  have  been  preserved  in 
the  debates  of  Congress, 

CHESHIRE,  JOSEPH  BLOUNT.  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop 
of  North  Carolina.  He  was  born  at  Tarboro,  N.C.,  March  27,  1850,  the  son 
of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Blount  and  Elizabeth  Toole  Parker  Cheshire.  He  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Hartford,  Conn.,  at  the  University  of  North 
Carolina,  and  at  the  University  of  the  South.  He  practiced  law  for  six 
years,  but  was  ordained  deacon  in  1878,  priest  in  1880,  and  bishop  in  1893. 
He  is  the  author  of  numerous  articles  and  addresses  on  religious  subjects. 
Both  the  University  of  the  South  and  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
have  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  D.D.     He  resides  in  Raleigh,  N.C. 

CHESTNUT,  MARY  BOYKIN.  [S.C.].  The  author  of  'A  Diary 
from  Dixie,'  edited  by  Isabella  D.  Martin  and  Myrta  Lockett  Avary  (New 
York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company,  1905).  Mrs.  Chestnut  was  the  widow 
of  James  Chestnut,  Jr.,  who  was  United  States  Senator  from  South  Caro- 
lina from  1859  to  1861,  an  aide  on  the  staff  of  Jefferson  Davis,  and  after- 
ward Confederate  brigadier-general. 

CHILD,    JACOB.      Editor.      [Mo.].      He    wrote    'The    Pearl    of 

Asia'  (1892). 

CHITTENDEN,  WILLIAM  LAWRENCE.  See  Biographical 
and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  II,  page  823. 

CHIVERS,  THOMAS  HOLLEY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  II,  page  845. 

CHOPIN,  KATE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
II,  page  863. 

CHOUTEAU,  AUGUSTS.  Pioneer.  With  his  younger  brother 
Pierre,  he  founded  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  and  his  manuscripts  are  in  the 
custody  of  the  St.  Louis  Mercantile  Library,  by  which  institution  they 
are  kept  under  strict  guard.  He  was  born  in  New  Orleans  in  1739  and 
died  in  St.  Louis  in  1829,  having  reached  the  patriarchal  age  of  ninety 
years. 

CHRISTIAN,  C.  RUSSELL.  From  the  pen  of  this  author  there 
appeared  at  Huntington,  W.Va.,  in  1885,  a  volume  of  verse  entitled :  'The 
Mountain  Bard.' 

CHRISTIAN,  GEORGE  LLEWELLYN.  Lawyer.  He  was  born 
in  Charles  City  County,  Va.,  April  13,  1841,  a  son  of  Edmund  Thomas 


82  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

and  Tabitha  Rebecca  Christian.  He  was  educated  at  Northwood 
Academy,  entered  the  Confederate  Army  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
war,  and  was  wounded  at  the  "bloody  angle,"  Spottsylvania  Court 
House.  He  was  prepared  for  admission  to  the  Bar  at  the  Law  School 
of  the  University  of  Virginia;  married,  first,  Ida  Morris  and,  second 
Emma  Christian;  and  was  judge  of  the  Hustings  Court  of  Richmond 
from  1878  to  1883.  Later  he  became  president  of  the  Richmond  Bar 
Association,  president  of  the  City  Council,  president  of  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  president  of  the  National  Bank  of  Virginia,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  State  Insurance  Company  of  Richmond.  As  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  history  of  the  Grand  Camp  of  Confederate  Veterans 
of  Virginia,  he  has  published  numerous  pamphlet  reports  upon  the  origin 
and  history  of  the  Civil  War.  He  has  also  edited  the  Virginia  Law 
Journal.  For  years  past  he  has  been  an  influential  member  of  the 
Southern  Historical  Society.     He  resides  in  Richmond,  Va. 

CHRISTIAN,  JOHN  TYLER.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Ky.].  His 
publications  are  mainly  controversial,  including:  'Immersion'  (1891), 
'Close  Communion'  (1892),  'Four  Theories  of  Church  Government'  (1893), 
'Heathen  and  Infidel  Testimonies  to  Jesus  Christ'  (1894),  'Americanism 
or  Romanism,  Which?'  (1895),  and  'Did  They  Dip?'   (1896). 

CHRISTY,  GEORGE  W.  Poet.  [La.].  He  wrote  'The  Cricket 
and  Other  Poems'  (1850). 

CHRISTY,  WILLIAM.  Lawyer.  [La.].  He  published  a  'Digest 
of  the  Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Louisiana'  (New  Orleans,  1^5). 

CHURCHILL,  WINSTON.  Author.  Though  not  usually  in- 
cluded among  Southern  authors,  he  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  November 
10,  1871.  His  father  was  Edward  Spalding  Churchill  and  his  mother, 
Emma  Belle  Blaine.  He  was  educated  at  Annapolis  for  the  career  of  a 
naval  officer,  but  he  relinquished  the  sea  to  engage  in  literary  pursuits. 
His  works  which  have  placed  him  among  the  foremost  writers  of  present- 
day  fiction  include:  'The  Celebrity'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Com- 
pany), 'Richard  Carvel'  (ibid.),  'The  Crisis'  (ibid.),  'Mr.  Keegan's  Elope- 
ment' (ibid.),  'The  Crossing'  (ibid.),  'Coniston'  (ibid.),  and  'The  Title 
Mart:  A  Comedy'  (ibid.).  Besides,  he  has  also  been  a  contributor  of 
short  stories  to  the  magazines.  For  two  terms  he  served  in  the  Legisla- 
ture of  New  Hampshire.  He  married,  October  22,  1895,  Mabel  H.  Hall. 
His  residence  is  Cornish,  N.H.,  but  his  postoffice,  Windsor,  Vt. 

CLACK,  MARIE  LOUISE.  Author.  [La.].  She  published  a 
volume  of  war-time  adventures  entitled  'Our  Refugee  Household'  (New 
Orleans,  1866),  and  a  child's  story  entitled  'General  Lee  and  Santa  Claus.' 

CLAIBORNE,  F.  Writer.  [La.].  He  published  a  work  entitled 
'The  Muse,  Including  Occasional  Poems  and  a  Tale,  the  Rebel,  by  Him- 
self (1878). 

CLAIBORNE,  JOHN  FRANCIS  HAMTRAMCK.  See  Biograph- 
ical and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  11,  page  891. 

CLAIBORNE,  JOHN  HERBERT.  Physician.  [Va.].  The 
author  of  an  entertaining  volume  of  personal  recollections  entitled  'Seven- 
ty-five Years  in  Old  Virginia'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale 
Publishing  Company,  1907). 

CLAIBORNE,  MARTHA  J.,  Mrs.,  poet,  was  born  in  Virginia 
and  published  a  volume  entitled :  'Hawthorne  Leaves,'  which  contains  a 
collection  of  some  three  hundred  poems,  several  of  which  are  above  the 
average  in  merit. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         83 

CLAIBORNE,  NATHANIEL  HERBERT.  Lawyer  and  soldier. 
He  was  born  in  1777  and  died  in  1859.  He  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Virginia  and  wrote  'Notes  on  the  War  in  the  South,' 
giving  biographical  sketches  of  the  principal  leaders. 

CLAPP,  THEODORE,  clergyman,  was  born  at  Easthampton, 
Mass.,  March  28,  1792,  and  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  May  17,  1866.  He  was 
a  graduate  of  Yale  and  preached  for  more  than  thirty-five  years  in  New 
Orleans,  finally  turning  from  the  Presbyterian  to  the  Unitarian  faith. 
He  published  'Autobiographical  Sketches  and  Recollections  During  Thirty- 
five  Years*  Residence  in  New  Orleans'  (Boston,  1859),  besides  theological 
works. 

CLARK,  CHAMP,  Congressman  and  lawyer,  was  born  at  Law- 
renceburg,  Ky.,  March  7,  1850.  His  father  was  John  Hampton  Clark  and 
his  mother,  Aletha  Jane  Beauchamp.  After  graduating  from  the  Cincin- 
nati Law  School,  he  located  in  Missouri,  for  the  practice  of  his  profession, 
became  prominent  at  the  Bar  and  in  politics,  due  to  his  unusual  gifts  as  an 
advocate,  and  in  1893  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a  Democrat.  He  is  the 
leader  of  the  minority  forces  in  the  House,  a  parliamentarian  and  a  de- 
bater of  recognized  abilities.  On  the  lecture  platform  he  has  also  attained 
signal  success.  He  wrote  the  preface  to  'Jefferson's  Complete  Works," 
published  by  the  Jefferson  Memorial  Association  (1902)),  a  chapter  in 
Dr.  Cook's  'Old  Kentucky'  (1908),  "Missouri  from  1820  to  1869,"  for  'The 
South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,'  and  the  sketch  of  Thomas  H.  Benton 
in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  was  also  one  of  the  associate 
editors  of  Modern  Eloqwence.  He  married,  December  14,  1881,  Genevieve 
Bennett.    He  resides  at  Bowling  Green,  Mo.,  and  holds  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

CLARK,  CHARLES  HEBER,  editor,  was  born  in  Berlin,  Md., 
July  11,  1841,  and,  on  completing  his  education,  engaged  in  journalism. 
At  present  he  is  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Textile  Record,  published 
in  Philadelphia.  Besides  numerous  articles  on  economic  subjects,  he  has 
written  several  works  of  fiction,  among  them,  'Out  of  the  HuTly_  Burly,' 
'Elbow  Room,'  'Fortunate  Island,'  and  other  stories.  He  resides  at 
Conshohocken.  Pa. 

CLARK,  DANIEL,  author,  was  born  in  1766  and  died  in  1813. 
For  some  time  he  resided  in  the  South  and  wrote :  'Proofs  of  the  Corrup- 
tion of  General  James  Wilkinson  and  of  his  Connection  with  Aaron  Burr, 
with  a  Full  Refutation  of  His  Slanderous  Allegations  in  Relation  to  the 
Principal  Witness  Against  Him'  (Philadelphia,  1809). 

CLARK,  JAMES  G.  Professor  of  mathematics  at  William  Jewell 
College.  He  was  born  in  the  State  of  Virginia  and  was  educated  at 
the  University  of  Virginia.  He  was  called  to  his  present  chair  in 
1873.  He  married,  first,  Jennie  Hume  and,  second,  Kate  Mason 
Morfit.  Prof.  Clark  is  the  author  of  'Elements  of  the  Infinitesimal  Cal- 
culus' and  'History  of  William  Jewell  College.'  He  resides  in  Liberty, 
Mo. 

CLARK,  JAMES  O.  A.  Methodist  clergyman.  [Ga.].  He  pub- 
lished 'Elijah  Vindicated'  (Nashville,  The  M.E.  Publishing  House,  South, 
1886),  a  work  of  power,  'The  Camp  Meeting  at  Troas,'  and  'The  Wesley 
Volume.'  He  died  September  4,  1894.  He  held  the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D. 
degrees. 

CLARK,  PEYTON  NEALE.  [Va.].  He  published  a  work  of 
much  interest  to  genealogists  entitled  'Old  King  William  Homes  and 
Families'  (1897). 


84  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

CLARK,  RICHARD  H.,  jurist,  was  born  at  SpritiRfield,  Ga.,  March 
24,  1824.  He  studied  law,  served  in  the  State  Senate,  codified  the  laws 
of  Georgia  in  association  with  Thomas  R.  R.  Cobb  and  David  Irwin,  and 
for  years  occupied  a  seat  on  the  Superior  Court  Bench.  No  man  of  his 
day  in  Georgia  was  more  familiar  with  the  history  of  the  State,  or  with 
the  genealogy  and  relationship  of  individuals;  and  at  leisure  intervals  he 
contributed  to  the  press  many  delightful  sketches.  Some  of  his  literary 
fragments  have  been  preserved  in  'Memoirs  of  Judge  Richard  H.  Clark.' 
compiled  by  Mrs.  LoUie  Belle  Wylie. 

CLARK,  THOMAS  H.  Lawyer.  [Ala.].  He  wrote  a  volume  en- 
titled 'Scenes  in  Alabama'  (1895). 

CLARK,  WALTER.  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  North 
Carolina.  He  was  born  in  Halifax  County,  N.C.,  August  19,  1846,  the  son  of 
David  and  Anna  M.  Thorne  Oark,  and  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
North  Carolina.  He  married,  January  28,  1874,  Susan  W.  Graham,  daugh- 
ter of  W.  A.  Graham,  governor,  United  States  Senator  and  Secretary  of 
the  Navy.  He  was  made  a  lieutenant-colonel  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  the 
youngest  officer  of  this  rank  on  either  side  in  the  Civil  War.  He  was  on 
the  Superior  Court  Bench  from  1885  to  1889;  Associate  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  from  1889  to  1892,  and  was  made  Chief  Justice  m 
1903,  after  a  period  of  retirement.  He  is  the  author  of  an  "Annotated 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure'  and  translated  from  the  French,  Constant's 
'Memoirs  of  Napoleon'  (Springfield,  Mass.,  G.  and  C.  Merriam).  He 
compiled  and  edited  seventeen  volumes  of  North  Carolina  State  Records; 
also  'Histories  of  North  Carolina  Regiments,'  in  five  volumes.  The  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  resides  in 
Raleigh,  N.C. 

CLARK,  WALTER  A.  Public  official  and  writer.  He  was  born 
in  Brothersville,  Richmond  County,  Ga.,  March  5,  1842,  served  in 
the  Confederate  Army,  as  a  member  of  the  famous  Oglethorpe 
Infantry,  and  married,  October  24,  1880,  Sarah  E.  Rheney.  His  writ- 
ings include:  'Under  the  Stars  and  Bars'  (1900),  an  account  of  the 
adventures  of  the  Oglethorpes  from  1861  to  1865,  'A  Lost  Arcadia,  or 
the  Story  of  Old-Time  Brothersville'  (1909),  perhaps  the  first  dis- 
tinctive effort  ever  made  to  preserve  the  annals  of  a  rural  community 
in  this  section;  and  'Pen  Pictures  of  the  Old  South.'  He  is  also  the 
author  of  some  exquisite  bits  of  verse,  among  the  best  known  being: 
"After  the  Battle,"  "The  Charge  of  the  Boy  Cadets,"  "Pat  Cleburne's 
Truce  at  Kennesaw,"  "The  Angel  of  Marye's  Heights,"  "The  Gamin's 
Prayer,"  and  many  others.  He  is  treasurer  and  auditor  of  Richmond 
County  and  resides  in  Augusta,  Ga. 

CLARK,  WILLIS  GAYLORD.  Educator.  [Ala.].  He  was  born 
in  1827,  and  wrote  a  'History  of  Education  in  Alabama'  (1889),  in  which 
he  traces  the  development  of  schools  from  the  territorial  days. 

CLARKE,  JOHN  ARCHER,  lawyer  and  poet,  was  a  resident  of 
Charles  City  County,  Va.  One  of  his  poems  addressed  "To  Mary"  is 
preserved  in  'Songs  of  the  South.'    He  died  in  1862  at  the  age  of  thirty. 

CLARKE,  J.  MATT.  [Tenn.].  The  author  of  a  story  entitled 
'Louella  Blassingame'  (1903). 

CLARKE,  JENNIE  THORNLEY.  Educator.  [Ga.].  She  com- 
piled an  exquisite  collection  of  verse  entitled  'Songs  of  the  South'  (1897). 

CLARKE,  KATE  UPSON,  Mrs.  Writer.  [Ala.].  Born  in  1851. 
She  wrote  a  novel  entitled  'That  Mary  Anne,'  besides  a  number  of  minor 
publications. 


BIOGRAPHICAL    DICTIONARY    OF   AUTHORS         85 

CLARKE,  MARY  BAYARD.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  II,  page  91S. 

CLARKSON,  HENRY  MAZYCK,  physician  and  poet.  This 
cultured  man  of  letters  published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled :  'Songs  of 
Love  and  War'  (Manassas,  Va.,  Manassas  Journal  Press,  1898).  It  is 
far  above  the  average  production  of  the  day,  both  in  metrical  skill  and 
in  imaginative  power.    The  author  touches  a  number  of  variant  chords. 

CLAY,  ALEXANDER  STEPHENS,  United  States  Senator,  was 
born  in  Cobb  County,  Ga.,  September  25,  18S3.  After  graduating  from 
Hiawassee  College,  he  taught  school  for  two  years,  studied  law,  became 
speaker  of  the  House  and  president  of  the  Senate  of  Georgia,  and  in  1897 
took  his  seat  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  a  position  to  which  he  has 
twice  been  reelected  as  a  Democrat.  He  is  an  eloquent  and  earnest  public 
speaker,  a  student  of  governmental  problems,  and  occasionally  a  contribu- 
tor to  periodicals. 

CLAY,  CASSIUS  MARCELLUS,  lawyer,  soldier,  diplomat,  was 
bom  in  Madison  County,  Ky.,  October  19,  1810.  On  account  of  his  strong 
abolition  sentiments  he  supported  Lincoln  in  1861.  He  relinquished  the 
mission  to  Russia  to  become  major-general  of  volunteers,  but  was  subse- 
quently returned  to  St.  P'etersburg.  After  the  war  he  affiliated  chiefly 
with  the  Democrats.  Besides  a  volume  of  his  speeches,  which  was  edited 
by  Horace  Greeley  in  1848,  he  published,  in  two  volumes,  'The  Life 
Memoirs,  Writings  and  Speeches  of  Cassius  M.  Clay'  (Cincinnati,  1886). 
He  died  in  1903. 

CLAY,  CLEMENT  CLAIBORNE.  United  States  Senator.  He 
was  born  in  Huntsville,  Ala.,  in  1816.  For  two  years  he  was  Judge  of 
the  Madison  County  Court,  and  from  1853  to  1861  he  represented 
Alabama  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  relinquishing  his  com- 
mission when  his  State  seceded.  He  then  took  his  seat  in  the 
Confederate  Congress.  Besides  a  number  of  speeches  preserved  in 
the  Congressional  Globe,  he  delivered  an  address  in  1855  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Alabama  on  "The  Love  of  Truth  for  its  Own  Sake,"  which 
was  printed  in  pamphlet  form.     He  died  in  1882. 

CLAY,  CLEMENT  COMER,  statesman,  was  born  in  Halifax 
County,  Va.,  December  17,  1789,  and  died  in  Huntsville,  Ala.,  September 
9,  1866.  He  was  at  different  times  Congressman,  Governor  and  United 
States  Senator.  As  an  orator  he  took  high  rank.  He  codified  the  laws  of 
the  State  of  Alabama. 

CLAY,  HENRY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  Ill, 
page  937. 

CLAY,  MARY  ROGERS.  She  wrote  an  interesting  'Genealogy 
of  the  Clays.'  It  was  published  in  1899,  by  the  Filson  Club  of  Louisville, 
in  a  volume  which  is  introduced  with  a  sketch  of  Henry  Clay's  mother,  by 
Z.  F.   Smith.     Several  handsome  portraits  illuminate  the  work. 

CLAY-CLOPTON,  VIRGINIA  CAROLINA,  author,  was  born  in 
Nash  County,  N.C.,  in  1825,  and  was  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Peyton  Randolph 
Tunstall  and  Anne  Arrington.  Twice  married,  her  first  husband  was 
Clement  Claiborne  Clay,  United  States  Senator  from  Alabama,  and  her 
second  husband,  Judge  David  Clopton.  When  Senator  Clay  was  im- 
prisoned at  Fortress  Monroe  in  1865  with  Jefferson  Davis,  she  secured  his 
release  by  dint  of  her  own  persevering  efforts.  She  wrote  a  volume  en- 
titled: 'Memories  of  Mrs.  Clay  of  Alabama,  or,  A  Belle  of  the  Fifties,' 
in  which  she  interestingly  portrays  the  social  life  of  an  eventful  epoch, 


86  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

CLAYTON,  ALEXANDER  M.,  jurist  and  lawyer,  was  for  many 
years  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  in  Mississippi  and  lived  to  be  nearly 
ninety  years  of  age,  dying  in  1889.  His  address  delivered  at  Holly  Springs 
on  the  early  history  of  Marshall  County  throws  important  light  on  the 
primitive  antecedents  of  the  commonwealth. 

CLAYTON,  AUGUSTIN  SMITH,  jurist,  was  born  in  Fredericks- 
burg, Va.,  November  27,  1783,  and  died  in  Athens,  Ga.,  June  31,  1839.  He 
was  educated  at  Franklin  College,  afterward  the  State  University,  chose 
the  legal  profession  and  for  many  years  was  a  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court.  From_  1831  to  1835  he  served  in  Congress.  Besides  a  pamphlet  of 
200  pages,  written  in  the  vein  of  satire,  entitled  'The  Mysterious  Picture  by 
Wrangham  Fitz-ramble,'  he  published  'Georgia  Justice,'  and  was  also  the 
reputed  author  of  'Crockett's  Life  of  Van  Buren.' 

CLAYTON,  JOHN,  botanist,  was  born  in  Fulham,  England,  in 
1686,  but  emigrated  with  his  father  to  Virginia  and  became  an 
enthusiastic  devotee  of  the  natural  sciences,  making  numerous  dis- 
coveries of  very  great  value  and  contributing  frequent  papers  to  the 
scientific  journals.  He  died  December  15,  1773.  Two  volumes  in  manu- 
script were  left  behind  at  his  death ;  but,  when  ready  for  the  press,  they 
were  unfortunately  burned.  However,  several  of  his  productions,  dealing 
with  the  flora  of  Virginia,  have  been  preserved  in  the  'Philosophical 
Transactions.' 

CLAYTON,  VIRGINIA  y.  Author.  [Ala.].  She  wrote  a  work 
of  much  interest,  portraying  life  in  the  ante-bellum  days,  entitled  'Black 
and  White  under  the  Old  Regime'  (Milwaukee,  Wis.,  The  Young  Church- 
man Company,  1899).  She  was  the  widow  of  the  late  General  Henry  D. 
Clayton,  one  of  Alabama's  most  distinguished  sons. 

CLAYTOR,  GRAHAM,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born  in  Bedford 
County,  Va.  Equipped  for  the  Bar,  he  advanced  rapidly  to  the  front ;  and, 
after  serving  in  the  State  Senate,  he  became  attorney  for  the  Common- 
wealth. But  he  was  not  too  deeply  engrossed  in  professional  affairs  to 
ignore  the  claims  of  literature.  His  powers  both  of  imagination  and  of 
expression  were  unusual,  and  besides  two  interesting  novels,  'Pleasant 
Waters'  and  'Wheat  and  Tares,'  he  published  a  volume  of  verse :  'Otter- 
dale;  or  Pen- Pictures  of  Farm  Life'  (Richmond,  1885). 

CLELAND,  JOHN.  [Va.].  He  was  born  in  1709  and  died  in 
1789,  and  published  'Tombo-Chiqui'  (1758).  His  father.  Colonel  Cleland, 
wrote  for  The  Spectator  under  the  name  of  "Will  Honeycomb." 

CLELAND,  THOMAS,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Fairfax  County, 
Va.,  May  22,  1778;  but,  removing  to  the  pioneer  belt  of  Kentucky,  he 
became  an  eminent  Presbyterian  minister  of  the  Blue  Grass  region. 
Besides  compiling  a  hymn-book,  he  wrote  numerous  tracts,  among  them, 
'Letters  on  Campbellism'  and  'Unitarianism  Unmasked.'     He  died  in  18S8. 

CLEMENS,  JEREMIAH.  Lawyer  and  author.  He  was  born  in 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  in  1814,  and  graduated  from  the  University  of  the 
State.  In  the  Mexican  War  he  achieved  distinction  for  soldiership 
and  valor  and  from  1849  to  1853  represented  Alabama  in  the  United 
States  Senate.  Opposed  to  secession,  he  nevertheless  gave  his  allegi- 
ance to  his  State  and  became  colonel  of  the  Ninth  Alabama  Infantry 
in  the  Confederate  Army.  But,  in  1864,  realizing  the  hopelessness 
of  the  cause,  he  became  a  Unionist  and  advocated  the  reelection  of 
Mr.  Lincoln.  Besides  several  speeches  preserved  in  the  Congressional 
Globe,  he  wrote  a  number  of  novels  based  upon  historical  incidents, 
among  them:  'Bernard  Lisle,'  a  romance  of  the  Texas  Revolution  and 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         87 

the  Mexican  War  (Philadelphia,  Lippincott,  18S6);  'The  Rivals,'  a 
tale  of  the  times  of  Aaron  Burr;  'Mustang  Gray,'  'Tobias  Wilson' 
and  others.    He  died  in  186S. 

CLEMENS.  SAMUEL  LANGHORNE.  Better  known  to  the 
reading  public  of  both  hemispheres  under  the  pen-name  of  "Mark  Twain," 
the  foremost  present-day  American  humorist.  Mr.  Clemens  cannot  be 
strictly  classified  among  Southern  authors;  but  he  was  born  in  Florida, 
Mo.,  November  30,  1835.  He  became  a  pilot  on  a  Mississippi  River  steam- 
boat and  several  of  his  earlier  volumes  contain  vivid  portrayals  of  South- 
ern life  and  character.  For  more  complete  information  in  regard  to  the 
writings  of  Mark  Twain  consult  standard  works  of  reference. 

CLEMENT,  CLARA  ERSKINE,  author,  was  born  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  August  28,  1834.  Her  education  was  obtained  chiefly  under  private 
tutors  at  home,_  but  was  supplemented  by  extensive  travels  abroad.  She 
was  twice  married.  Her  second  husband  was  Edwin  Forbes  Waters  and 
he  took  her  to  reside  in  Cambridge,  Mass.  She  possessed  an  unusual 
aptitude  for  the  pen  and  began  to  write  at  an  early  age.  Her  first  work 
was  entitled :  'The  Simple  Story  of  the  Orient.'  Afterward  she  wrote : 
'Legendary  and  Mythological  Art'  (Boston,  1874),  'Architects  and  En- 
gravers,' 'Artists  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,'  'Eleanor  Maitland,'  a  novel ; 
'Christian  Symbols  and  Stories  of  the  Saints,'  and  'Stories  of  Art  and 
Artists.'  She  also  compiled  several  hand-books  and  made  numerous  trans- 
lations. 

CLEVELAND,  HENRY.  Editor.  [Ga.].  He  published  'Alex- 
ander H.  Stephens  in  Public  and  Private,  with  Letters  and  Speeches' 
(Philadelphia,  The  National  P'ublishing  Company,  1866).  He  once  edited 
The  Constitutionalist  at  Augusta,  Ga. 

CLEVELAND,  HENRY  RUSSELL,  author,  was  born  in  1809. 
the  exact  place  unknown,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  June  12,  1843.  He 
was  educated  at  Harvard,  became  one  of  a  brilliant  coterie  styled  "the  Five 
of  Clubs,"  of  which  the  other  members  were  Charles  Sumner,  Henry  W. 
Longfellow,  Cornelius  C.  Felton  and  George  S.  Hilliard.  He  published 
an  edition  of  the  works  of  Sallust,  with  English  notes  (New  York),  "The 
Life  of  Henry  Hudson"  in  Sparks's  'American  Biographies,'  and  a  number 
of  pamphlets.  George  S.  Hilliard  published  some  selections  from  his 
writings,  with  a  memoir  (Boston,  1844). 

CLEWELL,  JOHN  HENRY.  President  of  Salem  Academy  and 
College  for  twenty-five  years.  He  was  born  in  Winston-Salem,  N.C., 
September  19,  1855,  the  son  of  John  and  David  Dorothea  Shultz 
Clewell.  He  was  educated  at  Moravian  College  and  at  Moravian 
Theological  Seminary.  He  married  Alice  C.  Wolle  and  became  presi- 
dent of  Salem  Academy  and  College  in  1884,  resigning  this  chair  in 
1909.  He  wrote  the  'History  of  Wachovia  in  North  Carolina'  (New 
York,  Doubleday,  Page  and  Company,  1902).  Moravian  College  gave 
him  the  degree  of  Ph.D.     He  resides  in  Winston-Salem,  N.C. 

CLINGMAN,  NIXON  POINDEXTER.  Poet.  [N.C.].  He 
wrote  both  in  prose  and  in  verse,  and  after  his  death  a  volume  of  his 
writings  appeared  with  the  title  'A  Poet  and  His  Songs'  (Baltimore,  The 
Arundel  Press,  1900).  Besides  a  memoir,  it  contains  several  essays  and 
some  fifty  poems. 

CLINGMAN,  THOMAS  LANIER,  statesman,  was  born  in  Hunts- 
ville,  N.C,  July  27,  1812.  For  several  years  he  represented  his  district 
in  Congress  and  was  afterward  sent  to  the  United  States  Senate.  At  one 
time  he  became  involved  in  personal  difficulties  with  William  L.  Yancey 


88  SOUTHERN   LITERAtURfi 

and  they  met  on  the  field  of  honor,  but  there  was  fortunately  no  blood 
shed.  During  the  Civil  War  he  became  a  brigadier-general.  Besides  a 
volume  of  his  speeches,  which  he  published  in  1878,  he  also  produced 
several  minor  works,  including  'Follies  of  the  Positive  Philosophers.'  He 
died  in  1897. 

CLINTON,  GEORGE  WYLIK  Bishop  A.  M.  E.  Church.  He 
was  born  in  Cedar  Creek,  S.C,  March  28,  1859.  He  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Brainerd  Institute  and  at  Livingstone  College,  entered  the  ministry 
of  the  A.M.E.  Church,  taught  in  various  institutions,  founded  and  edited 
The  Zion  Quarterly,  became  president  of  Atkinson  College,  and  in  1896 
succeeded  to  the  office  of  bishop.  Livingstone  College  gave  him  the  degree 
of  D.D.  and  LL.D.,  and  Wilberface  University,  the  degree  of  LL.D.  His 
publications  include:  'The  Negro  in  the  Ecumenical  Conference  (1901), 
'The  Alarm  Cries'  (1906),  'Tuskegee  Lectures'  (1907),  and  'Twenty-five 
Years  an  Itinerant'  (1907).    He  resides  at  Charlotte,  N.C. 

CLOUD,  VIRGINIA  WOODWOOD.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Sketch,  Vol.  Ill,  page  979. 

CLOVER,  LEWIS  P.  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman.  [Va.]. 
He  published  an  interesting  work  on  'Old  Churches  in  Virginia.' 

COBB,  HOWELL.  An  American  statesman.  He  was  born  in 
Jefferson  County,  Ga.,  in  181S,  the  son  of  John  A.  and  Sarah  Rootes 
Cobb,  and  was  educated  at  Franklin  College,  afterward  the  State 
University,  at  Athens.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party  in  Congress  during  the  famous  debates  on  slavery  and 
presided  with  distinguished  ability  over  the  deliberations  of  the  na- 
tional House  of  Representatives  for  two  years.  He  favored  the  Mis- 
souri Compromise  of  1850;  and,  being  criticized  for  this  course,  he 
made  the  race  for  Governor  of  Georgia  in  1851,  on  a  platform  which 
advocated  Constitutional  Union.  He  held  the  Treasury  portfolio  in 
President  Buchanan's  Cabinet;  but,  on  the  election  of  Mr.  Lincoln  in 
1860,  he  resigned  this  position  and  issued  an  address  to  the  people  of 
Georgia  advocating  secession  as  the  only  course  left  for  the  State  to 
take  with  honor.  He  was  made  president  of  the  Provisional  Congress 
at  Montgomery,  Ala.;  but  he  relinquished  the  civil  for  the  military 
branch  of  the  service  and  became  a  major-general.  After  the  war  he 
opposed  the  measures  of  reconstruction;  and,  in  what  is  known  as 
"the  Bush  Arbor  Speech,'f  he  delivered  one  of  the  greatest  efforts 
of  his  life,  a  masterpiece  of  denunciation  and  invective.  It  was  after- 
ward published  in  pamphlet  form.  His  speeches  in  Congress  are  pre- 
served in  the  Congressional  Globe.  Samuel  Boykin  compiled  an 
interesting  memorial  volume  of  the  distinguished  Georgian  (Philadelphia, 
J.  B.  Lippincott  Company).     He  died  in  1868. 

COBB,  HOWELL,  lawyer,  clergyman,  editor,  was  born  in  Sa- 
vannah, Ga.,  in  1795.  While  a  lawyer,  he  was  given  a  license  to  preach 
by  the  Methodist  Conference.  He  also  established  and  edited  The  Chero- 
kee Gazette;  and,  taking  an  active  part  in  politics,  he  became  State  senator. 
His  literary  product  includes  'The  Penal  Code  of  Georgia'  (1850),  a  work 
on  legal  forms,  and  a  volume  dealing  with  the  African  race  in  America. 

COBB,  JOSEPH  BECKHAM,  lawyer  and  author,  was  the  son  of 
Thomas  W.  Cobb,  United  States  Senator  from  Georgia,  and  was  born  in 
Oglethorpe  County,  Ga.,  April  11,  1819.  After  graduating  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Georgia,  he  located  in  Noxubee  County,  Miss.,  for  the  practice 
of  law.  He  took  an  active  interest  in  politics  and  ran  for  Congress  on 
the  American  ticket  but  was  defeated.  This  probably  influenced  him  to 
devote  his  leisure  time  to  letters.    His  writings  include :  'Creole  Days  ■  or 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS         89 

the  Siege  of  New  Orleans,'  a  novel,  published  in  Philadelphia;  'Missis- 
sippi Scenes;  or  Sketches  of  Southern  Life  and  Adventure'  and  'Leisure 
Hours'  (New  York,  1858),  besides  essays  contributed  to  the  American 
Review.    He  died  at  Columbus,  Miss.,  September  IS,  1858. 

COBB,  MARY  McKINLEY,  poet,  was  born  in  Milledgeville, 
Ga.,  in  1839,  a  daughter  of  William  McKinley  and  a  cousin  of  Car- 
lisle McKinley.  She  became  the  wife  of  Judge  Howell  Cobb  of  Athens. 
Some  exquisite  hearthstone  lyrics  have  come  from  her  pen,  among  them, 
"Out  of  the  Depths,"  "Stars  My  Father  Loved"  and  "Sometimes,"  all  of 
which  have  been  preserved  in  Miss  Rutherford's  'Southern  History  and 
Literature.' 

COBB,  NEEDHAM  BRYAN.  Baptist  clergyman.  [N.C.].  He 
published  a  unique  volume  of  verse  entitled  'The  Poetical  Geography 
of  North  Carolina'  (Cambridge,  Mass.,  The  Riverside  Press,  1877), 
besides  a  number  of  fugitive  poems. 

COBB,  THOMAS  READE  ROOTES.  Soldier,  orator,  lawyer, 
author.  He  was  born  at  Cherry  Hill,  Jefferson  County,  Ga.,  in  1823, 
the  son  of  John  A.  and  Sarah  Rootes  Cobb,  and  married  Marion, 
daughter  of  Chief  Justice  Joseph  Henry  Lumpkin.  He  took  no  part 
in  politics  until  the  election  of  President  Lincoln,  when  his  magnetic 
eloquence  aroused  the  State  to  secession.  On  account  of  the  dramatic 
appearance  which  he  presented  in  this  eventful  crusade,  he  was  likened 
to  Peter  the  Hermit;  and  this  appellation  was  all  the  more  appro- 
priate because  of  his  blameless  life  and  character.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  secession  convention,  a  delegate  to  the  Provisional  Congress  in 
Montgomery,  and  subsequently  organized  and  commanded  Cobb's 
famous  legion.  He  was  promoted  to  a  brigadier-generalship,  but  was 
killed  by  a  shell  at  Fredericksburg,  in  sight  of  his  mother's  old  home, 
December  13,  1862.  At  the  age  of  thirty-six,  he  wrote  and  published 
'Cobb  on  Slavery,'  the  recognized  masterpiece  of  legal  literature  upon 
this  subject;  and  even  at  this  early  age  he  confronted  no  superior  at 
the  Georgia  Bar.  He  wrote  numerous  articles  on  education,  advo- 
cating both  the  university  and  the  common-school  system;  founded 
the  Lucy  Cobb  Institute  at  Athens  in  memory  of  his  daughter;  de- 
livered numerous  addresses  on  literary  and  religious  subjects;  and 
compiled  a  digest  of  Georgia  laws. 

COBBS,  NICHOLAS  HAMNER.  He  was  born  in  1796  and 
became,  in  later  life,  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Alabama.  He  was 
the  author  of  numerous  tracts  and  essays,  including:  "An  Answer  to 
Some  Popular  Objections  Against  the  Episcopal  Church"  and  "The 
Baptismal  Covenant."     He  died  in  1861. 

COCKE,  PHILIP  ST.  GEORGE,  soldier,  was  born  in  Virginia  in 
1808,  and  was  educated  for  the  Army  at  West  Point,  but  resigned  after 
two  years  of  service  to  devote  himself  to  planting  in  Virginia  and  Missis- 
sippi. He  became  a  brigadier-general  on  the  Confederate  side  during  the 
Civil  War;  but  in  a  paroxysm  of  insanity  due  to  ill  health  he  shot 
himself,  and  from  the  effects  of  the  wound  died,  December  26,  1861. 
General  Cocke  published  'Plantation  and  Farm  Instruction'    (1852). 

COCKE,  SARAH  COBB  JOHNSON,  author,  was  born  in  Selma, 
Ala.,  February  7,  1865.  Her  father  was  Dr.  John  M.  Johnson  of  Paducah, 
Ky.,  and  her  mother,  Mary  Willis  Cobb  of  Athens,  Ga.,  both  members  of 
distinguished  Southern  families.  The  daughter  married  first,  October  26, 
1887,  Dr.  Hugh  Hagan  of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  second,  in  1903,  Lucian  H. 
Cocke  of  Roanoke,  Va.  Mrs.  Cocke  is  a  brilliant  woman,  writes  charrn- 
ingly  in  both  negro  and  "cracker"  dialects,  and  reproduces  the  characteristic 


90  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

wit  and  wisdom  of  the  types  which  she  portrays.  Besides  frequent  contri- 
butions to  high-class  periodicals,  she  is  the  author  of  a  work  which  is  just 
going  to  press  entitled  'The  Test  of  the  Rooster  and  the  Wash  Pot,'  and 
'Phillis  Sketches.'     She  resides  in  Roanoke,  Va. 

COCKE,  ZITELLA.  Writer.  [Ala.].  She  published  a  volume  of 
verse  for  juvenile  readers  entitled  'When  Grasshoppers  Hop,  and  Other 
Poems'  (Boston,  Dana  Estes  and  Company,  1904),  besides  minor  works 
including  'A  Doric  Reed.' 

COCKRELL,  FRANCIS  MARION,  soldier  and  statesman,  was 
born  in  Johnson  County,  Mo.,  October  1,  1834,  and  was  the  son  of  Joseph 
and  Nancy  Cockrell.  On  completing  his  education  he  chose  the  law.  At 
the  outbreak  of  hostilities  in  1861,  he  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  ranks 
and  rose  from  captain  to  brigadier-general.  From  1875  to  1905  he  was 
United  States  Senator  from  Missouri.  On  retiring  from  the  political  arena, 
he  became  a  member  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission.  His 
speeches,  which  have  been  preserved  in  the  Congressional  Record,  show  his 
range  of  thought  and  his  intimate  familiarity  with  the  basic  principles  of 
the  Government. 

COCKS,  REGINALD  S.  [La.].  He  published  an  interesting  vol- 
ume entitled  'The  Flora  of  Louisiana'  (New  Orleans,  1899). 

CODY,  CLAUDE  CARR.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Georgia 
but  afterward  removed  to  Texas  and  published  'The  Life  and  Labors  of 
Francis  Asbury  Mood'  (1899). 

COE,  CHARLES  H.  Writer.  [Fla.].  He  published  a  work  en- 
titled 'The  Red  Patriots ;  or,  the  Story  of  the  Seminoles'  (Cincinnati,  The 
Editor  Publishing  Company,  1898). 

COGHILL,  JAMES  H.  Author.  [Va.].  He  published  a  volume 
of  travels  entitled:  'Abroad'  (1867)  and  'The  Family  of  Coghill,  from 
1379  to  1879.' 

COHEN,  HENRY,  rabbi,  was  born  in  London,  England,  April 
7,  1863.  An  accomplished  litterateur,  he  has  mastered  several  different  lan- 
guages and  made  numerous  translations.  His  published  works  include: 
'Six  Hundred  Talmudic  Sayings'  (Cincinnati,  1894),  'Prayer  in  Bible  and 
Talmud'  (New  York,  1894),  and  'Hygiene  and  Medicine  of  the  Talmud' 
(1901).  To  the  transactions  of  the  Jewish  Historical  Society  he  has 
contributed  a  number  of  important  papers  including  "The  Settlement  of 
the  Jews  in  Texas,"  "Henry  Castro,  Pioneer  and  Colonist,"  and  others. 
He  has  also  contributed  numerous  articles  to  the  'Jewish  Encyclopaedia' 
(New  York,  Funk  and  Wagnalls,  1902,  et  seq.),  written  for  newspapers 
and  magazines  and  published  several  monographs.  Dr.  Cohen  is  one  of 
the  Advisory  Council  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature,'  a  man  of 
profound  scholarship  and  of  wide  information.  He  married,  March  6, 
1889,  Mollie  Levy.    He  resides  in  Galveston,  Texas. 

COLCOCK,  ANNIE  T.  Author.  Two  interesting  novels  have 
come  from  the  pen  of  this  Southern  writer,  'Margaret  Tudor'  (1906),  and 
'Her  American  Daughter'  (1908),  both  of  which  have  received  high  praise 
from  the  critics. 

COLCRAFT,  HENRY  ROWE.  Author.  [Ala.].  He  wrote  a 
novel  of  Indian  life  entitled  'Alhalla,  or  the  Lord  of  Talladega;  a  Tale  of 
the  Creek  War"  (1843). 

COLE.  ALICE  VIVIAN.  [Ala.].  Her  maiden  name  was  Brown- 
lee.    She  wrote  a  novel  entitled  'The  Affinities'  (1890). 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         91 

COLEMAN,  CHARLES  WASHINGTON,  magazine  writer  and 
librarian,  was  born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  November  22,  1862.  His  father 
was  Dr.  Charles  Washington  Coleman  and  his  mother,  Cynthia  B.  Tucker, 
daughter  of  Judge  Beverley  Tucker.  Since  1881  he  has  contributed  to  the 
leading  magazines,  his  work  being  mainly  along  historical  lines;  but  he 
has  also  written  same  of  the  best  verse  of  the  day.  He  was  poet  at  the 
bi-centennial  celebration  of  William  and  Mary  College;  on  the  288th 
anniversary  of  the  settlement  of  Jamestown ;  and  on  various  other  historic 
occasions.    In  1899  he  became  assistant  librarian  of  Congress. 

COLEMAN,  CYNTHIA  BEVERLEY  TUCKER.  Writer  of  nu- 
merous historical  papers,  also  charter  member  and  chairman  for 
Virginia  of  the  George  Washington  Memorial  Association.  She  was 
born  in  Saline  County,  Mo.,  January  18,  1832,  a  daughter  of  Judge 
Beverley  Tucker,  of  Williamsburg,  Va.  She  married,  first,  in  1852, 
Henry  Augustine  Washington,  of  Westmoreland  County,  Va.,  and, 
second,  in  1861,  Charles  Washington  Coleman,  M.D.,  of  Williamsburg, 
Va.  Besides  being  one  of  the  founders  and  incorporators  of  the  Associa- 
tion for  the  Preservation  of  Virginia  Antiquities,  she  is  also  a  charter 
member  of  the  Society  of  Colonial  Dames  of  America  in  the  State  of 
Virginia,  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  and  the  United 
Daughters  of  the  Confederacy.    She  resides  in  Williamsburg,  Va. 

COLEMAN,  THADDEUS.  Poet.  [N.C.].  He  published  'The 
Land  of  the  Sky:  an  Idyl'  (Asheville,  N.C,  1903). 

COLLENS,  THOMAS  WHARTON.  Jurist  and  author.  He  was 
born  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  June  23,  1812.  At  the  outset  of  his  career, 
he  edited  a  paper  called  The  True  America;  but  he  afterward  relin- 
quished journalism  for  law,  becoming,  first,  Judge  of  the  City  Court 
of  New  Orleans  and  afterward  Judge  of  the  Seventh  District  Court 
of  the  Parish.  He  was  the  author  of  two  philosophical  volumes  which 
have  been  highly  commended:  'Humanics'  (1860),  and  'The  Eden  of 
Labor'  (1876).  One  of  the  products  of  his  youthful  genius  was  an 
historical  tragedy,  entitled:  "The  Martyr  Patriots;  or  Louisiana  in 
1769,"  which  was  successfully  performed  at  the  old  St.  Charles  The- 
ater; but  he  was  not  beguiled  by  this  achievement  into  writing  another 
drama.  The  play  has  been  preserved  in  'The  Louisiana  Book'  (1894). 
He  died  in  New  Orleans,  November  3,  1879. 

COLLIER,  ROBERT  LAIRD,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Salisbury, 
Md.,  August  7,  1837.  Originally  a  Methodist,  he  became  a  Unitarian, 
served  churches  in  Chicago  and  Boston,  delivered  popular  lectures  and 
wrote  magazine  articles.  He  also  published  'Every-day  Subjects  in  Sun- 
day Sermons'  (Boston,  1869),  'Meditations  on  the  Essence  of  Christianity' 
(1876)  and  'English  Home  Life'  (1885). 

COLLINS,  CHARLES,  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  in  North  Yarmouth,  Me.,  April  17,  1813;  but  for  twenty- 
four  years  he  was  president  of  Emory  and  Henry  College  in  Virginia 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  president  of  the  State  Female  College 
near  Memphis,  Tenn.  Besides  magazine  articles,  he  published  'Methodism 
and  Calvinism  Compared'  (Philadelphia,  1849). 

COLLINS,  CLARENCE  B.  Writer.  [Fla.].  He  published  a 
story  of  the  Civil  War  entitled  'Tom  and  Joe'  (1890). 

COLLINS,  JACOB  C.  Teacher  and  poet.  [Miss.].  'Poems' 
(Memphis,  Rogers  and  Company,  1883). 

COLLINS,  LAURA  G.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Maysville,  Ky., 
May  6,  1826,  the  daughter  of  Reuben  and  Narcissa  Martin  Case.    She 


92  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

was  educated  by  private  tutors  and  at  the  Young  Ladies'  School  at 
Georgetown,  Ky.  She  married,  March  11,  1847,  John  A.  Collins,  of 
Covington,  Ky.  She  has  written  many  delightful  poems  and  sketches. 
Her  volumes  include :  'Immortelles  and  Asphodels'  (poems) ;  'By- 
gone Tourist  Days,'  'Egypt'  (poems),  and  'The  Little  Marquise.'  She 
resides  in  Maysville,  Ky. 

COLLINS,  LOUIS.  Journalist  and  jurist.  [Ky.].  He  was  born 
in  1797  and  died  in  1870.  Judge  Collins  published  a  series  of  "Historical 
Sketches  of  Kentucky,"  which  was  afterward  published  in  book  form 
(1847).  On  account  of  the  popularity  of  the  work  it  was  afterward  revised 
and  enlarged. 

COLTHARP,  JEANNETTE  DOWNS,  Mrs.  [La.].  She  wrote 
'Burrell  Coleman,  Colored;  a  Tale  of  the  Cotton  Fields'  (1896). 

COLTON,  CHARLES  J,  Poet.  [La.].  He  published  a  'Volume 
of  Various  Verse'  (New  Orleans,  1899). 

COLQUITT,  ALFRED  HOLT,  soldier  and  statesman,  was  born 
in  Walton  County,  Ga.,  April  20,  1824,  the  son  of  Walter  T.  Col- 
quitt. On  the  field  of  battle  he  attained  the  rank  of  major-general 
and  earned  the  soubriquet  of  "The  Hero  of  Olustee."  For  two  successive 
terms  he  was  governor  of  Georgia,  and  after  relinquishing  this  office  he 
was  twice  commissioned  to  represent  Georgia  in  the  United  States  Senate. 
Prior  to  the  War  he  also  served  in  Congress.  While  not  a  minister  of 
the  gospel  in  active  commission,  he  often  occupied  the  pulpit  of  the  Metho- 
dist Church.  Some  of  his  speeches  have  been  preserved  in  the  Congres- 
sional Record. 

COLQUITT,  MEL  R.,  Mrs.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Augusta, 
Ga.,  in  1848.  Her  maiden  name  was  Redmond,  and  she  is  connected  by 
ties  of  kinship  with  the  noted  family  of  Ireland.  She  has  contributed 
to  the  leading  periodicals  and  her  verse  is  specially  admired.  One  of  her 
poems,  "The  Graves  Stood  Tenantless,"  is  preserved  in  'Songs  of  the 
South.'    For  several  years  past  she  has  lived  in  Washington,  D.C. 

COLQUITT,  WALTER  T.,  jurist  and  statesman,  was  born  in 
Halifax  County,  Va.,  December  27,  1799.  As  an  orator  he  possessed  few 
equals.  He  achieved  distinction  at  the  Bar  and  on  the  Bench,  became  an 
eloquent  minister  of  the  gospel  in  the  M.  E.  Church,  and  represented 
Georgia  in  Congress  and  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  Some  of 
his  best  speeches  were  delivered  on  the  hustings  and  in  the  courtroom 
and  were  never  published;  but  happily  several  fragments  of  his  senatorial 
eloquence  have  been  preserved  in  the  debates  of  Congress.  He  died  in 
Macon,  Ga.,  May  7,  1855. 

COLWELL,  STEPHEN,  author,  was  born  in  Brooke  County, 
Va.,  in  what  is  now  West  Virginia,  in  1800,  studied  law  and  practiced 
his  profession  in  Pittsburg,  but  afterward  engaged  in  business  and  at 
leisure  intervals  wrote  for  the  press.  He  also  published  'Politics  for 
American  Christians'  (1852),  'Position  of  Christianity  in  the  United 
States'  (1855),  and  'The  Ways  and  Means  of  Commercial  Payment' 
(1858),  besides  a  pamphlet  on  "The  South."    He  died  in  1871. 

COLYAR,  ARTHUR  ST.  CLAIR,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born  in 
Washington  County,  Tenn.,  June  23,  1818,  achieved  success  at  the  Bar, 
served  in  Congress,  became  an  important  factor  in  the  railway  and  indus- 
trial development  of  Tennessee,  and  published  an  excellent  biography  of 
Andrew  Jackson  (Nashville,  Marshall  and  Bruce,  \9W). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS         93 

CONANT,  ALBAN  JASPER,  artist  and  author,  was  born  in  Ver- 
mont, September  24,  1821.  Soon  after  attaining  his  majority,  he  located 
in  St.  Louis,  where  the  remainder  of  his  life  was  spent.  He  published 
a  volume  of  exceptional  interest  entitled  'Footprints  of  Vanished  Races 
in  the  Mississippi  Valley'  (1879).  He  also  established  an  art  gallery  in 
St.  Louis  and  painted  portraits  of  several  distinguished  Americans. 

'CONFEDERATE  MEMORIAL  ASSOCIATIONS  IN  THE 
SOUTH.'  This  is  an  important  collection  of  historical  papers  pub- 
lished by  The  Confederated  Southern  Memorial  Associations,  Mrs.  M.  J. 
Behan,  president  (1904). 

CONNELLEY,  WILLIAM  ELSEY,  author,  was  born  in  Johnson 
County,  Ky.,  March  IS,  1855,  but  removed  to  Kansas,  where  he  became 
an  authority  on  the  antiquities  of  the  state  and  published  'James  Henry 
Lane,  the  Grim  Chieftain  of  Kansas'  (Topeka,  Crane  and  Company), 
'Wyandot  Folk  Lore'  (ibid.),  'Kansas  Territorial  Governors'  (ibid.), 
'John  Brown:  the  Story  of  the  Last  of  the  Puritans'  (ibid.),  'Life  of 
John  J.  Ingalls'  (Kansas  City,  Hudson-Kimberly  Company),  'The  Heck- 
welder  Narrative'  (Cleveland,  The  Burrows  Company),  and  'Donaphon's 
Expedition,'  besides  numerous  contributions  to  periodicals. 

CONNELLY,  EMMA  M.  Author.  [Ky.].  She  published  'The 
Story  of  Kentucky'  and  'Tiltings  at  Windmills.' 

CONNOLLY,  MICHAEL  WILLIAM.  Editor  of  the  Mem- 
■  phis  News-Scimitar,  poet  and  essayist.  He  was  born  in  the  Dominion  of 
Canada)  March  2,  1853,  and  received, an  academic  education  at  Montreal. 
He  lived  in  Texas  from  1874  to  1887,  then  moved  to  Memphis.  While  his 
editorial  labors  have  occupied  most  of  his  time,  he  has  contributed  nu- 
merous poems,  essays,  and  sketches  to  the  periodicals,  and  has  also 
delivered  many  public  addresses.  His  only  published  work  is  a  volume  of 
dainty  verse  entitled  'Poems,  Wise  and  Otherwise.'  The  sketch  of  Judge 
Walter  Malone  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen. 
He  married,  November  19,  1879,  Lula  Parham. 

CONNOR,  HENRY  GROVES,  jurist,  was  born  in  Wilmington, 
N.C.,  July  3,  1852.  His  father  was  IDavid  Connor  and  his  mother,  Mary 
C.  Groves.  He  chose  the  legal  profession,  was  for  several  years  Superior 
Court  judge,  and  in  1801  became  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  North  Carolina.  He  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  sketches  in  the 
'Biographical  History  of  North  Carolina,'  published  by  C.  L.  Van  Noppen, 
besides  historical  monographs,  essays,  and  addresses.  For  'The  Library 
of  Southern  Literature'  he  wrote  the  sketch  of  Kemp  P.  Battle. 

CONNOR,  ROBERT  DIGGES  WIMBERLEY,  educator,  was 
born  at  Wilson,  N.C.,  September  26,  1878.  Since  graduating  from  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  he  has  been  engaged  in  teaching.  He  is  in 
charge  of  the  loan  fund  for  building  schools,  an  oflBce  which  he  holds 
in  connection  with  the  State  Department  of  Public  Instruction,  and  he  is 
also  a  member  of  the  North  Carolina  Historical  Cornmission.  Besides 
contributing  to  various  periodicals  and  publications,  he  is  the  author  of  a 
work  entitled  'The  Story  of  the  Old  North  State'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B. 
Lippincott  Company,  1906),  and  'Cornelius  Harnett:  An  Essay  in  North 
Carolina  History'  (Raleigh,  Edwards  and  Broughton).  He  has  contrib- 
uted to  'The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation'  and  to  'The  Biographi- 
cal History  of  North  Carolina,'  and  the  sketch  of  William  Gaston  in  'The 


94  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen.  He  has  done  some 
excellent  work  for  his  native  state.  He  married,  December  23,  1902,  Sadie 
Hanes. 

CONVERSE,  AMASSA,  clergyman  and  journalist,  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1795.  Entering  the  ministry  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  he 
became  a  pastor  of  some  prominence  in  the  South,  and  later  went  to 
Philadelphia,  where  he  founded  The  Christian  Observer.  But  his  sympa- 
thies were  intensely  Southern;  and,  when  hostilities  began,  he  removed 
his  paper  first  to  Richmond  and  afterward  to  Louisville,  where  it  con- 
tinued to  be  the  organ  of  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church.  He  wrote 
with  a  virile  and  vigorous  pen.  His  death  occurred  in  Louisville,  Ky., 
December  9,  1872. 

CONVERSE,  FLORENCE.  Author.  She  was  born  in  New  Or- 
leans, La.,  April  30,  1871,  the  daughter  of  George  T.  and  Caroline 
Edwards  Converse.  She  was  educated  at  Wellesley  College,  from 
which  institution  she  received  the  degree  of  M.A.  Her  mature  years 
have  been  spent  in  the  North.  She  is  on  the  staff  of  The  Churchman, 
and  resides  in  Boston,  Mass.  Besides  several  magazine  stories,  she 
has  written  some  interesting  books  which  deal  with  life  under  mod- 
ern conditions :  'Diana  Victrix'  (Boston,  Houghton,  MiflBin  and  Com- 
pany), 'The  Burden  of  Christopher,  {ibid.),  and  'Long  Will.' 

CONVERSE,  JAMES  B.  Presbyterian  clergyman,  editor  and 
author.  He  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  April  8,  1844,  the  son  of 
Dr.  Amasa  and  Flavia  Booth  Converse,  and  was  educated  at  Princeton, 
N.J.,  after  which  he  studied  for  the  ministry  at  Union  Theological  Sem-. 
inary,  Richmond,  Va;  He  was  twice  married.  He  assumed  a  pastoral 
charge  from  1868  to  1871 ;  and  was  editor  of  the  Christian  Observer 
from  1872  to  1879;  an  evangelist  from  1879  to  1881;  then  again 
a  pastor  from  1881  to  1887,  resuming  evangelistic  work  in  1888.  Among 
his  published  works  are:  'A  Summer  Vacation  Abroad,'  'The  Bible  and 
Land,'  an  argument  in  favor  of  single  tax,  and  'Uncle  Sam's  Bible,  or 
Bible  Teachings  About  Politics.'  Besides  hundreds  of.  articles  in 
scores  of  periodicals,  he  also  wrote  'Notes  on  Exodus,'  and  circulated 
a  petition  to  Christians  asking  them  to  acknowledge  the  authority  of 
the  Bible  in  civil  affairs.     He  resides  in  Morristown,  Tenn. 

CONWAY,  MONCURE  DANIEL.     See  Biographical  and  Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  Ill,  page  1007. 

COOK,  EBEN.  He  was  an  early  Colonial  writer  who  published 
a  volume  of  curious  interest  entitled  'Sot  Weed  Factor,  or  a  Voyage  to 
Maryland'  (1708).    "Sot  Weed"  was  a  name  for  tobacco. 

COOK,  J.  F.  Physician  and  author.  [Ky.].  He  published  a 
work  of  much  interest  dealing  with  various  phases  of  life  in  the  Blue 
Grass  State,  entitled  'Old  Kentucky'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The 
Neale  Publishing  Company,  1908) ,  which  also  contains  papers  by  Theodore 
Roosevelt,  Champ  Clark  and  Reuben  T.  Durrett. 

COOK,  MARY  LOUISE.  Writer.  [Ga.].  Her  maiden  name  was 
Miss  Redd.  Besides  a  number  of  poems,  she  published  'Ante-bellum 
Days,  or  Southern  Life  as  It  Was'  and  'A  Woman's  Perils.'  She  died 
in  1891. 

COOK,  RICHARD  BRISCOE,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.|  November  11,  1838,  but  the  greater  part  of  his  life  since  entering 
the  ministry  has  been  spent  in  the  State  of  Delaware.  Dr.  Cook  has 
published  several  volumes,  among  them,  'The  Early  and  Later  Delaware 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         95 

Baptists'  (Philadelphia,  The  American  Baptist  Publication  Society,  1880), 
'The  Story  of  the  Baptists'  (1887),  'The  Story  of  Jesus'  (1889),  'The 
Life  and  Work  of  Rev.  C.  H.  Spurgeon'  (1891),  a  'Life  of  Gladstone' 
(1892),  and  'The  Life  and  Work  of  D.  L.  Moody'  (1899),  besides  nu- 
merous pamphlets  and  papers.  Dr.  Cook  married,  in  1866,  Louisa  Love 
Kerfoot  of  Virginia.    He  resides  in  Wilmington,  Del. 

COOKE,  ARTHUR  BLEDSOE,  educator,  was  born  at  Melton's, 
Louisa  County,  Va.,  June  IS,  1869.  His  father  was  George  Wash- 
ington Cooke  and  his  mother,  Sallie  Anderson.  Besides  contributing  to 
current  magazines,  he  has  published  'Development  of  the  Nature  Sense 
in  the  German  Lyric'  (1901),  'Essays  on  Work  and  Life'  (1904),  and 
'With  the  Tourist  Tide'  (1907).  He  also  wrote  the  sketch  of  James  A. 
Harrison  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married,  in  1899, 
Stella  Viola  Crider,  of  Norfolk,  Va.  He  resides  in  Pasadena,  CaL,  and 
holds  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

COOKE,  GRACE  MacGOWAN.  Magazine  writer.  She  was 
born  in  Grand  Rapids,  Ohio,  September  11,  1863,  the  daughter  of 
John  Encill  and  Maria  Johnston  MacGowan.  She  was  educated  at 
home  and  married,  February  17,  1887,  William  Cooke,  of  Chattanooga, 
Tenn.  She  was  the  first  president  of  the  Tennessee  Woman's  Press 
Club  and  is  the  author  of  numerous  stories  of  unusual  merit,  including: 
'Mistress  Joy,  a  Tale  of  Natchez  in  1798,'  with  A.  B.  McKinney  (New 
York,  The  Century  Company),  'A  Story  of  the  Sea  Islands,'  with  Alice 
MacGowan  (Boston,  Lothrop  Publishing  Company),  'Hulda'  (Indian- 
apolis, The  Bobbs-Merrill  Company),  'A  Gourd  Fiddle'  (Philadelphia, 
Henry  Altemus  Company),  'The  Grapple'  (Boston,  L.  C.  Page  and 
Company),  and  'Their  First  Formal  Call'  (New  York,  Harpers),  be- 
sides many  contributions  to  magazines. 

COOKE,  JOHN  ESTEN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  Ill,  page  1063. 

COOKE,  PHILIP  PENDLETON.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch',  Vol.  Ill,  page  1063. 

COOKE,  PHILIP  ST.  GEORGE,  soldier,  was  born  near  Lees- 
burg,  Va.,  June  13,  1809.  After  graduating  from  West  Point  he  entered 
the  United  States  Army,  commanded  a  regiment  in  the  Mexican  War, 
and  was  breveted  a  major-general  at  the  close  of  the  Civil  War.  He 
published  'Scenes  and  Adventures  in  the  Army,  or  Romance  of  Military 
Life'  (Philadelphia,  1856),  'The  Conquest  of  New  Mexico  and  Cali- 
fornia :  An  Historical  and  Personal  Narrative'  ( 1878)  and  'New  Cavalry 
Tactics.'  His  daughter  became  the  wife  of  the  famous  Confederate 
general,  J.  E.  B.  Stuart.     He  died  in  1895. 

COON,  CHARLES  LEE,  educator,  was  born  near  Lincolnton, 
N.C.,  December  25,  1868.  Besides  numerous  pamphlets  on  educational 
subjects  printed  by  the  State  superintendent  of  North  Carolina  and 
numerous  articles  for  school  journals  and  daily  papers,  he  has  published 
'The  Beginnings  of  Public  Education  in  North  Carolina,  1790-1840' 
(Raleigh,  North  Carolina  Historical  Commission,  1908),  'Facts  about 
Southern  Educational  Progress'  (1905),  and  'Public  Taxation  and  Negro 
Schools'  (1909).  He  married,  October  21,  1903,  Caroline  L.  Sparger.  He 
resides  at  Wilson,  N.C. 

COOPER,  CHARLES  W.  Poet.  For  many  years  he  pursued  the 
vocation  of  teaching;  but  reverses  overtook  him  in  later  life  and  he  died 
in  the  Soldiers'  Home  in  Richmond.  He  published  a  volume  entitled: 
'The  Musings  of  Myron'  (Newmarket,  Va.,  1880). 


96  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

COOPER,  OSCAR  HENRY.  President  of  Simmons  College, 
educator  and  author.  He  was  born  in  Texas,  November  22,  1852,  a 
son  of  Dr.  William  Henry  Cooper.  He  was  educated  at  Marshall 
University  and  at  Yale  and  took  post-graduate  work  at  Berlin.  He 
married,  November  24,  1886,  Mary  Bryan  Stewart,  of  Marshall,  Texas. 
He  was  president  of  Baylor  University  from  1899  to  1902  and  is  the 
author  of  'Reports  of  State  Department  of  Education,'  'History  of  Our 
Country,'  'Compulsory  School  Laws,'  'Universities  and  Schools,'  'Ten 
Years'  Progress  in  Education  in  Texas,'  and  'Contributions  of  Baptists 
to  the  Cause  of  Education.'  Dr.  Cooper  holds  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He 
resides  in  Abilene,  Texas. 

COOPER,  THOMAS,  educator  and  scientist,  was  born  in  London, 
England,  October  22,  1759,  and  died  in  Columbia,  S.C,  May  11,  1840.  He 
was  educated  for  the  Bar  at  Oxford,  took  an  active  part  in  politics,  and, 
with  James  Watt,  the  inventor,  was  sent  by  the  Democratic  clubs  of 
England  on  an  errand  to  France,  where  his  sympathies,  being  with  the 
Girondists,  aroused  the  hostility  of  Edmund  Burke.  While  in  France  he 
mastered  a  number  of  chemical  arts.  Later,  in  1795,  he  came  to  America. 
He  located  in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  edited  a  paper  in  support  of  Demo- 
cratic principles ;  and  for  boldly  advocating  his  views  he  was  imprisoned 
under  the  Alien  and  Sedition  Act.  He  was  afterward  elevated  to  the 
Bench  and,  though  impeached  and  removed  for  arbitrary  conduct,  he  won 
respect  for  his  strong  legal  opinions.  From  the  professorship  of  chemis- 
try in  Dickinson  College  he  was  called  to  the  corresponding  chair  in  the 
College  of  South  Carolina,  where  he  succeeded  Dr.  Maxcy  as  president. 
This  office  he  was  compelled  to  resign  on  account  of  his  peculiar  religious 
views;  and  he  was  thereupon  appointed  to  make  a  'Digest  of  the  Laws 
of  South  Carolina,'  a  work  on  which  he  was  engaged  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  also  edited  two  volumes  of  the  'Emporium  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,'  and  four  volumes  of  Thomson's  'System  of  Chemistry'  (1818), 
besides  translating  the  works  of  Justinian.  His  other  published  works 
include:  'Letters  on  the  Slave  Trade  (London,  1787),  'An  Account  of  the 
Trial  of  Thomas  Cooper  of  Northumberland'  (Philadelphia,  1800),  'Lec- 
tures on  the  Elements  of  Political  Economy'  (Charleston,  1826),  and 
numerous  essays.  He  was  a  free  thinker  in  religion.  John  Adams  pro- 
nounced him  a  "talented  madman"  and  Thomas  Jefferson  declared  him 
to  be  "the  greatest  man  in  America  in  power  of  mind."  He  was  closely 
associated  with  the  writers  and  statesmen  of  the  Eighteenth  Century  on 
both  sides  of  the  water,  was  dubbed  "the  father  of  political  economy  in 
America,"  and  by  his  tariff  and  State  rights  teachings,  prepared  the  way 
for  nullification. 

COPPEE,  HENRY,  educator,  was  born  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  October 

13,  1821.  After  spending  two  years  at  Yale,  he  entered  the  military 
academy  at  West  Point  and  graduated  in  time  to  win  his  spurs  on  the 
fields  of  Mexico.  For  five  years  he  taught  history  and  ethics  at  West 
Point.  Later  he  became  professor  of  English  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  afterward  president  of  Lehigh  University,  which  latter 
position  he  relinquished  in  1875  to  accept  a  professorship.  His  published 
works  include :  'Elements  of  Logic,'  'Gallery  of  Famous  Poets,'  'Elements 
of  Rhetoric,'  'Gallery  of  Distinguished  Poetesses,'  'Select  Academic 
Speaker,'  'Manual  of  Battalion  Drill,'  'Evolutions  of  the  Line,'  'Manual 
of  Court  Martial,'  'Songs  of  Praise  in  the  Christian  Centuries,'  'Life  and 
Services  of  General  U.  S.  Grant,'  'Lectures  on  English  Literature,'  and  'The 
Conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Arab-Moors,'  besides  various  translations. 

CORBIN,  DIANA  FONTAINE  MAURY,  Mrs.  [Va.].  She 
published  an  interesting  biography  of  her  father,  entitled  'The  Life  of 
Matthew  Fontaine  Maury.' 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         97 

CORBIN  JOSEPH  CARTER.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Chilli- 
cothe,  Ohio,  March  26,  1.833,  a  son  of  William  and  Susan  Corbin  He 
was  educated  at  the  University  of  Ohio  and  married,  September  11 
1866,  Mary  J.  Ward,  of  Cmcmnati.  His  life  is  devoted  to  the  cause 
of  education.  He  was  State  Superintendent  of  Education  for  Arkan- 
sas; and  afterward  for  twenty-six  years  president  of  Branch  Normal 
College.  He  has  written:  'Minutes  of  Masonry  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Arkansas'  and  'The  Status  of  Colored  Freemasons';  also  numerous 
articles  in  educational  journals.  Dr.  Corbin  holds  the  degree  of  Ph  D 
He  resides  in  Pine  Bluff,  Ark. 

CORDELL.  EUGENE  FAUNTLEROY,  educator  and  physician 
was  born  at  Charlestown,  W.Va.,  June  25,  1843.  After  receiving  his  medi- 
cal degree  from  the  University  of  Maryland  he  located  in  Baltimore  for 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  For  twenty-one  years  he  held  the  chair 
of  materia  medica  in  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of  Baltimore  and  in 
1903  assumed  the  chair  of  history  of  medicine  in  the  University  of  Mary- 
land. On  account  of  his  eminent  attainments.  Dr.  Cordell  has  frequently 
been  honored  with  high  official  positions  in  organizations  both  state  and 
national.  In  addition  to  the  professorship  which  he  holds  in  the  Univer- 
sity, he  is  also  librarian  of  the  department  of  medicine.  He  is  the  founder 
of  the  American  Medical  College  Association,  of  various  hospitals  and 
asylums,  and  of  The  University  Monthly,  which  he  edits.  He  has  pub- 
lished 'The  Medical  Annals  of  Maryland'  (1903)  and  'The  History  of  the 
University  of  Maryland,'  in  two  volumes  (1907),  besides  numerous  arti- 
cles, scientific,  literary  and  historical,  contributed  to  various  periodicals, 
and  some  fifty  sketches  written  for  the  'Cyclopaedia  of  American  Medical 
Biography,'  now  in  press. 

CORNISH,  KATE.  Poet.  [S.C.].  Under  the  pen  name  of  "Kil 
Courtland"  she  has  written  a  number  of  poems,  which  the  Dixie  Chapter 
of  the  U.D.C.  at  Greenville,   B.C.,  is  preparing  to  publish  in  book  form. 

CORNWELL,  M.  S.,  poet,  was  born  in  Hampshire  County,  W. 
Va.,  and  reared  on  the  farm  without  the  advantages  of  a  liberal  educa- 
tion; but  he  possessed  the  gift  of  minstrelsy  in  an  eminent  degree  and 
his  early  death  alone  prevented  him  from  taking  the  high  poetic  rank  to 
which  his  talents  pointed.  He  was  the  editor  of  a  country  newspaper, 
first  at  Petersburg  and  afterward  at  Elkins.  It  was  not  until  after  his 
death  that  his  poems  were  collected  and  published  in  book  form  under 
the  title:  'Wheat  and  Chaff'  (Romney,  W.Va.),  this  volume  being  a 
memorial  of  the  author  by  his  two  surviving  brothers. 

COSBY,  FORTUNATUS.  Journalist  and  poet  of  Kentucky,  was 
born  in   1802.     He  was  the   author   of   numerous  productions   of   merit. 

COSSETT,  FRANCEWAY  RANNA,  clergyman  and  educator, 
was  born  in  Claremount,  N.H.,  April  24,  1790,  and  died  in  Lebanon,  Tenn., 
July  3,  1863.  Dr.  Cossctt  was  the  first  president  of  Cumberland  Univer- 
sity and  a  leader  among  the  Cumberland  Presbyterians  of  the  South. 
He  founded  The  Banner  of  Peace,  which  he  edited  for  twenty  years,  and 
also  wrote  'The  Life  and  Times  of  Ewing'   (18S8). 

COTTEN,  SALLIE  SOUTHALL,  Mrs.  Poet.  [N.C.].  In  a 
work  entitled  'The  White  Doe'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company, 
1901),  Mrs.  Gotten  tells  the  story  of  Virginia  Dare,  the  first  child  of 
English  parentage  born  in  the  New  World;  and  incidentally  the  fate  of 
Raleigh's  lost  colony  on  Roanoke  Island  is  also  sketched.  The  account 
is  rendered  in  excellent  verse. 

COUNCILL,  WILLIAM  HOOPER.  Negro  educator.  President 
for  some  time  of  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  at  Normal,  Ala. 


98  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

He  was  born  a  slave  in  Fayetteville,  N.C.,  July  12,  1848,  was  educated 
at  Stevenson,  Ala.,  and  married,  September  S,  188S,  Maria  H.  Weeden.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  Alabama  to  practice  law,  in  1883, 
but  continued  to  teach.  He  organized,  in  1875,  the  institution  over  which 
he  presided  until  the  time  of  his  death.  Besides  a  work  entitled :  'The 
Lamp  of  Wisdom ;  or,  Race  History  Illustrated,'  he  founded  the  Huntsville 
Herald,  which  he  edited  for  several  years.  He  wrote  numerous  articles 
for  the  magazines  of  the  day  and  delivered  many  addresses  on 
subjects  pertaining  to  his  race.  Morris  Brown  College  gave  him  the  degree 
of  Ph.D.    He  died  in  Normal,  Ala.,  in  1909. 

COURMONT,  FELIX  DE.  Poet.  [La.].  He  wrote  in  French 
'Le  Taenarion,'  a  collection  of  satires  (1847),  'Le  Dernier  de  Caraibes' 
(1872)  and  other  works. 

COURTENAY,  EDWARD  HENRY,  educator,  was  born  in  Mary- 
land in  1803  and  died  in  Charlottesville,  Va.,  in  1853.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  he  was  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  University  of  Virginia. 
He  translated  Boucharlat's  'Elementary  Treatise  on  Mechanics,'  for  the 
use  of  cadets  at  West  Point  (New  York,  1833),  and  published  a  text- 
book on  'Differential  and  Integral  Calculus'  (1855). 

COURTENAY,  WILLIAM  A.  Lawyer.  [S.C.].  Captairi  Court- 
enay  was  several  times  mayor  of  Charleston,  a  veteran  of  the  Civil  War 
and  a  patron  of  letters.  He  edited  the  'Charleston  Year  Books,'  made 
frequent  contributions  to  periodicals  and  delivered  numerous  addresses. 
The  sketch  of  Carlisle  McKinley  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature' 
is  from  his  pen.     He  died  in  Columbia,  S.C,  March  17,  1908. 

COWDIN,  V.  G.,  Mrs.     Author.      [La.].     She  published  a  novel 

entitled  'Ellen,  or  the  Fanatic's  Daughter'   (Mobile,  1860). 

COXE,  DANIEL.     Physician.     Dr.  Coxe  was  an  Englishman  who 

published  an  archaic  volume  of  much  interest  pertaining  to  America 
entitled  a  'Description  of  the  English  Province  of  Carolana,  by  the 
Spaniards  called  Florida,  by  the  French,  La  Louisiane,  with  a  Map  of 
Carolana  and  of  the  River  Meschacebe'  [Mississippi]   (London,  1741). 

COXE,  HENRY  CARLETON.  Clergyman  and  educator.  [Va.]. 
He  was  born  in  1785  and  died  in  1840.  He  published  'Liberty  and  Ne- 
cessity' and  'The  Will,'  two  psychological  works  of  much  interest. 

COYNE.R,  CHARLES  LUTHER.  Lawyer  and  author.  He  was 
born  in  Long  Grade,  Augusta  County,  Va.,  February  8,  1853,  the  son 
of  Addison  Hyde  and  Elizabeth  Brown  Coyner;  received  his  diploma 
from  Wesleyan  College,  in  Virginia,  and  studied  law  at  Washington  and 
Lee  University.  He  married,  January  4,  1884,  Margaret  Blair.  He  re- 
moved to  Texas  in  1877,  to  Missouri  in  1899,  and  to  Tennessee  in  1902. 
In  Texas  he  was  prosecuting  attorney  for  ten  years,  probate  judge 
four  years  and  county  judge  four  years.  He  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Ireland  district  attorney  and  by  Governor  Roberts  district 
judge.  Besides  frequent  contributions  to  magazines,  he  has  written 
'The  Life  of  S.  B.  Coyner,'  'A  Greenhorn  in  Texas,'  "A  Tribute" 
(poem),  and  'Twenty  Years  in  Texas.'     He  resides  in  Memphis,  Tenn. 

COYNER,  .     [Va.].     He  published  'The   Lost  Trappers,' 

a  sequel  to  the  'Clark  and  Lewis  Expedition.' 

"CRADDOCK,  CHARLES  EGBERT."  See  Murfree,  Mary 
Noailles. 

CRAFTS,  WILLIAM,  lawyer,  editor,  poet,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton,  S.C,   in  1787,  and  educated  at   Harvard.    On  his   return  home  he 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS         99 

engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  and  served  for  several  terms  in  the  State 
Legrislature.  He  was  an  eloquent  speaker,  delivering  orations  on  many 
important  occasions;  and  in  1817  he  made  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  address 
at  his  alma  mater.  For  some  time  he  edited  the  Charleston  Courier. 
Possessed  of  an  unusual  poetic  fancy,  he  frequently  dropped  into  verse; 
and  some  time  after  his  death  a  volume  appeared  entitled:  'Selections  in 
Prose  and  Poetry,  from  the  Miscellaneous  Writings  of  the  Late  William 
Crafts,  to  which  is  Prefixed  a  Memoir  of  His  Life'  (Charleston,  1828). 
He  died  in  1826. 

CRAIGHEAD,  EDWIN  BOONE.  President  of  Tulane  Univer- 
sity. He  was  born  in  Ham's  Prairie,  Mo.,  March  3,  1861,  and 
was  educated  at  Central  College.  He  took  post-graduate  work  at 
Vanderbilt  University,  at  Leipsic,  and  at  Paris.  He  married,  August 
6,  1889,  Kate  Johnson.  He  was  president  of  South  Carolina  Agricul- 
tural and  Mechanical  College,  at  Clemson,  S.C,  for  four  years;  and 
afterward  president  of  Central  College,  La  Fayette,  Mo.  In  1904  he 
became  president  of  Tulane  University.  He  has  contributed  numerous 
articles  to  literary  and  educational  magazines  and  is  one  of  the  consulting 
editors  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  The  University  of  Mis- 
souri gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.    He  resides  in  New  Orleans,  La. 

CRANCH,  CHRISTOPHER  PEASE,  painter  and  poet,  was  born 
in  Alexandria,  Va.,  March  8,  1813.  Equipped  for  the  ministry  at  the 
Harvard  Divinity  School,  he  subsequently  relinquished  his  ambitions  in 
this  direction  and  began  the  study  of  art,  spending  seventeen  years  in 
Europe.  He  became  an  eminent  painter,  his  specialty  being  landscapes; 
but  he  also  wrote  graceful  verse  and  was  proficient  in  music.  He  pub- 
lished a  metrical  translation  of  Virgil's  '^neid'  (Boston,  Houghton, 
Mifflin  and  Company,  1844),  a  volume  of  poems,  and  'Satan:  a  Libretto.' 
He  died  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  January  20,  1892. 

CRANE,  ANNE  MONCURE  (Mrs.  Seemuller),  author,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  January  7,  1838,  and  died  in  Stuttgart,  Ger- 
many, December  10,  1872.  Her  first  novel,  'Emily  Chester,'  was  anony- 
mous. She  afterward  published  'Opportunity'  and  'Reginald  Archer,' 
besides  numerous  contributions  to  periodicals.  After  her  marriage  to 
August  Seemuller,  of  New  York,  she  went  to  Germany,  hoping  to  derive 
some  benefit  from  the  medicinal  waters,  but  she  failed  to  realize  this 
expectation  and  died  while  abroad.  In  1873  a  collection  of  her  miscella- 
neous essays  was  published. 

CRANE,  WILLIAM  CAREY,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born 
in  Richmond,  Va.,  March  17,  1816,  and  died  at  Independence,  Texas, 
February  27,  1885.  For  more  than  twenty  years,  he  was  president  of 
Baylor  University,  having  been  called  to  this  position  in  1863.  Both  as  a 
scholar  and  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel  he  was  a  man  of  unusual  attain- 
ments and  one  of  the  foremost  Baptist  divines  of  the  South.  Included 
among  his  published  works  are  'Literary  Discourses'  and  'The  Life  of 
Sam  Houston.' 

CRAWFORD,  A.  MARIA,  magazine  writer,  was  born  at  Crawford 
Farm,  Knox  County,  Tenn.,  March  16,  1884.  Miss  Crawford  contributes 
short  stories  and  poems  of  unusual  merit  to  the  leading  popular  magazines 
and  is  preparing  to  publish  a  volume  of  verse.  She  is  engaged  in  journal- 
ism in  Knoxville,  Tenn. 

CRAWFORD,  J.  MARSHALL.  Author.  [Va.].  He  wrote  'Mos- 
by  and  His  Men'  (1867). 

CRAWFORD,  NATHANIEL  MACON,  educator  and  clergyman, 
was  born  in  Oglethorpe  County,  Ga.,  March  22,  1811,  and  died  in  Walker 


100  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

County,  Va.,  October  27,  1871.  His  father  was  the  dintinguished  William 
H.  Crawford,  diplomat  and  statesman.  Entering  the  ministry,  he  became 
an  eminent  Baptist  divine,  noted  for  his  scholarship  and  eloquence.  From 
the  chair  of  theology  in  Mercer  University  he  was  called  to  the  executive 
helm,  but  relinquished  this  position  to  enter  the  faculty  of  the  University 
of  Mississippi.  Later,  he  returned  to  Georgia  and  became  once  more  the 
president  of  Mercer.  Besides  editing  The  Christian  Index,  he  made  fre- 
quent contributions  to  the  religious  press  and  published  a  volume  entitled 
'Christian  Paradoxes.'  (Nashville,  1858). 

CRAWFORD,  WILLIAM  HARRIS.  Diplomat  and  statesman. 
He  was  born  in  Amherst  County;  Va.,  February  24,  1772,  and  died  in 
Elbert  County,  Ga.,  September  14,  1834.  Before  attaining  his  thirty-fifth 
year  he  was  chosen  to  represent  his  adopted  State  in  the  United  States 
Senate ;  but  from  this  position  he  was  called  to  represent  the  Government 
at  the  Court  of  France,  under  the  empire  of  the  first  Napoleon.  He  was 
one  of  the  handsomest  men  of  his  day;  and  so  impressed  was  the  French 
Emperor  by  his  distinguished  appearance  at  Court  that  he  afterward  said 
of  Mr.  Crawford  that  he  was  the  only  man  to  whom  he  ever  felt  con- 
strained to  bow.  On  returning  home,  he  became  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury; and  such  was  his  popularity  that  he  was  the  choice  of  his  party  to 
succeed  Mr.  Monroe  in  the  office  of  President.  But,  during  the  campaign, 
he  was  stricken  with  paralysis,  due  to  an  improper  use  of  lobelia,  and  the 
election  which  was  thrown  into  the  House  of  Representatives  resulted 
in  the  choice  of  Mr.  Adams.  The  last  days  of  the  distinguished  states- 
man were  spent  on  the  Superior  Court  Bench  in  Georgia.  Few  of  the 
speeches  of  Mr.  Crawford  have  been  preserved  except  in  the  debates  of 
Congress;  but  he  stamped  the  impress  of  his  genius  upon  the  history  of 
his  times. 

CREERY,  WILLIAM  RUFUS,  educator,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  May  9,  1824,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  May  1,  1875.  He  graduated 
from  Dickinson  College  and  became  professor  of  belles  lettres  in  a  college 
in  Baltimore  and  later  superintendent  of  the  public  schools.  He  prepared, 
in  association  with  Professor  M.  A.  Newell,  the  Maryland  series  of  school- 
books,  including  spellers  and  readers,  besides  a  'Catechism  of  United  States 
History.' 

CREITZBURG,  A.  M.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman.  He  wrote 
'Early  Methodism  in  the  Carolinas'  (Nashville,  The  M.E.  Publishing 
House,  South). 

CRESWELL,  JULIA  PLEASANTS,  author,  was  born  in  Hunts- 
ville,  Ala.,  August  21,  1821,  and  died  near  Shreveport,  La.,  August  21, 
1886.  Her  father  was  Colonel  J.  J.  Pleasants,  of  Virginia,  who,  moving  to 
Alabama,  became  Secretary  of  State.  Before  her  marriage  to  Judge  David 
Creswell,  she  published,  in  association  with  her  cousin,  Thomas  Bibb 
Bradley,  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Aphelia,  and  Other  Poems,  by  Two 
Cousins  of  the  South'  (New  York,  1854).  Subsequent  to  the  war,  she 
taught  school,  while  her  husband,  whose  large  property  had  been  destroyed 
by  the  war,  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession;  and  she  also  wrote 
at  this  time  an  allegorical  novel  entitled:  'Callamura'  (Philadelphia,  1868). 
At  her  death  she  left  a  number  of  unpublished  poems. 

GRIM,  MATT.  Author.  She  spent  much  of  her  earlier  life 
in  Georgia,  the  first  fruits  of  her  genius  appearing  in  the  Savannah 
papers  in  the  Sunny  South.  Encouraged  by  her  success,  she  wrote 
for  The  Century  a  story  in  dialect  entitled:  "An  Unfortunate  Creetur," 
which  brought  her  wide  recognition ;  and  both  Harper's  and  The  Century 
began  to  purchase  her  literary  wares.  For  some  time  past  she  has 
resided  m  New  York;  and  among  the  best-known  products  of  her  pen 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       101 

are:  'The  Adventures  of  a  Fair  Rebel,'  'In  Beaver  Cove  and  Elsewhere' 
and  'Elizabeth,  the  Christian  Scientist.'    She  is  unmarried. 

CRISTY,  GEORGE  W.  Poet.  [La.].  He  published  a  volume  of 
verse  entitled  'The  Cricket,  and  Other  Poems'  (1850). 

CRITTENDEN,  JOHN  JORDAN,  statesman,  was  born  in  Wood- 
ford County,  Ky.,  Sejjtember  10,  1787,  and  died  in  Frankfort,  Ky.,  July 
26,  1863.  On  completing  his  studies  at  William  and  Mary  College,  he 
chose  the  practice  of  law.  At  the  age  of  twenty-eight  he  was  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate;  but,  after  serving  three  years,  he  resigned 
the  toga  and  resumed  professioni.1  activities.  Again,  in  183S,  he  took  his 
seat  in  the  upper  branch  of  Congress  and  was  subsequently  reelected,  but 
again  he  resigned  to  become  Attorney-general  in  President  Harrison's 
Cabinet.  On  the  accession  of  President  Tyler,  he  retired;  but  Henry  Clay 
having  relinquished  his  seat  in  the  Senate  Mr.  Crittenden  was  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  him  and  at  the  expiration  of  the  term  was  again 
commissioned.  But  once  more  he  resigned  his  seat  to  become  governor 
of  Kentucky;  and,  after  completing  his  tenure  of  office,  he  returned  to 
the  Senate  to  complete  his  glorious  career  in  the  American  House  of  Peers. 
He  was  an  ardent  Unionist.  Retiring  from  the  Senate  in  1861,  he  was 
elected  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  where  he  remained  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  two  years  later.  The  speeches  of  Mr.  Crittenden, 
which  have  been  preserved  in  the  debates  of  Congress,  attest  his  vigor  of 
intellect  and  his  breadth  of  statesmanship. 

CROCKETT,  DAVID.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
HI,  page  1083. 

CROCKETT,  INGRAM.  Author.  He  was  born  in  Henderson, 
Ky.,  February  10,  1856,  a  son  of  John  W.  and  Louisa  M.  Ingram 
Crockett.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  his  home  town 
and  married,  May  17,  1887,  Mary  Cameron  Stites.  Besides  numerous 
contributions  to  the  magazines,  he  has  written:  'Beneath  Blue  Skies 
and  Gray'  (New  York,  R.  H.  Russell),  and  'A  Year  Book  of  Kentucky 
Woods  and  Fields.'  His  fondness  for  outdoor  life  and  his  intimate 
familiarity,  with  nature  are  distinctly  impressed  upon  his  writings.  He 
resides  in  Henderson,  Ky. 

CROSS,  JANE  TANDY,  author,  was  born  at  Harrisburg,  Ky.,  in 
1817,  a  daughter  of  Judge  Chinn.  Before  attaining  her  eighteenth  year 
she  married  James  P.  Hardin,  but  he  did  not  long  survive  the  happy 
nuptials,  and  she  afterward  married  Dr.  Joseph  Cross,  a  Methodist  minis- 
ter. She  spoke  fluently  the  Romance  languages  and  wrote  with  great 
ease  and  charm.  She  accompanied  her  husband  to  Europe,  upon  his 
retirement  from  the  itinerant  ranks,  and,  on  returning  home,  they  engaged 
in  teaching  at  Spartanburg,  S.C.  Besides  several  beautiful  poems,  one 
of  which  was  inscribed  to  the  memory  of  her  only  child  by  the  last 
marriage,  she  wrote :  'From  the  Calm  Centre,'  'Heart  Blossoms,'  'Wayside 
Flowerets,'  'Duncan  Adair,'  'Bible  Gleanings,'  'Azile,'  and  'Drift- Wood,' 
most  of  her  books  being  for  the  young.     She  died  in  1870. 

CROSS,  TRUEMAN,  soldier,  was  born  in  Maryland,  the  exact 
time  and  place  unknown.  Attaining  the  rank  of  colonel  in  the  United 
States  Army,  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  quartermaster's  department, 
but  met  his  death  at  the  hands  of  Mexican  banditti,  at  Fort  Brown, 
Texas,  April  21,  1846.  He  published  'Military  Laws  of  the  United 
States.' 

CROZIER,  H.  H.  Clergyman.  This  author  resided  in  Mississippi 
and  published  several  books :  'The  Bloody  Junto,  or  the  Escape  of  John 


102  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Wilkes  Booth'  (1869),  'The  Confederate  Spy'  (1867),  'Fiery  Trials'  (1882), 
'Araphel,  or  Falling  Stars'  (1884),  'The  Cane  of  Hegobar'  (1885),  and 
'Deep  Waters'  (1887). 

CRUSE,  MARY  ANNE.  Author  of  'Cameron  Hall,'  a  story  of 
the  Civil  \Var  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company,  1867).  The 
scenes  of  this  stirring  narrative  are  laid  around  Huntsville,  Ala.  She 
also  wrote :   'Auntie's   Christmas  Tree'  and  'Little   Grandpa,' 

CRUSE,  PETER  HOFFMAN,  editor,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  in  1795,  and  educated  at  Princeton.  Relinquishing  law  for  journal- 
ism, he  edited  the  Baltimore  American  for  ten  years  and  became  a  con- 
tributor to  various  magazines  and  periodicals.  In  association  with  John 
P.  Kennedy  he  also  edited  The  Red  Book. 

CRUZAT,  J.  W.  [La.].  He  wrote  an  account  entitled  'The  De- 
fences of  New  Orleans  in  1797'  (Louisiana  Historical  Society,  1896). 

CULBERSON,  CHARLES  A.,  United  States  Senator,  was  born 
in  Dadeville,  Ala.,  June  10,  1855.  When  only  an  infant  he  was  taken  to 
Texas,  from  which  State  his  father.  Honorable  David  B.  Culberson,  was  a 
Representative  in  Congress,  for  twenty-two  years.  He  graduated  from  the 
Virginia  Military  Institute,  located  in  Texas  for  the  practice  of  law, 
became  prominent  at  the  Bar  and  in  politics,  and  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  in  1899,  to  succeed  Roger  Q.  Mills.  Six  years  later 
he  was  reelected  for  another  term.  On  political  issues  he  is  an  ardent 
Democrat.  Mr.  Culberson  is  one  of  the  ablest  lawyers  in  the  Upper 
House,  an  effective  writer  and  an  eloquent  speaker  on  political  issues 
and  governmental  problems.  He  is  a  member  of  the  advisory  council  of 
'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married,  December  7,  1882, 
Sally  Harrison.     His  place  of  residence  is  Dallas,  Texas. 

CULBRETH,  DAVID  M.  R.  Physician.  [Va.].  Dr.  Culbreth, 
an  alumnus  of  the  University  of  Virginia,  has  written  in  the  reminiscent 
vein  an  exceedingly  interesting  volume  entitled  'The  University  of  Vir- 
ginia— Memories  of  Pier  Student  Life  and  Professors,'  an  elaborate  work 
full  of  spicy  incidents  and  anecdotes  (New  York  and  Washington,  The 
Neale  Publishing  Company,  1908). 

GUMMING,  KATE.  She  was  born  in  1835  and  is  the  author  of 
some  excellent  work  both  in  prose  and  in  verse.  Two  volumes  have 
come  from  her  pen:  'Hospital  Life  in  the  Army  of  Tennessee'  (1866) 
and  'Gleanings  From  Southland'  (1896). 

CUMMINGS,  C.  C.  Jurist  and  author.  Judge  Cummings  was 
born  in  Virginia.  During  the  Civil  War  he  enlisted  as  a  volunteer  from 
his  native  State  and  fought  throughout  the  struggle,  losing  an  arm  in 
the  service  of  the  Old  Dominion.  Soon  after  the  close  of  hostilities  he 
located  in  Texas,  where  he  ably  presided  on  the  Bench  for  nearly  forty 
years,  and  toward  the  close  of  his  long  life  published  in  two  volumes  an 
elaborate  work  entitled  'Texas  History'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The 
Neale  Publishing  Company,  1908),  in  which  he  reviews  the  beginnings 
of  the  Lone  Star  Commonwealth. 

CUMMINGS,  JEREMIAH  W.,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  April  5,  1823,  and  died  in  New  York  January  4,  1866.  He 
studied  theology  at  the  College  of  the  Propaganda,  in  Rome,  and  became 
an  effective  preacher  and  lecturer.  He  published  'Italian  Legends'  (New 
York,  1859),  'Songs  for  Catholic  Schools'  (1862),  'Spiritual  Progress' 
(1865),  and  'The  Silver  Stole,'  besides  contributions  to  encyclopsedias  and 
periodicals. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       103 

CUMMINGS  ST.  JAMES,  educator,  was  born  at  Topsfield,  Mass., 
December  22,  1858.  When  a  lad  of  fourteen,  he  was  brought  to  Knoxl 
viUe,  Tenn.,  by  his  parents,  who  were  natives  of  Canada.  After  com- 
pleting his  studies  at  Johns  Hopkins,  from  which  institution  he  carried  off 
the  honors  of  literary  prizeman,  he  accepted  the  chair  of  history  and 
English  literature  m  the  South  Carolina  Military  Academy,  a  position 
y,'S;?o>"^  still  retains.  He  is  the  author  of  'Staves  of  the  Triple  AUi^ce' 
(1898)  and  Flamborough  Head,  and  Other  Poems,'  two  volumes  of 
pronounced  literary  merit.  The  sketch  of  Henry  J.  Nott  in  'The  Library 
of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  He  married,  in  1896,  Rosa 
L.  Witte,  of  Charleston,  S.C. 

CUMMINS,  EBENEZER  HARLOW,  lawyer  and  historian,  was 
born  in  North  Carolina,  in  1790.  On  leaving  college,  he  studied  law  and 
located  in  Georgia,  serving  for  several  terms  in  the  Legislature ;  but  after- 
ward he  entered  the  Marine  Corps.  Still  later,  he  studied  theology;  and, 
after  locating  in  Baltimore,  he  became  a  magistrate.  He  published  'A 
Geography  of  Alabama'  and  'A  History  of  the  Late  War,'  the  latter  being 
an  account  of  the  second  war  with  England.  He  died  in  Washington, 
D.C.,  January  17,  1835. 

CUMMINS,  FRANCIS,  clergyman,  was  born  near  Shippensburg, 
Pa.,  in  1732,  but  was  educated  in  North  Carolina  and  spent  the  greater 
part  of  his  life  in  the  South.  For  some  time  he  taught  school,  and  among 
his  pupils  was  Andrew  Jackson.  He  was  an  ardent  patriot  and  was 
present  at  several  of  the  meetings  of  the  Mecklenburg  Whigs.  Entering 
the_  Presbyterian  ministry,  after  reaching  middle  life,  he  nevertheless 
achieved  eminence  and  held  numerous  important  charges.  He  published 
a  volume  of  sermons  and  wrote  a  number  of  political  and  scientific  pam- 
phlets. He  died  at  Greensboro,  Ga.,  February  22,  1832,  having  reached  the 
advanced  age  of  one  hundred  years. 

CUNNINGHAM,  SUMNER  ARCHIBALD.  Founder  of  The 
Confederate  Veteran,  published  in  Nashville,  Tenn.  He  was  born  in 
Bedford  County,  Tenn.,  July  21,  1843,  the  son  of  John  Washington 
Campbell  and  Mary  A.  Buchanan  Cunningham.  He  was  reared  on 
a  farm  and  educated  in  the  country  schools  of  the  neighborhood. 
He  married,  November  27,  1866,  Laura  N.  Davis.  He  served  in  the 
Confederate  Army;  and  after  the  war  engaged  in  merchandizing  at 
Shelbyville,  Tenn.  He  bought  and  edited  the  Shelbyville  Commercial 
and  subsequently  purchased  the  Chattanooga  Times,  which  he  sold  in 
1880  to  the  present  owner,  Adolph  S.  Ochs.  He  then  launched  in 
New  York  a  periodical  called  Our  Day,  which  was  designed  to  be  an 
exponent  of  Southern  sentiment;  but  this  publication  was  discon- 
tinued after  eighteen  months.  In  1893  Mr.  Cunningham  organized  and 
established  The  Confederate  Veteran,  which  has  ever  since  been  the 
recognized  literary  representative  of  the  men  and  memories  of  the 
Lost  Cause.     He  resides  in   Nashville,  Tenn. 

CURRELL,  WILLIAM  SPENCER,  educator,  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  May  13,  1858.  For  several  years  he  has  filled  the  chair 
of  English  at  Washington  and  Lee  University,  from  which  institution 
he  received  his  Ph.D.  degree.  He  has  frequently  lectured  before  Chautau- 
qua assemblies  and  contributed  to  magazines  and  reviews.  He  also  wrote 
for  'The  Library  of  Sotithem  Literature'  the  sketch  of  E.  S.  Joynes. 

CURRY,  JABEZ  LAMAR  MONROE.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Sketch,  Vol.  Ill,  page  1111. 

CURTIS,  MARION.  The  author  of  a  story  which  treats  delicately 
and  interestingly  of  the  race  problem  in  the  South,  entitled  'The  Note  of 
Discord'  (New  York,  The  Broadway  Publishing  Company,  1904). 


104  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

CURTIS,  MOSES  ASHLEY,  clergyman  .and  scientist,  was  born 
in  Massachusetts  in  1808,  but  lived  for  many  years  in  North  Carolina  and 
published  'The  Edible  Fungi  of  North  Carolina'  and  a  'Catalogue  of  the 
Plants  of  North  Carolina.' 

CUSTIS,  GEORGE  WASHINGTON  PARKE,  author,  was  the 
adopted  son  of  George  Washington  and  was  born  at  Mount  Airy,  Md., 
in  1781.  Soon  after  completing  his  education;  he  married  Mary  Lee 
Fitzhugh  and  settled  upon  the  famous  estate  at  Arlington,  his  daughter  in 
after  years  becoming  the  wife  of  Robert  E.  Lee.  The  splendid  property 
having  reverted  to  Mrs.  Lee,  it  was  confiscated  after  the  War  and  con- 
verted into  a  burial  ground  for  the  nation's  dead;  but  the  family  was 
subsequently  reimbursed  by  special  act  of  Congress.  Mr.  Custis  was  a 
man  of  distinguished  attainments.  He  delivered  numerous  orations,  wrote 
a  number  of  plays,  including  'Pocahontas,. a  National  Drama'  (Philadel- 
phia, 1830),  and  published  an  interesting  work  entitled:  'Recollections 
of  Washington,'  containing  a  memoir  by  his  daughter  and  an  introductory 
note  from  the  pen  of  B.  J.  Lossing.     He  died  at  Arlington,  in  1857. 

CUTHBERT,  ALFRED,  statesman,  was  born  in  Savannah,  Ga., 
about  1784,  and  was  educated  at  Princeton.  For  nearly  ten  years  he 
served  in  Congress ;  and,  in  1834,  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate 
to  succeed  John  Forsyth,  being  afterward  reelected  for  another  full  term. 
His  speeches  were  characterized  by  unusual  vigor  of  thought.  He  died 
at  Monticello,  Ga.,  July  9,  1856. 

CUTHBERT,  JAMES  HAZZARD,  clergyman,  was  born  at  Beau- 
fort, S.C.,  December  13,  1823;  and,  after  graduating  from  Princeton,  he 
studied  theology  under  his  uncle,  Rev.  Richard  Fuller,  D.D.,  and  became 
an  eminent  Baptist  divine.  For  a  while  he  served  a  congregation  in 
Philadelphia;  but,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  War,  he  returned  to  the  South 
and  held  charges  first  in  Augusta  and  afterward  in  Washington,  D.C. 
He  published  'The  Life  of  Richard  Fuller,  D.D.'  (New  York,  1879).  For- 
est College,  N.C.,  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

CUTHBERT,  JOHN  A.,  jurist  and  editor,  was  born  in  Savannah, 
Ga.,  June  3,  1788,  and  died  near  Mobile  Ala.,  September  22,  1881.  Edu- 
cated at  Princeton,  he  began  the  study  of  law  in  New  York;  but,  return- 
ing to  Georgia,  he  became  prominent  at  the  Bar  and  was  sent  to  Congress. 
Later,  he  edited  The  Federal  Union,  a  paper  published  at  Milledgeville. 
In  1837,  he  removed  to  Mobile  and  became  a  judge  of  the  Circuit  Court. 

CUTLER,  LIZZIE  PETIT,  author,  was  born  in  Milton,  in  Albe- 
marle County,  Va.,  in  1836,  and  educated  at  the  seminary  in  Charlottes- 
ville, and  under  private  tutors.  Her  gifts  were  of  very  high  order.  In 
1855,  she  published  her  first  novel,  'Light  and  Darkness,'  which  was  re- 
produced in  England  and  translated  into  French.  She  also  wrote  'House- 
hold Mysteries,  a  Romance  of  Southern  Life,'  'The  Stars  of  the  Crowd,  or 
Men  and  Women  oi  the  Day.'  Her  maiden  name  was  Lizzie  Petit.  In 
1858,  she  married  Mr.  Cutler,  a  lawyer  of  New  York. 

CUTTER,  GEORGE  WASHINGTON.  Poet.  Though  born  in 
Massachusetts,  in  1809,  he  lived  many  years  in  Kentucky  and  commanded 
a  company  of  Kentuckians  in  the  Mexican  War.  One  of  his  best-known 
poems  entitled :  "The  Song  of  Steam,"  is  preserved  in  'Songs  of  the 
South.'  He  published  'Buena  Vista,  and  Other  Poems'  (Cincinnati,  1848), 
'Song  of  Steam,  and  Other  Poems,'  and  'Poems,  National  and  Patriotic' 
(Philadelphia,  1857).  Under  several  administrations,  he  held  an  important 
clerkship  in  the  United  States  Treasury  Department.  He  died  in  Wash- 
ington, D.C,  in  1865. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        105 

DABNEY,  CHARLES  WILLIAM.  President  of  the  University 
of  Cincinnati.  He  was  born  at  Hampden-Sidney,  Va.,  June  19,  1855, 
a  son  of  the  eminent  Presbyterian  theologian,  Dr.  Robert  L.  Dabney, 
who  was  Stonewall  Jackson's  chief  of  staff  and  biographer.  His 
mother  was  Lavinia  Morrison  Dabney.  He  was  educated  at  Hampden- 
Sidney  College  and  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  and  studied  also  at 
Berlin  and  at  Gottingen.  He  married,  August  24,  1881,  Mary  Brent, 
of  Lexington,  Ky.  He  was  the  first  to  discover  phosphate  deposits 
in  Eastern  North  Carolina  and  tin  ore  in  Western  North  Carolina. 
This  was  while  he  was  State  Chemist  and  held  the  chair  of  chemistry 
in  the  university  at  Chapel  Hill.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  estab- 
lishing an  industrial  school  at  Raleigh,  now  the  North  Carolina  College 
of  Agricultural  and  Mechanic  Arts.  He  was  Assistant  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  of  the  United  States  during  the  second  administration  of 
President  Cleveland,  and  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the 
Government  exhibits  at  the  Cotton  States  and  International  Exposi- 
tion at  Atlanta  in  1895,.  and  of  the  Tennessee  Centennial  Exposition  in 
1897.  He  is  interested  in  all  the  problems  of  education  and  of 
Southern  development;  was  president  of  the  University  of  Ten- 
nessee from  1887  to  1904;  and  then  became  president  of  the  University 
of  Cincinnati.  He  has  written:  'Reports  of  the  North  Carolina  Agri- 
cultural Experiment  Station'  (1880-1887),  'Reports  of  the  University 
of  Tennessee  Station'  (1887-1899),  'Old  College  and  New'  (1894)  'A 
National  University'  (1895),  'Washington's  Interest  in  Education' 
(1899),  _  'History  of  Agricultural  Education'  and  'Agriculture  and 
Education.'  Both  Yale  and  Johns  Hopkins  have  given  him  the  degree 
of  LL.D.     He  resides  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

DABNEY,  RICHARD,  poet,  was  born  in  Louisa  County,  Va.,  of 
Huguenot  parents,  the  name  originally  being  D'Aubigny;  and  was  the 
autlior  of  a  work  of  some  merit  entitled:  'Poems,  Original  and  Trans- 
lated' (Philadelphia,  1815),  which  passed  into  two  editions.  According 
to  Dr.  'Painter,  his  literary  art  is  excellent  but  his  range  of  thought  is 
entirely  too  restricted. 

DABNEY,  RICHARD  HEATH,  educator,  was  born  in  Memphis, 
Tenn.,  March  29,  1860,  the  son  of  Virginius  and  Maria  Heath  Dabney. 
From  the  University  of  Virginia  he  went  to  Germany  to  complete 
his  studies  (Ph.D.,  Heidelberg).  He  was  twice  married,  first  to  Mary 
A.  Bentley  and  second  to  Lily  H.  Davis.  For  many  years  he  has  been 
professor  of  history  at  the  University  of  Virginia  and  since  1905  he  has 
been  dean  of  the  graduate  department.  Besides  numerous  historical  and 
miscellaneous  reviews  and  essays,  his  writings  inckide :  'The  Causes  of 
the  French  Revolution'  (New  York,  Henry  Holt),  and  'John  Randolph,  a 
Character  Sketch.'  He  also  wrote  the  introduction  to  Dr.  Wayland's  work 
entitled  'The  Political  Opinions  of  Thomas  Jefferson.' 

DABNEY,  ROBERT  LEWIS.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  Ill,  page  1143. 

DABNEY,  VIRGINIUS,  author,  was  born  at  Elmington,  Va.,  in 
1835.  On  completing  his  education  at  the  State  University,  at  Charlottes- 
ville, he  began  the  practice  of  law,  but  he  subsequently  abandoned  the 
legal  profession  for  the  more  delightful  paths  of  literature.  The  War 
upset  his  plans.  It  was  his  sword  instead  of  his  pen  which  he  was  called 
upon  to  unsheathe;  and  from  1861  to  1865  he  was  at  the  front.  In  the 
years  which  followed  his  leisure  time  was  limited;  but  he  wrote  'Don 
Miff,'  which  numbered  four  editions  in  six  months,  and  'Gold  that  Did 
Not  Glitter.'  Encouraged  by  his  success,  he  was  planning  for  more 
ambitious  work  when  death  overtook  him  in  1894. 


106  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

DAFFAN,  KATIE,  educator  and  author,  was  born  in  Brenham, 
Washington  County,  Texas.  For  three  years  she  has  been  president  of 
the  Texas  Division  of  the  United  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy  and  for 
two  years  president  of  the  Texas  Woman's  Press  Association,  a  dual 
honor  which  bears  testimony  to  her  talents.  She  has  published  several 
charmingly  written  volumes,  among  them,  'Woman  in  History'  (1908), 
'Texas  Hero  Stories'  (1908),  'The  Woman  on  the  Pine  Spring  Road' 
(1909),  'My  Friend,  the  Hypocrite'  (1909),  and  'Eve,  a  Biographical 
Study'  (in  preparation).     She  resides  at  Ennis,  Texas. 

DAGG,  JOHN  LEADLEY,  theologian  and  educator,  was  born  at 
Middleburg,  Va.,  February  13,  1794.  For  eleven  years  he  was  president 
of  Mercer  University,  at  Macon,  Ga.  He  lived  to  an  advanced  age  and 
was  one  of  the  towers  of  strength  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Church.  His 
second  wife  was  the  widow  of  Rev.  Noah  Davis,  the  founder  of  the 
American  Baptist  Publication  Society,  and  the  mother  of  Dr.  Noah  K. 
Davis.  His  works  include:  'A  Manual  of  Theology'  (1858),  'Evidences 
of  Christianity'  (1869),  'Elements  of  Moral  Science'  (1883),  'Church 
Order,'  and  an  'English  Grammar,'  besides  minor  works. 

DAINGERFIELD,  HENRIETTA  GRAY,  author,  was  born  at 
Harrisonburg,  Va.  Her  maiden  name  was  Henrietta  Gray.  She  married 
Foxhall  Daingerfield,  a  major  in  the  Confederate  Army,  and,  after  the 
War,  made  Kentucky  her  home.  Though  a  woman  of  strong  domestic 
ties,  she  has  found  time  in  an  active  life  for  many  interests,  public  and 
philanthropic,  and  has  written  three  charming  little  books,  "That  Dear 
Old  Sword,'  a  story  for  children  (Richmond,  Presbyterian  Committee  of 
Publication),  'Our  Mammy,  and  Other  Stories'  (Hampton,  Va.,  Hampton 
Press),  and  'Frescati,  a  Page  from  Virginia  History'  (New  York  and 
Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company). 

DALCHO,  FREDERICK,  physician  and  clergtyman,  was  born  in 
London,  England,  in  1770,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  November  24, 
1836.  His  father  was  an  officer  of  distinction  under  Frederick  the  Great. 
He  came  to  America  at  the  invitation  of  an  uncle,  studied  medicine  in 
Baltimore,  but  located  for  the  practice  in  Charleston,  where  he  established 
the  botanical  gardens.  At  one  time  he  also  edited  The  Courier.  Later  he 
was  ordained  to  the  Episcopal  priesthood  and  became  assistant  rector  of 
St.  Michael's.  He  published  'The  Evidence  of  the  Divinity  of  Our 
Saviour'  (Charleston,  1820),  an  'Historical  Account  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  in  South  Carolina'  (1820),  and  'Ahiman  Rezon,'  a 
work  for  the  use  of  freemasons. 

DALSHEIMER,  ALICE,  poet,  was  born  in  New  Orleans,  La., 
December  1,  184S.  Her  maiden  name  was  Solomon.  For  several  years 
she  engaged  successfully  in  teaching  and,  at  leisure  intervals,  exercised 
her  rare  literary  gifts  by  writing  short  stories  and  sketches,  in  addition 
to  several  exquisite  poems.  Most  of  her  work  appeared  over  the  pen 
name  of  "Sylvia  Dale."  Unfortunately,  her  writings  have  never  appeared 
in  book  form.  Two  of  her  best-known  poems  are  "Motherhood"  and 
"Twilight  Shadows."     She  died  in  New  Orleans,  January  IS,  1880. 

DALY,  JOHN  AUGUSTIN,  manager  and  playwright,  was  born 
in  Plymouth,  N.C.,  July  20,  1838.  After  obtaining  an  elementary  educa- 
tion in  Norfolk,  Va.,  he  located  in  New  York,  where  he  became  manager 
of  the  old  Fifth  Avenue  Theater  in  West  Twenty-fourth  Street,  then  of 
the  new  Fifth  Avenue  Theater,  at  Broadway  and  Twenty-eighth  Street, 
and  finally  of  the  building  known  as  Daly's  Theater,  at  Broadway  and 
Thirtieth  Street.  He  became  also  a  dramatist  of  international  reputation. 
The  long  list  of  plays  which  he  either  wrote  or  remodeled  includes  the 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       107 

following  favorites :  "Under  the  Gas  Light,"  "The  Railroad  of  Love,'' 
"Pique,"  "Seven-Twenty-Eight,"  "Horizon,"  "Divorce,"  "The  Great  Un- 
known," "Love  on  Crutches,"  and  "The  Last  Word."  He  also  published 
'WofBngton:  a  Tribute  to  the  Actress  and  the  Woman'  (1888),  and  numer- 
ous sketches.    He  died  in  Paris  in  1899. 

DANA,  WILLIAM  COOMBS,  Presbyterian  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Massachusetts  in  1810  and  died  in  South  Carolina  in  1873.  Besides 
an  account  of  travel  entitled  'A  Transatlantic  Tour,'  Dr.  Dana  published 
a  hymnal  for  public  worship. 

DANDRIDGE,  DANSKE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  Ill,  page  117S. 

DANELLEY,  ELIZABETH  OTIS,  Mrs.,  poet,  was  born  in 
Georgia  in  1838,  but  afterward  removed  to  Texas  and  published  'Cac- 
tus ;  or.  Thorns  and  Blossoms,'  and  'Wayside  Flowers.' 

DANFORTH,  JOSHUA  NOBLE,  Congregational  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Massachusetts  in  1798  and  died  in  Virginia  in  1861.  Dr.  Danforth 
published  a  volume  of  miscellany  entitled  'Gleanings  and  Groupings  from 
a  Pastor's  Portfolio,'  besides  minor  works. 

"DANGERFIELD,  CLINTON."     (See  Ella  Howard  Bryan). 

DANIEL  FERDINAND  EUGENE.  Medical  journalist.  He  was 
born  in  Greenville  County,  Va.,  July  18,  1839,  a  son  of  R.  W.  T. 
and  Hester  Jordan  Adams  Daniel.  He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  and  at  the  New  Orleans  School  of  Med- 
icine. He  married,  first,  Minerva  Patrick;  second,  Fannie  Ragsdale 
Smith;  and,  third,  Josephine  Draper.  He  enlisted  in  the  Confederate 
Army  as  a  private,  but  became  a  surgeon.  He  practiced  medicine  and 
surgery  in  Galveston,  Texas,  from  1866  to  1875;  at  Jackson,  Miss., 
from  1875  to  1880;  and  in  Texas  again  from  1880  to  1885.  He  then 
retired  from  active  practice  to  establish  the  Texas  Medical  Journal, 
which  he  has  since  continued  to  edit.  In  addition  to  various  mono- 
graphs. Dr.  Daniel  has  written :  'Recollections  of  a  Rebel  Surgeon,' 
and  'The  Strange  Case  of  Dr.  Bruno.'     He  resides  in  Austin,  Texas. 

DANIEL,  JAMES  WALTER,  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman, 
was  born  in  Laurens  County,  S.C,  August  27,  1856,  of  French  Huguenot 
and  Scotch-Irish  stock.  On  the  paternal  side  he  is  connected  with  the 
Virginia  Harrisons  and  Daniels.  After  graduation  from  Newberry  Col- 
lege, he  entered  the  Methodist  ministry.  For  twenty-eight  years  he  has 
occupied  the  most  prominent  _  pulpits  and  on  the  lecture  platform  has 
likewise  won  distinction.  He  is  not  only  an  orator  of  rare  gifts,  but  an 
author  of  entertaining  books.  During  hours  of  relaxation  he  has  written 
'The  Girl  in  Checks'  (1886),  'Out  From  Under  Caesar's  Frown'  (1888),  'A 
Ramble  Among  Surnames'  (1894),  'Cateechee  of  Keeowee,'  an  Indian 
legend  in  blank  verse  (1896),  'A  Maid  of  the  Foot-hills,  or  the  Story  of 
Reconstruction'  (1905),  and  'Edelano,'  another  Indian  legend  in  blank 
verse  (1909).  He  is  an  authority  on  narnes,  especially  such  as  the  North 
American  Indians  have  given  to  localities.  Two  brothers  are  likewise 
ministers,  both  men  of  talent.  He  married,  first,  in  1880,  Emma  Hunt; 
and,  second,  in  1907,  Ethel  S.  Ragan.    He  resides  in  Columbia,  S.C. 

DANIEL,  JOHN  MONCURE,  an  American  editor  of  some  note, 
was  born  in  Stafford  County,  Va.,  October  24,  1825.  After  first  studying 
law  he  entered  journalism,  and  in  consequence  of  certain  caustic  editorial 
expressions  which  appeared  in  his  paper,  the  Richmond  Examiner,  he 
became  involved  in  several  duels.    In  1853  he  was  appointed  Minister  to 


108  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

the  court  of  Victor  Emmanuel,  but  on  account  of  a  breach  of  social  eti- 
quette at  Turin,  he  nearly  caused  a  rupture  of  diplomatic  relations,  espe- 
cially in  view  of  the  misunderstanding  between  the  United  States  and 
Italy,  growing  out  of  an  issue  in  regard  to  naturalized  citizens.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  served  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  A.  P.  Hill,  but 
his  arm  having  been  shattered,  he  returned  to  his  editorial  chair  in  Rich- 
mond. For  harsh  strictures  upon  Mr.  Davis  and  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury Elmore,  he  was  challenged  by  the  latter  to  a  duel  in  which  he  was 
wounded.  He  was  a  man  wholly  without  fear  but  somewhat  turbulent. 
He  wrote  an  interesting  sketch  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe  for  the  Southern 
Literary  Messenger;  and  his  'Writings'  were  edited  after  his  death  by 
his  brother  (New  York,  1868).  He  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  March  30, 
186S. 

DANIEL,  JOHN  WARWICK.  United  States  Senator.  He  was 
born  in  Lynchburg,  Va.,  September  S,  1842,  and  was  educated  at 
Lynchburg  College,  also  at  Dr.  Gessner  Harrison's  University  School. 
He  served  in  the  Confederate  Army  four  years,  becoming  chief  of 
General  Early's  staff,  and  lost  a  limb  on  the  battlefield  of  the  Wilder- 
ness. He  studied  law  at  the  University  of  Virginia.  He  was  defeated 
for  governor  of  Virginia,  but  was  subsequently  sent  to  Congress 
and  afterward  to  the  United  States  Senate,  of  which  body  he  is 
still  a  member.  In  the  upper  branch  of  the  national  Legislature  he  is 
one  of  the  most  picturesque  and  dramatic  figures.  Four  times  he  has 
been  honored  with  reelections;  and  though  on  occasions  he  has  differed 
with  his  party  on  public  issues,  his  courageous  fidelity  to  principle  and 
his  lofty  type  of  statesmanship  have  made  him  invincible  before  the 
people.  As  an  orator.  Senator  Daniel  has  no  superior  in  public  life. 
At  the  dedication  at  the  national  capital  of  the  great  obelisk  to  Wash- 
ington, Senator  Daniel  was  Virginia's  spokesman  and  orator  and  the 
speech  which  he  delivered  is  one  of  the  classics  of  American  eloquence. 
Still  another  masterpiece  is  his  eulogium  upon  Jefferson  Davis.  Sena- 
tor Daniel  has  also  been  chosen  to  make  the  address  on  the  unveiling 
of  the  statue  of  Robert  E.  Lee,  in  Statuary  Hall,  in  Washington.  He 
is  the  author  of  two  important  law  books:  'Attachments  Under  the 
Law  of  Virginia'  and  'Negotiable  Instruments.'  In  recognition  of  his 
eminent  attainments  the  degree  of  LL.D.  has  been  conferred  upon  him 
by  Washington  and  Lee  University.  Forced  to  use  a  crutch,  he  is 
sometimes  called  "the  Lame  Lion  of  Lynchburg,"  an  affectionate 
epithet  which  embalms  his  fidelity  to  the  Lost  Cause.  He  resides  in 
Lynchburg,  Va. 

DANIEL,  ROBERT  THOMAS.  [N.C.].  Assisted  by  Mrs.  Hardy 
M.  Sanders,  he  compiled  a  'Selection  of  Hymns  and  Spiritual  Songs,'  some 
eighty  of  which  were  original  (Raleigh,  Thomas  Henderson,  1812). 

DANIEL^  ROYAL,  journalist,  was  born  in  Newnan,  Ga.,  Septem- 
ber 12,  1870.  Most  of  his  life  has  been  devoted  to  journalistic  work 
and  for  some  time  past  he  has  been  on  the  staff  of  the  Atlanta  Journal. 
He  is  an  authority  on  psychological  questions ;  and,  besides  numerous 
contributions  to  the  press,  he  is  the  author  of  a  volume  entitled:  'The 
Twilight  of  Consciousness,'  which  appeared  in  1909,  creating  quite  an 
impression. 

DANIELS,  CORA  LINN.  Author.  This  Southern  lady  published 
a  work  which  deals  with  the  philosophy  of  life  after  death,  entitled  'As 
It  Is  to  Be'  (Boston,  Little,  Brown  and  Company,  1903). 

DANIELS,  JOSEPHUS,  editor,  was  born  in  Washington,  N.C, 
May  18,  1862.  For  nearly  fifteen  years  he  has  been  editor  of  the  Raleigh 
News  and  Observer,  and  an  influential  factor  in  North  Carolina  politics. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       109 

He  married,  May  2,  1888,  Addie  W.  Bagley.  Besides  numerous  editorials 
and  essays,  he  has  published  'The  First  Fallen  Hero  in  the  Spanish- 
American  War,'  a  sketch  of  Worth  Bagley,  Ensign,  U.S.N.  (1898). 

DARBY,  JOHN  F.  Author.  He  lived  in  Missouri  and  published 
in  1880,  a  volume  entitled;  'Personal  Recollections,'  in  which  many  racy 
anecdotes  of  the  early  days  of  the  State  are  narrated  (St.  Louis,  G.  I. 
Jones  and  Company). 

DARBY,  WILLIAM,  geographer,  was  born  in  Pennsylvania  in 
1775,  but  was  an  officer  under  General  Jackson  in  Louisiana,  where  he 
resided  for  some  time;  and  published  a  'Geographical  Description  of 
Louisiana'  (1816),  an  'Emigrants'  Guide  to  the  Western  Country'  (1818), 
and  a  'Geography  and  History  of  Florida'  (1821). 

DARDEN,  FANNIE  A.  D.,  Mrs.  Author.  Her  maiden  name  was 
Baker.  She  was  born  in  Alabama,  but  afterward  removed  to  Texas.  Her 
publications  include  'The  Comanche  Boy'  and  'The  Old  Brigade,  and 
Other  Poems.' 

DARGAN,  EDWIN  CHARLES.  Professor  in  the  Southern  Bap- 
tist Theological  Seminary,  Louisville,  Ky.,  clergyman  and  educator. 
He  was  born  in  Darlington  County,  S.C,  November  17,  1852,  a  son  of 
Dr.  John  O.  B.  and  Jane  Frances  Lide  Dargan.  He  was  educated  at 
Furman  University  and  at  the  Southern  Baptist  Theological  Seminary 
and  married,  June  12,  1878,  Lucy  A.  Graves,  of  Orange  County,  Va. 
He  has  held  numerous  important  pastorates,  including  the  Citadel 
Square  Baptist  Church,  of  Charleston,  S.C.  In  1892  he  accepted  the 
chair  which  he  still  occupies  in  the  Southern  Baptist  Theological  Semi- 
nary. Both  as  preacher  and  as  lecturer  he  has  demonstrated  great 
power.  Included  among  his  published  writings  are:  'Notes  on  Colos- 
sians'  (Philadelphia,  American  Baptist  Publication  Society),  'Ecclesi- 
ology,'  'A  History  of  Preaching,'  'The  Doctrines  of  Our  Faith,'  and 
'Society,  Kingdom  and  Church'  (Philadelphia,  American  Baptist  Publi- 
cation Society,  1907).  He  has  also  edited  the  revised  edition  of 
'Broadus  on  Preparation  and  Delivery  of  Sermons.'  Washington  and 
Lee  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  and  Baylor  University  the  degree 
of  LL.D. 

DARGAN,  JOHN  J.  Historian.  [S.C.].  Colonel  Dargan  pub- 
lished an  excellent  'General  History  of  South  Carolina,'  besides  a  text- 
book for  school  purposes. 

DARGAN,  OLIVE  TILFORD.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  lU,  page  1195. 

D'AVEZAC,  AUGUSTE  GENEVIEVE  VALENTIN.  Lawyer. 
He  was  born  on  the  island  of  St.  Domingo  in  1777,  but  during  his 
childhood  he  was  brought  to  Louisiana  by  his  parents,  who  were  refu- 
gees from  the  massacres.  On  completing  his  education  in  France,  he 
settled  in  New  Orleans  and  studied  for  the  Bar  under  his  brother-in- 
law,  Edward  Livingston.  He  became  an  advocate  of  great  power,  es- 
pecially in  criminal  trials;  and,  under  General  Jackson,  he  was  made 
Judge  Advocate  of  the  Army,  at  the  time  of  the  British  invasion. 
Espousing  the  political  fortunes  of  "Old  Hickory,"  he  afterward  be- 
came Secretary  of  Legation  and  Charge  d'Affaires  at  The  Hague. 
He  wrote  'Recollections  of  Edward  Livingston.'  He  died  in  New 
York,  February  16,  1851. 

DAVID,  JEAN  BAPTISTE,  Roman  Catholic  bishop,  was  born 
near  Nantes,  France,  in  1761,  and  died  in  Bardstown,  Ky.,  in  1841.  Bishop 
David  established  a  college  and  published  numerous  theological  works. 


no  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

including  a  'Vindication  of  the  Catholic  Doctrine  Concerning  the  Use  and 
Veneration  of  Images,'  an  'Address  to  the  Brethren  of  Other  Professions,' 
-  'On  the  Rule  of  Faith,'  'True  Piety,  or  the  Day  Well  Spent,'  and  a  Catholic 
hymn-book. 

DAVID,  URBAIN.  Writer.  [La.].  He  published  a  work  en- 
titled: 'Les  Anglais  a  la  Louisiane  en  1814-1815'  (184S),  an  interesting 
contribution  to  the  literature  of  the  second  war  with  England. 

DAVIDSON,  JAMES  WOOD.  Editor  and  educator.  He  was 
born  in  Newberry  County,  S.C,  March  9,  1829,  the  son  of  Alex- 
ander and  Sarah  Davidson  and  was  educated  at  South  Carolina  Col- 
lege. Before  the  war  he  taught  the  ancient  languages.  He  was  ad- 
jutant of  the  Thirteenth  Regiment  of  South  Carolina  Volunteers  in 
Stonewall  Jackson's  corps.  After  the  war  he  entered  journalism, 
going  first  to  Washington  and  afterward  to  New  York,  where  for 
eleven  years  he  edited  the  Evening  Post.  He  married  Josephine 
Allen  in  1884  and  moved  to  Florida.  He  served  in  the  State  Consti- 
tutional Convention  and  also  in  the  State  Legislature  and  was  in  the 
Treasury  Department  at  Washington  for  a  time.  Among  his  works 
are  included:  'The  Living  Writers  of  the  South,'  'A  School  History  of 
South  Carolina,'  'The  Correspondent,'  'The  Poetry  of  the  Future,' 
and  'The  Florida  of  To-day.'  His  style  as  a  writer  is  characterized 
by  choice  and  elegant  diction  and  by  unusual  vigor  and  penetration 
of  thought.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  compiling  a  'Dictionary 
of  Southern  Authors.'     He  died  in  1905. 

DAVIDSON,  ROBERT,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Elkton,  Md.,  in  1750.  For  many  years  he  was  vice-president  of  Dickin- 
son College,  at  Carlisle,  Pa. ;  and,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Nisbet,  in  1804, 
became  president.  He  was  also  an  eminent  Presbyterian  divine.  Besides 
numerous  sermons,  he  published  in  verse  'An  Epitome  of  Geography' 
(1784),  'The  Christian's  ABC  (1811),  and  'The  New  Metrical  Version 
of  the  Psalms'   (1812).     He  died  December  13,  1812. 

DA  VIES,  SAMUEL  D.  Author.  [Va.].  He  published  an  inter- 
esting critique  entitled  'Novels  and  Novel  Writing.' 

DAVIESS,  JOSEPH  HAMILTON,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Bedford 
County,  Va.,  March  4,  1774,  and  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe, 
November  7,  1811.  He  married  a  sister  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall.  As 
United  States  District  Attorney  for  Kentucky,  it  devolved  upon  him.  to 
prosecute  Aaron  Burr.  The  failure  of  the  Government  to  establish  the 
guilt  of  the  noted  prisoner  made  him  temporarily  unpopular  and  even  the 
subsequent  exposure  of  the  plot  failed  to  restore  him  to  complete  favor. 
To  vindicate  himself,  therefore,  he  published  'A  View  of  the  President's 
Conduct  Concerning  the  Conspiracy  of  1806.' 

DAVIESS,  MARIA  THOMPSON,  Mrs.  Author.  [Ky.].  She 
was  born  in  1814  and  published  'Roger  Sherman,  a  Tale  of  76,'  'Woman's 
Love,'  and  a  volume  of  'Poems.' 

DAVIESS,  MARIA  THOMPSON.  Artist  and  author.  Miss 
Daviess  is  a  native  of  Harrodsburg,  Ky.  She  has  published  several 
short  stories  of  fascinating  interest,  among  them,  "Miss  Selina  Sue  and 
the  Soap-Box  Babies,"  "Sue  Saunders  of  Saunders  Ridge"- and  "Some 
Juniors."     She  resides  in  Nashville,  Tenn. 

DAVIS,  DUDLEY  H.  Poet  and  merchant.  [W.  Va,].  He  pub- 
lished two  volumes  of  verse  entitled:  'Songs  of  the  Age'  (Baltimore, 
1891),  illustrated,  and  'The  Kingdom  Gained,  and  Other  Poems'  (Rich- 
mond, 1896). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY    OF   AUTHORS        111 

DAVIS,  GARRETT  M.  Author.  [Ky.].  He  wrote,  in  the  style  of 
Cooper,  an  interesting  story  for  boys,  entitled :  'In  the  Footsteps  of  Boone' 
(New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,   1905). 

DAVIS,  GEORGE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
Ill,  page  1225. 

DAVIS,  GEORGE  L.  L.  Historian.  [Md.].  He  wrote  a  'His- 
tory of  Maryland.' 

DAVIS,  HENRY  WINTER,  statesman,  was  born  at  Annapolis, 
Md.,  August  16,  1817,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  December  30,  1865. 
Choosing  the  profession  of  the  law,  he  became  one  of  the  foremost  advo- 
cates at  the  Maryland  Bar ;  and  from  1855  to  1865  he  served  in  Congress, 
barring  an  interval  of  one  term.  On  account  of  his  position  upon  certain 
questions,  he  incurred  the  censure  of  his  constituents ;  but  he  refused  to 
surrender  his  convictions  and  retorted  in  language  that  was  more  posi- 
tive than  diplomatic.  He  became  an  avowed  Unionist  and  was  offered 
the  nomination  for  Vice-president  on  the  ticket  with  Mr.  Lincoln,  but 
declined.  He  wrote  'The  War  of  Ormuzd  and  Ahriman  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century'  (Baltimore,  1853).  His  speeches  were  published  after  his  death, 
with  an  introductory  tribute  from  his  colleague,  John  A.  J.  Cresswell 
(New  York,  1867). 

DAVIS,  JEFFERSON.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
Ill,  page  1243. 

DAVIS,  JOHN,  poet,  was  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  colonial  minstrels. 
Though  a  foreigner  by  birth,  he  became  an  adopted  son  of  South  Caro- 
lina, and  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Ludwig  Lewisohn,  his  'Sonnet  to  the 
Whippoorwiir  was  probably  the  first  production  of  the  kind  in  the  Pal- 
metto State.  He  published  in  pamphlet  form  a  number  of  poems  and  a 
copy  of  the  little  duodecimo  is  preserved  in  the  library  of  the  College  of 
Charleston.  In  view  of  the  remote  period  at  which  he  wrote,  the  merit 
of  his  work  is  most  pronounced.  He  always  styled  himself  "John  Davis, 
of  Coosawhatchie." 

DAVIS,  JOHN  A.  G.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Middlesex  County,  Va., 
in  1801,  and  died  in  Williamsburg,  Va.,  November  14,  1840.  For  some 
time  he  was  professor  of  law  at  the  University  of  Virginia.  He  died 
from  a  pistol-shot  wound  inflicted  by  a  student  whom  he  was  endeavoring 
to  arrest  under  the  rules  of  the  institution.  Included  among  his  works 
are :  'Estates  in  Tail,  Executory  Devices,  and  Contingent  Remainders 
Under  the  Virginia  Statutes  Modifying  the  Common  Law"  and  'Guide  to 
Justices  of  the  Peace.' 

DAVIS,  MARGARET  ELLEN  O'BRIEN,  Mrs.  Author.  [Ala.]. 
She  was  born  in  1870  and  died  in  1898.  Though  her  pen  was  sheathed 
before  she  attained  her  intellectual  prime,  she  produced  several  works 
of  fiction  which  attest  the  high  order  of  her  gifts ;  among  them,  'Judith, 
the  Daughter  of  Judas,'  a  romance  of  the  time  of  Nero  (1891),  'John 
Landon,  Gentleman'  (1893),  'The  Squire'  (1894),  and  'Told  by  the 
Woman'  (1896),  besides  a  number  of  poems.  She  lived  in  Birmingham, 
Ala. 

DAVIS,  MARTHA  ANN.  Poet.  She  published  a  volume  of 
verse  entitled :  'The  Poems  of  Laura,  an  Original  American  Work' 
(Petersburg,  Va.,  1818),  which  contains  some  crude  but  poetic  touches 
and  is  pervaded  by  an  atmosphere  of  the  fireside. 

DAVIS,  MARY  EVELYN  MOORE.  See  Biographical  and  Critic 
cal  Sketch,  Vol.  Ill,  page  1273. 


112  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

DAVIS,  MINNIE  S.  Novelist  and  lecturer.  [Md.].  She  was 
born  in  1835.  Besides  minor  works  she  wrote  'Marion  Lester'  (18S0)  and 
'Clinton  Forest'  (1858). 

DAVIS,  NOAH  KNOWLES.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  Ill,  page  1309. 

DAVIS,  REUBEN,  jurist  and  lawyer,  was  born  in  Tullahoma, 
Tenn.,  January  18,  1813,  but  removed  to  Mississippi,  became  prominent 
on  the  Bench,  served  in  Congress  from  1857  to  1861,  and  attained  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general  on  the  Confederate  side  of  the  struggle  that 
ensued.  He  published  'Recollections  of  Mississippi  and  Mississippians' 
(Boston,  1889). 

DAVIS,  ROBERT  MEANS,  educator  and  editor,  was  born  in 
Fairiield  District,  S.C,  April  9,  1849,  and  died  in  Columbia,  S.C,  March 
13,  1904.  For  twenty-three  years  he  filled  the  chair  of  history  and  politi- 
cal economy  in  South  Carolina  College.  He  wielded  an  accomplished 
pen  and  made  frequent  contributions  to  current  periodicals.  Some  of  his 
work  is  preserved  in  Wauchopes'  'Writers  of  South  Carolina'  (Columbia, 
The  State  Company,  1909). 

DAVIS,  VARINA  ANNE  JEFFERSON.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  Ill,  page  1333. 

DAVIS,  VARINA  HOWELL.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  Ill,  page  1349. 

DAWSON,  EDGAR,  educator,  was  born  in  Scottsville,  Va., 
December  22,  1872.  For  several  years  he  was  preceptor  in  history  at 
Princeton.  He  now  heads  the  department  of  history  in  the 
Normal  College  of  the  City  of  New  York.  Besides  magazine  articles 
and  reviews,  he  is  the  author  of  an  interesting  volume  of  criticism  entitled 
'Byron  and  Moore.'  The  sketch  of  James  Madison  in  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  He  received  the  degree  of 
Ph.D.  from  Leipsic. 

DAWSON,  FRANCIS  WARRINGTON.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  Ill,  page  1369. 

DAWSON,  FRANCIS  WARRINGTON,  editor,  was  born  in 
London,  England,  May  17,  1840,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  the  victim 
of  an  unexplained  homicide.  May  12,  1889.  He  served  under  Longstreet 
in  the  Gettysburg  and  East  Tennessee  Campaigns,  attained  high  distinc- 
tion in  journalism  and  edited  forsome  time  the  Charleston  News  and 
Courier.  On  account  of  his  splendid  service  to  public  morals  in  the  sup- 
pression of  duelling,  he  was  knighted  by  Leo  XIII.  One  of  his  editorials 
entitled  'The  Cash-Shannon  Duel'  is  preserved  in  Wauchope's  'Writers 
of  South  Carolina'  (Columbia,  The  State  Company,  1909).  In  earlier 
life,  Captain  Dawson  published  several  comedies. 

DAWSON,  WILLIAM  C,  jurist  and  statesman,  was  born  in 
Greene  County,  Ga.,  January  4,  1798,  and  died  at  Greensboro,  Ga.,  May 
S,  1856.  He  was  a  lawyer  of  distinction.  From  1836  to  1842  he  served  in 
Congress ;  and  from  1849  to  1855  he  was  United  States  Senator.  He  was 
also  at  one  time  judge  of  the  Ocmulgee  Circuit.  He  published  'Laws  of 
Georgia.'  His  speeches,  which  have  been  preserved  in  the  'Debates  of 
Congress,  show  him  to  have  been  a  man  of  unusual  vigor  of  mind. 

DAY,  S.  A.,  Mrs.  ("Helen  Hamilton  Gardener").  Author.  She 
was  born  in  Winchester,  Va.,  January  21,  1858,  a  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  Alfred  G.   and  Katherine  (^henoweth.     She   received  an  excellent 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       113 

education,  including  post-graduate  work  in  biology  and  medicine,  in 
New  York.  She  married,  in  1901,  Colonel  S.  A.  Day,  U.S.A.,  retired. 
She  is  an  authority  on  questions  of  heredity.  Besides  numerous  scien-~ 
tific  articles,  she  has  written  many  stories  and  sketches  for  the  maga- 
zines. She  has  also  written  some  excellent  essays.  Her  works  include: 
'Men,  Women,  and  Gods,'  a  volume  of  essays  (New  York,  Truth 
Seeker  Company);  'Facts  and  Fictions  of  Life';  'Is  This  Your  Son, 
My  Lord?'  'Pray  You,  Sir,  Whose  Daughter?'  (New  York,  R.  F. 
Fenno  and  Company) ;  'Unseen  Hands'  (ibid.) ;  'A  Thoughtless  Yes' 
{ibid.)  ;  'An  Unofficial  Patriot'  (ibid.),  this  being  a  novel  of  the  Civil 
War,  and  'Historical  Sketches  of  the  United  States  Navy.'  She  is 
active  in  movements  for  the  progress  and  development  of  her  sex 
and  for  social  and  ethical  reform.    She  resides  in  New  York  City. 

DAYTON,  AMOS  COOPER,  physician  and  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Plainfield,  N.J.,  September  4,  1813;  but,  soon  after  equipping  himself 
for  the  practice  of  medicine,  he  settled  in  the  South.  Later,  he  adopted 
the  ministerial  profession,  becoming  first  a  Presbyterian  and  afterward 
a  Baptist.  He  wrote  two  religious  novels  which  were  widely  read  at 
the  time :  'Theodosia'  and  'The  Infidel's  Daughter.'  He  died  at  Perry, 
Ga.,  June  11,  1865. 

DEAS,  ANNE  IZARD.  Editor.  [S.C.].  Her  maiden  name  was 
Anne  Izard.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Ralph  Izard,  one  of  South  Caro- 
lina's first  United  States  Senators.  She  published,  with  a  memoir,  her 
father's  'Correspondence,  1774-1784,'  a  work  of  much  interest  covering  the 
period  of  the  American  Revolution  (Boston,  1844). 

DEBOUCHEL,  VICTOR.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  in  French 
and  published  an  interesting  'Histoire  de  la  Louisiana'  (New  Orleans, 
1841). 

DE  BOW,  JAMES  DUNWODY  BROWNSON,  editor  and  stat- 
istician, was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  July  10,  1820,  and  died  in  Elizabeth, 
N.  J.,  February  27,  1867.  Though  admitted  to  the  Bar,  his  time  was  almost 
wholly  devoted  to  literary  pursuits;  and  after  editing  for  several  years 
the  Southern  Quarterly  Review,  he  removed  to  New  Orleans,  where  he 
established  DeBoufs  Commercial  Review.  He  also  filled  at  one  time  the 
chair  of  political  economy  in  the  University  of  Louisiana,  a  position  which 
he  relinquished  to  become  superintendent  of  the  census.  Early  in  his 
career  he  wrote  an  article  on  "Oregon  and  the  Oregon  Question,"  which 
attracted  wide  attention.  He  also  published  an  'Encyclopaedia  of  the 
Trade  and  Commerce  of  the  United  States'  in  two  volumes  (1852),  'The 
Industrial  Resources  and  Statistics  of  the  Southwest,'  in  three  volumes 
(1853),  'The  Southern  States  in  Commerce  and  Agriculture'  (1854),  and 
a  work  on  mortuary  statistics,  besides  minor  publications. 

DEEMS,  CHARLES  FORCE.  Clergyman  and  editor.  For  many 
years  he  was  the  eloquent  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Strangers  in  the 
city  of  New  York.  He  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1820;  and,  after 
graduating  from  Dickinson  College,  he  became  a  professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  North  Carolina  and  at  Randolph-Macon,  and  later  president  of 
Greensboro  Female  College.  Besides  writing  constantly  for  his  church 
periodicals,  he  edited  five  volumes  of  'The  Southern  Methodist  Pulpit' 
and  three  volumes  of  'Southern  Methodism,'  and  published  two  volumes 
of  verse  entitled :  'Triumphs  of  Peace,  and  Other  Poems,'  and  'Devotional 
Melodies.'  His  numerous  other  works  include :  'Sermons  to  Young  Men,' 
'The  Home  Altar,'  'Weights  and  Wings,'  'Jesus :  A  Work  on  the  Life  of 
Christ,'  'Chips  and  Chunks  for  Every  Fireside,'  'My  Septuagint,'  and  'The 
Life  of  Dr.  Adam  Clarke,'  'The  Light  of  the  Nations,'  'A  Scotch  Verdict 


114  SOUTHERN  LITERATURE 

in  Evolution,'  'A  Gospel  of  Common  Sense,'  'The  Gospel  of  Spiritual 
Insight,'  and  'Studies  in  the  Gospel  of  John.'  He  died  in  1893.  Randolph- 
Macon  University  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.,  and  the  University  of 
North  Carolina,  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

DEEMS,  EDWARD  MARK,  clergyman  and  author,  was  born  in 
Greensboro,  N.C.,  April  22,  1852,  the  son  of  Dr.  Charles  F. 
Deems,  the  noted  divine.  After  receiving  his  education  at  Princeton,  he 
was  ordained  to  the  ministry  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  and  has  since 
occupied  Northern  pulpits.  He  wrote :  'Memoirs  of  Charles  Force  Deems, 
D.D.,  LL.D.'  (New  York  and  Chicago,  Fleming  H.  Revell  Company),  and 
'Holy  Days  and  Holidays'  (New  York,  Funk  and  Wagnalls).  He  received 
liis  D.D.  from  Alfred  University  and  his  Ph.D.  from  the  University  of 
the  City  of  New  York. 

DEERING,  JOHN  R.  Author.  He  served  in  the  Confederate 
Army  and  made  an  interesting  contribution  to  the  literature  of  the  Civil 
War  in  a  work  entitled  'Lee  and  His  Cause;  or  the  Why  and  How  of 
the  War  Between  the  States'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale 
Publishing  Company,  1906).  :- 

DE     GRAFFENREIDT,  CHRISTOPHER,     Baron.,     He     was 

born  in  Switzerland  but  came  to  America  and  published  an  interesting 

'Narrative,'  in  which  he  gives  an  account  of  the  Swiss  colony  at  New 
Bern,    N.C. 

DEHON,  THEODORE,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop,  was  born 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  December  8,  1776,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  August 
6,  1817.  For  two  years  he  was  rector  of  St.  Michael's  Church,  in  Charles- 
ton, after  which  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  South  Carolina;  but  he 
fell  an  early  victim  to  yellow  fever.  Several  of  his  sermons  were  col- 
lected after  his  death  and  published  in  book  form  (London,  1821 ;  New 
York,  1857). 

DEILER,  JOHN  HANNO.  An  eminent  teacher  of  German,  con- 
nected for  years  with  the  University  of  Louisiana  and  with  Tulane 
University  at  New  Orleans.  He  was  born  in  Upper  Bavaria,  August 
8,  1849,  the  son  of  Konrad  Deiler,  took  a  course  of  instruction  at  the 
Royal  Normal  College  at  Freising  and  also  studied  at  the  Royal  Poly- 
technic Institute,  Munich.  He  married,  December  9,  1872,  Wilhelmina 
Saganowski.  He  was  principal  of  the  (jerman  School  of  New  Orleans, 
for  several  years,  and  the  founder  of  German  archives  and  of  German 
vocal  music  societies  in  New  Orleans.  On  December  15,  1898,  he  was 
made  Knight  of  the  Order  of  the  Prussian  Crown.  He  has  written 
numerous  German  books  and  made  frequent  contributions  to  German 
periodicals. 

DEJACQUE,  JOSEPH.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  in  French 
both  -prose  and  verse  and  published  'Les  Lazareenes'  and  other  works 
(1857). 

DEJEANS,    ELIZABETH    (Mrs.    E.   J.    Budgette).     She   is   the 

author  of  a  novel  entitled:  'The  Winning  Chance'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B. 
Lippincott  Company,  1909),  which  deals  with  one  of  the  most  delicate 
of  modern  problems. 

DE  KAY,  CHARLES,  author,  was  born  in  Washington,  D.C., 
July  25,  1848.  For  fifteen  years  he  was  literary  editor  and  art  critic  of 
the  New  York  Times;  and,  during  President  Cleveland's  second  admin- 
istration, he  was  Consul-general  at  Berlin.  He  is  a  graceful  writer  both 
of  prose  and  of  verse.     Several  volumes  have  come  from  his  pen,  among 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       115 

them,  'The  Bohemian,'  'Hesperus,  and  Other  Poems,'  'Bird  Gods,  a  Study 
of  Myths  and  Religions  in  Ancient  Europe,'  "Essays  on  Ancient  Ireland," 
in  the  Century  Magaeine;  "Wonders  of  the  Alphabet,"  in  St.  Nicholas; 
'Love  Poems  of  Louis  Barnaval,'  'Life  and  Works  of  Barye,  Sculptor,' 
'Family  Letters  of  Heinrich  Heine,'  translated  from  the  German,  two 
dramatic  poems,  "The  Vision  of  Nimrod"  and  "The  Vision  of  Esther,"  and 
several  translations  from  the  French  of  'Alphonse  Daudet.'  He  resides 
i.i  New  York. 

DELAWARE,  LORD  (Thomas  West).  Governor  of  Virginia. 
He  succeeded  his  father  as  the  third  Lord  Delaware  in  1602,  and  in  1609 
received  his  appointment  as_  governor  and  captain-general  of  Virginia. 
For  nine  years  he  resided  in  the  colony  and  on  returning  to  England 
in  1618  he  died  at  sea.  He  published  in  1611  'A  True  Relation  to  the 
Colony  of  Virginia,'  which  was  reprinted  in  18S8. 

DE  LEON,  EDWIN,  diplomat  and  editor,  was  born  in  Columbia, 
S.C,  in  1828.  For  several  years  he  was  engaged  in  editorial  work  chiefly 
in  Washington,  D.C.,  after  which  he  became  diplomatic  agent  in  Europe 
and  still  later  Consul-general  in  Cairo.  His  published  works,  which 
show  him  to  have  been  a  man  of  exceptional  talents,  include :  'Thirty 
Years  of  My  Life  on  Three  Continents,'  'The  Khedive's  Egypt,'  'Askaros 
Kassis,  the  Captain,'  a  novel,  and  'Under  the  Star  and  Under  the  Crescent.' 
He  died  in  1891.  Thomas  Cooper  De  Leon,  the  author,  is  a  younger 
brother. 

DE  LEON,  THOMAS  COOPER.  Journalist,  author,  playwright. 
He  was  born  in  Columbia,  S.C,  May  21,  1839,  a  son  of  Dr.  M.  H. 
De  Leon  and  was  educated  in  the  best  schools,  culminating  with 
Georgetown  College  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  He  served  in  the 
Confederate  Army  from  1861  to  186S,  and  later  became  prominent  in 
journalism,  iirst  in  Baltimore,  afterward  in  New  York,  and  then  in 
Mobile.  He  organized  the  Mobile  Mardi  Gras  Carnival  and  managed 
it  successfully  for  twenty-five  years.  From  1867  to  1873  he  was  sole 
editor  of  the  Mobile  Register.  In  1897  he  relinquished  active  jour- 
nalism for  literary  work  and,  besides  occasional  appearances  on  the 
lecture  platform,  he  has  produced  numerous  dramas  and  novels  of 
high  merit.  His  comedy-drama,  "Pluck,"  was  produced  by  Lawrence 
Barrett  in  1873;  and  this  was  followed  by  other  plays  which  proved 
to  be  equally  popular.  Among  his  best-known  novels  are :  'Creole  and 
Puritan,'  'The  Pride  of  the  Mercers,'  'Crag's  Nest,'  and  'The  Puritan's 
Daughter.'  He  has  also  written  a  'Life  of  Joseph  Wheeler,'  'Four 
Years  in  Rebel  Capitals,'  'Confederate  Memories,'  'History  of  Creole 
Carnivals,'  and  'Belles  and  Beaux  of  the  'Sixties.'  He  has  also  written 
some  excellent  verse,  contributed  many  short  stories  to  the  period- 
icals, and  made  several  translations.     He  resides  in  Mobile,  Ala. 

DELERY,  FRANCOIS  CHARLES,  physician,  was  born  in  St. 
Charles  Parish,  La.,  January  28,  1815,  and  died  in  Bay  St.  Louis,  Miss., 
June  12,  1880.  He  was  educated  in  the  medical  schools  of  Paris,  but 
located  in  New  Orleans  for  the  practice  of  his  profession,  became  an 
eminent  physician,  and  published  a  number  of  volumes  in  French,  be- 
sides contributing  to  the  newspapers. 

DELPIT,  ALBERT.  Playwright  and  novelist.  He  was  born  in 
New  Orleans,  La.,  January  30,  1849,  but,  being  sent  by  his  father  to 
France  to  be  educated  in  the  schools  of  Bordeaux  and  Paris,  he  formed 
attachments  which  made  him  choose  the  French  capital  as  the  arena 
of  his  future  activities,  and  he  returned  to  this  country  only  for  the 
purpose  of  adjusting  his  affairs.    His  success  in  Paris  was  pronounced. 


116  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

His  "Eloge  de  Lamartine,"  published  in  1870,  and  his  book  of  poems 
entitled  'L'Invasion,'  published  in  1872,  both  won  prizes;  and  his 
poem  "Le  Repentir,"  written  a  year  later,  was  crowned.  He  next 
essayed  the  dramatic  role,  and  was  equally  successful.  Several  plays 
came  from  his  pen,  all  of  which  were  duly  staged.  But  his  greatest 
triumphs  were  reserved  for  the  field  of  romance.  Beginning  with 
'Les  Compagnons  du  Roi,'  in  1873,  and  ending  with  'Mademoiselle  de 
Brassier,'  in  1888,  he  wrote  about  a  dozen  novels  which  brought  him 
an  international  reputation.     He  died  in  New  Orleans,  January  4,  1893. 

DEMENIL,  ALEXANDER  N.  Physician.  [Mo.].  He  published 
a  'History  of  the  Literature  of  Louisiana  Territory'  (St.  Louis,  1904). 

DE  MILLE,  HENRY  CHURCHILL.  Writer.  He  was  born  in 
Washington,  N.C.,  in  1850,  graduated  at  Columbia  University  in 
187S,  and  in  1882  began  to  write  plays  for  the  Madison  Square  Theater 
in  New  York  City.  His  dramatic  works  include  'Duty,  or,  Delmar's 
Daughters,'  'Sealed  Instructions,'  'The  Lost  Paradise,'  'The  Main  Line,' 
and,  in  collaboration  with  Mr.  David  Belasco,  'The  Wife,'  'The  Charity 
Ball,'  'May  Blossom,'  'Lord  Chumley,'  and  'Men  and  Women.'  He  died 
in  Pompton,  N.  J.,  February  5,  1893.  He  married  Matilda  Beatrice 
Samuels,  of  London,  England,  and  their  elder  son  is  William  Churchill  De 
Mille,  the  successful  young  author  of  'The  Warrens  of  Virginia,'  'Strong- 
heart,'  etc. 

DENHURST,  W.  W.  Historian.  [Fla.].  He  wrote  a  'History 
of   St.  Augustine.' 

DENNIS,  JAMES  TEACKLE.  Writer  and  traveler.  He  pub- 
lished a  work  entitled  'On  the  Shores  of  an  Inland  Sea,'  in  which  he 
tells  of  his  sojourn  in  Alaska. 

DENNY,  GEORGE  HUTCHESON.  President  of  Washington 
and  Lee  University.  He  was  born  in  Hanover  County,  Va.,  December 
3,  1870,  the  son  of  Dr.  George  H.  and  Charlotte  Denny,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Hampden-Sidney  College.  He  married,  June  1,  1899,  Janie 
Junkin  Strickler.  He  taught  at  Pantops  Academy,  Charlottesville,  for 
four  years,  and  afterward  became  professor  of  Latin  and  German  at 
Hampden-Sidney  College.  He  was  made  president  of  Washington  and 
Lee  University  in  1902  and  two  years  later  became  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Carnegie  Foundation.  Besides  editing 
'Cicero's  Letters,'  he  has  published  'The  Subjunctive  Sequence  After 
Adjective  and  Substantive  Predicates  and  Phrases.'  He  is  one  of  the 
consulting  editors  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature,'  for  which 
work  he  wrote  the  sketch  of  Robert  E.  Lee.  The  University 
of  Virginia  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  and  Furman  University,  the 
degree  of  LL.D. 

DENNY,  MARIE  LOUISE.  Author.  [Texas].  She  wrote  an 
interesting  story  of  an  Alabama  family  in  Texas,  entitled  'The  Doctor 
and  the  Parson'  (New  York  and  Washington,  i"he  Neale  Publishing 
Company,  1905). 

DERRY,  JOSEPH  TYRONE.  Historian.  He  was  born  at  Mil- 
ledgeville,  Ga.,  December  13,  1841,  and  was  educated  at  Emory  College. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  was  a  member  of  the  Oglethrope  Infantry. 
He  taught  from  1865  to  1900,  and  was  professor  of  languages  and  history 
at  Richmond  Academy  for  seven  years,  and  professor  of  languages  and 
history  at  Wesleyan  Female  College  for  seventeen  years.  He  mar- 
ried, August  5,  1862,  Elizabeth  D.  Osborne,  His  writings  evince  the 
marks    of   thorough    scholarship.     They    include :    'Catechetical    History 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       117 

of  the  United  States';  'Georgia's  Cities,  Towns,  Scenery,  and  Re- 
sources' (1878);  'History  of  the  United  States  for  Schools  and  Acad- 
emies' (1880);  'The  Story  of  the  Confederate  States'  (1895),  the 
Georgia  volume  in  'The  Confederate  Military  History,'  and  the  chapter 
on  "Georgia"  in  'The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation.'  He  is  also 
the  author  of  an  epic  poem  entitled  "The  Strife  of  Brothers,"  which 
narrates  in  dramatic  verse  -the  story  of  the  Confederate  struggle. 
Nearly  all  the  sketches  of  battles  and  skirmishes  described  in  the 
'Encyclopaedia  of  Georgia'  are  from  the  pen  of  Professor  Derry,  in 
addition  to  which  he  has  written  numerous  sketches  for  other  publica- 
tions. He  is  also  editor  and  compiler  of  'Georgia,  Historical  and 
Industrial'  and  'Georgia's  Resources  and  Advantages.'  He  resides  in 
Atlanta,  Ga. 

DE  SAUSSURE,  HENRY  WILLIAM,  jurist,  was  born  in  Poco- 
taligo,  S.C,  August  16,  1763,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  March  29, 
1839.  As  director  of  the  United  States  Mint,  under  Washington,  he 
coined  the  first  gold  eagles  that  bore  the  American  stamp.  From  1809 
to  1829  he  was  Chancellor  of  South  Carolina,  resigning  the  office  on 
account  of  impaired  health.  He  published  'Reports  of  the  Court  of 
Chancery  and  Court  of  Equity  of  South  Carolina  from  the  Revolution 
to  1813.'    While  on  the  Bench  he  handed  down  1,314  decisions. 

DE  SAUSSURE,  WILMOT  GIBBES,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  July  23,  1822;  graduated  from  South  Carolina  Col- 
lege in  1840,  and  was  admitted)  to  the  Bar.  At  the  time  of  the 
bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter,  he  was  in  command  of  the  artillery  on 
Morris  Island.  He  was  a  man  of  rare  culture  and  of  peculiar  eloquence. 
His  published  addresses  include :  'The  Stamp  Act  of  Great  Britain  and 
the  Resistance  of  the  Colonies,'  'The  Causes  Which  Led  to  the  Sur- 
render of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown,'  'The  Centennial  Celebration  of  the 
Organization  of  the  Cincinnati,'  'Memoir  of  General  William  Moul- 
trie,' and  'The  Muster  Roll  of  the  South  Carolina  of  the  Continental  Line 
and  Militia.'  Just  before  his  death  he  prepared  an  address  on  the  cele- 
bration by  the  Huguenot  Society  of  America  of  the  bi-centennial  anni- 
versary of  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  He  died  February 
1,  1886. 

DES  LONDE,  MARIE,  Mrs.  Author.  [La.].  She  wrote  a 
novel  entitled  'The  Miller  of  Silcot  Hill'  (1878). 

DESSOMMES,  EDWARD.  Educator  and  author.  He  was  born 
in  New  Orleans,  La.,  November  17,  1845.  After  completing  his  clas- 
sical education  in  France,  he  studied  medicine.  But  his  passion  for 
authorship  made  him  seize  the  pen.  His  first  novel,  entitled  'Femme 
et  Statue,'  which  was  published  in  1869,  elicited  from  Victor  Hugo, 
who  was  then  an  exile  at  Guernsey,  a  compliment  of  unusual  warmth. 
This  was  followed  by  another  romance  entitled  'Jacques  Morel.'  After 
the  Franco-Prussian  War  he  studied  painting  under  two  eminent 
masters,  and  some  of  his  work  was  placed  on  exhibition  in  the  Paris 
Salon.  In  1887  he  returned  to  New  Orleans  and  entered  the  faculty 
of  Tulane  University,  occupying  a  chair  in  the  department  of  French. 

DESSOMMES,  GEORGE.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  in 
French  a  work  entitled  'Tante  Cydette'   (New  Orleans,  1888). 

DEVEREUX,  THOMAS  POLLOCK,  lawyer,  was  born  in  New 
Bern,  N.C.,  December  17,  1793,  and  died  in  Connemara,  N.C.,  March 
24,  1869.  For  many  years  he  was  United  States  District  Attorney  for 
North  Carolina  and  afterward  Supreme  Court  reporter.  On  the  death 
of  an  uncle,  he  fell  heir  to  an  immense  estate  and  the  remainder  of  his 


118  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

days  were  spent  on  his  plantation.  He  published  'Reports  of  the  North 
Carolina  Supreme  Court,  1826-1834,'  four  volumes;  'Reports  in  the  Su- 
perior Courts,  1834-1840,'  four  volum'es,  and  'Equity  Reports,  1826-1840,' 
four  volumes. 

DEVOL,  GEORGE  H.  He  wrote  a  story  of  his  adventures  en- 
titled 'Forty  Years  a  Gambler  on  the  Mississippi'  (New  York,  1887). 

DEW,  THOMAS  RODERICK,  educator,  was  born  in  King  and 
Queen  County,  Va.,  December  S,  1802,  and  died  in  Paris,  France,  August 
6,  1846.  For  several  years  he  was  professor  of  history,  metaphysics,  and 
political  economy  in  William  and  Mary  College,  becoming  president  in 
1836  and  holding  this  office  until  his  death,  which  occurred  while  he  was 
traveling  in  Europe  with  his  bride.  His  published  works  include :  'The 
Policy  of  the  Government,'  'An  Essay  in  Favor  of  Slavery,'  'A  Digest 
of  the  Laws,  Customs,  Manners,  and  Institutions  of  Ancient  and  Mod- 
ern Nations,'  a  treatise  on  the  history  of  the  world  from  the  earliest 
times  to  the  period  of  the  French  Revolution. 

DEWEY,  BYRD  SPILMAN.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Coving- 
ton, Ky,  February  16,  18S6,  a  daughter  of  Dr.  J.  E.  and  Eliza  Sarah 
Taylor  Spilman;  and  grandniece  of  President  Zachary  Taylor.  She 
was  educated  in  the  local  schools  of  Maysville,  Ky.,  and  at  Sayre  In- 
stitute, Lexington,  Ky.  On  September  25,  1877,  she  married  Fred- 
erick Sidney  Dewey.  Since  1881  she  has  resided  on  the  shore  of 
Lake  Worth,  in  Dade  County,  Fla.  She  has  done  some  excellent 
literary  work;  and',  in  addition  to  numerous  contributions  to  the 
periodicals,  she  has  published  'Bruno'  (Boston,  Little,  Brown  and 
Company)  and  other  volumes.  Her  Florida  address  is  West  Palm 
Beach. 

DEVRON,  GUSTAVUS.  Physician  and  surgeon.  [La.].  He 
wrote  several  important  volumes,  among  them  'Abattoirs'  (Boston,  1881), 
'The  Story  of  Medicine  in  Louisiana'  (New  Orleans,  189S),  and  'Mon- 
tezuma and  Studies  in  Louisiana  History.' 

DEWHURST,  WILLIAM  W.  Author.  [Fla.].  He  wrote  a 
'History  of  St.  Augustine'   (1881). 

DICKERT,  D.  A.  Soldier  and  author.  [S.C!].  He  published  a 
'History  of  Kershaw's  Brigade.' 

DICKISON,  J.  J.,  soldier  and  author,  was  born  in  Virginia,  re- 
ceived his  education  in  South  Carolina,  and  located  in  Florida,  from 
which  state  he  went  to  the  front  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.  As  an 
officer  of  cavalry  he  was  entrusted  with  the  defence  of  the  eastern  part 
of  Florida  and  the  commission  was  most  worthily  bestowed.  He  wrote 
the  volume  on  Florida  for  the  'Confederate  Military  History'  (Atlanta, 
Ga.  The  Confederate  Publishing  Company,  1899).  By  his  comrades  in 
arms  he  was  made  commander  of  the  United  Confederate  Veterans  of 
Florida  with  the  rank  of  major-general. 

DICKISON,  MARY  ELIZABETH,  Mrs.,  author,  was  born  in 
South  Carolina.  Mrs.  Dickison  has  written  the  story  of  her  husband's 
campaigns  in  a  work  entitled  'Dickison  and  His  Men.'  She  also  assisted 
in  the  preparation  of  the  Florida  volume  of  the  'Confederate  Military 
History*  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  The  Confederate  Publishing  Company,  1899).  Her 
home  is  in  Ocala,  Fla. 

DICKSON,  ANDREW  FLINN,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  November  9,  182S,  and  died  at  Tuscaloosa,  Ala.,  in  1879.  Edu- 
cated at  Yale,  he  entered  the  Presbyterian  ministry  and  became  an  in- 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       119 

fluential  divine,  giving  much  of  his  time  toward  the  close  of  his  life  to 
religious  work  among  the  negroes.  He  published  'Plantation  Sermons,' 
'The  Temptation  in  the  Desert,'  and  'The  Light,  Is  It  Waning?'  which 
gained  a  prize  offered  by  Richard  Fletcher. 

DICKSON,  HARRIS.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
Ill,  page  1387. 

DICKSON,  S.  O'H.,  Miss.  Writer.  [N.C.].  She  published  a  vol- 
ume of  verse  entitled  'Poems'  (Richmond,  Whittet  and  Shepperson, 
1900),  besides  several  novels,  including  'Howard  McPhlinn,'  'The  Story 
of  Marthy,'  and  'Reuben  Dilton.' 

DICKSON,  SAMUEL  HENRY,  physician  and  educator,  was  born 
in  Charleston,  S.C,  September  20,  1798,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
March  31,  1872.  He  became  an  eminent  practitioner  of  medicine  in 
Charleston  and  afterward  taught  in  the  University  of  New  York  and  in 
Jefferson  Medical  College  in  Philadelphia.  He  wrote  in  an  elegant 
style  not  only  on  professional  but  on  literary  topics.  Besides  numerous 
medical  works,  including  'The  Elements  of  Medicine,'  'The  Practice  of 
Medicine,'  'Essays  on  Pathology  and  Therapeutics,'  he  delivered  an 
address  at  Yale  on  'The  Pursuit  of  Happiness,'  and  published  a  volume 
of  verse  and  a  pamphlet  on  the  essential  inferiority  of  the  negro.  The 
University  of  New  York  made  him  an  LL.D. 

DIDIER,  EUGENE  LEMOINE,  author,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  in  1838.  His  father  was  Dr.  Franklin  James  Didier  and  his  mother 
Julia  Lemoine.  On  completing  his  education,  which  was  obtained  partly 
under  tutors  and  partly  at  Loyola  College,  he  entered  mercantile  life; 
but  he  soon  relinquished  commerce  for  literature,  a  change  which  was  more 
congenial  to  his  finer  temperament.  Incidentally,  after  an  apprenticeship 
to  journalism,  he  became  deputy-marshal  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court  and  special  secretary  to  Chief  Justice  Chase.  His  contributions 
to  letters  have  been  of  great  interest  and  value,  including:  'The  Life 
of  Edgar  Allan  Poe,'  "The  Life  and  Letters  of  Madame  Bonaparte' 
(New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons),  which  was  translated  into  French 
and  Italian ;  'The  Primer  of  Criticism,'  and  'The  Political  Adventures 
of  James  G.  Blaine,'  and  others.  As  a  writer  he  is  vigorous  and  lucid; 
as  a  critic,  fearless  and  exact.  To  the  leading  periodicals  of  the  day 
he  has  also  made  frequent  and  important  contributions.  His  wife  was 
Miss  Louise  Northrop,  daughter  of  General  L.  B.  Northrop.  He  resides 
in  Baltimore,  Md. 

DIDIER,  FRANKLIN  JAMES,  an*  eminent  physician  of  Balti- 
more, Md.,  was  born  in  1794  and  died  in  1840.  To  the  periodicals  of  the 
day,  he  made  frequent  contributions;  and,  years  before  the  Civil  War, 
he  predicted  the  bloody  clash  between  the  rival  forces  within  the  Union. 
For  some  time  he  resided  in  France;  and  his  wife  was  Julia  Lemoine. 
He  wrote :  'Didier  Letters  From^  Paris,'  and  'Franklin's  Letters  to  his 
Kinsfolk.' 

'  DILLARD,  JAMES  HARDY.  Educator,  and  Dean  of  the 
Academic  Colleges  of  Tulane  University.  He  was  born  in  Nansemond 
County,  Va.,  October  24,  1856,  and  was  educated  at  Washington  and 
Lee  University.  He  has  edited  'Selections  from  Wordsworth,'  'Fifty 
Letters  of  Cicero'  (Boston,  Ginn  and  Company,  1900),  'Favorite  Ger- 
man Poems'  (New  York,  American  Book  Company,  1903),  and  other 
works.  Besides,  he  has  published  'Arithmetic  Exercises,'  and  made 
numerous  contributions  to  the  periodicals  on  educational  and  economic 
subjects.  Washington  and  Lee  University  gave  him  the  degree  of 
Litt.D.    He  resides  in  New;  Orleans,  La. 


120  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

DILLON,  MARY.  Author.  [Mo.].  She  has  published  two  his- 
torical novels  of  exceptional  interest:  'The  Rose  of  Old  St.  Louis' 
(New  York,  Doubleday,  Page  and  Company,  1907),  and  'The  Patience 
of  John  Morland'  (.ibid.,  1909),  the  latter  a  story  based  upon  the  sen- 
sational dissolution  of  President  Andrew  Jackson's  Cabinet  caused  by 
Peggy  O'Neill. 

DIMITRV,  ALEXANDER.  Diplomat  and  educator.  He  was 
born  in  New  Orleans,  February  7,  1805.  Due  to  his  linguistic 
accomplishments,  he  was  made  translator  in  the  State  Department 
at  Washington,  D.C.  Three  years  later  he  became  United  States 
Minister  to  Costa  Rica  and  Nicaragua;  but  he  resigned  this  position 
in  1861  because  his  sympathies  were  with  the  South  in  the  national 
crisis.  He  held  official  position  under  the  Confederate  Government; 
and  in  1868  became  professor  of  ancient  languages  in  a  college  at 
Pass  Christian,  Miss.  He  is  credited  with  having  organized  the  free 
school  system  of  Louisiana.  In  the  prime  of  life  he  wrote  an  elab- 
orate 'History  of  English  Names,'  which  was  unfortunately  destroyed 
by  fire.  James  R.  Randall,  the  famous  poet,  considered  him  a  master 
of  composition.  Said  he:  "There  was  something  absent  from  the  pro- 
fessor's nature  that  meaner  creatures  possess  and  utilize;  and  so  his 
grand  Grecian  form  and  intellect  pass  away,  almost  without  a  sign, 
so  far  as  this  world  is  concerned;  but  I  think  he  must,  in  another 
realm,  hold  high  converse  with  Socrates  and  hear  from  the  lips  of 
Homer  the  undying  song  of  Troy."     He  died  January  30,  1883. 

DIMITRY,  CHARLES  PATTON.  Author.  He  was  born  in 
Washington,  D.C,  July  31,  1837,  son  of  the  distinguished  diplomat 
and  educator,  Alexander  Dimitry,  his  mother  being  Mary  Powell 
Mills,  daughter  of  Robert  Mills,  the  architect  of  the  Washington 
monument.  He  was  educated  at  Georgetown  College,  and  married, 
in  1871,  Annie  Elizabeth  Johnston,  of  Alexandria,  Va.  He  served  in 
the  Confederate  Army;  and  after  the  war  became  identified  with 
journalistic  work  in  various  American  cities,  settling  eventually^  in 
New  Orleans,  and  becoming  State  historian  of  the  Louisiana  Society 
of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution.  He  has  written  numerous 
stories  of  exciting  interest.  Among  his  published  works  are:  'Guilty 
or  Not  Guilty,'  'Angela's  Christmas,'  'Gold  Dust  and  Diamonds,'  'The 
House  in  Balfour  Street,'  'Two  Knaves  and  a  Queen,'  'From  Exile,' 
'Louisiana  Families,'  'Louisiana's  Story  in  Little  Chapters,'  and  'The 
Louisiana  of  the  Purchase.'  Competent  critics  have  placed  him  among 
the  first  writers  of  present-day  fiction.  He  is  also  the  author  of  a 
number  of  spirited  poems,  his  "Rhyme  of  Modern  Venice"  being  one 
of  the  best. 

DIMITRY,  JOHN  (Bull  Smith).  Author.  He  was  born  in 
Washington,  D.C,  December  27,  183S,  a  son  of  Dr.  Alexander  Dimitry, 
educator  and  diplomat.  He  was  educated  at  Georgetown  College; 
and,  in  1872,  married  Adelaide  Stewart.  When  his  father  was  United 
States  Minister  to  Costa  Rica  and  Nicaragua,  he  was  secretary  of 
legation.  On  his  return  home  he  became  prominent  in  journalism; 
but  afterward  assumed  the  duties  of  a  college  professor.  He  won, 
while  on  the  New  York  Madl  and  Express,  a  prize  of  $500  offered  for 
the  best  short  story,  the  prize  winner  being  a  romance  of  singular 
power  entitled  "Le  Tombeau  Blanc."  He  was  the  author  of  epitaphs 
on  Henry  Watkins  Allen,  Albert  Sidney  Johnston,  Stonewall  Jack- 
son, Edgar  Allan  Poe,  Charlotte  Temple,  Charles  Sumner,  Jefferson 
Davis,  and  the  Confederate  Flag.  He  also  wrote  an  historical  drama 
in  five  acts  entitled  "The  Queen's  Letters."  His  other  writings  in- 
clude ;  a  'School  History  and  Geography  of  Louisiana'   (New  York,  A. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       121 

S.  Barnes  and  Company),  'Three  Good  Giants,'  'Atahualpa's  Curtain," 
and  'The  Confederate  Military  History  of  Louisiana'  (Atlanta,  The 
Confederate  Publishing  Company,  1899).     He  died  in  1901. 

DINKINS,  CHARLES  R.  Poet.  [S.C.].  He  wrote  a  volume 
of  verse  entitled  'The  Lyrics  of  Love.' 

DINKINS,  JAMES.  Author  and  banker.  He  was  born  in  Madi- 
son County,  Miss.,  April  18,  184S,  a  son  of  Alexander  Hamilton  and 
Cynthia  Springs  Dinkins,  was  educated  at  the  North  Carolina  Mili- 
tary Institute,  and  entered  the  Confederate  Army  at  the  age  of 
sixteen,  rising  to  the  rank  of  captain.  He  married,  November  15, 
1866,  Sue  Hart,  at  Canton,  Miss.  He  was  in  the  service  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  for  twenty-eight  years,  and  organized  the  Bank  of 
Jefferson,_  at  Gretna,  La.,  in  1893.  He  is  connected  with  many  im- 
portant historical  organizations ;  has  contributed  delightful  war  remin- 
iscences to  the  periodicals;  and  is  the  author  of  'From  1861  to  1865, 
by  an  Old  Johnnie'  (Cincinnati,  Robert  Clarke  Company).  He  resides 
in  New  Orleans,  La. 

DINNIES,  ANNA  PEYRE.  Poet.  She  was  born  in  Georgetown, 
S.C,  in  1816.  Her  maiden  name  was  Shackleford.  In  1830  she 
married  John  C.  Dinnies,  residing  first  in  St.  Louis  and  afterward  in 
New  Orleans.  She  wrote  under  the  pen-name  of  "Moina,"  producing 
some  exquisite  verse  which  was  very  greatly  admired.  At  frequent  inter- 
vals she  contributed  to  the  Catholic  Standard,  a  weekly  edited  by  her  hus- 
band. She  published  a  collection  of  verse,  arranged  in  twelve  groups, 
typifying  bouquets  of  flowers  and  entitled  'The  Floral  Year'  (Boston,  1847). 
The  strings  of  her  modest  harp  were  attuned  to  the  domestic  endearments. 
Three  of  her  poems  have  been  preserved  in  'The  Louisiana  Book'  (1894). 
Perhaps  the  best  of  the  number  is  entitled  "The  Wife."  She  died  in  New 
Orleans,  August  8,  1886. 

DINWIDDIE,  ROBERT,  colonial  governor  of  Virginia,  was  born 
in  Scotland  about  1690  and  died  in  Clifton,  England,  August  1,  1770. 
His  papers  have  been  preserved  in  the  collections  of  the  Virginia  His- 
torical Society  at  Riclimond. 

DINWIDDIE,  WILLIAM.  Author.  [Va.].  Born  in  1867.  He 
published  'War  Sketches.' 

"DIX,  DOROTHY."    See  Gilmer,  Elizabeth  Meriwether. 

DIXON,  AMZI  CLARENCE,  clergyman,  was  born  in  North  Caro- 
lina, July  6,  1854,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Dixon,  Sr.,  and  Amanda 
McAfee.  On  completing  his  education  at  the  University  of  North 
Carolina,  he  entered  the  Baptist  ministry  and  began  at  once  to  make 
his  influence  felt.  He  has  held  pastorates  both  in  Baltimore  and  in 
Brooklyn,  but  is  now  located  in  Chicago.  His  published  works  include: 
'Milk  and  Meat,'  a  volume  of  sermons,  'The  Lights  and  Shadows  of 
American  Life,'  'Heaven  and  Earth.'  'The  Christian  Science  Delusion' 
(1903),  'Present  Day  Life  and  Religion'  (1905),  'Evangelism,  Old  and 
New'  (1905),  and  'The  Young  Convert's  Problems'  (New  York,  The 
American  Tract  Society,  1906).  He  is  one  of  the  most  popular  speakers 
of  the  day  before  Bible  conferences.  Thomas  Dixon,  Jr.,  the  well- 
known  author,  is  his  brother.    He  is  a  Doctor  of  Divinity. 

DIXON,  SUSAN  HOUSTON.  Writer  and  compiler.  [Texas],  She 
published  a  work  of  much  interest  entitled  'Poets  and  Poetry  of 
Texas'  (1885). 


122  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

DIXON,  SUSAN  BULLETT.  Writer.  [Ky.].  Born  in  1827. 
She  published  'The  Repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise  and  Slavery 
in  American  Politics.' 

DIXON,  THOMAS,  Jr.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  IV,  page  1405. 

DOBBS,  ARTHUR,  colonial  governor,  was  born  in  Ireland  in 
1684  and  died  at  Town  Creek,  N.C.,  in  1765.  For  eleven  years  he  held 
the  office  of  colonial  governor.  He  was  a  writer  and  published  'Trade 
and  Improvement  of  Ireland,'  'Captain  Middleton's  Defence,'  and  'An 
Account  of  the  Countries  Adjacent  to  Hudson's   Bay.' 

DODD,  JAMES  B.,  mathematician,  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1807, 
and  died  in  Greensburg,  Ky.,  March  27,  1872.  Besides  compiling  several 
arithmetics  and  algebras,  he  contributed  to  the  Southern  Quarterly  Re- 
view. He  was  for  many  years  a  professor  in  Transylvania  University, 
holding  at  the  time  of  his  death  the  office  of  president. 

DODD,  WILLIAM  EDWARD.  Professor  of  history  in  Ran- 
dolph-Macon College,  Ashland,  Va.  He  was  born  in  Clayton, 
N.C.,  October  21,  1869,  a  son  of  John  D.  and  Evelyn  Creech  Dodd. 
He  graduated  from  the  Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute,  and  took 
a  special  course  of  study  at  Leipsic.  He  married,  December  24,  1901, 
Mattie  Johns,  at  Auburn,  N.C.  He  has  written:  a  'Life  of  Nathaniel 
Bacon'  and  a  'Life  of  Jefferson  Davis'  (Philadelphia,  George  W. 
Jacobs  and  Company,  1907),  two  volumes  of  standard  value.  Besides, 
he  has  made  several  translations  and  has  contributed  numerous  articles 
to  the  press  on  historical  subjects.  He  received  the  Ph.D.  degree  from 
Leipsic. 

DODDRIDGE,  JOSEPH,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Pennsylvania 
in  1769  and  died  in  Virginia  in  1826,  having  spent  many  years  of  his 
life  in  the  South.  He  became  one  of  the  pioneer  Episcopal  ministers 
in  the  western  part  of  Virginia  and  published  'Logan,'  a  dramatic  com- 
position, and  'Notes  on  the  Settlement  and  Indian  Wars  of  the  West- 
ern Country  in  1763-1783.' 

DODGE,  LOUIS.  Poet.  [Ark.].  He  published  a  volume  of 
verse   entitled   'Poems.' 

DODGE,  RICHARD  IRVING,  soldier,  was  born  in  Huntsville, 
N.C,  May  19,  1827,  and  was  educated  at  West  Point,  becoming  an  officer 
in  the  United  States  Army  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  and 
rendering  his  most  important  service  to  the  Government  in  the  campaigns 
against  the  Indians  in  the  West.  He  published  'The  Black  Hills,'  "The 
Plains  of  the  Great  West,'  and  'Our  Wild  Indians.' 

DOGGETT,  DANIEL  SETH,  bishop  of  the  M.  E.  Church, 
South,  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1810,  educated  at  the  State  University, 
became  an  itinerant  minister,  and,  after  holding  a  professorship  in  Ran- 
dolph-Macon College,  was  ordained  bishop.  He  wrote  'The  War  and 
Its  Close.'  While  preparing  to  leave  for  California  in  the  discharge 
of  his  Episcopal  duties,  he  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  October  27,  1880. 

DONALDSON,  JAMES  LOWRY,  soldier,  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  March  17,  1814,  and  was  educated  at  West  Point,  entering 
the  United  States  Army  as  second-lieutenant,  and  attaining  the  rank 
of  major-general.  The  suggestion  of  national  cemetries  for  the  scat- 
tered remains  of  the  soldiers  and  sailors  who  served  the  flag  is 
credited  to  this  distinguished  officer.     He  also  wrote  'Sergeant  Atlcins,' 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       123 

a  tale   founded   upon   events   which  occurred   during   the   Flotida   war. 
He  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  November  4,  1885. 

DONELSON,  ANDREW  JACKSON,  diplomat  and  planter,  was 
born  near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  August  25,  1800,  and  died  in  Memphis, 
Tenn.,  June  26,  1871.  Educated  at  West  Point,  he  was  aide-de-camp  to 
his  uncle.  General  Andrew  Jackson,  when  the  latter  was  territorial  gover- 
nor of  Florida  and  afterward  became  his  confidential  secretary  and 
adviser  in  Washington.  In  1848  he  was  appointed  Minister  to  Prussia. 
Leaving  the  Democratic  party,  he  was  nominated  for  vice-president  on 
the  American  ticket  with  Millard  Fillmore,  but  was  defeated.  His 
splendid  estate  having  been  destroyed  by  the  war,  he  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  the  law  at  Memphis,  Tenn.,  after  the  close  of  hostilities. 
He  published  'Reports   of  Explorations'    (Washington,   1855). 

DON  LEAVY,  KATHLEEN,  poet,  was  reared  and  educated  in 
Richmond,  Va.,  and  for  some  time  edited  The  Catholic  Friend.  Her  littk 
volume,  'A  Bunch  of  Flowers,'  is  dedicated  to  Pope  Pius  X.  It  exhales 
the  devotional  spirit  and  contains  some  beautiful  outbursts  of  sentiment. 

DOOLY,  ISMA,  journalist  and  magazine  writer,  was  born  in 
Atlanta,  Ga.  She  has  held  the  position  of  society  editor  on  The  Con- 
stitution for  several  years  and  has  also  written  editorials  and  special 
articles  for  the  paper.  She  contributes  from  time  to  time  to  leading 
popular  magazines  and  reviews.  The  educational  development  of  the 
South  and  the  constrtictive  work  of  women  in  organized  effort  for  edu- 
cational, industrial  and  social  betterment  furnish  the  lines  along  which 
her  literary  activities  have  been  chiefly  directed.  She  is  a  woman  of 
brilliant  gifts  and  of  rare  accomplishments. 

DORMAN,  C.  T.,  Mrs.  Author.  [La.].  She  wrote  'Under  the 
Magnolias'  (1905). 

DORR,  JULIA  CAROLINE  RIPLEY,  author,  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  February  13,  1825.  On  the  death  of  her  mother,  she  was 
taken  by  her  father  to  the  North.  She  married  Seneca  R.  Dorr,  of  New 
York,  but  the  family  home  was  afterward  transferred  to  Vermont. 
From  earliest  childhood  she  was  fond  of  literary  diversions  and  wrote 
with  equal  facility  and  grace  both  in  prose  and  in  verse.  Her  published 
works  include :  'Farmington,'  and  'Lanmore,'  novels,  'Friar  Anselm 
and  Other  Poems,'  "Daybreak,"  an  Easter  poem,  'Expiation,'  a  novel; 
'Bermuda,'  and  'Afternoon  Songs.'  She  also  wrote  a  number  of  essays 
on  marriage  for  a  New  England  journal. 

DORR,  LOUISE  S.  Poet.  [N.C.].  She  published  a  volume  of 
verse  entitled  'Fountain  Spray  and  Other  Poems'  (Raleigh,  1885),  a 
work  of  jnerit. 

DORSEY,  ANNA  HANSON,  author,  was  born  in  Georgetown, 
D.C.,  December  12,  1815,  and  became  the  wife  of  Judge  Owen  Dorsey, 
of  Baltimore.  In  1840  she  adopted  the  Catholic  faith.  She  achieved 
distinction  as  a  ■writer,  especially  of  stories  for  the  young,  and  one  of 
her  volumes  republished  in  Scotland  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  Catho- 
lic book  issued  in  Scotland  since  the  Reformation.  She  also  wrote  some 
very  graceful  poems.  The  following  is  a  list  of  her  best  productions: 
'The  Student  of  Blenheim  Forest,'  'Flowers  of  Love  and  Memory,'  a 
volume  of  verse;  'Oriental  Pearls,'  'Woodreve  Manor,'  'May  Brooke,' 
'Cosina,  the  Rose  of  the  Algonquins,'  'Nora  Brady's  Vow,'  'Mona,  the 
Vestal,'  'The  Flemings,  or  Truth  Triumphant,'  'The  Old  Gray  Rosary.' 
'Guy,  the  Leper,'  an  epic  poem ;  'Tangled  Paths,'  'The  Old  House  at  Glen- 
arra,'  'Warp  and  Woof,'  and  'Palms.'     She  wrote  very  little  after  1887. 


124  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

DORSEY,  ELLA  LORAINE.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  March  2,  18S3.  On  completing  her  education  she  engaged 
for  several  years  in  journalism.  During  the  Spanish- American  War  she 
served  in  the  hospital  corps  under  the  direct  orders  of  the  surgeon- 
general.  Besides  numerous  translations  from  the  Russian  language,  she 
has  contributed  to  magazines  and  to  Catholic  juvenile  literature  and  has 
published  'Midshipman  Bob,'  'Jet,  the  War  Mule,'  'The  Jose-Maria,' 
'Saxty's  Angel,'  'The  Two  Tramps,'  'The  Taming  of  Polly,'  'Pickle  and 
Pepper,'  and  others.  She  resides  in  Washington,  D.C.,  and  belongs  to 
various  patriotic  organizations. 

DORSEY,  JAMES  OWEN,  ethnologist,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  October  31,  1848,  and  was  educated  for  the  ministry  of  the  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church ;  but  becoming  interested  in  ethnological  investiga- 
tions he  devoted  his  life  to  this  department  of  research.  Some  of  his  dis- 
coveries have  been  of  very  great  value  to  science.  He  has  labored  mainly 
in  the  service  of  the  United  States  Government  in  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region,  but  has  received  international  recognition.  Included  among  his 
publications  are:  'Ponka  ABC  Wa-ba-ru,'  a  primer;  'Siousan  Phonol- 
ogy,' 'Osage  War  Customs,'  'Kansas  Mourning  and  War  Customs,' 
'Omaha  Sociology,'  'Siousan  Migrations,'  and  'Indian  Personal  Names,' 
most  of  these  being  pamphlets. 

DORSEY,  SARAH  ANNE.  Novelist.  She  was  born  in  Natchez, 
Miss.,  in  1829,  a  daughter  of  Thomas  G.  Ellis,  a  wealthy  planter,  and 
a  niece  of  Caroline  Warfield,  the  novelist.  She  enjoyed  tlie  best  edu- 
cational advantages,  supplemented  by  foreign  travel,  and  married 
Samuel  Dorsey,  of  Louisiana;  after  his  death  she  returned  to  Natchez, 
and  became  the  original  owner  of  "Beauvoir,"  the  famous  home  of 
Jefferson  Davis,  this  property  at  her  death  being  left  to  him  and  to 
his  daughter,  "Winnie."  She  was  the  author  of  numerous  stories  of 
Southern  life,  including:  'Agnes  Graham,'  'The  Vivians,'  'Castine,' 
'Panola:  a  Tale  of  Louisiana,'  'Atalie,'  and  'Lucia  Dore,'  all  of  which 
evince  keen  insight  into  character  and  betray  an  artistic  touch.  She 
also  wrote  'Recollections  of  Henry  Watkins  Allen,  Governor  of 
Louisiana.'    She  died  in  1879,  while  on  a  visit  to  New  Orleans. 

.  DOSKER,  HENRY  E.  Clergyman  and  educator;  professor  of 
church  history  in  the  Presbyterian  Seminary  at  Louisville,  Ky.  He 
was  born  in  Bunschoten,  in  the  Netherlands,  February  S,  1855,  a  son 
of  the  Rev.  Nicholas  H.  Dosker,  and  was  educated  at  Hope  College 
and  at  McCormick  Theological  Seminary.  He  married,  February  21, 
1882,  Wilhelmina  Doornink.  He  has  held  several  important  pastorates 
of  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church,  and  taught  for  several  years  in  the 
Western  Theological  Seminary,  at  Holland,  Mich.,  resigning  in  1903 
to  accept  the  chair  which  he  now  occupies.  His  published  works 
include:  'De  Zondagschool,'  'Life  of  Dr.  A.  C.  Van  Raalte,'  and  'Out- 
line Studies  in  Ecclesiastical  History.'  Besides,  he  has  written  numer- 
ous articles  for  the  religious  reviews.  Rutgers  gave  him  the  degree 
of  D.D.  and  Central  University  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

DOUGHTY,  WILLIAM  HENRY.  Physician  and  surgeon. 
[Ga.].    The  author  of  several  important  medical  essays  and  papers. 

DOUGLAS,  THOMAS,  jurist  and  lawyer,  was  born  in  Connecti- 
cut in  1790,  but  removed  to  Florida  in  1826,  settling  in  St.  Augustine. 
For  nineteen  years  immediately  following  this  change  of  residence  he 
was  United  States  District  Attorney.  Later  he  became  Judge  of  the 
Eastern  Circuit  of  the  State,  and  iinally  was  appointed  to  the  Su- 
preme  Bench.      His   'Autobiography'   throws   interesting   light   upon 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       125 

social  and  political  conditions  in   Florida  in  ante-bellum  days.     He 
died  at  Jacksonville  in  18SS. 

DOUGLASS,  FREDERICK,  an  eminent  orator  and  leader  of  the 
negro  race,  was  born  in  slavery,  of  mixed  parentage,  at  Tuckahoe,  near 
Easton,  Md.,  in  1817.  He  learned  to  read  and  write  and  under  the  dis- 
guise of  a  sailor,  escaped  from  bondage,  dropped  his  master's  name, 
which  was  Bailey,  and  made  his  way  to  Massachusetts.  He  became  an 
anti-slavery  agitator  of  great  power  and  was  warmly  supported  by  the 
New  England  abolitionists.  He  edited  newspapers,  delivered  lectures,  and 
subsequent  to  the  war  held  various  offices,  becoming  minister  to  Hayti. 
His  published  works  include  a  'Narrative'  (Boston,  1844),  which  deals 
with  his  experience  in  slavery;  'My  Bondage  and  My  Freedom'  (Roches- 
ter, 18SS),  and  'The  Life  and  Times  of  Frederick  Douglass'  (Hartford, 
1881).    He  died  in  189S. 

DOUGLAS,  ROBERT  MARTIN.  [N.C.].  He  was  born  in  1849, 
and  published  numerous  pamphlets  dealing  with  important  phases  of 
American  history  and  politics. 

DOUTHAT,  ROBERT  W.  Educator  and  poet.  [Va.].  He  was 
one  of  the  few  survivors  of  Pickett's  immortal  charge.  After  the  Civil 
War  he  engaged  in  educational  work  chiefly  at  the  University  of  Virginia 
but  also  appeared  from  time  to  time  on  the  lecture  platform.  He  wrote 
a  poem  full  of  martial  fire  and  enthusiasm  entitled  'Gettysburg'  (New 
York  and  Washington,  the  Neale  Publishing  Company,  190S). 

DOVE,  JOHN.  Physician.  [Va.l.  He  edited  'The  Proceedings 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Masons  from  1/73  to  1822,'  and  also  published  a 
'History  of  the  Grand  Lodge  in  Virginia.' 

DOWD,  CLEMENT,  author,  was  a  Congressman  from  North 
Carolina,  serving  from  1882  to  1886.  He  wrote  a  'Life  of  Zebulon  B. 
Vance'  (1897). 

DOWD,  JEROME,  editor  and  educator,  was  born  in  Moore 
County,  N.(3.,  March  18,  1864.  His  father  was  Honorable  Clement  Dowd. 
For  some  time  he  was  professor  of  economics  and  sociology  in  Trinity 
College,  N.C,  his  alma  mater.  Besides  frequent  contributions  to  period- 
icals he  has  published  'Sketches  of  Prominent  Living  North  Carolinians' 
(1888),  a  'Life  of  Braxton  Craven'  (1896),  and  'Hamilton,'  a  tragedy 
(1882). 

DOWD,  MARY  ALICE.  Poet.  [W.Va.].  She  was  born  in  1855. 
Besides  numerous  uncollected  poems,  she  published  a  volume  entitled 
'Vacation  Verses.' 

DOWLER,  BENNETT.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  an  interesting 
'History  of  New  Orleans'   (1852). 

DOWNING,  FANNY  MURDAUGH.  Poet.  She  was  born  in 
Portsmouth,  Va.,  in  1835.  Her  father  was  John  W.  Murdaugh,  a  noted 
lawyer  of  Virginia  and  she  married  Charles  W.  Downing,  who  was 
then  Secretary  of  State  for  Florida.  Some  of  her  poems  betray  an  ex- 
quisite touch,  the  best  known  among  the  number  being  "Pluto"  and  "The 
Legend  of  Catawba."  She  also  wrote  several  interesting  novels,  among 
them,  'Nameless'  and  'Perfect  Through  Suffering.'     She  died  in  1894. 

DOZIER,  ORION  T.  Physician,  inventor,  poet.  He  was  born 
in  Marion  County,  Ga.,  August  18,  1848,  the  son  of  Dr.  T.  H. 
Dozier,  and  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Atlanta,  Ga.  He 
graduated  in  medicine  from  the  Atlanta  Medical  College,  and  mar- 


126  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

ried,  April  30,  1874,  Elizabeth  Powers.  He  practiced  his  profession 
in  various  places,  but  eventually  settled  in  Birmingham,  Ala.  He 
was  the  originator  and  organizer  of  the  Regents  of  the  White  Shield, 
and  has  held  the  supreme  office  since  1876.  He  also  invented  and 
patented  a  hame  for  harness,  a  portable  elevator,  and  a  mailing 
machine.  He  has  published  several  volumes  of  poetry,  including: 
'Foibles  of  Fancy  and  Rhymes  of  the  Times,'  'Poems  Patriotic,' 
and  'Galaxy  of  Southern  Heroes,  and  Other  Poems.'  Some  of  his 
verse  is  marked  by  unusual  depth  and  fervor  of  thought.  He  resides 
in  Birmingham,  Ala. 

DRAKE,  B.  M.  He  published  'The  Negro  in  Literature  Since  the 
War,'  a  dissertation  submitted  for  the  Ph.D.  degree  at  Vanderbilt  Uni- 
versity (Nashville,  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Publishing  House,  1898). 

DRAKE,  BENJAMIN,  author,  was  born  in  Mason  County,  'Ky., 
in  1794  and  died  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  April  1,  1841.  For  several  years 
he  practiced  law,  but  in  later  life  he  established  and  edited  the  Western 
Agriculturist  and  published:  'Cincinnati  in  1826,'  'Life  and  Adven- 
tures of  Black  Hawk,'  'Tales  and  Sketches  From  the  Queen  City,'  'Life 
of  William  Henry  Harrison,'  and  'Life  of  Tecumseh,'  the  last  being  his 
most  important  production. 

DRAKE,  BENJAMIN  M.,  clergyman,  was  born  in  North  Carolina 
in  1800  and  died  in  Mississippi  in  1860.  He  was  president  of  Elizabeth 
Female  Academy,  the  first  Methodist  school  in  New  Orleans  and  author 
of  a  'Life  of  Rev.  Elijah  Steele'   (Cincinnati,  1843). 

DRAKE,  DANIEL.  Physician.  [Ky.].  He  wrote  an  interesting 
work  entitled  'Pioneer  Life  in  Kentucky.' 

DRAKE,  JEANIE.  Author.  [S.C.].  She  wrote  two  very  inter- 
esting stories  entitled  'In  Old  St.  Stephen's'  and  'The  Metropolitans.' 

DRAPER,  HENRY,  physician  and  scientist,  was  born  in  Prince 
Edward  County,  Va.,  March  7,  1837,  and  died  in  New  York,  November 
20,  1882.  After  graduating  in  medicine  in  New  York,  he  visited  the 
great  telescope  of  Lord  Rosse  in  Ireland,  which  gave  him  the  inspiration 
for  his  life's  work.  He  constructed  instruments  of  like  character  and 
devoted  himself  to  celestial  photography,  achieving  important  results. 
He  also  held  several  professorships,  and  published  a  'Text-Book  on 
Chemistry,'  besides  a  number  of  papers  bearing  upon  his  researches.  The 
University  of  New  York  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  was  a 
brother  of  Dr.  John  C.  Draper. 

DRAPER,  JOHN  CHRISTOPHER,  physician,  was  born  in 
Mecklenburg  County,  Va.,  March  31,  1835,  and  died  in  New  York,  De- 
cember 20,  1885.  For  nearly  twenty  years  he  was  professor  of  chemistry 
in  the  University  of  New  York.  He  was  also  an  eminent  practitioner. 
Besides  editorials  and  essays,  he  published  a  'Text-book  on  Anatomy, 
Physiology  and  Hygiene'  (New  York,  1866),  'A  Practical  Laboratory 
Course  in  Medical  Chemistry,'  and  a  'Text-Book  of  Medical  Physics.' 
Trinity  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

DRAPER,  LYMAN  COPELAND.  Historian.  Though  of  North- 
ern birth,  he  resided  for  some  time  in  the  South,  and  published  'King's 
Mountain  and  Its  Heroes,'  an  authoritative  account  of  the  famous  battle 
of  the  American  Revolution,  together  with  the  causes  which  led  to  the 
engagement  (Cincinnati,  Peter  G.  Thompson,  1881,  steel  engravings,  maps 
and  plans).  He  also  wrote  'The  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence' and  'Border  Forays  and  Adventures,'  besides  minor  works.  Dr. 
Draper  was  most  exhaustive  and  thorough  in  his  researches, 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       127 

DRAYTON,  JOHN.  Jurist  and  lawyer.  He  was  born  in  South 
Carolina,  in  1766,  and  was  educated  in  England  and  at  Princeton. 
Like  his  father,  William  Henry  Drayton,  he  chose  the  law  for  a  pro- 
fession; and,  besides  being  twice  elected  governor  of  the  State,  he 
was  Judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court,  holding  this  latter  posi- 
tion at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  the  author  of  'Letters  Written 
During  a  Tour  Through  the  Northern  and  Eastern  States'  and  a 
'View  of  South  Carolina,'  two  works  of  much  interest,  and  also  edited 
his  father's  manuscripts  under  the  title  of  'Memoirs  of  the  Revolution 
in  South  Carolina.'    He  died  in  1822. 

DRAYTON,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  Colonial  patriot  and  jurist. 
This  early  American  author  was  born  at  Drayton  Hall,  on  the  Ashley 
River,  in  South  Carolina,  in  1742,  but  was  educated  in  England.  He 
crossed  the  water  in  the  care  of  Chief  Justice  Charles  Pinckney,  who 
was  taking  his  two  sons,  Charles  Cotesworth  and  Thomas,  to  England 
to  put  them  at  school.  On  his  return  to  South  Carolina,  eleven 
years  later,  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  and  made  the  King's  privy- 
councillor  for  the  province.  But  he  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
Revolution,  became  president  of  the  Council  of  Safety  and  of  the 
Provincial  Congress,  and  Chief  Justice  of  the  State.  He  was  also  the 
bearer  of  an  unsuccessful  communication  to  the  people  of  Georgia, 
proposing  a  merger  and  coalition.  He  died  in  1779,  at  an  early  age, 
leaving,  in  addition  to  some  important  state  papers,  an  account  in 
manuscript  of  the  early  progress  of  the  Revolution,  which  was  later 
edited  and  published  by  his  son.  Governor  John  Drayton.  While  on 
the  Supreme  Bench,  it  devolved  upon  this  patriot  to  adjudge  that  the 
King  had  abdicated  the  government  in  South  Carolina. 

DREW,  COLUMBUS.  Lawyer.  He  removed  to  Jacksonville, 
Fla.,  in  1845  from  Washington,  D.C.,  and  held  for  four  years  the  office 
of  comptroller-general.  From  time  to  time  he  published  a  number  of 
poems,  some  of  which  went  the  rounds  of  the  press;  but  they  have  not 
yet  been  collected  into  book  form. 

DREWRY,  WILLIAM  SIDNEY.  Educator.  In  a  work  entitled 
'The  Southampton  Insurrection'  he  entertainingly  discusses  one  of 
the  most  interesting  episodes  in  the  history  of  African  servitude  in 
America  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company, 
1905).    Dr.  Drewry  is  instructor  of  history  in  the  University  of  Missouri. 

DROMGOOLE,  WILL  ALLEN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  IV,  page  1431. 

DU  BOIS,  WILLIAM  E.  B.,  educator,  was  born  in  Great  Barring- 
ton,  Mass.,  of  mixed  African  and  European  descent,  February  23,  1868, 
and  after  completing  his  studies  at  Fisk  University,  matriculated  at  Har- 
vard. Still  later  he  went  to  Berlin.  Since  1896  he  has  occupied  the  chair 
of  economics  and  history  in  Atlanta  University,  Atlanta,  Ga.  He  has 
given  much  thought  to  sociological  questions  and  has  published  'The  Sup- 
pression of  the  Slave  Trade'  (New  York,  Longmans,  Green  and  Company, 
1896),  'The  Philadelphia  Negro'  (Boston,  Ginn  and  Company,  1899),  and 
'The  Souls  of  Black  Folk'  (Chicago,  A.  C.  McClurg  and  Company,  1903), 
besides  occasional  contributions  to  current  periodicals. 

DU  BOSE,  CATHERINE  ANNE.  Author.  She  was  born  at 
Hook  Norton,  Oxfordshire,  England,  September  19,  1826,  her  maiden 
name  being  Richards.  She  came  to  the  United  States  in  childhood; 
and  in  18^  married  Charles  W.  Du  Bose,  a  lawyer.  Her  works 
include:    'The   Elliot    Family,'    a   collection   of   short   juvenile    stories,, 


128  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

'The    Pastor's    Household,'    and    numerous    poems    and    stories    con- 
tributed to  the  magazines.     She  died  in  Sparta,  Ga.,  May  26,  1906. 

DU  BOSE,  HORACE  MELLARD.  Clergyman  and  editor.  He 
was  born)  in  'Choctaw  County,  Ala.,  November  7,  1858,  a  son  of 
Hezekiah  and  Amanda  Hawkins  Du  Bose.  Under  private  tutors,  he  studied 
the  classic  languages  and  later  married,  first,  Rosa  Cheney  and,  second, 
(Mrs.)  G.  V.  Amis.  An  ordained  minister  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  he  has  held  important  charges  both  in  Texas  and  in  California, 
and  was  for  four  years  editor  of  The  Pacific  Methodist  Advocate,  published 
in  San  Francisco.  Since  1898  he  has  been  secretary  of  the  Epworth  League 
and  editor  of  The  Epworth  Era,  with  headquarters  at  Nashville,  Tenn. 
He  is  the  author  of  'Rupert  Wise,  a  Poetic  Romance'  (Nashville, 
Bigham  and  Smith),  'Unto  the  Dawn'  {ibid.),  'Planting  of  the  Cross' 
(San  Francisco,  Whittaker  and  Ray),  'Margaret,  an  Idyl,'  'The  Gang  of 
Six,'  'Life  of  Barbee,'  'The  Symbol  of  Methodism,'  'The  Men  of  Sapio 
Ranch,'  and  numerous  contributions  to  the  religious  press. 

DU  BOSE,  JOEL  CAMPBELL.  Educator  and  author.  He  was 
born  in  Gaston,  Ala.,  December  17,  18SS,  of  Huguenot  ancestors,  a 
son  of  Benjamin  Eusebius  and  Sarah  Elizabeth  Horn  Du  Bose.  He 
was  educated  at  the  University  of  Alabama,  and  married,  August  8, 
1883,  Alice  Vivian  Horn.  He  taught  for  several  years  in  some  of 
the  leading  academies  of  the  State,  and  later  was  employed  in  making 
special  researches  in  the  Library  of  Congress.  Among  his  works  are : 
'Sketches  of  Alabama  History,'  articles  on  Robert  Burns  and  Peter  the 
Great,  contributed  to  The  Monthly  (University  of  Alabama),  and  an 
article  on  ^Eschylus,  contributed  to  The  Methodist  Review.  He  resides 
in  Birmingham,  Ala. 

DU  BOSE.  JOHN  WITHERSPOON.  Cotton  planter  and  author. 
He  was  born  in  Darlington  County,  S.C,  March  5,  1836,  the  son  of 
Kimbrough  Cassels  and  Elizabeth  Witherspoon  Du  Bose.  His  edu- 
cation was  begun  in  South  Carolina  and  completed  in  Alabama.  He 
enlisted  in  the  Confederate  Army  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  and 
served  from  1861  to  1865.  Subsequently  he  engaged  in  journalistic 
work.  He  was  also  for  some  time  assistant-collaborator  of  the  Ala- 
bama State  Department  of  Archives  and  History.  He  is  best  known 
by  his  splendid  biographical  work  entitled  'The  Life  and  Times  of 
William  Lowndes  Yancey,'  which  is  an  exhaustive  resume  of  the 
stormy  period  which  produced  the  great  apostle  and  agitator  of  seces- 
sion. His  latest  work  is  entitled  'General  Joseph  Wheeler  and  the 
Army  of  Tennessee.'  He  is  also  the  author  of  'The  Huguenots  of  the 
Santee,'  in  addition  to  numerou-s  other  historical  sketches  and  papers. 
He  resides  in  Birmingham,  Ala. 

DU  BOSE,  WILLIAM  PORCHER.  Dean  of  the  Theolog- 
ical Department  of  the  University  of  the  South.  He  was  born  in  Winns- 
boro,  S.C,  in  1836,  and  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Virginia.  Later 
he  studied  theology.  He  served  in  the  Confederate  Army,  being  first  adju- 
tant and  afterward  chaplain.  He  was  twice  married.  He  entered  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  ministry  in  1865,  and  held  several  important  charges, 
after  which  he  became  a  professor  in  the  University  of  the  South,  in  which 
subsequently  he  was  made  Dean  of  the  Theological  Department.  Among 
his  works  are ;  'The  Soteriology  of  the  New  Testament'  and  'The  Ecumeni- 
cal Councils'  (New  York,  Longmans,  Green  and  Company,  1906),  'The 
Ecumenical  Councils'  (New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons),  'The  Gospel 
in  the  Gospels'  (New  York,  Longmans,  Green  and  Company,  1906),  and 
'The  Gospel  According  to  St.  Paul'  {ibid.,  1907).  Columbia  gave  him  the 
degree  of  S.T.D. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        129 

DU  CHAILLU,  PAUL  BELLONI.     Explorer  and  ethnologist  of 

\'ery  great  distinction.  Though  his  birthplace  is  in  dispute,  neverthe- 
less, on  the  authority  of  numerous  writers  (See  Rutherford's  'South  in 
Literature  and  History,'  page  576,  and  'Who's  Who,'  1901-1902),  he  was 
born  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  July  31,  1835,  of  French  Huguenot  parents. 
His  education  was  obtained  in  Paris,  and  at  an  early  age  he  went  to  Africa, 
where  his  father  was  operating  as  a  trader  in  the  French  settlement  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Gaboon  River.  He  familiarized  himself  with  the  speech  of 
the  surrounding  coast  tribes  and  became  possessed  of  an  ambition  to  ac- 
quire the  secrets  of  the  great  unexplored  wilderness.  After  three 
years  spent  in  America,  he  set  out,  in  1855,  upon  an  exploring  trip 
into  the  heart  of  equatorial  Africa.  On  this  expedition  he  journeyed 
more  than  eight  thousand  miles  into  the  interior,  with  only  native 
companions.  He  traversed  a  large  area  of  territory  previously  un- 
discovered, and  added  sixty  species  of  birds  and  twenty  species  of 
mammals  to  the  known  zoology  of  Africa.  Some  of  his  accounts, 
especially  of  the  Obongo  dwarfs  and  of  the  gorillas,  were  contradicted  by 
scientists  but  were  afterward  confirmed  by  other  explorers.  An- 
other expedition  was  made  several  years  later  and  many  new  species 
were  discovered.  He  also  carried  his  investigations  into  the  north 
of  Europe.  Among  his  published  works  which  contain  some  of  the 
most  valuable  contributions  to  the  scientific  literature  of  the  times 
are  included:  'Explorations  and  Adventures  in  Equatorial  Africa,'  'A 
Journey  to  the  Ashango  Land,'  'Stories  of  the  Gorilla  Country,'  'Wild 
Life  Under  the  Equator,'  'My  Apingi  Kingdom,'  'The  Country  of  the 
Dwarfs,'  'The  Land  of  the  Midnight  Sun,'  'The  Viking  Age,'  'Ivar,  the 
Viking,'  'The  People  of  the  Great  African  Forest,'  'Lost  in  the  Jungle' 
(New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers),  'The  Land  of  the  Long  Night'  (New 
York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons),  'The  World  of  the  Great  Forest'  (ibid.), 
'How  Animals,  Birds,  Reptiles,  and  Insects  Talk,  Think,  Work,  and  Live' 
(ibid.).    He  died  in  1903. 

DUDLEY,  THOMAS  UNDERWOOD,  Protestant  Episcopal 
Bishop  of  Kentucky,  was  born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  in  1837,  and  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  the  State.  It  was  not  until  after  enduring 
the  hardships  of  army  life  that  he  began  his  equipment  for  the  ministry 
at  the  Theological  Seminary  of  Alexandria;  and  he  was  ordained  in 
1868,  becoming  bishop  sixteen  years  later.  He  died  in  1904.  Besides 
many  published  lectures  and  addresses,  he  wrote  'A  Wise  Discrimination 
the  Church's  Need.'  He  received  from  St.  John's  College  the  degree  of 
D.D.,  from  King's  his  D.C.L.,  and  from  Griswold  his  LL.D. 

DUFFEE,  MARY  GORDON,  author,  was  born  in  Alabama  in 
1840.  Quaint  in  her  manner  of  dress  and  in  her  mode  of  life,  she  resided 
for  many  years  on  a  lonely  mountain  in  Blount  County,  making  only 
occasional  visits  to  the  crowded  centers  of  population.  She  wrote  both 
in  prose  and  in  verse,  "Cleopatra"  being  the  best  known  of  her  poems.  She 
published  a  'History  of  Alabama,'  and  also  compiled  quite  a  number  of 
guide-books,  besides  writing  a  series  of  papers  on  the  development  of 
Southern  industries. 

DUFFY,  ANNIE  V.,  Miss.  Poet.  [N.C.].  She  published  a  vol- 
ume of  verse  entitled  'Glenalban,  and  Other  Poems'  (New  York,  E.  J. 
Hale  &  Son,  1878). 

DUFFY,  PATRICK  LAWRENCE,  clergyman  and  poet,  is  a  na- 
tive of  South  Carolina.  After  graduating  with  the  first  honors  from  St. 
Mary's  College,  Md.,  he  studied  theology,  and  on  August  IS,  1879,  was 
ordained  to  the  priesthood  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  the  Cathe- 
dral  at   Charleston,   S.C,   his   boyhood's   home.    At   the   celebration    of 


130  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

the  centenary  of  St.  Mary's  College,  in  1907,  he  read  the  "Centennial 
Ode,"  a  gem  which  elicited  the  praise  of  Cardinal  Gibbons,  from  whose 
hands  he  also  received  at  this  time  the  degree  of  Litt.D.  Besides  essays 
and  sketches  contributed  to  the  'Catholic  Encyclopsedia'  and  to  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature,'  he  has  published  a  volume  of  verse  en- 
titled 'A  Wreath  of  Ilex'  (Charleston,  1908).  Redolent  of  the  South, 
Father  Duffy's  poetry  is  marked  by  versatility  of  theme  and  treatment 
and  points  to  pure  and  high  ideals.  He  has  lectured  on  "Venice,"  "Father 
Ryan,  the  Poet-Priest  of  the  South,"  "The  Ideal  in  Literature  and  Art," 
and  "Christendom's  Cathedral,"  the  one  last  mentioned  having  been  pro- 
nounced the  most  scholarly  lecture  on  St.  Peter's  in  our  language.  He 
also  holds  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

DUFOUR,  CYPRIEN.  Writer.  [La.].  He  published  in  French 
a  volume  entitled  'Esquisses  Locales'   (1847). 

DUGAN,  GEORGE  E.,  Mrs.  Poet.  [Mo.].  She  published  a 
volume  of  verse  entitled  'May  Leaves'  (1885).  Her  pen  name  was  "May 
Myrtle." 

DUGAS,  LOUIS  ALEXANDER,  physician,  was  born  in  Wash- 
ington, Ga.,  of  French  ancestry,  January  3,  1806,  and  died  in  Augusta, 
Ga.,  October  19,  1884.  After  graduating  from  the  medical  department 
of  the  University  of  Maryland  he  located  in  Augusta,  where  he  became 
an  eminent  practitioner.  He  founded  the  Medical  College  of  Georgia, 
which  afterward  became  a  part  of  the  university  system.  His  numerous 
contributions  to  The  Southern  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  of  which 
he  was  for  many  years  the  editor,  attest  the  versatility  of  his  talents  and 
the  wide  range  of  his  information.  The  University  of  Georgia  gave  him 
the  degree  of  LL.D. 

DUGGAN,  JANIE  PRITCHARD,  Mrs.  Author.  [N.C.].  She 
published  several  stories  of  captivating  interest,  among  them,  'A  Mexican 
Ranch'  (1894),  'Judith:  a  Story  of  Richmond'  (1897),  and  'Passion  and 
Patience'  (1899).  The  one  first  named  won  a  prize  of  $500,  offered  by 
the  American  Baptist  Publication  Society  of  Philadelphia. 

DUGGER,  SHEPHERD  MONROE.  [N.C.].  He  published  'The 
Balsam  Groves  of  the  Grandfather  Mountains.' 

DUGUE,  CHARLES  OSCAR,  poet,  was  born  in  New  Orleans, 
La.,  May  1,  1821,  of  French  parentage,  and  was  educated  in  Auvergne 
and  Paris.  While  a  student  he  wrote  verse  which  attracted  the  notice  of 
Chateaubriand.  On  returning  to  New  Orleans  he  divided  his  time  be- 
tween law  and  journalism.  He  published  'Essais  Poetiques,'  'Mila,  ou 
la  Mort  de  la  Salle'  and  'Le  Cygne,  ou  Mingo,'  'Philosophic  Morale' 
(1847),  a  volume  of  miscellany  which  contains  descriptions  of  Southern 
scenery;  two  dramatic  works  based  upon  Louisiana  legends,  and  an 
Indian  romance  in  which  Tecumseh  is  one  of  the  characters  (1852). 

DUKE,  BASIL  WILSON,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Scott  County, 
Ky.,  May  28,  1838.  At  the  Bar  of  Kentucky  he  early  achieved  very  high 
distinction.  He  also  served  with  gallantry  in  the  Confederate  Army, 
became  brigadier-general  on  the  death  of  General  John  H.  Morgan,  and 
afterward  published  a  'History  of  Morgan's  Cavalry'  (New  York  and 
Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1903),  a  work  of  thrilling 
interest.  He  is  also  the  author  of  numerous  magazine  and  newspaper 
articles.  The  sketch  of  Thomas  F.  Marshall  in  'The  Library  of  Southern 
Literature'  is  from  the  pen  of  General  Duke.  He  married,  July  8,  1861, 
Henrietta  Hunt  Morgan,  a  daughter  of  his  illustrious  commander. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUJHORS       131 

DUKE,  R.  T.  W.,  Jr.,  lav/yer,  was  born  in  Charlottesville,  Va., 
August  27,  1853.  His  father  was  Colonel  R.  T.  W.  Duke,  and  his  mother, 
Elizabeth  Eskridge.  During  the  leisure  intervals  of  an  active  law  prac- 
tice he  has  written  an  occasional  poem  for  the  magazines.  The  sketch 
of  Amelia  Rives  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen. 
For  thirteen  years  he  was  judge  of  the  Hustings  Court  of  Char- 
lottesville.   He  married,  October  1,  1884,  Edith  R.  Slaughter. 

DUKE,  WILLIAM,  educator  and  clergyman,  was  born  on  Pa- 
tapsco  Neck,  Md.,  September  IS,  1757,  and  died  at  Elkton,  Md.,  in  1840. 
For  many  years  he  engaged  in  teaching.  He  accumulated  a  library  of 
some  size  which  was  presented  by  his  daughter  to  St.  James  College. 
He  wrote  'A  Clew  to  Religious  Truth'  and  contributed  numerous  articles 
to  the  religious  press. 

DULANY,  DANIEL,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Maryland  in  1721. 
For  many  years  he  occupied  high  office  in  the  province  before  the  Revo- 
lution; and,  while  he  opposed  the  Stamp  Act,  he  continued  to  be  a  Loy- 
alist. On  one  occasion  he  became  involved  in  a  controversy  with  Charles 
Carroll,  of  CarroUton.  He  published  'Considerations  on  the  Propriety 
of  Imposing  Taxes  upon  the  British  Colonies'   (London,  1766). 

DUMAS,  WILLIAM  T.  Poet  and  educator.  He  was  born  near 
Barnesville,  Ga.,  in  1858.  For  fifteen  years  he  was  principal  of  the 
Sparta  High  School,  and  afterward  became  superintendent  of  the  public 
schools  of  Marietta,  Ga.  Some  of  his  poetry  is  of  very  high  order. 
He  has  published  a  collection  of  verse  entitled  'Golden  Day,  and 
Other  Poems.'  One  of  his  best  known  productions  is  "The  Dinner 
Horn." 

DUMOND,  ANNIE  NELLES,  Miss.  Author.  [Miss.].  She  wrote 
'Hard  Times :  the  Cause  and  the  Remedy,'  'The  Life  of  a  Book  Agent,' 
'Scraps  on  Sabbath  School  Influence,'  and  'National  Reform.' 

DUNCAN,  R.  S.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Mo.].  Dr.  Duncan  wrote 
a  'History  of  the  Baptists  in  Missouri.' 

DUNCAN,  W.  B.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman.  [S.C.].  He 
wrote  'Twentieth  Century  Sketches  of  South  Carolina  Methodism.' 

DUNCAN,  WILLIAM  CECIL,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  in  New  York  City,  of  Scotch  parentage,  January  4,  1824,  and  died 
in  New  Orleans,  La.,  May  1,  1864.  He  establjshed  The  Southwestern 
Baptist  Chronicle,  which  he  edited  with  exceptional  vigor  in  New  Or- 
leans, and  was  for  several  years  professor  of  Greek  and  Latin  in  the 
University  of  Louisiana.  His  health  was  always  frail  and  the  failure  of 
his  effort  to  save  Louisiana  to  the  Union  probably  hastened  his  death. 
His  writings  include :  'Life  of  John  the  Baptist,'  'History  of  the  Baptists 
for  the  First  Two  Centuries,'  and  'The  Tears  of  Jesus.'  Columbia  gave 
him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

DUNGLESON,  RICHARD  JAMES,  physician,  was  a  son  of  Dr. 
Robley  Dungleson,  an  English  surgeon,  and  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
November  13,  1834.  After  graduating  from  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania he  located  in  Philadelphia  and  became  a  practitioner  of  note. 
Besides  editing  his  father's  'History  of  Medicine,'  he  translated  Guersant's 
'Surgical  Diseases  of  Children,'  and  made  numerous  contributions  to 
medical  and  scientific  journals. 

DUNLOP,  W.  S.  Soldier  and  writer.  [Ark.].  He  published  an 
interesting  contribution  to  the  literature  of  the  Civil  War  entitled  'Lee's 
Sharpshooters'  (1899). 


132  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

DUNN,  BALLARD  S.  Clergyman.  He  published  a  volume  en- 
titled: 'Brazil,  the  Home  for  Southerners'  (New  Orleans,  1866).  He 
held  the  degree  of  D.D. 

DUNN,  JOSEPH  BRAGG,  clergyman,  is  a  native  of  Petersburg, 
Va.  On  completing  his  theological  studies  he  was  admitted  to  orders. 
At  the  present  time  he  is  pastor  of  an  Episcopal  church  in  Suffolk,  Va. 
He  has  published  a  'History  of  Nansemond  County,'  'The  Church  in  the 
Colony,'  'George  Mason,'  'George  Rogers  Clark,'  and  numerous  contri- 
butions to  periodicals.  He  also  wrote  the  sketch  of  Benjamin  Watkins 
Leigh  for  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married,  November 
25,  1895,  Martha  C.  Southall. 

DU  PRATZ,  ANTOINE  SIMON  LE  PAGE,  author,  was  born 
in  France  in  1689.  For  more  than  sixteen  years  he  resided  in  the  colony 
of  Louisiana,  traversed  the  region  of  country  watered  by  the  Arkansas 
River,  and  finally  returned  to  France,  where  he  died  in  1775.  He  pub- 
lished a  work  of  some  interest  entitled  'The  History  of  Louisiana,  or 
of  the  Western  Parts  Of  Virginia  and  Carolina'  (Paris,  1758),  which 
was  afterward  translated  into  English  (London,  1863). 

DUPUY,  ANN  ELIZA,  author,  was  born  in  Petersburg,  Va.,  in 
1814,  and  died  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  in  1881.  While  employed  in  the 
capacity  of  a  governess  at  Natchez,  Miss.,  she  wrote  her  first  story,  'The 
Conspirators,'  in  which  Aaron  Burr  is  the  principal  character.  The 
success  of  this  venture  encouraged  her  to  continue,  and  she  subsequently 
produced  'The  Huguenot  Exiles,'  'Emma  Walton:  or.  Trials  and 
Triumphs,'  'Celeste,'  'Florence :  or,  the  Fatal  Vow,'  'Separation,'  'Con- 
cealed Treasure,'  'Ashleigh,'  and  'The  Country  Neighborhood.'  She 
wrote  chiefly  for  the  New  York  Ledger  and  the  number  of  her  stories 
amounted  to  about  forty. 

DURBIN,  JOHN  PRICE,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Bourbon 
County,  Ky.,  in  1800,  and  died  in  New  York,  October  17,  1876.  While 
preaching  at  Hamilton,  Ohio,  he  studied  at  Miami  University,  became  an 
eminent  Methodist  divine,  was  for  several  years  president  of  Dickinson 
College,  afterward  a  pastor  in  Philadelphia,  and  from  1850  to  1872,  secre- 
tary of  missions.  He  published  'Observations  in  Europe,'  in  two  volumes 
(New  York,  1844),  'Observations  in  Egypt,  Palestine,  Syria,  and  Asia 
Minor,'  in  two  volumes  (1845),  and  edited,  with  notes.  Woods'  'Mosaic 
History  of  Creation'  (1831).    He  was  at  one  time  chaplain  of  the  Senate. 

DURRETT,  REUBEN  THOMAS.    See  Biographical  and  Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  IV,  page  1457. 

DUVAL,  JOHN  POPE,  lawyer  and  soldier,  was  born  in  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  June  3,  1790.  In  the  war  between  Texas  and  Mexico  he 
enlisted  upon  the  side  of  Texas  and  became  a  brigadier-general.  Later 
he  settled  in  Florida  and  achieved  distinction  at  the  Bar.  Under  appoint- 
ment of  Governor  Call,  he  compiled  a  'Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Florida.' 
He  died  in  1855. 

DUVAL,  MARY  FISHER,  Mrs.  Poet.  [Fla.].  She  belonged  to 
the  ante-bellum  group  of  Florida  writers  and  resided  at  Tallahassee. 

DUVAL,  MARY  V.  Author.  [Miss.].  She  was  born  in  18SQ. 
Her  writings  include :  'Students'  History  of  Mississippi'  (Louisville,  Ky., 
1887),  'History  of  Mississippi'  (1887),  Treatise  on  Civil  Government  of 
Mississippi'  (1890),  and  'Queen  of  the  South,'  a  drama,  with  portrait 
of  the  author  (1899). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       133 

DUVAL,  LUCIEN,  an  ante-bellum  Florida  poet,  was  the  author 
of  some  graceful  verse,  little  of  which,  unfortunately,  has  been  preserved. 

DYER,  SIDNEY,  clergyman  and  poet,  was  born  in  Cambridge, 
N.Y._,  but  spent  much  of  his  life  in  the  South.  Self-educated,  he  became 
a  minister  of  the  Gospel  and  was  secretary  of  the  Indian  Mission  at 
Louisville,  Ky.  He  published:  'Voices  of  Nature'  (Louisville,  1849), 
'Psalmist  for  the  Use  of  Baptist  Churches'  1854),  and  'Songs 
and  Ballads'  (New  York,  1857).  Most  of  his  published  writings  were 
in  verse. 

EAGER,  PATRICK  HENRY,  educator,  was  born  at  Warrenton, 
Miss.,  November  11,  1852.  His  father  was  the  Rev.  E.  C.  Eager.  For 
more  than  thirty  years  he  has  been  identified  with  higher  educational 
work  in_  Southern  colleges  and  universities.  At  present  he  holds  the  chair 
of  English  in  Mississippi  College,  at  Clinton.  Besides  an  important  mono- 
graph of  Lafayette  Rupert  Hamberlin  in  Vol.  VII  of  the  publications 
of  the  Mis.sissippi  Historical  Society,  he  wrote  a  sketch  of  this  same 
author  for  "The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married,  Septem- 
ber 5,  1883,  Mary  J.  Whitfield,  sister  of  the  present  Chief  Justice  of 
Mississippi. 

EARLY,  JOHN,  bishop  of  the  M.  E.  Church,  South,  was  born  in 
Bedford  County,  Va.,  January  1,  1786,  and  died  in  Lynchburg,  Va., 
November  S,  1873.  He  was  instrumental  in  founding  Randolph-Macon 
College,  and  was  both  a  vigorous  thinker  and  a  graceful  writer,  but  he 
published  little  beyond  an  occasional  message  from  the  pulpit  or  platform 
and  a  pamphlet  relating  to  the  disruption  of  1844. 

EARLY,  JUBAL  ANDERSON,  an  eminent  Confederate  officer, 
was  born  in  Franklin  County,  Va.,  November  3,  1816,  and  died  in  Lynch- 
burg, Va.,  March  2,  1894.  Soon  after  graduating  from  West  Point,  he 
resigned  from  the  United  States  Army  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar;  but 
the  outbreak  of  the  War  with  Mexico  appealed  to  his  martial  spirit  and 
he  went  to  the  front.  When  Virginia  seceded  he  followed  the  fortunes 
of  his  State  and  entered  the  Confederate  service,  attaining  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-general.  Subsequent  to  the  war  he  practiced  law  in  Vir- 
ginia, but  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  United  States 
Government.  He  was  an  officer  of  dash  and  courage,  earning  his  various 
promotions  by  his  proven  soldiership.  Besides  several  addresses  on  mili- 
tary subjects,  he  published  'A  Memoir  of  the  Last  Year  of  the  War  for 
Independence  in  the  Confederate  States  of  America'  (1867). 

EARLY,  MARY  WASHINGTON  CABELL,  Mrs.,  author,  was 
bcrn  in  Virginia  in  1846.  Besides  publishing  a  work  of  much  interest  on 
'Southern  Novelists,'  she  also  wrote  'Sambo's  Banishment,'  'Virginia  Be- 
fore the  War,'  and  numerous  short  stories  and  sketches. 

EASBY-SMITH,  JAMES  STANISLAUS,  educator  and  poet,  was 
born  in  Alabama  in  1870,  but  afterward  removed  to  Washington,  D.C. 
His  publications  include  'Songs  of  Sappho'  (1891)  and  'The  New  Napo- 
leon,' a  satire  in  verse  (1896). 

EASTER,  MARGUERITE  E.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  IV,  page  1477. 

EASTMAN,  MARY  HENDERSON.  Author.  She  was  born  in 
Warrenton,  Va.,  in  1818,  became  the  wife  of  General  Seth  Eastman  of 
the  United  States  Army,  resided  for  many  years  at  Fort  Snelling,  and 
published  'Dacotah,  or  Legends  of  the  Sioux'  (New  York,  1849),  'Ro- 
mance  of   Indian    Life'    (Philadelphia,    1852),    'Aunt    Phillis's    Cabin,'    a 


134  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

reply  to  Mrs.  Stowe's  famous  novel,  'American  Aboriginal  Portfolio,' 
illustrated  by  her  husband,  'Chicora'  (1853),  'Tales  of  Fashionable  Life' 
(1854),  and  numerous  short  stories  and  sketches.  Her  portrayals  of 
Indian  character  are  truthful  and  vivid. 

EATON,  JOHN  H.,  statesman  and  diplomat,  was  born  in  Ten- 
nessee, in  1790;  and,  on  being  admitted  to  the  Bar,  he  began  the  practice 
in  Nashville.  From  1829  to  1831  he  was  Secretary  of  War  under  Presi- 
dent Jackson.  While  in  office  he  married  the  famous  Margaret  O'Neill 
Timberlake,  and  the  social  insurrection  which  followed  furnished  the 
immediate  cause  for  the  dissolution  of  the  Cabinet.  Following  this 
episode,  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Florida  and  afterward  Minister 
to  Spain.  His  place  in  literature  is  due  to  his  'Life  of  Andrew  Jackson,' 
which  he  wrote  in  association  with  John  Reed.  It  is  an  authoritative  work, 
based  upon  long  and  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  subject.  He  died 
in  1856. 

EATON,  THOMAS  TREADWELL.  Clergyman  and  editor. 
Pastor  of  the  Walnut  Street  Baptist  Church,  Louisville,  Ky.,  for  several 
years.  He  was  born  in  Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  November  16,  1845,  the  son 
of  Joseph  H.  and  Esther  M.  Eaton,  and  was  educated  at  Washington  and 
Lee  University,  Lexington,  Va.  He  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  in  1870. 
He  married,  in  1872,  Alice  Roberts,  of  Nashville,  Tenn.  Included  among 
the  numerous  volumes  of  this  successful  pastor  are :  'The  Angels' ;  'Talks 
to  Children' ;  'Talks  on  Getting  Married' ;  'The  Bible  on  Women's  Public 
Speaking' ;  'Wives  and  Husbands' ;  'The  Theatre' ;  'Sanctification' ;  'History 
of  Walnut  Street  Baptist  Church' ;  'Cruise  of  the  Kaiserin' ;  'James  Madison 
Pendleton.'  In  1887  Dr.  Eaton  became  the  editor  of  The  Western  Re- 
corder. Washington  and  Lee  University  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  and 
the  Southwestern  Baptist  University  the  degree  of  LL.D.    He  died  in  1907. 

ECHEZABAL,  F.  T.  and  J.  R.  [La.].  Joint  authors  of 'An  Irish 
Cavalier,  a  Drama  in  Four  Acts'  (New  Orleans,  1902). 

EDMONDS,  RICHARD  HATHAWAY,  editor,  was  born  in  Nor- 
folk, Va.,  in  1857.  After  attending  school  in  Baltimore  he  entered  jour- 
nalism and  rose  from  the  position  of  clerk  to  the  editorial  chair  of  the 
Journal  of  Commerce.  In  1882  he  founded  the  Manufacturers'  Record, 
a  publication  devoted  to  the  material  interests  of  the  South.  For  nearly 
thirty  years  he  has  edited  this  periodical,  which  has  grown  into  splendid 
proportions  and  he  has  been  the  means  of  bringing  into  this  section 
millions  of  dollars  for  investment.  The  files  of  the  paper  attest  the 
manifold  phases  of  industrialism,  to  which  his  tireless  and  talented  pen 
has  been  devoted. 

EDWARDS,  HARRY  STILLWELL.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Sketch,  Vol.  IV,  page  1497. 

EDWARDS,  JENNIE.  Author.  She  was  the  wife  of  John  N. 
Edwards,  of  Missouri,  revised  and  re-published  her  husband's  work, 
'Shelby  and  His  Men'  (1897),  and  wrote  'The  Life  of  John  N.  Edwards.' 

EDWARDS,  JOHN  ELLIS,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Guilford 
County,  N.C.,  August  1,  1814.  On  completing  his  education  at  Randolph- 
Macon  College,  he  entered  the  ministry  and  became  one  of  the  most 
prominent  Methodist. divines  in  the  South,  laboring  for  twenty-one  years 
in  Richmond.  He  published  'Travels  in  Europe'  (New  York,  1857), 
'Life  of  John  Wesley  Childs'  (Philadelphia,  1851),  'The  Confederate 
Soldier,'  and  'The  Log  Meeting-House'  (Nashville,  1884).  Randolph- 
Macon  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       135 

EDWARDS,  JOHN  N.  Author.  He  lived  in  Missouri  and  pub- 
lished, in  1867,  an  interesting  work  entitled:  'Shelby  and  His  Men.'  It 
was  afterward  re-published  in  1897  by  his  wife,  Jennie  Edwards  (Kansas 
City,  Hudson-Kimberly  Company).  He  also  wrote  'Shelby's  Expedition 
to  Mexico'  (1872)  and  'Noted  Guerrillas'  (1877). 

EDWARDS,  NINIAN  WIRT,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Frankfort, 
Ky.,  April  15,  1809,  removed  to  Illinois,  became  a  lawyer  of  distinction, 
and  wrote  at  the  request  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Illinois  'The  Life 
and  Times  of  Ninian  Edwards'   (1870). 

EDWARDS,  RICHARD.  Writer.  [Mo.].  He  published  'The 
Great  West  and  Her  Commercial  Metropolis,  St.  Louis'  (1860),  in  asso- 
ciation with  Mr.  Hopewell. 

EDWARDS,  WILLIAM  EMORY,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Prince 
Edward  County,  Va.,  June  10,  1842,  and,  graduating  from  Randolph- 
Macon  College,  he  became  an  eminent  Methodist  divine.  He  wrote  'John 
Newsome,  a  Tale  of  College  Life'   (Nashville,  1883). 

EFNOR,  LOTTIE,  Mrs.  Writer.  [Texas].  She  wrote  numerous 
short  stories  and  sketches  and  published  a  volume  of  'Poems.' 

EGAN,  LAVINIA.  Author.  [La.].  She  wrote  a  story  entitled 
'A  Bundle  of  Fagots'  (1895). 

EGGLESTON,  GEORGE  GARY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  IV,  page  1525. 

EGGLESTON,  JOSEPH  DUPUY,  Jr.,  educator,  was  born  in 
Prince  Edward  County,  Va.,  November  13,  1867.  After  graduating  from 
Hampden-Sidney  College  he  devoted  himself  to  teaching.  He  resides  at 
Worsham,  Va.,  and  holds  the  position  of  State  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  school  journals  and  popu- 
lar magazines,  he  is  the  author  of  the  sketch  of  Robert  Beverly  in  "The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married,  July  18,  1896,  Julia  J. 
Johnson. 

EGGLESTON,  JOSEPH  W.  Physician.  [Va.].  Dr.  Eggleston 
has  published  what  he  calls  "an  old-fashioned  story  of  an  old-fashioned 
people"  entitled  'Tuckahoe'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Pub- 
lishing Company,  1907),  which  takes  the  reader  back  to  war  times  in  the 
Old  Dominion. 

ELDER,  GEORGE,  A.  M.,  educator  and  editor,  was  born  at  Har- 
din's Creek,  Ky.,  in  1794,  and  died  in  Bardstown,  Ky.,  in  1838.  He  was 
ordained  to  the  Roman  Catholic  priesthood,  organized  at  Bardstown, 
Ky.,  the  College  of  St.  Joseph,  of  which  he  became  president,  edited 
The  Catholic  Advocate,  and  published  a  work  entitled  'The  Letters  of 
Brother  Jonathan.' 

ELDER,  SUSAN  BLANCHARD.  Author.  She  was  born  at 
Fort  Jessup,  La.,  April  19,  1835,  a  daughter  of  General  Albert  G. 
Blanchard.  She  was  educated  in  a  convent  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  and  married  Charles  D.  Elder,  of  New  Orleans.  Besides 
many  poems  and  dramas  of  exceptional  merit,  her  literary  produc- 
tions include :  'The  Leos  of  the  Papacy,'  'James  the  Second,'  'Savona- 
rola,' 'Ellen  Fitzgerald,  a  Southern  Tale,'  and  others.  She  has  fre- 
quently contributed  to  Catholic  periodicals. 

ELKINS,  WILLIAM  LEWIS,  astronomer,  was  born  in  New 
Orleans,  La.,  April  29,   1855.    After  graduation  from  the  University  of 


136  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Strasburg,  he  was  for  some  time  associated  with  Sir  David  Gill,  of  the 
Royal  Observatory,  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  calculating  the  paral- 
laxes of  the  southern  stars.  At  present  he  is  the  astronomer  at  the  Yale 
Observatory,  with  headquarters  in  New  Haven.  From  time  to  time  he 
has  published  the  results  of  original  researches  in  astronomical  journals. 

ELLEMJAY,  LOUISE  ("L.M.J.")-  Author.  [Va.].  She  wrote 
'The  Rising  Young  Man,'  'Censoria  Lictoria'  (1859),  and  other  interesting 
stories. 

ELLICOTT,  JOHN  MORRIS,  naval  officer,  was  born  at  St. 
Inigoes,  Md.,  September  4,  1859,  and  was  educated  at  Annapolis.  He 
participated  in  the  famous  battle  of  Manila  Bay  and  in  1903  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-commander.  He  wrote  a  novel  entitled 
'Justified'  (1891),  and  a  'Life  of  John  Ancrum  Winslow'  (1900),  besides 
short  stories  and  sketches. 

ELLIOT,  BENJAMIN,  jurist,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  in 
1786.  Graduating  from  Princeton,  he  began  the  study  of  law ;  and  'was 
not  long  in  becoming  an  acknowledged  leader  of  the  Bar  of  South  Caro- 
lina. He  was  the  author  of  numerous  productions,  historical  and  political, 
among  the  number,  'A  Refutation  of  the  Calumnies  Circulated  Against 
the  Southern  and  Western  States  Respecting  the  Institution  and  Exist- 
ence of  Slavery'  and  'The  Military  System  of  South  Carolina.'  He  died 
in  1836. 

ELLIOTT,  CHARLES,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1792. 
Coming  to  America,  he  studied  theology,  served  Methodist  churches  in 
Missouri,  and  published  'Southwestern  Methodism'  (1868),  in  addition 
to  minor  works. 

ELLIOTT,  RICHARD  SMITH.  Writer.  [Mo.].  He  published 
a  volume  entitled  'Taken  in  Sixty  Years'  (1883). 

ELLIOTT,  SARAH  BARNWELL.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Sketch,  Vol.  IV,  page  1553. 

ELLIOTT,  STEPHEN,  naturalist,  was  born  in  Beaufort,  S.C, 
November  11,  1771,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  March  28,  1830.  For 
twenty-eight  years  he  was  president  of  the  State  Bank  of  South  Carolina. 
He  was  a  man  of  means  and  of  culture  and  devoted  much  of  his  time 
to  the  pursuit  of  scientific  studies.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to 
the  periodicals,  he  wrote  'The  Botany  of  South  Carolina  and  G,eorgia' 
and  left  at  his  death  several  unpublished  manuscripts.  His  collection  of 
books  on  natural  history  was  one  of  the  largest  in  the  United  States. 
For  some  time  he  was  a  professor  in  the  Medical  College  of  South 
Carolina,  which  he  assisted  in  organizing.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Yale. 
Stephen  Elliott,  his  son,  was  the  first  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Georgia. 

ELLIOTT,  STEPHEN,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop,  was  born  in 
Beaufort,  S.C,  August  31,  1806,  and  died  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  December  21, 
1866.  After  graduation  from  Harvard  he  practiced  law  first  in  Beaufort 
and  afterward  in  Charleston.  But  still  later  he  was  admitted  to  orders, 
became  professor  of  sacred  literature  in  South  Carolina  College,  and  in 
1841  was  chosen  the  first  Bishop  of_  the  Diocese  of  Georgia.  He  also 
served  St.  John's  Church,  Savannah,  in  the  capacity  of  rector,  was  for  a 
time  provisional  Bishop  of  Florida,  and  devoted  his  fortune  to  the  cause 
of  female  education.  He  was  a  man  of  eloquence,  of  scholarship  and  of 
exceptional  powers  of  organization.  After  his  death  a  collection  of  his 
sermons  was  published  with  a  memoir  (1867). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       137 

ELLIOTT,  WILLIAM.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  IV,  page  1569. 

ELLIS,  JAMES  TANDY.  Author.  [Ky.].  In  a  work  entitled 
'Sprigs  o'  Mint'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing 
Company,  1905),  which  contains  both  sketches  and  poems,  the  author 
has  portrayed  many  delightful  phases  of  Kentucky  life  and  character. 

ELLIS,  JOHN  BRECKENRIDGE.  Educator  and  author.  He 
was  born  near  Hannibal,  Mo.,  February  11,  1870,  a  son  of  Dr.  John 
William  Ellis,  an  eminent  scholar,  and  was  educated  at  Prattsburg 
College,  Mo.,  in  which  institution  he  held  the  chair  of  English 
for  eleven  years.  He  relinquished  teaching  in  1902  to  devote  his  time 
exclusively  to  literary  work.  Many  of  his  stories  deal  with  Biblical 
incidents.  They  are  all  charmingly  written.  His  works  include:  'In 
the  Days  of  Jehu'  (St.  Louis,  Christian  Publishing  Company),  'King 
Saul'  (ibid.),  'Shem,  a  Story  of  the  Captivity'  (ibid.),  'The  Dread  and 
Fear  of  Kings'  (Chicago,  A.  C.  McClurg) ;  'Garcilaso'  (ibid.),  'The 
Holland  Wolves'  (ibid.),  'Adnah,  a  Tale  of  the  Time  of  Christ'  (Phila- 
delphia, George  W.  Jacobs  and  Company),  'The  Red  Box  Clew,' 
'The  Ellisan  Literary  Year  Book,'  and  'The  Stork's  Nest,'  besides 
stories,  verses,  songs,  and  cantatas.    He  resides  in  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

ELLIS,  LEONORA  BECK.  Writer.  Mrs.  Ellis  is  a  native  of 
Georgia.  Her  maiden  name  was  Leonora  Beck.  She  is  a  sister  of  Mar- 
cus W.  Beck,  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Before  her 
marriage  to  Richard  A.  Ellis,  on  June  2,  1896,  she  was  engaged  in  educa- 
tional work  in  Atlanta,  but  since  then  she  has  devoted  herself  to  literature. 
Besides  a  volume  of  stories  entitled  'Star  Heights,'  she  is  the  author  of 
a  number  of  magazine  articles  bearing  upon  economic  and  sociological 
conditions  in  the  South.  The  Library  of  Congress  has  recently  listed 
her  series  of  articles  on  child  labor,  because  of  the  interest  which  they 
possess  for  students  of  this  problem.  She  is  engaged  at  present  in  making 
investigations  among  the  sponge  fishers  of  the  Florida  Coast.  She  con- 
tinues to  write  stories  for  the  periodicals  and  also  contributes  an  occa- 
sional poem.  Among  the  principal  magazines  for  which  she  writes  are 
.  the  Review  of  Reviews,  The  Forum,  Leslie's  and  The  Independent.  She 
spends  much  of  her  time  in  Aripeka,  Fla. 

ELLISON,  MATTHEW,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Monroe  County, 
Va.,  November  10,  1804.  After  organizing  twenty-five  Baptist  churches 
over  the  South,  he  retired  from  active  work,  settled  at  Raleigh,  N.C.,  and 
published:  'Dunkerism,  a  Plea  for  the  Union  of  Baptists.' 

"ELVAS,  THE. GENTLEMAN  OF."  The  name  of  an  unknown 
Spaniard  who  wrote  an  interesting  'Histoire  de  la  Conquest  de  la  Floride' 
(Lisbon,  168S). 

ELWES,  A.  W.  In  1825  there  appeared  in  Richmond  a  volume  of 
poems  entitled:  'The  Potomac  Muse.'  It  was  offered  to  the  public  by 
"A  Lady  of  Virginia" ;  but  it  was  copyrighted  by  A.  W.  Elwes,  who  may 
have  been  the  author.  Some  of  the  verse  betrays  poetic  glints.  She  gives 
her  pen  chiefly  to  Virginia's  great  men. 

ELZAS,  BARNETT  ABRAHAM.  Historian,  rabbi,  physician. 
Dr.  Elzas  was  born  at  Eydkuhnen,  Germany,  December  7,  1867.  His 
father  was  Dr.  Abraham  Elzas,  clergyman  and  author,  and  his  mother, 
Hinda  Lewinthal.  The  son  spent  his  earlier  years  in  England,  where, 
in  addition  to  equipping  himself  for  his  theological  career,  he  was  an 
industrious  student  of  the  ancient  and  modern  classics.  After  settling 
in  Charleston,  S.C.,  he  studied  both  pharmacy  and  medicine,  receiving 


138  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

his  degrees  in  each;  but  his  first  congregational  charge  was  in  Toronto, 
Canada.  For  years  past  Dr.  Elzas  has  been  one  of  the  foremost  Ameri- 
can contributors  to  Jewish  literature.  His  published  works  include: 
'Judaism,  an  Exposition'  (1896),  'The  Sabbath-School  Companion'  (1895- 
1896),  'Fifteen  Historical  Pamphlets  relating  to  the  Jews  in  South  Caro- 
lina' (1902-1904),  'The  Jews  of  South  Carolina  from  the  Earliest  Times 
to  the  Present  Day'  (1905),  'The  Old  Jewish  Cemeteries  at  Charleston, 
S.C  (1903),  'Leaves  from  My  Historical  Scrap-Book,'  two  series  (1907- 
1908),  and  'The  Jew  in  the  South'  (1909).  The  sketch  o£  Penina  Moise 
in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  Dr.  Elzas 
married,  June  25,  1890,  Annie  Samuel.  South  Carolina  College,  in  1905, 
gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.    He  resides  in  Charleston,  S.C. 

EMMET,  THOMAS  ADDIS.  Physician.  [Va.].  The  author  of 
several  important  medical  works  including  a  treatise  on  'The  Practice 
and  Principles  of  Gynecology'  (Philadelphia,  1879),  which  has  been 
translated  into  French  and  German.  He  was  a  grandnephew  of  the 
celebrated  Irish  patriot,  Robert  Emmet. 

EMORY,  JOHN,  bishop  of  the  M.E.  Church,  was  born  in  Queen 
Anne  County,  Md.,  April  11,  1789,  and  died  in  Reistertown,  Md.,  Decem- 
ber 17,  1835.  He  was  educated  for  the  law,  but  turned  from  his  legal 
studies  to  become  one  of  the  landmarks  of  Methodism.  He  founded  The 
Methodist  Quarterly  Review  and  contributed  most  of  the  original  arti- 
cles in  the  first  two  volumes.  His  published  works  include  'The  Divinity 
of  Christ  Vindicated'  and  'The  Defence  of  Our  Fathers.'  He  was  master 
of  a  style  both  vigorous  and  lucid.  Thrown  from  his  carriage,  he  died 
from  the  injuries  which  he  received. 

EMORY,  ROBERT,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  July  29,  1814,  of  Southern  parentage,  and  died  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  May  18,  1848.  For  several  years  he  was  president  of  Dickinson 
College.  Besides  publishing  'The  Life  of  Bishop  Emory/  with  a  col- 
lection of  his  writings  (New  York,  1841),  he  also  wrote  'The  History 
of  Methodist  Discipline'  and  left  an  unfinished  'Analysis  of  Butler's 
Analogy,'  which  was  afterward  completed  and  published  by  Dr.  Crooks. 
Columbia  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

EMORY,-  WILLIAM  HEMSLEY,  soldier,  was  born  in  Queen 
Anne  County,  Md.,  September  9,  1811,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C., 
December  1,  1887.  Educated  at  West  Point,  he  entered  the  United  States 
Army  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  He  published  'Notes 
of  a  Military  Reconnoissance  in  Missouri  and  California'  (New  York, 
1848),  and  'Report  of  the  United  States  and  Mexican  Boundary  Com- 
mission.' 

ENGLAND,  JOHN.  Roman  Catholic  bishop,  was  born  in  Cork, 
Ireland,  September  23,  1786,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  April  11,  1842. 
Before  completing  his  theological  studies,  it  is  said  that  his  progress  was 
so  brilliant  that  he  was  chosen  to  deliver  public  lectures  on  religious 
subjects.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  movement  for  Catholic  emanci- 
pation. When  the  See  of  Charleston  was  organized  he  was  nominated 
the  first  bishop;  and,  having  made  up  his  mind  to  become  an  American 
citizen,  he  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  exacted  of  Irish  bishops 
at  the  time  of  consecration ;  but,  after  some  difficulty,  he  was  consecrated 
in  Cork,  in  1820,  and  duly  arrived  in  Charleston.  He  did  much  to 
suppress  dueling,  to  foster  education,  and  to  extend  Catholicism.  He 
made  four  separate  visits  to  Europe  in  the  interest  of  his  diocese.  En  route 
home,  his  ministerial  labors  among  the  steerage  passengers  exposed  him  to 
an  infectious  disorder,  and  he  died  soon  after  his  return.    He  published  'An 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF   AUTHORS        139 

Address  Before  the  Hibernian  Society  of  Savannah'  (Charleston,  1824J; 
and,  after  his  death,  his  'Works'  were  edited,  in  five  volumes,  by  Bishop 
Reynolds. 

ESTES,  MATTHEW.  This  author  resided  at  Columbus,  Miss, 
and  wrote :  'A  Defence  of  Negro  Slavery  in  the  United  States'  (Mont- 
gomery, Ala.,  1846). 

EUSTIS,  JAMES  BIDDLE,  statesman  and  diplomat,  was  born 
in  New  Orleans,  La.,  August  27,  1834.  Graduating  from  Harvard  Law 
School,  he  was  admitted  to  the  New  Orleans  Bar  and  rose  steadily  in 
his  profession.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was  judge-advocate  on  the 
staffs  of  Generals  Magruder  and  Johnston.  He  was  twice  sent  to  the 
United  States  Senate  and,  during  President  Cleveland's  second  term, 
he  was  commissioned  to  represent  this  country  at  the  Court  of  France. 
For  several  years  he  was  professor  of  law  in  the  University  of  Louis- 
iana. Several  of  his  speeches  on  public  questions  have  been  preserved 
in  the  Congressional  Record. 

EVANS,  CLEMENT  ANSELM.  Commander-in-chief  of  the 
United  Confederate  Veterans;  lawyer,  clergyman,  author.  He  was 
born  in  Lumpkin,  Ga.,  and  was  educated  in  the  local  schools.  Subse- 
quently he  studied  law  at  Augusta,  Ga.,  and  practiced  his  profession 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  meanwhile  serving  as  Judge  of  the 
county  court  and  as  State  Senator.  Entering  the  Confe"derate 
Army  in  1861  as  a  'major,  he  attained  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
and  on  the  field  of  Appomattox  he  commanded  Gordon's  famous 
division.  After  the  surrender  he  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Meth- 
odist Church  and  preached  for  several  years.  He  became  a  candidate 
for  governor  of  Georgia  in  1894,  but  withdrew  from  the  race  before 
the  day  of  election.  At  the  present  time  he  is  one  of  the  prison  com- 
missioners of  Georgia  and  on  the  death  of  General  Stephen  D.  Lee 
in  1908  he  was  elected  Commander-in-chief  of  the  United  Confederate 
Veterans.  Besides  editing  'The  Confederate  Military  History,'  in  twelve 
volumes,  a  work  to  which  he  contributed  several  chapters,  he  was  the  ora- 
tor at  the  unveiling  of  the  Gordon  equestrian  statue,  in  Atlanta,  and  of 
the  Davis  monument,  in  Richmond.     He  resides  in  Atlanta. 

EVANS,  HUGH  DAVEY,  author,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
April  26,  1792,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  July  16,  1868.  He  studied 
law  and  became  prominent  at  the  Bar  where  Pinkney  and  Wirt  were  the 
leaders.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  churchman,  figured  with  prominence 
in  Episcopal  councils,  and  edited  church  papers.  He  prepared  a  code  of 
laws  for  the  Maryland  Colony  in  Liberia  and  published  a  number  of 
works,  including:  'Essays  on  Pleading'  (Baltimore,  1827),  'Maryland 
Common  Law  Practice'  (Baltimore,  1837,  revised  1867),  'Essays  to 
Prove  the  Validity  of  Anglican  Ordination'  (Baltimore,  1844,  revised  in 
two  volumes,  1851),  'Theophilus  Americanus,'  an  adaptation  of  Canon 
Wadsworth's  work  (Philadelphia,  18S1),  'Essay  on  the  Episcopate'  (1855), 
and  'Treatise  on  the  Christian  Doctrine  of .  Marriage,'  which  appeared 
after  his  death  (New  York,  1870),  a  work  of  standard  merit.  The  Rev. 
Hall  Harrison  wrote  his  memoir  (Hartford,  1870).  St.  James'  Col- 
lege gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

EVANS,  LAWTON  BRYAN.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
Lumpkin,  Stewart  County,  Ga.,  October  27,  1862,  a  son  of  General 
Clement  A.  Evans.  He  married,  FebTuary  15,  1887,  Florence  Camp- 
bell. For  several  years  he  has  been  superintendent  of  the  public 
schools  of  Augusta,  Ga.  His  published  works  include:  a  'History  of 
Georgia'   (New  York,   University   Publishing   Company,   1898),  'Lec- 


140  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

tures  on  Supervision  of  Schools'  (1904),  'Language  Lessons,'  'English 
Grammar,'  and  'Essentials  of  American  History. 

EVANS,  THOMAS  J.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  King  William  County, 
Va.,  February  2,  1822,  and  received  his  education  in  Richmond.  On  be- 
ing admitted  to  the  Bar  he  rose  to  distinction  and  served  in  the  State 
Legislature;  while  on  the  field  of  battle  he  commanded  the  Nineteenth 
Regiment  of  Virginia  militia.  Possessed  of  unusual  skill  in  the  art  of 
versification,  he  published  a  volume  entitled:  'Sir  Francis  Drake  and 
Other  Fugitive   Poems'    (Richmond,   1895). 

EVE,  MARIA  LOUISA,  poet,  was  born  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  in  1848. 
In  early  childhood  she  evinced  rare  powers  of  mind.  When  only  eighteen 
she  won  a  prize  of  $100  for  the  best  prose  essay.  In  1879  she  won  a 
prize  of  the  same  amount  for  the  best  poem  on  the  yellow  fever  epi- 
demic and  again  in  1889  she  wrote  her  exquisite  gem  of  verse  entitled 
"Brier  Rose,"  which  won  still  another  prize.  At  the  request  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  American  Arbitration  Society,  she  wrote  a  welcome  to  the  Eng- 
lish Peace  Deputation  entitled  "The  Lion  and  the  Eagle,"  which  was 
widely  copied  on  both  sides  of  the  water. 

EVE,  PAUL  FITZSIMONS,  physician  and  surgeon,  was  born 
near  Augusta,  Ga.,  June  27,  1806,  and  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  November 
3,  1877.  He  was  an  eminent  practitioner  and  was  at  different  times 
identified  with  the  faculties  of  various  institutions.  In  the  line  of  orig- 
inal research  he  did  much  to  advance  the  science  of  medicine,  publishing 
over  600  articles  on  medical  subjects.  His  most  important  works  are 
'Remarkable  Cases  in  Surgery,'  'One  Hundred  Cases  in  Lithotomy,'  and 
'What  the  South  and  West  have  Done  for  Surgery.'  For  some  time  he 
edited  The  Southern  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal. 

EVELINE,  ROBERT,  author,  was  an  English  colonist  in  Vir- 
ginia who  wrote  'Direction  for  Adventurers  and  True  Description  of  the 
Healthiest,  Pleasantest  and  Richest  Plantation  of  New  Albion,  in  North 
Virginia'   (London,  1641). 

EVERHART,  ELFRIDA,  librarian,  was  born  of  Southern  parents 
in  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  June  9,  1883.  Besides  several  contributions  to  library 
periodicals  on  technical  topics  she  has  published  a  'Handbook  of  United 
States  Public  Documents'  (Minneapolis,  Minn.,  The  H.  W.  Wilson  Co., 
1909),  and  is  engaged  upon  other  important  work.  She  is  on  the  staff 
of  the  Carnegie  Library  of  Atlanta,  Ga. 

EVERSHED,  EMILIE,  Madame.  Writer.  [La.].  She  pub- 
lished in  French  two  interesting  works,  entitled:  'Esquisses  Poetiques' 
(1846),  and   'Une   Couronne   Blanche'    (1850). 

EWELL,  ALICE  MAUDE.  Author.  [Va.].  Besides  numerous 
uncollected  short  stories  and  sketches,  her  writings  include :  'The  White 
and  the  Red'  (1889),  'A  White  Guard  to  Satan'  (1900),  'A  Long  Time 
Ago'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company, 
1906),  and  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'The  Heart  of  Old  Virginia'  {ibid., 
1908).    Much  of  her  work  has  appeared  in  St.  Nicholas. 

EWING,  ELBERT  WILLIAM  ROBINSON.  Author.  [Va.]. 
He  published  'The  Dred  Scott  Decision  Vindicated  by  History  and  Judic- 
ial Law'  (1900),  and  'Northern  Rebellion  and  Southern  Secession'  (1904), 
two  volumes  of  much  interest  relating  to  the  causes  of  the  Civil  War. 

EWING,  FINIS,  one  of  the  founders  of  Cumberland  Presby- 
terianism,  was  born  in  Bedford  County,  Va.,  June  10,  1773,  and  died 
in  Lexington,  Mo.,  July  4,  1841.    As  a  revivalist  he  met  with  great  sut- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       141 

cess,  but  his  ordination  was  not  recognized  by  the  Kentucky  synod  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  within  whose  jurisdiction  he  labored,  and,  on 
account  of  some  doctrinal  divergence  of  opinion,  he  organized  an  in- 
dependent movement  which  became  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church. 
He  published  a  work  entitled:  'Lectures  on  Divinity,'  which  embodies 
the  distinctive  creed  of  the  Cumberlands. 

EWING,  JOHN,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in  Notting- 
ham, Md.,  June  22,  1732,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  September  8, 
1802.  For  several  years  he  was  connected  with  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania; and  his  collegiate  lectures  on  natural  philosophy,  including  a 
memoir,  were  published  in  two  volumes  after  his  death.  The  University 
of  Edinburgh  gave  him  the  degree  oi  D.D. 

EYSTER,  NELLIE,  author,  was  born  in  Frederick,  Md.,  in  1831, 
a  daughter  of  Abraham  Blessing.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  she  married 
David  A.  T.  Eyster,  of  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  where  she  resided  till  her  re- 
moval to  San  Jose,  Cal.  She  made  numerous  contributions  to  the  period- 
icals and  published  in  book  form  several  delightful  juveniles,  including 
'Sunny  Hours,'  'Chincapin  Charlie,'  'On  the  Wing,'  'Tom  Harding  and 
his  Friends,'  'Lionel  Wintour's  Diary,'  and  'Robert  Brent's  Three  Christ- 
mas Days.'  She  also  became  active  in  reform  work  for  the  advancement 
of   woman. 

EZEKIEL,  H,  C.     [Va.].    He  published  'The  Book  Buyer'  (1892). 

FACKLER,  S.  A.,  editor  and  publisher,  was  born  in  Upson  County, 
Ga.,  November  8,  1857.  For  forty  years  he  has  been  engaged  in  news- 
paper work  in  rural  communities  and  has  published  a  play  entitled  'The 
Ups  and  Downs  of  a  Country  Editor — Mostly  Downs'  (1909),  in  which 
he  portrays  with  delicate  humor  and  pathos  the  life  with  which  he  has 
long  been  familiar.     He  resides  at  Hazlehurst,  Ga. 

FAGAN,  WILLIAM  L.,  planter,  was  born  in  Wetumpka,  Ala., 
November  20,  1838.  He  served  in  the  Confederate  Army,  made  numerous 
contributions  to  periodicals  and  published  'Southern  War  Songs'  (New 
York,  1890),  a  compilation. 

FAIRBANKS,  GEORGE  RAINSFORD.  Lawyer  and  historian. 
He  was  born  in  Watertown,  N.Y.,  in  1820.  Early  in  life  he  re- 
moved to  St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  and  became  an  influential  member  of  the 
Bar.  For  a  number  of  years  he  held  the  ofBce  of  clerk  of  the  United  States 
District  Court;  and  he  also  served  at  one  time  in  the  State  Senate. 
Enlisting  in  the  Confederate  Army  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities,  he 
attained  the  rank  of  major.  After  the  war  he  removed  to  Sewanee, 
Tenn.,  becoming  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  board  of  trustees 
of  the  University  of  the  South.  In  1880  he'  returned  to  Florida  and 
madle  his  home  at  Fernandina.  He  often  represented  the  State  at 
agricultural  and  forestry  conventions;  was  president  of  the  Florida 
Fruit  Exchange,  and  edited  the  Florida  Weekly  Mirror.  He  was  also 
made  president  of  the  Florida  Historical  Society,  an  organization 
which  he  greatly  helped  to  promote.  His  published  works  include: 
'History  and  Antiquities  of  St.  Augustine,'  a  'History  of  Florida' 
(1871),  which  is  one  of  the  best,  and  'Florida:  Its  History  and  Ro- 
mance' (1898).    He  died  in  1906. 

FAIRCHILD,  GEORGE  THOMPSON.  Educator.  For  several 
years  Dr.  Fairchild  has  been  vice-president  and  professor  of  English  lit- 
erature in  Berea  College,  Ky.,  and  has  published  a  work  entitled  'Rural 
Wealth  and  Welfare,  Economic  Principles  Illustrated  and  Applied  to 
Farm  Life'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1900). 


142  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

FAIRMAN,  HENRY  CLAY,  lawyer  and  editor,  was  born  in 
Mississippi  in  1849.  For  a  wliile  he  engaged  successfully  in  the  prac- 
tice of  law;  but  he  afterward  went  into  journalism  and  became  editor 
of  The  Sunny  South.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  the  press  both 
in  prose  and  in  verse,  he  published  in  1896  a  volume  entitled:  'The 
Third  World,  a  Tale  of  Love  and  Strange  Adventure'  (1894). 

FALCONER,  THOMAS.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  'The 
Expedition  to  Santa. Fe'  (New  Orleans,  1842),  'The  Discovery  of  the 
Mississippi,'  and  other  works. 

FALKNER,  W.  C.  Author.  [Miss.].  His  writings  include: 
'Rapid  Ramblings  in  Europe'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company, 
1884),  'The  White  Rose  of  Memphis,'  'The  Lost  Diamond'  (1867),  'The 
Little  Brick  Church'  (1882),  and  'Henry  and  Ellen'  (1853). 

FALLIGANT,  ROBERT.  Jurist  and  poet.  He  was  born  in  Sa- 
vannah, Ga.,  in  1839,  and  was  one  of  the  party  to  seize  Harper's  Ferry. 
He  was  an  eloquent  advocate  at  the  Bar,  full  of  Irish  fire  and  humor. 
His  best  poetic  production  is  entitled  "The  Man  of  the  Twelfth  of 
May,"  written  in  commemoration  of  the  gallantry  of  General  John 
B.  Gordon.     He  died  in  Savannah,  January  3,  1902. 

FANNIN,  DAVID,  freebooter,  was  born  in  Johnson  County,  N.C., 
about  1754,  and  died  in  Digby,  Nova  Scotia,  in  182S.  When  the  Whigs 
gained  the  ascendancy  in  North  Carolina  he  went  first  to  Florida  and 
afterward  to  St.  Johns,  N.B.,  where  he  was  sentenced  to  be  hanged  but 
escaped.  He  wrote  a  'Narrative  of  Adventures  in  North  Carolina,'  which 
was  edited  by  T.  H.  Wynne,  and  published  with  an  introduction  by  John 
H.  Wheeler,  many  years  later   (Richmond,  1861). 

FARMER,  C.  M.  Lawyer.  He  lived  in  Louisa  County,  Va.,  and 
published  a  work  entitled  "The  Fairy  of  the  Stream,  and  Other  Poems' 
(Richmond,  1847).  It  was  playfully  criticized  by  Poe;  but  the  author 
of  "The  Raven"  was  not  blind  to  the  merits  of  the  work. 

FARMER,  HENRY  TUDOR,  poet  and  physician,  was  born  in 
England  in  1782  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  in  1828,  the  greater  part 
of  his  life  having  been  spent  in  this  Southern  seaport.  For  some  time 
he  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  but  he  subsequently  retired  from  busi- 
ness, studied  medicine,  and  successfully  practiced  his  profession.  As  a 
writer  he  possessed  distinct  gifts  and  published  a  volume  of  verse  en- 
titled: 'Imagination,  the  Maniac's  Dream,  and  Other  Poems,'  besides 
a  number  of  essays. 

"FARQUHARSON,  MARTHA."     See  Martha  Finley. 

FARRAR,  C.  S.  [Miss.].  He  wrote  an  interesting  historical 
pamphlet  entitled  "The  War,  Its  Causes  and  Consequences." 

FARRAR,  FRANK  R.  Jurist.  [Va.].  Besides  frequent  ar- 
ticles contributed  to  the  press,  he  appeared  from  time  to  time 
on  the  lecture  platform.  His  two  most  popular  themes  were  "Johnnie 
Reb,"  and  "Rip  Van  Winkle."    He  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  in  1897. 

FARRAR,  IRENE,  author,  was  born  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  was  the 
daughter  of  Robert  M.  Farrar.  Her  death  on  the  threshold  of  young 
womanhood  prevented  the  full  development  of  her  gifts,  but  some  of 
her  choice  work  was  published  in  a  volume  entitled  'On  the  Rock'  (At- 
lanta, Ga.,  James  P.  Harrison  and  Company,  1889),  a  miscellanecms  col- 
lection of  short  stories  and  poems. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS        143 

FAUQUIER,  FRANCIS,  colonial  governor  of  Virginia,  was  born 
m  1720  and  died  in  Virginia,  March  3,  1768.  He  wrote  a 'number  of 
financial  essays;  among  them,  'An  Essay  on  Ways  and  Means  of  Rais- 
ing Money  for  the  Support  of  the  Present  War  without  Increasing  the 
Public  Debts"  (1756). 

FAVROT,  HENRY  L.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  an 
interesting  account  of  the  'West  Florida  Revolution  of  1810'  (Louisiana 
Historical  Society,  1895). 

FAY,  EDWIN  W.  Educator.  [La.].  He  wrote  a  'History 
of  Education  in  Louisiana'  (Washington,  D.C.,  1898)  and  'The  Mostel- 
laria  of  Planters.' 

FELKEL,  HENRY  L.,  poet,  was  born  in  Leon  County,  Fla.,  and 
died  in  St.  Augustine.  He  was  the  author  of  a  volume  entitled  'Palms 
and  Pitcher  Plants.' 

FELTON,  REBECCA  ANN  LATIMER,  writer  and  lecturer,  was 
born  in  DeKalb  County,  Ga.,  in  1835,  of  vigorous  Southern  stock.  Her 
father  was  Charles  Latimer  and  her  mother  Eleanor  Ann  Swift.  On  the 
paternal  side,  she  is  related  to  the  Marshalls  of  Maryland.  For  more 
than  forty  years  Mrs.  Felton  has  been  a  contributor  to  newspapers  and 
magazines,  wielding  a  pen  of  rare  power.  Her  familiarity  with  public 
issues  and  her  brilliant  and  fearless  style  of  treatment  have  given  her 
articles  an  interest  national  in  extent.  Her  scrap-books  have  been  the 
fear  and  dread  of  her  adversaries  in  debate  and  the  most  complete  and 
perfect  register  of  her  times.  Not  only  in  the  public  prints  but  on  the 
public  platforms  she  has  been  an  advocate  of  moral  and  social  reforms. 
She  has  also  represented  her  sex  on  the  council  boards  of  the  various 
international  expositions.  She  has  kept  apace  with  all  the  phases  of 
current  thought  and  has  taken  an  active  part  in  all  the  progressive  move- 
ments of  the  day;  but  her  first  allegiance  has  always  been  to  her  home 
fireside.  She  resides  at  Cartersville,  Ga.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
quiet  eventide  of  her  life  will  be  devoted  to  the  writing  of  her  reminis- 
cences. She  married,  October  11,  1853,  Dr.  William  H.  Felton,  for  sev- 
eral years  a  Member  of  Congress,  and  her  literary  lance  was  first  couched 
in  the  controversial  tilts  of  Georgia  politics. 

FELTON,  WILLIAM  H.,  physician,  clergyman,  Congressman, 
orator,  was  born  in  Oglethorpe  County,  Ga.,  June  19,  1823,  and  died  in 
Cartersville,  Ga.,  September  24,  1909.  For  more  than  sixty  years  he  was 
an  ordained  minister  of  the  M.  E.  Church,  South.  But  he  did  not  be- 
come an  itinerant  and  he  took  no  pay  for  his  services,  deriving  his  in- 
come chiefly  from  his  medical  practice  and  from  his  farming  interests. 
As  an  orator  he  was  for  years  a  power  in  Georgia.  He  represented  his 
district  in  Congress  for  three  consecutive  terms,  after  which  he  served 
in  the  State  Legislature  and  was  instrumental  not  only  in  preventing  a 
sale  of  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad  but  in  leasing  the  property  at 
an  increased  rental.  He  married,  first,  Anne  Carleton  and,  second,  Rebecca 
Latimer.  Thooigh  he  published  little  he  was  matchless  on  the  hustings  and 
in  the  halls  of  legislation. 

FENNER,  CHARLES  E.  Lawyer.  [La.].  He  published  an 
'Oration  on  the  Unveiling  of  the  Statue  of  Robert  E.  Lee  in  New  Or- 
leans,' an  important  document   (New  Orleans,  1884). 

FENOLLOSA,  ERNEST  FRANCISCO.  Educator.  He  was  born 
in  Salem,  Mass.,  February  18,  1853,  and  graduated  with  the  highest 
honors  in  philosophy  from  Harvard  in  1874.  He  married  Mary  Mc- 
Neil, the  well-icnown  Southern  author.    For  several  years  he  was  a  teacher 


144  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

of  philosophy  and  afterward  a  teacher  of  English  in  the  Imperial  Uni- 
versity of  Tokio,  Japan.  He  has  been  the  recipient  of  numerous  deco- 
rations from  the  Mikado.  Besides  writing  various  monographs  on 
oriental  art  for  the  Boston  Museum,  he  has  contributed  numerous 
articles  to  the  magazines  on  subjects  relating  to  the  Orient.  He  has 
also  published  two  volumes  of  poems  and  'An  Outhne  History  of 
Okiyo-Ye.'     He  resides  in  Spring  Hill,  Ala. 

FENOLLOSA,  MARY  McNEIL.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  IV,  page  1591. 

FERGUSON,  EMMA  HENRY.  Author  and  composer.  She  was 
born  at  Red  Hill,  Charlotte  County,  Va.,  in  1840,  a  daughter  of  John 
and  Elvira  McClelland  Henry,  and  granddaughter  of  Patrick  Henry, 
the  famous  orator  of  the  American  Revolution.  She  was  educated 
under  private  tutors  and  afterward  graduated  in  music  at  the 
Conservatoire  in  Paris.  She  married  at  Red  Hill,  Va.,  December  22, 
18S8,  Major  James  B.  Ferguson.  Besides  being  the  composer  of  the 
"Monogram,"  the  "Initial"  and  the  "Signature  Waltzes,"  she  wrote  numer- 
ous stories  and  sketches  and  published  a  novel  entitled  'Courage  and 
Loyalty.'     She  died  in  Balham,  Goochland  County,  Va.,  in  1905. 

FERRELL,  CHILES  CLIFTON.  Educator.  For  some  time  he 
was  professor  of  Germanic  languages  in  the  University  of  Mississippi. 
He  was  born  near  Greenville,  S.C,  August  20,  1865,  and  was  educated 
at  Vanderbilt,  pursuing  post-graduate  studies  abroad  (Ph.D.,  Leipzig). 
He  married  Tenney  Marr  Taliaferro  of  Birmingham,  Ala.  Besides  num- 
erous translations  and  contributions  to  periodicals,  he  has  published  'Teu- 
tonic Antiquities  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Genesis'  (1893),  'Old  Germanic 
Life;  or,  the  Anglo-Saxon  Wanderer  and  Seafarer'  (1894),  'The  Daugh- 
ter of  the  Confederacy;  her  Life,  Character  and  Writings'  (1899),  and 
'The  Medea  of  Euripides  and  the  Medea  of  Grillparzer'  (1901).  The 
sketch  of  Winnie  Davis  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from 
the  pen  of  Dr.  Ferrell. 

FESTETITS,  KATE  NEELY,  Mrs.  Author.  [Va.].  Born 
in  1837.     She  published  'Ellie  Randolph'  and  other  stories  for  children. 

FEW,  WILLIAM  PRESTON,  educator,  was  born  in  Greenville, 
S.C,  December  31,  1869.  He  is  at  present  dean  and  professor  of  Eng- 
lish in  Trinity  College,  Durham,  N.C.  He  has  written  for  the  magazines 
on  educational  and  popular  topics  and  contributed  to  the  Child  Memorial 
Volume  of  Harvard  Studies  and  Notes  in  Philology  and  Literature.  He 
received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  Harvard. 

FICKLEN,  JOHN  R.,  Mrs.  [La.].  She  published  a  booklet  en- 
titled 'Dream  Poetry.' 

FICKLEN,  JOHN  ROSE.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Falmouth, 
Va.,  December  14,  1858.  After  graduation  from  the  University  of 
Virginia,  he  became  assistant  professor  of  ancient  languages  at  the 
University  of  Louisiana,  but  resigned  this  position  to  continue  his 
studies  at  Paris  and  Berlin.  For  a  number  of  years  he  filled  the  chair 
of  history  and  rhetoric  in  Tulane  University,  and  in  1893  he  became 
professor  of  history  and  political  science  in  the  same  institution.  In 
joint  authorship  with  Grace  Elizabeth  King,  he  wrote  a  'History  of 
Louisiana,'  which  was  adopted  by  the  Louisiana  State  Board  of 
Education  for  use  in  the  public  schools.  His  other  writings  include: 
'The  Indians  of  Louisiana'  and  '.The  History  of  New  Orleans.'  He 
died  in  1907. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       145 

FICKLIN,  JOSEPH,  mathematician,  was  born  in  Winchester,  Ky., 
September  9,  1833.  For  many  years  he  was  professor  of  mathematics  and 
astronomy  in  the  University  of  Missouri.  He  published  numerous  text- 
books, including  arithmetics  and  algebras.  The  University  of  Wisconsin 
gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

FIELD.  JOSEPH  M.,  actor,  was  born  in  London,  England,  in 
1810.  Much  of  his  time  was  spent  in  the  South,  chiefly  between  Mobile 
and  St.  Louis.  He  wrote  quite  a  number  of  humorous  pieces  for  the 
New  Orleans  Picayune,  which  was  owned  at  the  time  by  his  brother, 
and  he  also  published  'The  Drama  of  P'okerville'  (Philadelphia,  1847). 
He  died  in  Mobile,  Ala.,  January  30,  1856. 

FIELD,  EUGENE,  poet  and  journalist,  was  born  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  September  2,  18S0,  and  died  in  Chicago,  111.,  November  4,  189S. 
Though  not  classed  among  Southern  writers,  due  to  his  long  residence 
at  the  North,  he  received  his  initial  impetus  from  the  South  and  was 
for  years  employed  on  Missouri  newspapers.  He  is  best  known  as  the 
poet  of  childhood;  and  in  this  department  of  verse  is  almost  peerless. 
His  published  works  include:  'A  Little  Book  of  Western  Verse'  (1890), 
'A  Second  Book  of  Verse'  (1893),  'Lullaby  Land'  (1894),  'Love  Songs 
of  Childhood'  (1894),  and  'The  Holy  Cross  and  Other  Tales.'  In  as- 
sociation with  his  brother  Roswell  he  also  wrote  'Echoes  from  a  Sabine 
Farm.'    He  married,  in  1873,  Julia  S.  Comstock,  of  St.  Louis. 

FIELD,  KATE,  newspaper  correspondent,  was  born  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  in  1838;  and  was  the  daughter  of  Joseph  M.  Field,  an  actor.  She 
was  educated  in  Massachusetts,  but  studied  music  in  Italy.  For  some 
time  she  was  European  correspondent  for  the  New  York  Tribune  and 
other  journals.  She  established  at  the  national  capital  a  weekly  called 
Kate  Field's  Washington.  She  also  delivered  frequent  lectures.  Among 
her  publications  are:  'Planchette's  Diary'  (New  York,  1868),  'Adalaide 
Ristori,'  'Mad  on  Purpose,'  a  comedy;  'Pen  Photographs  from  Charles 
Dickens's  Readings,'  'Ten  Days  in  Spain'  (Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin 
and  Company),  and  'Hap-Hazard,'  a  volume  of  sketches  (ibid.).  She 
died  in  Honolulu  in  1896. 

FIELD,  LIDA  AMANDA.  Educator.  She  was  born  in  Dahlo- 
nega,  Ga.,  and  was  the  first  lady  librarian  of  the  Young  Men's  Library, 
now  the  Carnegie  Library  of  Atlanta.  She  also  taught  for  some  tiine 
at  Agnes  Scott  College,  at  Decatur,  Ga.,  and  in  the  Atlanta  public 
schools.  She  was  the  author  of  a  'Grammar  School  History  of  the 
United  States,'  which  was  published  by  the  American  Book  Company, 
first  in  1885  and  afterward'  in  1897.  She  died  in  Dalton,  Ga.,  Novem- 
ber 29,  1908. 

FIELD,  MARTHA  REINHARD.  Journalist.  She  was  born  in 
Lexington,  Mo.,  May  25,  1855.  Her  maiden  name  was  Smallwood. 
She  was  united  in  marriage  to  Charles  W.  Field,  at  San  Francisco; 
and  on  the  death  of  her  husband,  three  years  later,  she  removed  to 
New  Orleans,  securing  a  position  on  The  Times.  Later  she  became 
associated  with  The  Picayune.  Under  the  pen-name  of  "Catherine 
Cole"  she  gained  a  wide  circle  of  readers  and  her  "Correspondence 
Club"  became  one  of  the  popular  features  of  the  paper.  Her  work  is 
characterized  by  gentle  humor. 

FIELD,  NATHANIEL,  physician,  was  born  in  Jefferson  County, 
Ky.,  November  7,  1805,  and  died  in  Jeflfersonville,  Ind.,  August  28,  1888. 
For  several  years  he  practiced  medicine  in  Northern  Alabama.  Later  he 
settled  in  Indiana.  He  espoused  the  doctrines  of  Alexander  Campbell, 
emancipated  his  slaves,  and,  while  practicing  medicine,  performed  pastoral 


146  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

work  without  compensation.  He  published  a  humorous  poem  on  "The 
Arts  of  Imposture  and  Deception"  and  an  argument  on  "The  State  of  the 
Dead,"  besides  numerous  lectures  and  contributions  to  medical  journals. 

FIELD,  ROSWELL  MARTIN,  journalist  and  author,  was  born  in 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  September  1,  1851,  and,  on  completing  his  education  at 
the  University  of  Missouri  engaged  in  metropolitan  journalism.  As  a 
writer  he  wields  a  pen  of  rare  versatility  and  power.  His  publications 
include:  'In  Sunflower  Land'  (1892),  'Echoes  from  a  Sabine  Farm' 
(New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1891),  'The  Passing  of  Mother's 
Portrait'  (Evanston,  Ill._,  William  S.  Lord,  1901),  'The  Romance  of  an  Old 
Fool'  {ibid.,  1902),  'The  Bondage  of  BalHnger'  (Chicago,  Fleming  H. 
Revell  Company,  1903),  and  'Little  Miss  Dee'  (ibid.,  1904).  Mr.  Field 
is  a  brother  of  the  late  Eugene  Field,  the  poet.    He  resides  in  Chicago,  111. 

FIELDER,  HERBERT.  Lawyer.  [Ga.].  For  many  years  he 
was  prominent  in  state  affairs  and  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
United  States  Senator  against  General  John  B.  Gordon.  He  wrote  'The 
Life  and  Times  of  Joseph  E.  Brown'  (Springfield,  Mass.,  1883). 

FIERY,  SAMUEL  M.  In  the  eventide  of  life  the  author  found 
in  the  harp  what  he  calls  "a  Lethe  to  the  languor  of  old  age"  and  pub- 
lished a  volume  entitled  'Poems'  (Roanoke,  Va.,  1904).  Most  of  his 
verse  is  in  the  vein  of  reminiscence,  reviving  tender  memories  of  the 
long  ago. 

FILHIVE,  DON  JUAN.  Author.  He  resided  in  Arkansas  on  a 
plantation  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  "Spain."  He  published  in  his 
mother-tongue  a  'Description  of  Hot  Springs'   (1796). 

FILLEY,  C.  L.,  Mrs.  Author.  [Mo.].  She  wrote  'The  Chapel 
of  the  Infant  Jesus.' 

FILSON,  JOHN.  Kentucky's  pioneer  historian.  The  precise  date 
of  his  birth  is  unknown,  but  probably  he  was  born  about  the  year  1744 
in  East  Fallowfield,  Chester  County,  Penna.  He  was  educated  at  Notting- 
ham, Md.,  in  the  academy  of  Samuel  Finley,  who  afterward  became 
president  of  Princeton  University.  It  was  not  until  1783  that  he  pene- 
trated into  the  frontier  belt  of  Kentucky,  settling  in  Lexington;  but  he 
was  not  long  in  catching  the  inspiration  of  the  soil,  and,  while  engaged  in 
teaching  school,  he  gathered  the  data  for  his  work.  Most  of  his  infor- 
mation was  derived  from  pioneers  like  Daniel  Boone  and  Levi  Todd. 
The  result  was  a  volume  entitled  'The  Discovery,  Settlement,  and  Present 
State  of  Kentucky  (Wilmington,  Del.,  James  Adams,  1784).  At  the 
same  time,  his  map,  showing  the  three  original  counties  of  the  State, 
was  printed  in  Pttiladelphia.  Later,  an  appendix  to  the  historical  volume 
was  issued  in  the  nature  of  a  biography  of  Daniel  Boone;  and  subse- 
quently the  two  parts  were  bound  together.  He  left  also  in  manuscript 
'The  Diary  of  a  Journey  from  Philadelphia  to  Vincennes,  Ind.,'  'An  Ac- 
count of  a  Trip  by  Land  from  Vincennes,  Ind.,  to  Louisville,  Ky.,'  and 
'A  Journal  of  Two  Voyages  by  Water  from  Vincennes  to  Louisville,' 
also  an  account  of  an  attempted  voyage.  The  life  of  the  pioneer  was 
one  of  vicissitudes.  All  trace  of  him  is  lost  after  1788.  But  the  Filson 
Club  of  Louisville  memorializes  his  genius ;  and  from  the  pen  of  Colonel 
R.  T.  Durrett  has  come  an  interesting  story  of  his  career. 

FINCK,  EDWARD  BERTRAM.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in 
Louisville,  Ky.,  October  16,  1870,  a  son  of  C.  H.  and  Elizabeth  Jacobs 
Finck  and  was  educated  in  private  schools.  His  writings  are  cast  in 
the  philosophic  mold  but  are  characterized  by  the  poetic  touch.  Be- 
sides some  excellent  plays,  he  has  written  two  volumes :  'Pebbles'  and 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF   AUTHORS        147 

•Webs,'  both  published  by  John  P.  Morton  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  which 
city  the  author  resides. 

FINCK,  HENRY  THEOPHILUS,  journalist  and  musical  critic, 
was  born  in  Bethel,  Mo.,  September  22,  18S4,  and  was  educated  in  part 
abroad.  Since  1881  he  has  been  on  the  staff  of  the  New  York  Evening 
Post.  His  writings  include:  'Romantic  Love  and  Personal  Beauty'  (New 
York,  The  Macmillan  Company),  'Chopin,  and  Other  Musical  Essays' 
(New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons),  'Pacific  Coast  Scenic  Tours' 
(ibid.),  'Spain  and  Morocco'  {ibid.),  'Wagner  and  His  Works'  {ibid.), 
'Anton  Seidl'  {ibid.),  'Primitive  Love  and  Love  Stories'  {ibid.),  'Songs 
and  Song  Writers'  {ibid.),  'Fifty  Master  Songs'  (Boston,  Oliver  Ditson 
Company),  'Fifty  Schubert  Songs'  {ibid.),  and  others.  He  originated  the 
theory  that  romantic  love  is  a  modern  sentiment  unknown  to  savages  or 
to  ancient  nations. 

FINLEY,  EUGENIA  HOWARD.  Author.  [Ga.].  She  wrote 
'Meverign,  a  Romance  of  the  Philippines.' 

FINLEry,  JOHN,  poet,  was  born  in  Rockbridge  County,  Va., 
January  11,  1797,  and  died  in  Richmond,  Ind.,  December  23,  1866.  He 
published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'The  Hoosier's  Nest,  and  Other 
Poems.' 

FINLEY,  MARTHA  ("Martha  Farquharson").  Author.  She  was 
born  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  April  26,  1828,  the  daughter  of  Dr.  James 
Brown  and  Maria  Theresa  Finley.  She  was  educated  in  select  schools, 
and  was  for  several  years  herself  a  teacher.  She  is  one  of  the  most 
prolific  story-writers  of  the  times,  devoting  her  pen  chiefly  to  books 
for  the  young.  She  is  the  author  of  the  famous  'Elsie  Books,'  which 
treat  in  many  successive  volumes  of  the  fortunes  of  Elsie  Dinsmore, 
and  of  the  famous  'Mildred  Books,'  which  tell  in  like  manner  of  the 
girlhood  adventures  of  Mildred  Keith.  Among  her  other  books  are 
included:  'Cassella,'  'An  Old-Fashioned  Boy,'  'Our  Fred,'  'Wanted — a 
Pedigree,'  'Signing  the  Contract  and  What  it  Cost,'  'The  Thorn  in 
the  Nest,'  'The  Tragedy  of  Wild  River  Valley,*  'Twiddledewit,'  and 
others.     She  resides  in  Elkton,  Md. 

FINN,  FRANCIS  JAMES,  Roman  Catholic  clergyman  and 
author,  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  October  4,  18S9.  At  intervals  of 
leisure  he  has  produced  numerous  entertaining  stories  for  young  people, 
among  them,  'Percy  Winn'  (1890),  'Tom  Playfair'  (1890),  'Harry.  Dee' 
(1891),  'New  Faces  and  Old'  (1894),  'The  Best  Foot  Forward'  (1898),  and 
'His  First  and  Last  Appearance'  (1900),  besides  many  others.  He  resides 
in  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

FISKE,  MINNIE  MADDERN,  actress,  was  born  in  New  Orleans, 
La.,  in  186S.  Several  plays  have  come  from  her  pen,  including  "Common 
Clay"  and  "Not  Guilty."  She  has  been  very  successful  on  the  stage.  Her 
maiden  name  was  Minnie  Maddern,  and  she  married  Harrison  Gray  Fiske, 
journalist  and  playwright. 

FITCH,  WILLIAM  EDWARDS.  Physician.  [N.C.].  He  pub- 
lished a  work  of  much  interest  entitled  'Some  Neglected  History  of  North 
Carolina,'  in  which  he  brings  to  light  many  hitherto  obscure  incidents  in 
the  early  annals  of  the  Commonwealth  (New  York  and  Washington,  The 
Neale  Publishing  Company,  1906),  and  'The  Fitch  Family  in  England  and 
America.' 

FITZ,  JAMES.  He  lived  in  Virginia  and  published  a  volume  of 
curious  interest  fentitled  'A  Gallery  of  Poetic  Pictures;  Comprising  True 


148  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Portraits  and  Fancy  Sketches,  Interspersed  with  Humorous,  Moral  and 
Solemn  Pieces,  together  with  Historic,  Patriotic  and  Sentimental  Poems' 
(Richmond,  1857). 

FITZGERALD,  CHARLES,  Poet.  [Jackson,  Miss.].  He  wrote 
a  number  of  exquisite  odes,  including  one  "To  the  Confederate  Soldier." 
He  died  in  1908. 

FITZGERALD,  OSCAR  PENN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  IV,  page  1613. 

FITZHUGH,  GEORGE,  sociologist,  was  born  in  Prince  William 
County,  Va.,  July  2,  1807,  and  died  in  Huntsville,  Texas,  July  30,  1881. 
An  eccentric  thinker,  he  held  that  slavery  was  the  natural  and  rightful 
condition  of  society  which,  when  not  founded  on  human  servitude,  tends 
to  cannibalism.  He  published:  'Sociology  for  the  South,  or  the  Failure  of 
Free  Society'  (Richmond,  1854)  and  'Cannibals  All;  or,  Slaves  without 
Masters." 

FITZHUGH,  WILLIAM.  Laviryer.  He  was  born  in  Bedford, 
England,  June  9,  1651,  and  died  in  Stafford  County,  Va.,  in  1701.  He  was 
the  founder  of  the  Fitzhugh  family  in  Virginia.  He  left  in  manuscript  a 
volume  of  his  correspondence  covering  the  period  from  1679  tq  1699. 
One  of  the  same  name  also  wrote  a  'History  of  the  Northern  Neck  of 
Virginia.' 

FITZHUGH,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  philanthropist,  was  born  in 
Chatham,  Va.,  March  8,  1792,  and  died  in  Cambridge,  Md.,  May  21,  1830. 
On  completing  his  studies  at  Princeton,  he  settled  on  the  patrimonial 
domain  at  "Ravensworth."  For  several  years  he  was  vice-president  of  the 
American  Colonization  Society  and  in  behalf  of  the  cause  he  wrote  numer- 
ous articles  and  delivered  frequent  addresses.  In  one  of  his  essays  he 
declared  the  labor  of  the  slave  to  be  a  curse  to  the  land  upon  which  it 
was  expended,  a  statement  which  was  full  of  prophetic  meaning. 

FLAGG,  EDMUND,  lawyer  and  journalist,  was  born  in  Maine  in 
1815  but  located  in  the  South  and  was  for  years  engaged  in  journalism  in 
various  Southern  States,  after  which  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
Bureau  of  Statistics  in  Washington,  D.C.  During  the  last  years  of  his 
life  he  practiced  law  in  Virginia,  where  he  died  in  1890.  He  was  a  writer 
of  note.  Two  of  his  novels  won  prizes,  'The  Howard  Queen'  (1848)  and 
'Blanche  of  Atois'  (1850).  He  also  wrote  'Edmond  Dantes,'  a  sequel  to 
'The  Count  of  Monte  Cristo'  (1849),  'Venice,  the  City  of  the  Sea,'  his 
chief  work  in  two  volumes  (1853),  'Mary  Tudor,'  a  drama,  and  several 
stories  in  manuscript.  While  editing  a  paper  at  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  he  was 
severely  wounded  in  a  duel. 

FLASH,  HENRY  LYNDEN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  IV,  page  1641. 

FLEMING,  FRANCIS  P.,  Iav\r5rer,  was  born  at  Hibernia,  Fla. 
After  serving  in  the  Confederate  ranks,  he  equipped  himself  for  the  prac- 
tice of  law,  and  from  the  start  his  rise  was  rapid.  In  the  office  of  gov- 
ernor, which  he  held  for  four  years,  he  proved  an  efficient  executive.  As 
president  of  the  Florida  Historical  Society  his  splendid  record  speaks  for 
Itself.  He  wrote  'Memoirs  of  Florida,'  'The  Florida  Troops  in  Virginia : 
a  Memoir  of  Captain  Seton  Fleming,'  and  numerous  historical  papers. 
He  resides  in  Jacksonville,  Fla. 

FLEMING,  WALTER  LYNWOOD.  Professor  of  history  in  the 
University  of  West  Virginia.  He  was  born  at  Brundidge,  Ala.,  April 
3,  1874,  a  son  of  William  Le  Roy  and  Mary  Fleming.    He  was  edu- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        149 

cated  at  the  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute;  but  took  a  special  course 
of  instruction  at  'Columbia  (Ph.D.).  He  farmed  one  year  and  after- 
ward devoted  himself  to  teaching.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Spanish-American  War,  and  married,  September  17,  1902,  Mary  Wright 
Boyd,  at  Auburn,  Ala.  Besides  contributing  numerous  historical  arti- 
cles to  the  magazines  and  encyclopaedias,  he  is  the  author  of  'Docu- 
ments Relating  to  Reconstruction,'  'Reconstruction  of  the  Seceded 
States,'  and  'The  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction  in  Alabama'  (New 
York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  190S).  He  has  edited  Lester  and 
Wilson's  'History  of  the  Ku  Klux  Klan'  (Washington,  D.  C,  the  Neale 
Publishing  Company)  and  'The  Documentary  History  of  Reconstruc- 
tion.' He  was  also  one  of  the  editors  of  'The  Historian's  History  of 
the  World'  (New  York,  The  Outlook  Company).  For  'The  Library 
of  Southern  Literature'  he  wrote  the  sketch  of  Zachary  Taylor. 

FLEMING,  WILLIAM  HENRY.  Lawyer.  He  was  born 
in  Augusta,  Ga.,  October  18,  1856,  the  son  of  Porter  and  Catherine 
Moragne  Fleming,  and  received  his  education  at  the  University  of 
Georgia.  He  was  superintendent  of  the  Augusta  public  schools  for 
four  years.  He  studied  law  and  rose  to  prominence  at  the  Bar,  repre- 
senting Georgia  in  Congress  from  1896  to  1902,  and  was  also  at 
one  time  Speaker  of  the  Georgia  House  of  Representatives.  He  mar- 
ried, August  22,  1900,  Marie  Celeste  Ayer,  of  Rome,  Ga.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  volume  entitled  'The  Tariff,  Civil  Service,  Income  Tax, 
Imperialism,  The  Race  Problem,  and  Other  Addresses'  (Atlanta,  Ga., 
A.  B.  Caldwell,  1909.  His  address  on  "Slavery  and  the  Race  Problem 
in  the  South"  was  published  under  separate  covers  by  Dana  Estes 
and  Company,  Boston,  Mass.  It  is  a  masterpiece  of  thought  and 
eloquence.  The  sketch  of  Col.  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  in  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature'  is  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Fleming.  He  resides  in 
Augusta,  Ga. 

FLINT,  JOSHUA  BARKER,  physician  and  surgeon,  was  born  in 
Cohasset,  Mass.,  October  13,  1801,  and  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  March  19, 
1864.  Dr.  Flint  was  an  eminent  member  of  his  profession  and  published 
a  work  on  'The  Practice  of  Medicine'  (1860),  which  passed  into  several 
editions. 

FLINT,  TIMOTHY.  Clergyman.  Though  born  at  North 
Reading,  Mass.,  in  1780,  this  Congregational  minister  labored  for  many 
years  in  the  Mississippi  Valley;  and  later  in  life  his  summer  home  was  in 
Alexandria,  Va.  He  lectured  on  natural  history,  wrote  geographies,  and 
edited  periodicals.  His  most  important  work  is  his  'Recollections  of  Ten 
Years  Passed  in  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi'  (1826),  but  he  also  wrote 
several  novels,  the  best  being  'Francis  Berrian,'  a  tale  of  Mexico.  He 
died  in  1840. 

FLISCH,  JULIA  A.  Educator  and  author.  [Ga.].  She  wrote 
an  entertaining  novel  entitled  'Ashes  of  Hopes'  (New  York,  Funk  and 
Wagnalls,  1886),  besides  minor  works,  including  essays  and  sketches. 

FLORY,  JOHN  SAMUEL,  educator,  was  born  at  Broadway,  Va., 
March  29, 1866.  For  several  years  he  has  been  engaged  in  educational  work 
and  is  now  vice-president  and  professor  of  English  in  Bridgewater  Col- 
lege, Va.  Besides  several  monographs  and  pamphlets  on  subjects  histori- 
cal and  critical,  he  has  published  a  work  entitled  'The  Literary  Activity 
of  the  German  Baptists  in  the  Eighteenth  Century"  (1908).  He  married, 
August  18,  1908,  Vinnie  Mikesell. 

FLOYD,  N.  J.  Author.  [Va.].  He  published  a  work  entitled 
'Thorns  in  the  Flesh'  (1886).      - 


150  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

FOLSOM,  JAMES  M.  Writer.  [Ga.].  He  published  'Heroes 
and  Martyrs  of  Georgia'   (1864). 

FOLSOM,  JOSEPH  P.  [La.].  He  published  a  work  of  antiqua- 
rian interest  on  'The  Constitution  and  Laws  of  the  Choctaws'  (1869). 

FOLSOM,  MONTGOMERY  MORGAN,  journalist  and  poet,  was 
born  in  Lowndes  County,  Ga.,  January  31,  1857,  and  died  in  Atlanta,  Ga., 
July  2,  1898.  For  years  he  was  engaged  in  journalistic  work  on  Georgia 
papers,  notably.  The  Constitution  and  The  Journal,  published  in  Atlanta, 
and  at  leisure  intervals  wrote  for  Northern  newspapers  and  magazines. 
Some  of  his  short  stories  were  masterpieces.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
South's  true  poets.  His  only  published  work  is  a  volume  of  verse  en- 
titled: 'Scraps  of  Song  and  Southern  Scenes'  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  C.  P.  Byrd, 
1897). 

FONTAINE,  FRANCIS.  Author.  [Ga.].  He  was  bom  in  1844 
and  died  in  1901.  Besides  a  number  of  poems,  he  wrote  a  novel  entitled 
'Etowah.'    He  was  for  some  time  a  resident  of  Atlanta,  Ga. 

FONTAINE,  LAMAR,  civil  engineer  and  poet,  is  best  known  to 
fame  through  the  celebrated  war  song  entitled:  "All's  Quiet  Along  the 
Potomac  To-night,"  to  whose  disputed  authorship  he  is  one  of  the  claim- 
ants, the  others  being  Thaddeus  Oliver  and  Mrs.  Ethel  Beers.  He  was 
born  at  Laberde,  Texas,  October  10,  1829.  The  story  of  his  life  reads 
like  a  tale  of  adventure.  He  was  captured  by  the  Comanche  Indians  and 
kept  a  prisoner  for  four  years.  He  was  with  the  Russian  Army  at  the 
siege  of  Sebastopol  and  won  the  Iron  Cross  of  Peter  the  Great  for  marks- 
manship. In  the  Civil  War  he  was  a  scout  for  Stonewall  Jackson  and  a 
courier  for  Johnston  and  Pemberton.  He  was  wounded  not  less  than 
sixty-seven  times,  and,  in  addition  to  numerous  hand-to-hand  encounters, 
he  was  in  twenty-seven  battles  and  fifty-seven  skirmishes.  When  verging 
upon  four  score  years  he  published  an  interesting  volume  entitled  'My  Life 
and  My  Lectures'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing 
Company).  He  married,  June  20,  1866,  Lemuella  S.  Brickell.  His  other 
poems  include :  "CEnone,"  "Only  a  Soldier,"  "The  Dying  Prisoner  at  Camp 
Chase,"  and  "In  Memoriam." 

FOOTE,  HENRY  STUART,  lawyer  and  statesman,  was  born  in 
Fauquier  County,  Va.,  in  1800 ;  and,  after  completing  his  studies  at  Wash- 
ington College,  he  settled  first  in  Alabama  and  afterward  in  Mississippi, 
representing  the  latter  commonwealth  in  the  United  States  Senate  and 
later  becoming  governor.  He  was  an  avowed  Unionist;  and,  after  relin- 
quishing the  executive  reins,  he  went  to  California,  but  eventually  he 
returned  to  Mississippi,  remained  a  while  and  then  settled  in  Nashville, 
Tenn.  Though  he  fought  secession,  he  acquiesced  in  the  will  of  the 
people.  But  he  never  was  on  good  terms  with  Mr.  Davis,  who  was  an 
old  rival  in  Mississippi  politics;  and,  following  the  war,  he  supported  the 
administration  of  President  Grant,  who  appointed  him  director  of  the 
Mint  at  New  Orleans.  He  died  in  1880.  His  writings  include:  'Bench 
and  Bar  of  the  South  and  Southwest,'  'Texas  and  the  Texans,'  'History 
of  the  Southern  Struggle,'  'History  of  the  Civil  War;  or,  Scylla  and 
Charybdis,'  and  'Personal  Reminiscences.'  His  speeches,  some  of  which 
are  preserved  in  the  Congressional  Globe,  also  form  important  contribu- 
tions to  the  thought  of  the  times.     He  died  in  1880. 

FOOTE,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Colchester, 
Conn.,  December  20,  1794,  and  died  in  Romney,  W.Va.,  November  18, 
1869.  For  many  years  he  preached  and  taught  at  Romney,  and  during  the 
Civil  War  he  became  a  Confederate  chaplain.  He  published  'Sketches, 
Historical   and   Biographical,   of   the    Presbyterian   Church  in   Virginia,' 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       151 

'North  Carolina  Sketches,'  and  'The  Huguenots.'  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Yale  but  studied  theology  at  Princeton.  Hampden-Sidney  gave  him  his 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity. 

FORD,  ARTHUR  P,  Author.  [S.C.].  He  wrote  an  interesting 
narrative  of  personal  adventure  entitled  'Life  in  the  Confederate  Army,' 
to  which  his  wife  added  three  entertaining  stories  of  the  same  period 
entitled  'Some  Experiences  and  Sketches,'  by  Marion  Johnstone  Ford,  both 
published  in  one  volume  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publish- 
ing Company,  1906). 

FORD,  HENRY  CLINTON,  educator,  was  born  in  Charlotte 
County,  Va.,  December  12,  1867.  He  holds  the  chair  of  English  in  the 
Virginia  Military  Institute  at  Lexington  and  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  the 
University  of  Virginia.  Besides  the  sketch  of  Frances  Courtenay  Baylor, 
in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature,'  he  is  the  author  of  'Observations 
on  Chaucer's  Hours  of  Fame'  (1899). 

FORD,  JAMES  LAUREN,  author,  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
July  25,  1854.  On  completing  his  education  he  engaged  chiefly  in  literary 
pursuits.  He  has  published  'The  Literary  Shop,'  'Hypnotic  Tales,'  'The 
Third  Alarm,'  'Bohemia  Invaded,'  'Dr.  Dodd's  School,'  and  several  other 
works  of  fiction.    He  resides  in  New  York  City. 

FORD,  SALLY  ROCHESTER,  author,  was  born  at  Rochester 
Springs,  Ky.,  in  1828,  and  was  educated  at  the  Female  Seminary  of  George- 
town. Her  maiden  name  was  Sally  Rochester.  With  her  husband,  the 
Rev.  Samuel  Howard  Ford,  she  edited  The  Christian  Repository  and  The 
Home  Circle.  Her  first  serial  story,  "Grace  Truman,"  appeared  in  the 
former  periodical;  and,  on  appearing  in  book  form,  the  sales  reached 
30,000  copies  in  three  years.  It  is  semi-religious,  presenting  the  essential 
tenets  of  the  Baptist  faith.  She  also  wrote  several  other  works:  'Mary 
Bunyan,'  'Romance  of  Free  Masonry,'  'Morgan  and  His  Men,'  'Evangel 
Wiseman,'  and  'Earnest  Quest.'  On  account  of  her  zeal  for  evangelism, 
she  was  made  president  of  the  Woman's  Missionary  Union  at  the  South. 

FORD,  SAMUEL  HOWARD,  clergyman  and  editor,  was  born 
in  Missouri  in  1823.  He  entered  the  Baptist  ministry,  served  important 
congregations  in  various  parts  of  the  South,  and  edited  religious  papers. 
He  published  'Historic  Milestones'  (1858),  'Great  Pyramids  of  Egypf 
(1880),  'Servetus,  the  Sixteenth-Century  Martyr'  (1885),  and  a  'Brief 
History  of  the  Baptists'  (1890). 

FORD,  THOMAS  B.  Author.  [Ky.].  Besides  some  excellent 
lyric  and  dramatic  verse,  he  published  several  novels.  One  of  his  poems 
entitled  "The  Siren,"  is  preserved  in  'Songs  of  the  South.' 

FOREST,  WILLIAM  S.  Writer.  [Va.].  He  published  'His- 
torical and  Descriptive  Sketches  of  Norfolk.' 

FORMENTO,  FELIX.  Physician.  [La.].  Born  in  1837.  He 
published  'Notes  and  Observations  of  Army  Surgery.' 

FORREST,  MARY.  She  wrote  a  work  entitled  'Women  of  the 
South  Distinguished  in  Literature'  (New  York,  Derby  and  Jackson,  1861). 
She  became  Mrs.  Freeman. 

FORRESTER,  ELDRED  JOHN.  Baptist  clergyman.  [S.C.]. 
Born  in  1853.    He  published  'The  Baptist  Position'  (1893). 

FORSHEY,  CALEB  GOLDSMITH,  engineer,  was  born  in  Som- 
erset County,  Pa.,  July  18,  1812,  and  died  in  CarroUton,  La.,  July  25,  1881. 


152  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

He  located  in  the  South,  served  in  the  Confederate  Army,  and  published 
'The  Delta  of  the  Mississippi'  (1873)  and  'The  Physics  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico'  (1878). 

FORSYTH,  JOHN,  diplomat  and  statesman,  was  born  in  Fred- 
erick County,  Va.,  October  22,  1780,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  Octo- 
ber 21,  1841,  while  representing  Georgia  in  the  Cabinet  of  President  Van 
Buren.  He  was  an  orator  of  unusual  gifts ;  and  settling  for  the  practice 
of  law  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  he  rose  to  international  distinction.  At  three 
different  times  he  was  a  United  States  Senator,  twice  he  was  sent  to  Con- 
gress, once  he  was  Governor  of  Georgia,  under  two  administrations  he 
held  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State,  and  while  Minister  to  Spain  he 
negotiated  for  the  purchase  of  Florida  from  Ferdinand  VH.  On  the 
floor  of  the  United  States  Senate,  Mr.  Forsyth  was  the  intellectual  peer 
of  the  ablest  of  his  colleagues. 

FORT,  TOMLINSON,  physician,  was  born  in  Warren  County, 
Ga.,  July  11,  1787,  and  died  in  Milledgeville,  Ga.,  May  11,  1859.  For 
thirty  years  he  was  president  of  the  State  Bank  of  Georgia.  He  achieved 
eminence  in  his  profession  and  published  a  work  entitled:  'The  Practice 
of  Medicine.' 

FORTIER,  ALCEE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
IV,  page  1663. 

FORTIER,  FLORENT.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  'La  Salle,'  a 
biography  of  the  explorer. 

FORWOOD,  WILLIAM  STUMP,  physician,  was  born  near 
Darlington,  Md.,  January  27,  1830.  For  several  years  he  resided  in  Ala- 
bama, but  afterward  settled  in  Darlington,  where  he  practiced  medicine. 
He  published  a  number  of  important  historical  pamphlets. 

FOSTER,  LOVELACE  S.,  clergyman,  was  at  one  time  pastor  of 
the  Senatobia  Baptist  Church,  Senatobia,  Miss.  He  published  'Missis- 
sippi Baptist  Preachers,'  quite  a  voluminous  work  (St.  Louis,  1895)  and 
'From  Error's  Chain;  or,  the  Religious  Struggles  of  an  Accomplished 
Young  Lady'  (Jackson,  1899). 

FOSTER,  ROBERT  VERRELL.  Presbyterian  clergyman  and 
educator.  [Tenn.].  He  was  born  in  1845.  He  holds  the  chair  of 
systematic  theology  in  the  Seminary  at  Lebanon,  Tenn.  His  published 
works  include  'Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Theology'  (Chicago,  Fleming 
H.  Revell  Company,  1889),  'Old  Testament  Theology'  {ibid.,  1890),  'Com- 
mentary on  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans'  (Nashville,  Tenn.,  Cumberland 
Presbyterian  Publishing  House,  1895),  'Systematic  Theology'  {ibid.,  1898), 
and  'Commentaries  on  the  International  Sunday-school  Lessons  {ibid., 
1881),  besides  contributions  to  encyclopaedias  and  reviews. 

FOUCHE,  L.  N.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  in  French  'Nou- 
veau  Recueil  de  Pensees'  (1882). 

FOWKE,  GERARD.  Antiquarian.  [Va.].  He  published  'Archse- 
ological  Investigations  of  the  James  and  Potomac  Valleys'  (1894). 

FOWLES,  MARY.  Writer.  [B.C.].  She  wrote  in  both  prose 
and  verse  and  published  'The  Golden  Fence,'  'A  Sequence  of  Songs,'  and 
'A  Hero's  Last  Days.' 

FOX,  JOHN,  Jr.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  IV, 
page  1683. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       153 

FOX,  NORMAN.  Baptist  clergyman  and  educator.  [Mo.].  He 
was  born  in  1836.  He  published  'A  Layman's  Ministry,*  a  'Life  of 
Honorable  Nathan  Bishop,  Pteacher  and  Teacher,'  and  a  'Life  of  Presi- 
dent Rambaut' 

# 

FOX,  WALTER  DENNIS.  Editor  and  author.  He  was  born 
near  Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  July  4,  1867,  the  son  of  William  F.  Fox, 
an  Irish-Canadian.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Kentucky, 
and  also  took  a  course  in  a  business  college  at  Nashville,  Tenn.  He 
married,  first,  Josie  Williams  Ewing  and,  second,  Sara  Antoinette 
Bell.  He  is  a  writer  of  both  prose  and  verse,  and  is  also  very 
successful  in  dramatic  composition.  His  works  include :  'Sam  Davis, 
the  Confederate  Scout,'  a  tragedy  written  in  verse  (Nashville,  South- 
ern Methodist  Publishing  House),  'Father  Carolan,'  a  drama,  'The 
Harlequin  of  Dreams,'  a  fantastic  comedy,  'Almanzor,'  a  tragedy, 
'Jean  Lafitte,'  an  historical  play,  and  'Passing  the  Love  of  Women,'  a 
romantic  play.  He  has  contributed  frequently  to  the  periodicals.  His 
residence  is  in  Murfreesboro,  Tenn. 

FRANCIS,  DAVID  ROWLAND,  merchant  and  governor,  was 
born  in  Richmond,  Ky.,  October  1,  1850.  His  father  was  John  B. 
Francis  and  his  mother,  Eliza  C.  Rowland.  After  graduating  from  Wash- 
ington College,  he  engaged  in  business  in  St.  Louis  and  became  one  of 
the  foremost  commercial  and  industrial  factors  of  the  Middle  West. 
From  1889  to  1893  he  was  governor  of  Missouri.  During  the  last  months  of 
President  Cleveland's  second  administration  he  was  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 
He  was  also  president  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Centennial  Exposition  in 
1904,  and  the  phenomenal  success  of  this  great  international  exhibit 
brought  him  honors  and  decorations  from  foreign  potentates.  Besides 
numerous  public  addresses,  he  wrote  'A  Tour  of  Europe  in  Nineteen 
Days.'  He  was  also  one  of  the  advisory  council  of  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature.'  He  married,  January  20,  1876,  Jane  Perry.  Several 
institutions  have  given  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

FRANCIS,  MARY  C.  The  author  of  an  exceptionally  life-like 
portrayal  of  Andrew  Jackson  entitled  'A  Man  of  Destiny'  (New  York, 
The  Federal  Company,  1903). 

FRANTZ,  VIRGINIA  J.,  Mrs.  Poet.  [Miss.].  She  published  a 
volume  of  verse  entitled  'Ina  Greenwood,  and  Other  Poems'  (1877). 

ERASER,  CHARLES.  Artist  [S.C.].  He  was  born  in  1782  and 
died  in  1860.    He  published  'Reminiscences  of  Charleston.' 

FREDET,  PETER,  author  and  educator,  was  born  in  Sebasat, 
Auvergne,  France,  in  1801,  and  died  at  Ellicott's  Mills,  Md.,  in  1856.  Most  of 
his  adult  life  was  spent  in  the  neighborhood  of  Baltimore;  and  he  was  en- 
gaged chiefly  in  teaching  various  branches  of  ecclesiastical  learning,  besides 
ancient  and  modern  histories,  which  were  adopted  as  text-books  in  the 
Roman  Catholic  colleges  of  the  United  States  and  in  the  University  of 
Ireland  His  other  works  are  mainly  polemic,  includmg  'Inspiration  and 
Canon  of  Scripture,'  'Original  Texts  and  Translations  of  the  Bible,  In- 
terpretation of  Scripture,'  'Necessity  of  Baptism,'  Effects  of  Baptism, 
'Lay  Baptism,'  and  'Doctrine  of  Exclusive  Salvation. 

FREE    GEORGE  D.     Educator  and   editor.     [Tenn.].     He  was^ 
bom  in  1863.     His  published  works  include:  a  'History  of  Tennessee,^ 
'Civil   Government   in   the   United   States   and   Tennessee,     Rare   Gems 
♦Marriage  and  Divorce,'  'Our  Girls,'  and  'History  and  Civil  Government. 


154  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

FREEMAN,  MARILLA  WAITE,  librarian,  was  born  at  Hon- 
coye  Falls,  N.Y.  Her  father  was  the  Rev.  Samuel  Alden  Freeman  and 
her  mother,  Sarah  Allen.  She  holds  the  position  of  reference  librarian 
in  the  Free  Public  Library  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  and  contributes  to  library 
journals  and  other  periodicals.  The  sketch  of  Abby  Meguire  Roach  >is 
from  her  pen. 

FREMONT,  JESSIE  BENTON,  Mrs.,  author,  was  the  second 
daughter  of  Thomas  Hart  Benton  of  Missouri  and  wife  of  John  C.  Fre- 
mont, the  celebrated  "Pathfinder,"  and  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1824. 
When  quite  advanced  in  years  she  published  a  volume  of  unusual  interest 
entitled  'Souvenirs  of  My  Time'  (Boston,  D.  Lothrop  and  Company, 
1887).  She  also  wrote  'The  Story  of  the  Guard,'  and  a  sketch  of  her 
father,  which  appeared  in  her  husband's  'Memoirs.' 

FREMONT,  JOHN  CHARLES,  explorer  and  soldier,  was  born 
in  Savannah,  Ga.,  January  21,  1813.  His  education  was  obtained  at 
Charleston  College;  and,  after  passing  the  requisite  examination,  he 
became  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis. 
In  1842,  he  suggested  to  the  Government  the  wisdom  of  making  a  survey 
of  the  territories  and  at  the  head  of  a  party  of  twenty-eight  men  he  was 
sent  to  explore  the  Rocky  Mountains.  This  was  the  first  of  the  many 
adventurous  expeditions  which  earned  for  him  the  soubriquet  of  "the 
Pathfinder."  Settling  in  California,  he  represented  the  Golden  State  in 
the  Senate  of  the  United  States  for  the  first  few  months  of  its  statehood. 
In  1856  he  was  the  unsuccessful  candidate  of  the  Free  Soil  Republicans 
for  President  of  the  United  States.  Soon  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War,  he  was  appointed  major-general  and  put  in  command  of  the  West- 
ern Department,  with  headq,uarters  in  St.  Louis.  Later,  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  another  field,  due  to  his  technical  unfamiliarity  with  the  duties 
of  his  position  and  to  his  lack  of  special  adaptability  to  the  work;  and 
still  later  he  relinquished  command,  after  the  battle  of  Cross  Keys. 
General  Fremont's  chief  service  to  his  country  was  in  discovering  practical 
routes  for  the  future  march  of  civilization  westward.  From  1878  to 
1882  he  was  governor  of  Arizona,  and  shortly  before  his  death,  he  was 
placed  on  the  retired  list  by  special  act  of  Congress.  He  married  Jessie, 
the  second  daughter  of  Senator  Thomas  H.  Benton.  He  died  July  13, 
1890.  His  published  works  include:  'Explorations'  (Philadelphia,  1856) 
and  'Memoirs  of  My  Life'  (New  York,  1886). 

FRENCH,  ALICE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
IV,  page  1713. 

FRENCH,  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN,  historian,  was  born  in  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  June  8,  1799,  and  died  in  New  York  City,  May  30,  1877.  For 
many  years  he  engaged  successfully  in  planting  in  Louisiana,  collected  an 
immense  library  which  he  presented  to  New  Orleans,  and  published  several 
important  volumes;  among  them,  'Biographia  Americana,'  a  series  of 
sketches  (New  York,  1825),  'Memoirs  of  Eminent  Female  Writers' 
(Philadelphia,  1827),  'Beauties  of  Byron,  Scott,  and  Moore'  (New  York, 
1828),  'Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana'  (1846-1858),  'History  and  Prog- 
ress of  the  Iron  Trade  of  the  United  States'  (1858),  and  'Historical  Annals 
of  North  America'  (1861). 

FRENCH  LITERATURE  OF  LOUISIANA.  See  Biographical 
and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  IV,  page  1739. 

FRENCH,  SAMUEL  G.,  soldier,  was  born  in  New  Jersey,  No- 
vember 22,  1818.  He  graduated  at  West  Point,  served  with  distinction 
in  the  Mexican  War,  resigned  his  commission  and  became  a  planter  in 
Mississippi,  gave  his  sword  to  the  Confederate  cause,  attained  the  rank 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        155 

of  major-general,  and,  after  the  war,  settled  in  Pensacola,  Fla.  He  pub- 
lished: Two  Wars:  an  Autobiography'  (Nashville,  The  Confederate 
Veteran). 

•  fo^^^^^t!  h  VIRGINIA  SMITH,  poet,  was  born  in  Maryland, 
in  ISdU,  at  the  home  of  her  grandfather.  Captain  Thomas  Parker,  an 
officer  of  the  Revolution.  Her  maiden  name  was  Virginia  Smith  She 
began  her  literary  career  in  Memphis,  Tenn.,  and  it  was  while  here  that 
her  poem,  "The  Lost  Louisiana,"  attracted  the  attention  of  the  man  who 
subsequently  became  her  husband,  John  L.  French,  a  wealthy  planter  of 
Louisiana  For  a  time  she  was  associate  editor  of  The  Southern  Lady's 
Book,  published  in  New  Orleans.     Her  writings  include :  'Wind  Whispers,' 

Legends   of  the   South,'   'Darlingtonia,'  'My  Roses,'  'One  or  Two,'   and 

The  Lady  of  Talo,'  a  drama.     She  died  in  1881. 

FRIES,  ADELAIDE  L.  Writer.  [N.C.].  She  published  a  'His- 
tory of  Salem  Female  Academy,'  a  'History  of  Forsyth  County,  N.C 
(1898),  'The  Moravians  in  Georgia,  1735-1740,'  and  an  "Operetta"  (1896), 
for  which  she  composed  both  words  and  music. 

FROST,  JAMES  MARION.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Tenn.].  He 
was  born  in  1849  and  published  'Pedo-baptism :  Is  It  from  Heaven  or 
from  Man?'  (1890),  and  'The  Consistency  of  Restricted  Communion' 
(1892).  His  daughter.  Miss  Margaret  Frost,  has  also  published  several 
volumes. 

FROST,  WILLIAM  GOODELL.  Educator  and  divine,  engaged 
in  the  work  of  adapting  educational  methods  to  conditions  of  life  in 
the  mountainous  regions  of  the  South.  He  was  born  in  Le  Roy,  N.Y., 
July  2,  18S4,  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Lewis  P.  and  Maria  Goodell  Frost; 
was  educated  at  Oberlin  College,  and  also  studied  at  Worcester 
and  at  Harvard,  later  taking  special  work  at  Gottingen.  He  was  twice 
married  and  was  professor  of  Greek  at  Oberlin  College  for  thirteen 
years.  In  1893  he  became  president  of  Berea  College.  He  has  pub- 
lished a  'Greek  Primer'  and  'Inductive  Studies  in  Oratory,'  in  addition 
to  numerous  contributions  to  the  periodicals.  He  holds  the  D.D.  and 
the  Ph.D.  degrees. 

FRUIT,  JOHN  PHELPS.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Pembroke, 
Ky.,  November  22,  18SS,  a  son  of  John  G.  Fruit.  He  was  educated 
at  Bethel  College,  in  Kentucky,  and  also  studied  at  Leipsic  (Ph.D.). 
He  married,  December  27,  1881,  Mary  A.  Grubbs.  In  1898  he  became 
professor  of  English  language  and  literature  in  William  Jewell  College. 
He  has  frequently  lectured  before  Chautauqua  assemblies.  His  works 
include:  'The  Mind  and  Art  of  Poe's  Poetry'  (New  York,  A.  S.  Barnes 
and  Company),  and  numerous  articles  for  the  magazines.  He  has 
edited  'Lycidas'  (Boston,  Ginn  and  Company)  and  'The  Ancient  Mari- 
ner' (Boston,  B.  H.  Sanborn  and  Company).  He  resides  at  Liberty, 
Mo. 

FRY,  BENJAMIN  ST.  JAMES,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Rutledge, 
Tenn.,  June  16,  1824.  He  was  educated  in  Cincinnati,  entered  the  Metho- 
dist itinerant  ranks,  edited  several  papers,  became  president  of  Woffington 
College  for  Young  Ladies,  and  wrote  biographies  of  Bishops  Whatcoat, 
McKendree,  Roberts  and  George,  besides  numerous  Sabbath-school  books. 
He  held  the  degree  of  D.D. 

FRY,  JESSE.  Poet.  [N.C.].  He  published  a  collection  of  verse 
entitled  'Selections'  (Winston-Salem,  1889,  paper  edition). 

FULKERSON,  H.  S.  Author.  [Miss.].  He  wrote:  'Ran- 
dom Recollections  of  Early  Days  in  Mississippi'  (Vicksburg,  188S),  and 
'The  Negro:  Past,  Present  and  Future'  (Vicksburg,  1887). 


156  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

FULLER,  CAROLINE  M.  Author.  She  wrote  in  the  vein  of 
humor  two  entertaining  books  entitled  'The  Alley-Cat's  Kitten'  (Boston, 
Little,  Brown  and  Company,  1907),  and  'The  Flight  of  Puss  Pandora' 
(ibid.,  1908),  besides  short  stories  and  sketches. 

FULLER,  EDWIN  WILEY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  IV,  page  1751. 

FULLER,  PHOEBE  W.  Educator.  [S.C.].  She  wrote  'Shadows 
Cast  Before,'  a  work  of  merit,  besides  essays  and  sketches. 

FULLER,  RICHARD,  clergyman,  was  born  at  Beaufort,  S.C, 
April  22,  1904,  and  was  the  son  of  Thomas  and  Elizabeth  Middleton 
Fuller.  For  several  years  he  practiced  law;  but,  relinquishing  this  pro- 
fession for  the  ministry,  he  became  one  of  the  foremost  Baptist  divines 
of  the  ante-bellum  days  and  was  for  more  than  two  decades  a  pastor  in 
Baltimore.  His  works  include  'Sermons,'  in  four  volumes,  'Correspon- 
dence with  Bishop  England  upon  the  Roman  Chancery,'  'Correspondence 
with  Dr.  Wayland  on  Slavery,'  'An  Argument  on  Close  Communion,'  and 
others.  In  association  with  Dr.  J.  B.  Jeter,  he  also  compiled  a  hymn- 
book:  'The  Psalmist,'  which  has  been  used  by  Baptists  on  both  sides  of 
the  water.  He  died  in  Baltimore,  October  20,  1876.  He  received  the 
degree  of  D.D.  from  Harvard. 

FULMORE,  ZACHARY  TAYLOR.  Author.  [Texas].  He  was 
born  in  1846  and  published  a  'Plea  for  Texas  Literature.' 

FULTON,  ROBERT  BURWELL.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
Sumter  County,  Ala.,  April  8,  1849,  the  son  of  William  F.  and  Elizabeth 
K.  Fulton ;  graduated  with  the  highest  honors  from  the  University  of 
Mississippi ;  and  belongs  to  several  of  the  learned  societies  of  Europe  and 
America.  In  1892  he  became  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Mississippi, 
and  in  1906  superintendent  of  the  Miller  Technical  School.  Besides  con- 
tributing articles  on  the  "State  of  Mississippi"  to  the  'Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica'  (1878  and  1902)  he  has  delivered  numerous  addresses  on  educational 
subjects  and  written  frequent  reviews  for  educational  journals.  He  was 
twice  married  and  resides  in  Oxford,  Miss.  Three  institutions  have  given 
him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

FURMAN,  JAMES  CLEMENT.  Baptist  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator. [S.C.].  He  was  born  in  1809.  For  several  years  he  was  president 
of  Furman  University,  at  Greenville,  S.C,  an  institution  named  for  his 
father.  Besides  editing  The  Baptist  Courier,  he  published  numerous  ser- 
mons and  addresses. 

FURMAN,  RICHARD,  Baptist  clergyman,  was  born  in  .(Esopus, 
N.Y.,  in  175S,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  in  182S.  When  he  preached 
in  Virginia,  Cornwallis  is  said  to  have  offered  a  reward  for  his  apprehen- 
sion. After  the  Revolution  he  became  pastor  of  a  church  in  Charleston 
and  because  of  his  zeal  for  education,  Furman  University  was  named  in 
his  honor.  He  published  numerous  discourses,  including  one  on  "Wash- 
ington," delivered  by  appointment  of  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati. 
Brown  University  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

FURMAN,  RICHARD.  Baptist  clergyman.  [S.C].  He  was 
born  in  1816  and  died  in  1886.  He  published  The  Pleasures  of  Piety,  and 
Other  Poems'  (18S9),  besides  an  interesting  'Description  of  Table  Rock, 
N.C 

FUTRELLE,  JACQUES,  author,  was  born  in  Pike  County,  Ga., 
April  9,  1875.  His  father  was  Wiley  H.  H.  Futrelle  and  his  mother,  Linnie 
Bevill.     He  was  educated  in  public  and  private  schools ;  and,  on  completing 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        157 

his  studies,  he  engaged  for  two  years  in  newspaper  work  in  Atlanta. 
Later  he  engaged  in  theatrical  management;  but,  again  returning  to  the 
pen,  he  settled  in  New  England  and  rose  rapidly  to  the  front  by  reason 
of  his  unusual  talents.  Besides  numerous  short  stories,  he  has  published 
'The  Chase  of  the  Golden  Plate'  (New  York,  Dodd,  Mead  and  Com- 
pany), 'The  Thinking  Machine'  (ibid.),  'The  Elusive  Isabel'  (Indianapolis, 
The  Bobbs-Merrill  Company),  and  others.     He  resides  in  Scituate,  Mass. 

GADSDEN,  CHRISTOPHER  EDWARDS,  Protestant  Episcopal 
bishop,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  November  25,  1785,  and  died  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  June  24,  1852.  After  graduation  from  Yale,  he  studied 
theology  and  was  admitted  to  orders.  For  several  years  he  was  rector 
of  St.  Philip's  Church  in  Charleston.  He  was  consecrated  bishop  in  1840. 
Besides  editing  The  Gospel  Messenger,  he  published  several  sermons,  a 
tract  on  "The  Prayer-book  as  It  Is"  and  an  essay  on  "The  Life  of  Bishop 
Dehon"  (1833). 

GAILOR,  THOMAS  FRANK.  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of 
Tennessee,  educator  and  author.  He  was  born  in  Jackson,  Miss., 
September  17,  1856,  and  was  educated  at  Racine  College,  Wis., 
afterward  taking  the  theological  course.  He  married,  November  11, 
1885,  Ellen  Douglas  Cunningham.  He  was  ordained  a  deacon 
in  1876  and  a  priest  in  1880.  He  was  rector  of  the  Church  of  the 
Messiah,  at  Pulaski,  Tenn.,  until  chosen  professor  of  ecclesiastical 
history  in  the  University  of  the  South  in  1882.  He  became  chaplain 
in  1883  and  vice-chancellor  in  1890.  He  declined  the  bishopric  of 
Georgia,  but  in  1893  he  was  elected  bishop-coadjutor  of  Tennessee  by 
unanimous  vote,  and  succeeded  to  the  bishopric  of  Tennessee  on  the 
death  of  Bishop  Quintard  in  1898.  Among  his  published  works  are : 
'Apostolical  Succession,'  'The  Divine  Event  of  All  Time,'  'Things 
New  and  Old,'  'The  Trust  of  the  Episcopate,'  'A  Manual  of  Devotion,' 
'The  Puritan  Reaction,'  'The  Master's  Word  and  Church's  Act,' 
'Apostolic  Order,'  'Christianity  and  Education,'  and  'The  Episcopal 
Church  and  Other  Religious  Communions.'  He  is  a  member  of  the 
advisory  council  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  The  D.D. 
and  the  S.T.D.  degrees  have  each  been  conferred  upon  him  by  two 
separate  institutions.     He  resides  in  Memphis. 

GAINES,  GEORGE  STROTHER.  [Miss.].  He  was  born  in  1784 
and  died  in  1873.     He  wrote  'Reminiscences  of  Mississippi.' 

GALLAGHER,  WILLIAM  DAVIS.  Journalist.  [Ky.].  He 
was  born  in  1808.  For  years  he  edited  papers  in  Kentucky,  wrote  in 
both  prose  and  verse,  and  published  "The  Wreck  of  the  Hornet,"  "Errato," 
"Miami  Woods,"  and  other  poems. 

GALLOWAY,  CHARLES  BETTS,  bishop  of  the  M.  E.  Church 
South,  was  born  in  Kosciusko,  Miss.,  September  1,  1849;  and,  after  gradu- 
ation from  the  University  of  Mississippi,  he  joined  the  Methodist  ministry 
and  became  one  of  the  foremost  divines  of  his  generation.  As  an  orator 
he  possessed  rare  gifts  and  few  equals.  He  represented  his  church  at 
most  of  the  great  world-gatherings  and  was  an  influential  factor  in  public 
affairs.  From  1882  to  1886  he  edited  The  Christian  Advocate.  Some  of 
the  most  important  pastorates  in  the  South  were  filled  by  him  prior  to  his 
elevation  to  the  Episcopal  Bench;  and  in  his  official  capacity  as  bishop 
he  visited  the  missionary  stations  in  many  parts  of  the  world.  On  his 
thirtieth  birthday  he  married  Miss  H.  E.  Willis.  Included  among  his 
published  works  are :  'The  Life  of  Bishop  Linus  Parker'  (Nashville, 
Bagham  and  Smith),  'Hand-book  of  Prohibition'  (ibid.),  'Open  Letter  on 
Prohibition,'  written  in  a  controversy  with  Jefferson  Davis  (ibid.), 
'Methodism,  a  Child  of  Providence,'  'A  Circuit  of  the  Globe'    (ibid.), 


158  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

'Modern  Missions — Their  Evidential  Value'  (ibid.),  and  'Christianity  aod 
the  American  Commonwealth.'  The  sketch  of  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar  in  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  Bishop  Galloway 
died  at  his  home  in  Jackson,  Miss.,  May  12,  1909.  The  University  of 
Mississippi  gave  him  the  degree  of,  D.D. ;  Tulane  and  Northwestern,  the 
degree  of  LL.D. 

GAMBRELL,  JAMES  B.,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Andersonville,  N.C.,  August  21,  1841,  served  in  the  Confederate  Army 
before  he  was  of  age,  and  completed  his  education  at  the  University  of 
Mississippi,  after  the  close  of  hostilities.  For  fifteen  years  he  was  editor 
of  The  Baptist  Record,  published  in  Mississippi;  in  1893  was  elected 
president  of  Mercer  University  at  Macon,  Ga.,  and  in  1896  became  superin- 
tendent of  Baptist  Missions  for  Texas.  Besides  frequent  contributions 
to  periodicals,  he  published  a  volume  entitled  'Ten  Years  in  Texas'  (1907). 
Furman  Unive'rsity  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  and  Wake  Forest  College, 
the  degree  of  LL.D. 

GANO,  JOHN.  Clergyman.  [Ky.].  He  wrote  a  volume  entitled 
'Biographical  Sketches  of  the  Reverend  John  Gano,  of  Frankfort,  Ky.' 
(1806). 

GANTOR,  FRANZ  S.  Poet.  [La.].  He  published,  in  twelve 
cantos,  a  poem  entitled  "Man"  (New  Orleans,  1871). 

GARBER,  VIRGINIA  ARMISTEAD,  Mrs.  Author.  She  pub- 
lished a  volume  entitled  'Pocahontas'  (New  York,  1907),  which  revives 
the  beautiful  legend  of  colonial  days;  and  besides  being  the  author,  she 
is  also  the  illustrator  of  this  artistic  booklet.  The  work  contains  a  repro- 
duction of  the  only  authentic  portrait  of  the  Indian  maiden. 

GARDEN,  ALEXANDER,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Scotland  in 
1785,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C.,  September  27,  1856.  He  was  a  clergy- 
man of  the  Church  of  England  and  published  'Six  Letters  to  George 
Whitefield'  and  'Two  Sermons.' 

GARDEN,  ALEXANDER,  physician  and  naturalist,  was  the  son 
of  the  Rev.  Alexander  Garden  and  was  born  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
in  1730,  and  died  in  London,  England,  April  15,  1791.  He  was  eminent  as 
a  botanist  and  as  a  zoologist.  In_  1775  he  began  a  correspondence  with 
Linnseus,  to  whom  he  furnished  information  on  the  natural  history  of 
South  Carolina  and  who  coined  in  his  honor  the  term  "Gardenia."  He 
made  frequent  contributions  to  the  scientific  journals  of  the  day,  was 
famous  for  his  investigations  and  discoveries,  and  became  vice-president 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  London. 

GARDEN,   ALEXANDER,   soldier  and  author,  was   the   son   of 

Alexander  Garden,  the  naturalist,  and  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
December  4,  1757.  He  was  an  aide-de-camp  at  one  time  to  General  Na- 
thanael  Greene  and  published  'Anecdotes  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  with 
Character  Sketches  of  Persons  Most  Distinguished  in  the  Southern  States 
for  Civil  and  Military  Services'  (Charleston,  1822).  The  work  passed 
into  several  editions,  due  to  the  important  and  exclusive  information 
which  it  contained.     He  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  February  29,  1829. 

"GARDINER,  HELEN  HAMILTON"  (Mrs.  S.  A.  Day).    Author. 

GARLAND,  AUGUSTUS  HILL,  statesman,  was  born  in  Tipton 
County,  Tenn.,  June  11,  1832,  was  educated  in  Kentucky,  and,  after  set- 
tling in  Arkansas  for  the  practice  of  law,  was  duly  admitted  to  the  Bar. 
He  opposed  secession,  but  adhered  to  the  cause  of  the  South  and  served 
in  the  Confederate  Congress.  After  the  war  he  became  governor  of 
Arkansas  and  served  in  the  United  States   Senate   from   1877  to  1885. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        159 

During  President  Cleveland's  first  administration  he  held  the  office  of 
Attorney-general  in  the  Cabinet;  and,  on  relinquishing  his  portfolio,  he 
resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  Washington,  D.C.,  where  he  resided  until 
his  death,  which  occurred  in  1899. 

GARLAND,  HUGH  A.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Nelson  County,  Va., 
June  1,  1805,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  October  15,  1854.  He  published 
an  excellent  'Life  of  John  Randolph'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Com- 
pany). 

GARLAND,  LANDON  CABELL,  educator,  was  born  in  Nelson 
County,  Va.,  March  21,  1810,  and  was  educated  at  Hampden-Sidney  Col- 
lege. He  achieved  distinction  in  the  educational  world  and  at  different 
times  was  connected  with  some  of  the  foremost  colleges  and  universities 
of,  the  South.  In  1875  he  became  chancellor  of  Vanderbilt  University,  at 
Nashville,  Tenn.  He  was  at  home  in  any  field  of  the  natural  sciences. 
Besides  contributing  to  various  periodicals,  he  published  a  treatise  on 
'Trigonometry,  Plane  and  Spherical.' 

GARLINGTON,  ERNEST  ALBERT.  Author.  [S.C.].  He 
wrote  'Historical  Sketches  of  the  Seventh  Cavalry  Regiment.' 

GARNER,  C.  H.,  Miss.  Author.  [Miss.].  She  published  a  vol- 
ume of  miscellany  entitled  'A  Ring  of  Rhymes,  and  Short  Stories' 
(1904). 

GARNER,  J.  W.  Author.  [Miss.].  He  wrote  'Reconstruction 
in  Mississippi'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1901),  an  important 
work. 

GARNETT,  ALEXANDER  YELVERTON  PEYTON.  Physi- 
cian and  surgeon.  [Va.].  He  published  two  important  medical  papers  on 
"The  Potomac  Marshes"  and  "Epidemic  Jaundice,"  which  aroused  popular 
interest  in  the  reclamation  of  swamps. 

GARNETT,  JAMES  MERCER.  Publicist  and  Congressman. 
[Va.].  He  was  born  in  1770  and  died  in  1843.  He  wrote  at  frequent 
intervals  for  the  press  on  current  topics  of  interest,  was  a  pioneer  in  the 
cause  of  female  education,  served  in  Congress  from  Virginia  for  four 
years  and  published  'Constitutional  Charts'  (1829),  'Female  Education,' 
and  numerous  essays. 

GARNETT,  JAMES  MERCER.  Philologist.  He  was  born  in 
Aldie,  Va.,  April  24,  1840,  the  son  of  Theodore  Stanford  and  Florentina 
Isadora  Moreno  Garnett  and  the  grandson  of  James  Mercer  Garnett, 
Member  of  Congress.  He  graduated  from  the  University  of  Virginia, 
and  married,  April  19,  1871,  Kate  H.  Noland.  He  served  in  the  Confed- 
erate Army  from  1861  to  1865,  attaining  the  rank  of  artillery  captain.  He 
was  professor  of  English  language  and  literature  for  fourteen  years  in  the 
University  of  Virginia,  has  frequently  been  honored  by  the  great  educa- 
tional assemblies  of  the  country  with  the  highest  elective  positions,  and  is 
an  acknowledged  authority  on  philological  subj  ects.  His  literary  productions 
include:  'Translation  of  Beowolf  (Boston,  Ginn  and  Company), 'Elene,  and 
Other  Anglo-Saxon  Poems'  (ibid.),  History  of  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia,' and  'Addresses  and  Reviews.'  Besides,  he  has  edited  'Selec- 
tions in  English  Prose'  (ibid.),  which  has  been  reprinted  several  times, 
"Hayne's  Speech,"  "Macbeth,"  and  "Burke's  Speech  on  Conciliation  with 
America."  For  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  he  wrote  the 
sketch  of  Robert  Hayne.  St.  John's  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
He  resides  in  Baltimore,  Md. 

GARNETT,  THEODORE  S.  Jurist.  [Va.].  During  the  Civil 
War,  Judge  Garnett  was  an  aide-de-camp  on  the  staff  of  General  J.  E.  B. 


160  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

Stuart,  the  noted  Confederate  cavalry  officer,  and  his  address  delivered 
at  the  unveiling  of  the  equestrian  statue  of  his  commander  at  Richmond, 
Va.,  on  May  30,  1907,  is  a  tribute  of  rare  grace  and  fervor  (New  York 
and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907). 

GARRETT,  ALEXANDER  CHARLES,  Protestant  Episcopal 
bishop,  was  born  at  Ballymore,  Ireland,  November  4,  1832,  and  was  the 
son  of  the  Rev.  John  G.  Garrett.  On  completing  his  education  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  he  was  ordained  to  the  ministry;  and,  after  being  for 
three  years  a  curate,  he  became  a  missionary  in  British  Columbia.  In  1879 
he  was  chosen  rector  of  St.  James's  Church,  San  Francisco,  and  in  1874 
missionary  bishop  of  Northern  Texas.  Later,  when  the  diocese  of  Dallas 
was  formed,  he  was  given  this  important  jurisdiction.  His  published 
works  include :  'A  Charge  to  the  Clergy  and  Laity  of  North  Texas,'  'His- 
torical Continuity'  (1875),  'The  Eternal  Sacrifice,  and  Other  Sermons' 
(1881),  and  'The  Baldwin  Lectures  on  the  Philosophy  of  the  Incarnation' 
(1891).  He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Nebraska  College  and  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Mississippi. 

GARRETT,  JAMES  J.  Soldier  and  author.  [Ala.].  He  was  born 
in  1837.     He  published  'The  Forty-fourth  Alabama  Regiment' 

GARRETT,  LEWIS.  Methodist  clergyman.  He  served  a  number 
of  churches  along  the  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  frontier,  was  presiding 
elder  in  1804  and  published  a  work  entitled  'Recollections  of  the  West' 

GARRETT,  THOMAS  E.  Writer.  [Mo.].  He  published  a  vol- 
ume of  verse  entitled  'The  Masque  of  the  Muses'  (1883). 

GARRETT,  WILLIAM.  He  was  born  in  1809.  In  riper  years 
he  was  for  some  time  Secretary  of  State  of  Alabama  and  wrote  'Remi- 
niscences of  Public  Men  in  Alabama  for  Thirty  Years,'  an  important 
contribution  to  the  biographical  literature  of  the  State. 

GARRETT,  WILLIAM  ROBERTSON,  educator  and  author,  was 
born  at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  and  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Robert  M.  and  Susan 
Winder  Garrett  On  completing  his  education  at  William  and  Mary  Col- 
lege, he  began  the  practice  of  law;  but  the  war  soon  called  him  to  the 
front,  and  during  four  years  he  served  in  the  Confederate  ranks.  He 
married,  November  12,  1868,  Julia  Flournoy  Batte.  After  the  war  he 
engaged  in  educational  work;  and  for  many  years  he  was  professor  of 
American  history  at  Peabody  Normal  College,  Nashville,  Tenn.  His 
writings  include  some  very  important  contributions  to  history:  'The  South 
Carolina  Session  and  the  Northern  Boundary  of  Tennessee'  (Nashville, 
M.  E.  Publishing  House,  South,  1884),  "The  South  as  a  Factor  in  the 
Territorial  Expansion  of  the  United  States,"  in  the  'Confederate  Military 
History'  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  The  Confederate  Publishing  Company,  1899) ; 
Garrett  and  Goodpasture's  'History  of  Tennessee'  (1900),  and  'Geography 
of  Tennessee'  (Boston,  Ginn  and  Company^  1902).  Besides,  he  edited  for 
some  time  Thf  American  Historical  Magazine  of  Peabody  Normal  College. 
He  died  in  1904.  The  University  of  Nashville  gave  him  the  degree  of 
Ph.D. 

GARRISON,  GEORGE  PIERCE.  Professor  of  history  in  the 
University  of  Texas.  He  was  born  in  Carroll  County,  Ga.,  De- 
cember 19,  1853,  a  son  of  P.  G.  and  Mary  Ann  Curtiss  Garrison,  and 
was  educated  both  in  this  country  and  in  Scotland.  He  married, 
November  6,  1881,  Annie  Perkins.  His  writings  include :  'The  Civil 
Government  of  Texas'  (1898),  "Texas,"  in  'The  American  Common- 
wealth Series'  (Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Company),  and  "West- 
ward Extension,"  in  'The  American  Nation,'  Vol.  XVII  (New  York, 
Harper  and   Brothers),   besides  various   articles   in   the  magazines   and 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS        161 

periodicals.  For  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  he  wrote  the 
sketch  of  General  Sam  Houston.  The  University  of  Chicago  gave  him 
the  degree  of  LL.D.    He  resides  in  Austin,  Texas. 

GASTON,  JAMES  McFADDEN,  physician,  was  born  in  South 
Carolina  in  1824.  At  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  he  emigrated  to  Brazil, 
but  after  several  years  of  residence  he  returned  to  the  United  States  and 
located  in  Atlanta,  Ga.  He  published  'Hunting  a  Home  in  Brazil.'  Dr. 
Gaston  died  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  in  1903. 

GATEWOOD,  JULIA  GREENLEAF,  Mrs.  Writer.  [Ala.]. 
Born  in  18S4.  Her  maiden  name  was  Howard.  She  wrote  a  novel, 
'Wedded  Unwooed'  (1892). 

GATSCHET,  A.  S.  [Ala.].  He  wrote  'The  Migration  Legend  of 
the  Creek  Indians.' 

GAYARRE,  CHARLES.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  IV,  page  1773. 

GAY,  MARY  ANN  HARRIS.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Jones 
County,  Ga.,  March  19,  1829.  It  is  due  in  no  small  measure  to  the 
personal  efforts  of  this  patriotic  woman  that  sufficient  funds  were 
raised  for  the  erection  of  the  monument  at  Crawfordville,  Ga.,  to 
Alexander  H.  Stephens.  She  is  one  of  the  typical  representatives  of 
the  ante-bellum  days,  devoted  to  the  memories  of  her  beloved  South- 
land. Her  writings,  which  deal  most  interestingly  with  the  war 
period,  include:  'The  Pastor's  Study,  and  Other  Stories,'  eleven  edi- 
tions of  which  have  been  issued  by  the  Southern  Methodist  Publish- 
ing House,  Nashville,  Tenn.;  'Life  in  Dixie  During  the  War'  (Atlanta, 
C.  P.  Byrd,  1892,  four  editions);  and)  'The  Transplanted'  (Washing- 
ton and  New  York,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907.).  She  resides 
in  Decatur,  Ga. 

GEE,  PATTIE  WILLIAMS.  Poet.  [N.C.].  She  published  a 
volume  of  verse  entitled  'The  Palace  of  the  Heart,  and  Other  Poems  of 
Love'  (Boston,  Richard  G.  Badger  and  Company,  1904). 

GEORGE,  JAMES  ZACHARIAH,  jurist  and  statesman,  was  born 
in  Monroe  County,  Ga.,  in  1826,  but  settled  in  Mississippi.  He  served  in 
the  Mexican  War  and  also  in  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general in  the  Confederate  Army.  The  measures  of  Reconstruction 
provoked  his  strongest  opposition,  and  his  resistance  of  the  wrongs  and 
outrages  of  this  turbulent  period  made  him  widely  popular.  He  was  chief 
justice  of  the  State  for  two  years ;  and  for  eighteen  years  United  States 
Senator.  As  an  orator  he  possessed  few  equals ;  and  as  a  lawyer  his  im- 
press is  stamped  upon  the  Constitution  of  Mississippi.  Besides  his 
speeches  in  the  Congressional  Record,  his  'Digest  of  Mississippi  Reports' 
(Philadelphia,  T.  and  J.  W.  Johnson)  is  his  only  published  work.  He 
died  in  1897. 

GERALD,  FLORENCE.  Writer.  [Texas.]  She  published  a 
number  of  patriotic  poems  under  the  title  of  'Lays  of  the  Republic,  and 
Other  Poems.' 

GERSTAECKER,  F.  Author.  [La.]  He  wrote  in  French  an 
interesting  work  entitled  'Les  Pirates  du  Mississippi'  (Paris,  1850). 

GEYER,  HENRY  SHEFFIE,  United  States  Senator,  was  born  in 
Fredericktown,  Md.,  December  9,  1790,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  March 
S,  1859.  After  settling  in  Missouri  for  the  practice  of  his  profession,  he 
was  largely  instrumental  in  shaping  the  constitutional  and  statutory  law 
of  the  commonwealth.    He  declined  the  office  of  Secretary  of  War  in 


162  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

the  Cabinet  of  President  Fillmore,  but  became  a  condidate  for  the  United 
States  Senate,  and,  on  the  fortieth  ballot,  defeated  Thomas  H.  Benton. 
He  served  from  1851  to  1857;  and,  while  in  Washington,  was  one  of  the 
counsel  in  the  Dred  Scott  Case.  He  published  'Statutes  of  Missouri'  (St. 
Louis,  1817). 

GIBBES,  FRANCES  GUIGNARD,  poet,  was  born  in  Columbia,  S.C. 
Her  only  published  work  is  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Poems  by  Frances 
Guignard  Gibbes'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing 
Company,  1905),  but  it  contains  some  very  dainty  fragments  of  song. 
She  expects  to  publish  soon  a  poetic  drama.  Miss  Gibbes  resides  in 
Columbia,  S.C,  at  her  childhood's  home,  "The  Green." 

GIBBES,  JAMES  G.  Author.  [S.C.].  He  wrote  'Who  Burned 
Columbia  ?' 

GIBBES,  ROBERT  WILSON,  scientist  and  historian,  was  born 
in  Charleston,  S.C,  July  8,  1809,  and  died  in  Columbia,  S.C,  October  IS, 
1866.  He  was  twice  mayor  of  Columbia,  edited  The  Daily  South  Carolinian 
and  The  Weekly  Banner,  was  surgeon-general  of  the  State  from  1861  to 
1865,  and  became  an  eminent  writer  on  scientific  and  historical  topics.  In 
the  burning  of  Columbia,  he  lost  his  rare  collection  of  paintings,  fossils 
and  minerals.  Besides  numerous  articles  dealing  with  the  geological 
features  of  his  native  State,  monographs  on  medical  topics  and  papers  of 
scientific  interest,  many  of  which  were  reproduced  in  Europe,  he  pub- 
lished in  three  volumes  a  work  of  very  great  value  which  he  was  twenty- 
five  years  in  preparing,  viz. :  'A  Documentary  History  of  the  American 
Revolution  Consisting  of  Letters  and  Papers  Relating  to  the  Contest  for 
Liberty,  Chiefly  in  South  Carolina'  (New  York  and  Columbia,  1853). 

GIBBONS,  JAMES,  Roman  Catholic  cardinal,  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  July  23,  1834.  At  an  early  age  he  was  taken  by  his  parents 
to  the  old  home  in  Ireland ;  but  the  family  afterward  returned  to  the  United 
States  and  settled  in  New  Orleans.  The  youth  was  sent  to  St.  Charles 
College  and  later  to  St.  Mary's  Seminary,  in  Maryland.  Ordained  to  the 
priesthood  in  1861,  he  first  assisted  at  St.  Patrick's  in  Baltimore,  then 
became  pastor  of  St.  Bridget's  at  Canton,  and  afterward  private  secretary 
to  Archbishop  Spalding  and  chancellor  of  the  Arch-Diocese.  In  1868  he 
became  vicar  apostolic  of  North  Carolina,  with  the  rank  of  bishop,  and 
was  later  transferred  to  Virginia.  On  account  of  his  wonderful  success 
in  fostering  the  interests  of  Catholicism^  he  was  made  archbishop  in  1877 ; 
and  still  later  in  1884  he  was  invested  with  the  high  office  of  cardinal. 
His  work  entitled :  'The  Faith  of  Our  Fathers,'  has  been  translated  into 
several  different  languages ;  and  his  other  writings  include :  'Our  Christian 
Heritage'  and  'The  Ambassador  of  Christ.' 

GIBBS,  GEORGE.  Illustrator  and  author.  Though  now  a  resi- 
dent of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  he  was  born  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  March  8, 
1870.  His  father,  Benjamin  F.  Gibbs,  was  a  medical  inspector  in  the 
United  States  Navy.  He  was  educated  in  Geneva,  Switzerland,  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  and  Annapolis.  From  a  career  in  the  Navy  he  was 
turned  by  his  predilections  for  art;  and,  at  some  of  the  leading  schools 
of  the  day,  he  studied  under  the  best  instructors.  He  also  possessed 
3.  penchant  for  literature;  and,  uniting  such  gifts,  he  has  become  both 
the  author  and  the  illustrator  of  several  interesting  books  which  be- 
tray on  every  page  the  dramatic  instinct  and  the  artistic  tempera- 
M^"    .  /^u-i'^^'*,'"??  embrace:  'Pike  and  Cutlass,  or  Hero  Tales  of  Our 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       163 

GIBSON,  J.  M.,  lawyer,  was  born  near  Vicksburg,  Miss.  In  1879 
he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar;  and  after  serving  two  terms  in  the  Legisla- 
ture, he  settled  in  Houston,  Texas.  He  is  tlie  author  of  several  poems 
which  have  attracted  much  interest,  among  them,  "Madaline,"  founded 
upon  the  love  affair  of  Aaron  Burr  and  Madaline  Price,  of  Natchez,  Miss. ; 
"Zurline,"  "Vita  et  Mors,"  and  others.  In  a  fire  which  occurred  in  1907 
he  lost  several  manuscripts,  including  a  drama  in  blank  verse,  a  novel, 
and  several  poems. 

GIBSON,  RANDALL  LEE.  Soldier  and  statesman.  He  was 
born  at  Spring  Hill,  Ky.,  September  10,  1832.  On  graduating  from 
Yale  University  he  took  a  course  of  law  in  the  University  of  Louis- 
iana. He  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  Army  and  rose  to  very  high  distinc- 
tion, attaining  the  rank  of  major-general.  On  the  organization  of 
the  Board  of  Administrators  of  Tulane  University,  he  was  elected 
president.  He  represented  Louisiana  for  several  terms  in  the  national 
House  of  Representatives,  and  from  1883  until  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  United  States  Senator.  He  was  eloquent  in  debate  and  a 
volume  of  his  select  speeches  appeared  in  1887.  He  died  December 
IS,  1892. 

GIBSON,  ROBERT  EDWARD  LEE,  author,  was  born  in  Steel- 
ville,  Mo.,  January  14,  1864.  His  father  was  Dr.  Alexander  Gibson.  On 
completing  his  studies,  he  first  taught  school  and  afterward  engaged  in 
journalism  in  his  native  State;  but  of  late  years  he  has  resided  at  Reno, 
Nev.,  where  he  is  interested  in  mining  properties.  At  an  early  age  he 
began  to  write  verse,  contributing  to  the  leading  magazines  before  he 
was  well  grown.  His  publications  include :  'Early  Poems,'  'Sonnets  and 
Lyrics'  (Louisville,  J.  P.  Martin),  and  'A  Miracle  of  St.  Cuthbert.' 

GIBSON,  WILLIAM,  surgeon  and  physician,  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  in  1788,  and  died  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  March  2,  1868.  He  became 
an  eminent  practitioner,  taught  for  several  years  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  traveled  extensively  abroad,  and  published  several  volumes, 
including  'Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery'  (Philadelphia,  1824),  'Ram- 
bles in  Europe,'  and  'Lectures  on  Eminent  Surgeons  and  Physicians  of 
Belgium'  (New  York,  1841).  Dr.  Gibson  received  his  medical  degree  at 
the  University  of  Edinburgh.  Some  few  years  later  he  returned  to 
Etirope,  participated  in  the  battle  of  Waterloo  on  the  side  of  the  allied 
forces,  and  witnessed  the  downfall  of  Napoleon. 

GIBSON,  WILLIAM.  Naval  officer.  [Md.].  He  was  born  in 
1826  and  died  in  1887.  At  intervals  of  leisure  he  exercised  his  poetic  gifts 
by  writing  verse  and  published  'Poems  of  Many  Years,'  and  'The  Vision 
of  Fairy-Land,  and  Other  Poems.' 

GIELOW,  MARTHA  S.  Author.  She  has  published  two  delight- 
ful works  which  treat  of  life  in  the  ante-bellum  period,  entitled  'Plan- 
tation Days'  (1903)  and  'The  Volunteer'  (1905). 

GILBERT,  DAVID  McCONAUGHEY.  Clergyman.  He  was 
born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1836,  but  settled  in  Virginia  at  the  beginning  of 
his  ministerial  labors.  He  wrote:  'The  Lutheran  Church  in  Virginia' 
(Newmarket,  1876),  and  'Muhlenberg's  Ministry  in  "Virginia'  (1884),  be- 
sides minor  works. 

GILCHRIST,  ANNIE  S.  Writer.  [Tenn.J.  She  wrote  two  inter- 
esting stories  entitled  'Rosehurst'  and  'Harcourt.' 

GILDERSLEEVE,  BASIL  LANNEAU.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  IV,  page  1795. 


164  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

GILES,  WILLIAM  BRANCH,  statesman,  was  born  in  Amelia 
County,  Va.,  August  12,  1762,  and  died  in  Albemarle  County,  Va.,  Decem- 
ber 4,  1830.  He  was  educated  both  at  Hampden-Sidney  and  at  Princeton, 
became  eminent  at  the  Bar  as  an  advocate,  served  in  Congress  forseveral 
years,  succeeded  William  C.  Nicholas  in  the  United  States  Senate  in  1804, 
and  held  that  office  until  1811.  Afterward  he  was  governor  of  Virginia. 
John  Randolph  compared  him  to  Charles  James  Fox  in  power  of  debate. 
He  spoke  on  most  of  the  public  questions  of  the  day  and  published  a 
number  of  letters. 

GILL,  GEORGE  CRESWELL.  Author.  [Ky.].  He  published  a 
romance  of  Kentucky  life  entitled  'Beyond  the  Blue  Grass,'  which  con- 
tains some  very  realistic  portraitures  (New  York  and  Washington,  The 
Neale  Publishing  Company,  1908). 

GILLELAND,  WILLIAM  M.  Writer.  [Texas].  He  wrote  "The 
Burial  March  of  General  Thomas  Green,"  "In  Memory  of  General  Ben 
McCulloch,"  and  other  poems. 

GILLESPIE,  HELENA,  Mrs.  Educator.  [Texas].  Her  maiden 
name  was  Helena  West.     She  virrote  "Tennyson's  Picture"  and  other  poems. 

GILLESPIE,  JOSEPH  H.  Clergyman  and  educator.  [N.C.]. 
He  published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Elsinore,  and  Other  Poems'  (Ra- 
leigh, Edwards  and  Broughton,  1888),  besides  numerous  uncollected  poems, 

essays,  and  sketches. 

GILMAN,  CAROLINE  HOWARD.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Sketch,  Vol.  IV,  page  1831. 

GILMAN,  DANIEL  COIT.  An  eminent  educator.  He  was  born 
in  Norwich,  Conn.,  July  6,  1831,  a  son  of  William  C.  and  Eliza  Coit 
Gilman;  and  a  descendant  of  Councillor  John  Gilman,  of  Exeter, 
N.H.,  an  emigrant  from  England  in  1638.  He  graduated  from  Yale 
University,  but  continued  his  studies  at  Cambridge  and  Berlin. 
Eight  separate  institutions  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
He  married,  first,  Mary  Ketcham  and,  second,  Elizabeth  Dwight 
Woolsey.  He  was  professor  of  physical  aand  political  geography  at 
Yale  from  18S6  to  1872;  and  president  of  the  University  of  California 
from  1872  to  1875.  He  was  also  the  first  president  of  Johns  Hopkins 
University,  holding  this  position  from  1875  to  1902 ;  and  was  the  first  presi- 
dent of  the  Carnegie  Institution,  in  Washington,  D.C.  As  an  organ- 
izer he  developed  the  very  highest  powers.  He  was  a  member  of 
learned  societies  in  both  hemispheres;  also  a  member  of  the  United 
States  Commission  which  fixed  the  boundary  line  between  Venezuela 
and  British  Guiana.  He  was  president  of  the  Slater  Fund  and  vice- 
president  of  the  Peabody  Fund.  His  works  include:  his  "Bi-centennial 
Discourse,"  delivered  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  in  1859,  and  his  "Inaugura- 
tion Address,"  delivered  in  Baltimore,  in  1876;  also  a  'Life  of  James 
Monroe'  (Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Company),  'University  Prob- 
lems,' "Introduction  to  De  Tocqueville's  Democracy  in  America," 
'Life  of  James  D.  Dana'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers),  'Science 
and  Letters  in  Yale,'  and  'The  Launching  of  a  University'  (New  York, 
Dodd,  Mead  and  Company).  Besides,  he  was  editor-in-chief  of  the 
New  International  Encyclopedia,'  published  By  Dodd,  Mead  and  Com- 
pany.   Dr.  Gilman  died  in  1908. 

GILMAN,  SAMUEL.  Clergyman  and  author.  For  nearly  forty 
years  he  was  pastor  of  the  Unitarian  Church,  at  Charleston,  S.C,  but  was 
born  m  Gloucester,  Mass.,  February  16,  1791,  and  died  at  Kingston,  Mass., 
February  9,  1858.  Beyond  the  bounds  of  his  parish  he  was  chiefly  known 
through  his  pen.    Besides  numerous  contributions  to  magazines  and  re- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS        165 

views,  he  made  several  translations,  lectured  at  frequent  intervals,  and 
published  'Memoirs  of  a  New  England  Village  Choir,'  'Pleasures  and 
Pains  of  a  Student's  Life,'  and  a  number  of  poems,  one  of  which  "The 
History  of  a  Ray  of  Light,"  was  read  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society, 
of  Harvard,  from  which  institution  he  received  his  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Divinity. 

GILMER,     ELIZABETH     MERIWETHER     ("Dorothy    Dix"). 

Short-story  writer  and  journalist.  She  was  born  in  Montgomery 
County,  Tenn.,  November  18,  1870.  She  married  George  O.  Gilmer 
and  edited  the  woman's  department  of  the  New  Orleans  Picayune  for 
five  years.  In  1900  she  joined  the  staff  of  the  New  York  American 
as  a  writer  on  special  topics.  For  years  the  "Dorothy  Dix  Talks" 
have  been  famous.  She  is  also  the  author  of  numerous  stories,  con- 
tributed to  the  magazines  and  periodicals.    She  resides  in  New  York  City. 

GILMER,  GEORGE  ROCKINGHAM,  Congressman  and  gov- 
ernor, was  born  in  Oglethorpe  County,  Ga.,  April  11,  1790,  and  died 
at  Lexington,  Ga.,  November  IS,  1859.  He  was  several  times  elected  to 
Congress  and  was  twice  governor  of  Georgia.  In  his  will  he  substantially 
remembered  the  State  University,  of  which  for  thirty  years  he  was  an 
honored  trustee,  and  his  memory  is  fragrantly  embalmed  in  the  affections 
of  his  alma  mater.  He  published  an  interesting  volume  entitled 
'Georgians.'  It  was  widely  read  at  the  time  because  of  the  caustic  and 
pungent  manner  in  which  he  paid  his  fearless  respects  to  sundry  indi- 
viduals.    Only  a  few  copies  of  this  rare  volume  are  now  extant. 

GILMOR,  HARRY,  soldier,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  January 
24,  1838.  On  the  Confederate  side  in  the  Civil  War,  he  became  conspicu- 
ous for  his  daring  as  a  scout  and  narrowly  escaped  death  on  several 
occasions,  besides  being  severely  and  desperately  wounded.  His  work 
entitled  'Four  Years  in  the  Saddle'  is  full  of  graphic  interest  (New  York, 
1866).     He  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  March  4.  1883. 

GIRARD,  M.  D.,  Madame.  Author.  [La.].  She  published  in 
French  a  'Histoire  des  Etats  Unis,  Suivie  de  I'Histoire  de  la  Louisiane 
pour  les  Enfants'  (New  Orleans,  1881). 

GIRARDEAU,  JOHN  L.,  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  theological 
professor,  was  born  on  James  Island,  S.C,  November  14,  1825.  On  com- 
pleting his  studies  at  Charleston  College,  he  took  a  course  in  theology, 
entered  the  Presbyterian  ministry  and  achieved  eminence  both  in  the  pulpit 
and  m  the  class-room.  As  an  orator  he  possessed  no  superior.  His  ser- 
mon on  the  "Last  Judgment"  is  said  to  have  been  the  most  powerful  dis- 
course on  this  subject  since  the  days  of  Jonathan  Edwards.  For  many 
years  he  was  a  professor  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Columbia,  S.C. 
He  pubhshed  'Instrumental  Music  in  the  Public  Worship  of  the  Church' 
(Richmond,  Whittet  and  Shepperson,  1888),  'Calvinism  and  Evangelical 
Arminianism'  (Columbia,  W.  J.  Duffie,  1890),  'The  Will  in  Its  Theological 
Relations'  (ibid.,  1891),  'Discussions  of  Philosophical  Questions'  (Rich- 
mond, Presbyterian  Committee  of  Publication,  1900),  'Discussions  of 
Theological  Questions'  (ibid.,  1905),  and  'Sermons'  (Columbia,  The  State 
Company,  1907).  He  married,  June  24,  1849,  Sarah  P.  Hamlin.  Dr. 
Girardeau  held  both  the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees.  He  died  at  Colum- 
bia, S.C,  June  23,  1908. 

GLASSON,  WILLIAM  HENRY.  Professor  of  political  economy 
and  social  science  in  Trinity  College,  N.C.  He  was  born  in  Troy, 
N.Y.,  July  26,  1874,  and  was  educated  at  Cornell  University. 
He  has  made  a  specialty  of  the  pension  system  of  the  United  States. 
Besides  editing  The  South  Atlantic  Quarterly,  in  association  with  Edwin 


166  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Mims,  he  has  contributed  numerous  articles  to  the  periodicah  and  wrote 
'The  History  of  Military  Pension  Legislation  in  the  United  States'  (New 
York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1900).  He  resides  in  Durham,  N.C.,  and 
holds  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

GLASGOW,  ELLEN  ANDERSEN  GHOLSON.  See  Biograph- 
ical and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  IV,  page  1847. 

GLENN,  JAMES.  Governor  of  South  Carolina  from  1744  to  17SS. 
He  published  a  'Description  of  South  Carolina'  (London,  1761). 

GLISAN,  RODNEY,  physician  and  surgeon,  was  born  in  Fred- 
erick County,  Md.,  January  29,  1827.  For  several  years  he  served  in  the 
Navy,  saw  much  of  the  world  on  various  cruises,  and  published  a  'Journal 
of  Army  Life'  (San  Francisco,  1874),  'Two  Years  in  Europe'  (New  York, 
1887),  and  numerous  medical  works. 

GODDARD,  PAUL  BECK,  physician,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
January  26,  1811,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  3,  1866.  He  became 
an  eminent  practitioner  in  Philadelphia  and  wrote  numerous  medical 
works. 

GODFREY,  THOMAS.  Dramatist  and  poet.  [N.C.].  Mr.  God- 
frey wrote  what  is  claimed  to  be  the  first  American  drama,  entitled  "The 
Prince  of  Parthia"  (Philadelphia,  1765).  He  also  wrote  "The  Court  of 
Fancy"  (1763),  a  poem  modeled  in  part  on  the  pseudo-Chaucer's  "House 
of  Fame."  In  1767  Nathaniel  Evans  published  a  collection  of  his  verse 
with  a  memoir.    The  author  is  buried  in  Wilmington,  N.C. 

GODMAN,  JOHN  D.,  physician,  was  born  in  Annapolis,  Md.,  De- 
cember 20,  1794,  and  died  in  Germantown,  Pa.,  April  17,  1830.  For 
several  years  he  taught  medicine  in  Cincinnati.  He  also  practiced  in  Balti- 
more and  Philadelphia.  As  a  lecturer  on  anatomy  he  is  said  to  have  been 
without  a  rival.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  medical  and  scientific 
journals,  he  wrote  'American  Natural  History,'  'Rambles  of  a  Naturalist,' 
'Irregularities  of  Structure  and  Morbid  Anatomy,'  and  several  others.  His 
biography  was  written  by  Dr.  Sewell. 

GOLDSBOROUGH,  CHARLES  WASHINGTON.    Author.    For 

several  years  he  was  connected  in  various  capacities  with  the  naval  depart- 
ment of  the  United  States  Government.  He  was  born  in  Cambridge, 
Md.,  April  18,  1779,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  in  1843.  He  wrote  'The 
United  States  Naval  Chronicle,'  and  left  at  his  death,  substantially  com- 
plete, 'The  History  of  the  American  Navy,'  in  manuscript. 

GOODE,  GEORGE  BROWN,  ichthyologist,  was  born  of  Virginia 
parentage  in  New  Albany,  Ind.,  February  13,  18S1,  and  was  descended 
from  John  Goode,  of  Whitby,  Va.  For  several  years  he  was  on  the  scien- 
tific staff  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  Washington,  D.C.,  and  made 
extensive  researches  and  explorations.  Besides  a  romance  entitled  'Vir- 
ginia Cousins'  (Richmond,  1888),  a  work  replete  with  incidents  and 
pictures  of  Southern  life,  he  also  published  numerous  scientific  works. 

GOODE,  JOHN,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Bedford  Countv,  Va.,  May 
27,  1829,  and  died  in  Norfolk,  Va.,  July  14,  1909.  For  three  years  he 
served  in  the  Confederate  Congress,  from  1862  to  1865,  and  during  the 
legislative  recesses  acted  as  an  aide  on  the  staff  of  General  Early.  After 
the  war  he  served  in  the  Federal  Congress,  and  still  later  held  the  office 
of  Solicitor-general  of  the  United'  States  under  President  Qeveland.  On 
account  of  the  ripe  old  age  to  which  he  attained  and  the  distinguished 
place  which  he  filled  to  the  very  last,  he  was  often  called  "the  grand  old 
man  of  Virginia."    In  the  eventide  of  his  days  he  wrote  'Recollections  of 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS        167 

a  Lifetime,'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company, 
1907),  besides  contributing  a  series  of  articles  to  the  press  on  "Distin- 
guished Confederate  Civilians." 

GOODLOE,  ABBIE  CARTER.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  1873. 

GOODLOE,  ALBERT  THEODORE,  clergyman  and  physician, 
was  born  in  Tennessee  but  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  in  Arkansas. 
He  kept  a  diary  during  the  Civil  War  and  gathered  from  it  the  material 
for  his  work  entitled  'Some  Rebel  Relics  from  the  Seat  of  War'  (1893). 

GOODLOE,  DANIEL  REAVES.  Author.  [N.C.].  He  was  born 
in  1814  and  published  two  works  of  some  interest  entitled  'The  Birth  of 
the  Republic'  and  'Reminiscences  of  Washington.' 

GORDON,  ARMISTEAD  CHURCHILL.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  1899. 

GORDON,  JAMES.  United  States  Senator  from  Mississippi. 
Served  with  gallantry  in  the  Confederate  Army  during  the  Civil  War. 
At  one  time  a  reward  of  $10,000  was  placed  upon  his  head  for  alleged 
complicity  in  the  assassination  of  President  Lincoln,  but  he  satisfied 
his  accusers  that  he  was  innocent  of  any  connection  with  the  affair 
and  on  the  death  of  Honorable  A.  J.  McLaurin,  in  1909,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Governor  Noel  to  be  the  former's  successor  in  the  United 
States  Senate  for  the  unexpired  term.  He  published  a  volume  of  verse 
entitled:  'The  Old  Plantation  and  Other  Poems,'  which  portrays  most 
charmingly  the  variant  phases  of  Southern  life  and  character  in  ante- 
bellum days. 

GORDON,  JAMES  LINDSAY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  1919. 

GORDON,  JOHN  BROWN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  V.  page  1939. 

GORE,  JAMES  HOWARD,  educator,  was  born  at  Winchester, 
Va.,  September  18,  18S6,  and  was  educated  at  Richmond  College  and  at 
Columbian  University,  taking  post-graduate  work  at  the  last-named  insti- 
tution (Ph.D.),  after  becoming  professor  of  mathematics.  On  the  United 
States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  and  also  on  the  United  States  Geolog- 
ical Survey,  he  has  done  some  very  important  work.  His  treatise  on 
'Geodesy'  (Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Company)  is  an  authoritative 
production. 

GORE,  THOMAS  PRYOR,  Oklahoma's  blind  Senator,  was  born 
in  Webster  County,  Miss.,  December  10,  1870.  At  the  age  of  eight  he 
lost  his  left  eye  in  a  scuffle  with  a  playmate,  and  three  years  later  he 
lost  his  right  eye  by  an  arrow  from  a  cross-bow.  But,  in  spite  of  this 
double  handicap,  he  prosecuted  his  studies  with  the  assistance  of  someone 
to  read  to  him,  and  eventually  he  arose  to  an  eminent  position  at  the 
Bar.  He  settled  first  in  Texas;  and,  making  the  race  for  Congress  on 
the  Populist  ticket,  was  defeated.  But  he  afterward  became  a  Democrat 
and  settled  in  Oklahoma,  with  the  result  that  he  was  soon  chosen  to 
represent  the  State  in  the  United  States  Senate.  In  this  body,  which  he 
entered  in  1907,  he  has  been  a  power,  amazing  his  colleagues  by  his  won- 
derful feats  of  memory,  whether  in  quoting  from  classic  authors,  or  in 
dealing  in  dry  statistics,  by  his  ready  repartee,  and  by  his  comprehensive 
grasp  of  governmental  problems.  He  married  Miss  Nina  Kay,  of  Pales- 
tine, Texas. 

GORMAN,  JOHN  BERRY,  physician  and  planter,  was  born  in 
Edgefield  District,  S.C,  February  22,  1793,  and  died  in  Talbot  County, 


168  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

Ga.,  November  12,  1864.  He  studied  medicine  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, became  a  practitioner  of  some  note,  and  accumulated  a  fortune. 
He  wrote  'The  Philosophy  of  Animated  Existence :  or.  Sketches  of  Living 
Physics'  (Philadelphia,  Soring  and  Ball,  1845).  Dr.  Gorman  was  also 
an  artist  and  left  a  picture  entitled  "The  Nightmare." 

GORMAN,  JOHN  BERRY,  Jr.,  planter  and  journalist,  was  born 
in  Talbotton,  Ga.,  July  22,  1839.  His  father  was  Dr.  John  B.  Gorman, 
an  eminent  physician  and  writer.  He  published  Around  the  World  in  '84' 
(Nashville,  The  Southern  Methodist  Publishing  House,  1886),  a  narrative 
of  travel  most  interestingly  told. 

GORMAN,  OSSIAN  DANIEL,  journalist  and  educator,  was  born 
in  Talbotton,  Ga.,  October  3,  1841.  His  father  was  Dr.  John  Berry  Gor- 
man. He  enjoyed  the  best  educational  advantages,  pursuing  his  studies 
both  at  Columbian  University  and  at  Emory  and  Henry  College.  He  is 
a  writer  of  rare  gifts,  especially  in  the  department  of  verse.  His  publi- 
cations include  'Essays  and  Poems,'  'The  Battle  of  Hampton  Roads,' 
'Chancellorsville,'  'Renascence,'  and  'Historical  Collections.'  At  present 
he  is  superintendent  of  public  schools,  at  Talbotton.  He  married,  first, 
December  6,  1864,  Martha  D.  Holmes;  and,  second,  October  25,  1906, 
Clara  Jackson  Redding. 

GOULD,  E.  W.  He  published  a  volume  entitled  'Fifty  Years  on 
the  Mississippi'  (1889). 

GOULDING,  FRANCIS  ROBERT.  Clergyman  and  author  of 
distinction.  His  fascinating  story  entitled,  'The  Young  Marooners,'  is 
one  of  the  standard  classics  of  juvenile  literature,  taking  rank  with 
'Robinson  Crusoe'  and  'The  Swiss  Family  Robinson.'  The  narrator  of 
this  delightful  tale  of  adventure  was  born  in  Liberty  County,  Ga.,  in  1810. 
He  came  of  sturdy  stock,  his  father,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Goulding,  having 
been  the  first  president  of  the  Presbyterian  Theological  Seminary,  at 
Columbia,  S.C.  Following  in  the  parental  footsteps,  he  likewise  achieved 
eminence  in  the  pulpit.  He  filled  numerous  pastorates ;  and,  while  residing 
at  Eatonton,  Ga.,  he  conceived  the  idea  of  the  sewing-machine  and  con- 
structed, in  advance  of  Elias  Howe,  the  first  practical  device  for  mechani- 
cal needlework  ever  used  in  this  country,  with  pedal  attachments.  It  is 
said  that  when  the  manuscript  for  'The  Young  Marooners'  was  first  sub- 
mitted to  the  publishers  it  was  rejected.  But  it  finally  emerged  from  the 
press  of  Martin  and  Company,  of  Philadelphia ;  and,  taking  the  country 
by  storm,  it  was  reprinted  in  Scotland  and  England,  and  in  various 
countries  of  Europe.  According  to  tradition,  even  Martin  and  Company 
were  about  to  decline  the  manuscript;  but  it  chanced  to  fall  into  the 
hands  of  a  child,  and  the  little  one  was  so  captivated  by  the  story  that 
the  publishers  decided  to  take  the  risk.  Dr.  Goulding  reserved  the  copy- 
right, which  was  afterward  purchased  by  Dodd,  Mead  and  Company,  of 
New  York.  The  work  has  since  been  translated  into  several  languages 
and  has  passed  through  numerous  editions.  Besides  'The  Young  Ma- 
rooners,' the  author  also  published  a  sequel  entitled,  'The  Marooners' 
Island,'  the  sales  of  which  were  enormous.  His  other  writings  include : 
'Sapelo;  or,  Child-Life  in  the  Tide-water,'  'Talequah;  or,  Life  Among  the 
Cherokees,'  'Nacoochee;  or.  Boy  Life  from  Home,'  and  'The  Woodruff 
Stories.'  He  also  made  contributions  to  the  Army  and  Navy  Journal,  the 
series  being  entitled:  "Self-Helps."  Dr.  Goulding  died  at  Roswell,  Ga., 
August  22,  1881.  He  is  buried  in  this  picturesque  little  country  town, 
near  the  childhood  home  of  ex-President  Roosevelt's  mother. 

GRADY,  HENRY  WOODFIN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  1959. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHOJRS        169 

GRAHAM,  EDWARD  KIDDER,  educator,  was  born  at  Charlotte, 
N.C.  His  father  was  Archibald  Graham  and  his  mother,  Eliza  Owen 
Barry.  He  occupies  the  chair  of  English  at  the  University  of  North 
Carolina.  Besides  magazine  articles  and  monographs  on  various  subjects, 
he  is  the  author  of  the  sketch  of  John  C.  McNeill  in  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature.' 

GRAHAM,  GEORGE  W.  Physician.  [N.C.].  He  wrote  an  inter- 
esting work  entitled  'The  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independence, 
May  20,  1775,  and  the  Lives  of  the  Signers'  (New  York  and  Washington, 
The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1905). 

GRAHAM,  JOSEPH  A.  Editor.  He  was  born  in  Salisbury,  Mo., 
September  8,  1855,  and  on  completing  his  education  was  admitted  to  the 
Bar,  but  his  life  has  been  chiefly  devoted  to  journalism.  Since  1893  he 
has  been  on  the  staff  of  the  St.  Louis  Republic.  Besides  numerous  con- 
tributions to  current  literature,  he  has  published  a  work  entitled  'The 
Sporting  Dog'  (New  York,  The  Macmillarl  Company,  1908),  which  shows 
him  to  be  an  authority  on  the  subject  treated. 

GRAHAM,  WILLIAM  ALEXANDER.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  1987. 

GRAINGER,  JAMES  MOSES,  educator,  was  born  in  Knoxville, 
Tenn.,  August  12,  1879.  Professor  Grainger  occupies  a  chair  in  the 
faculty  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  He  has  published  'Studies 
in  the  Syntax  of  the  King  James  Version'  (Chapel  Hill,  N.C,  The  Philo- 
logical Club,  1907).  The  sketch  of  Charles  Alphonso  Smith  in  'The 
Biographical  History  of  North  Carolina,'  and  the  sketch  of  David  Croc- 
kett in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature,'  are  also  from  his  pen. 

GRANBERY,  JOHN  COWPER.  Bishop  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  South.  He  was  born  in  Norfolk,  Va.,  December 
25,  1829,  a  son  of  Richard  Allen  and  Ann  Leslie  Granbery.  He 
graduated  from  Randolph-Macon  College  and  held  several  important  pas- 
torates prior  to  the  war.  He  was  a  chaplain  in  the  Confederate  Army 
from  1861  to  1865.  He  married,  first,  Jennie  Massie  and,  second,  Ella 
Winston.  He  was  professor  of  moral  philosophy  and  practical  theology 
in  Vanderbilt  University  for  seven  years  and  was  elected  bishop  in  1882. 
His  works  include :  a  'Bible  Dictionary,'  'Twelve  Sermons,'  and  'Experi- 
ence :  the  Crowning  Evidence  of  the  Christian  Religion.'  Randolph-Macon 
College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  He  died  in  Ashland,  Va.,  in  1907. 
t 

GRASTY,  JOHN  S.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman.  [Mo.]. 
He  published  'Memoirs  of  Rev.  Samuel  B.  McPheeters'   (1871). 

GRAVES,  ADELIA  C,  Mrs.  Educator.  [Tenn.].  She  was  born 
in  1821  and  died  in  1895.  Her  maiden  name  was  Adelia  Spencer.  She 
wrote  'Jephtha's  Daughter,'  a  drama,  and  'Ruined  Lives';  also  poems 
for   children. 

GRAVES,  H.  A.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman.  [Texas].  He 
published  a  work  of  biography  entitled  'The  Reverend  Andrew  Jackson 
Potter,  the  Noted  Parson  of  the  Texas  Frontier.' 

GRAVES,  JAMRJ  ROBINSON,  Baptist  clergyman  and  educator, 
was  born  in  Vermont  in  1820,  but  preached  and  taught  in  the  South, 
where  he  was  something  of  a  leader.  His  published  works  include  'The 
Great  Iron  Wheel,'  'The  Bible  Doctrine  of  the  Middle  Life'  (1873),  'Old 
Landmarkism'  (1880),  'Christian  Baptism'  (1881),  'The  Work  of  Christ' 
(1883),  'The  Parables  and  Prophecies  of  Christ'  (1887),  'The  First  Baptist 
Church  in  America'  (1890),  and  numerous  tracts  and  pamphlets.  He 
died  in  Tennessee  in  1893. 


170  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

GRAVES,  JOHN  TEMPLE.  Orator  and  editor.  He  was  born 
at  Willington  Church,  Abbeville  County,  S.C.,  November  9,  1856,  the 
son  of  General  James  Porterfield  and  Catherine  Floride  Calhoun 
Graves,  and  grandson  of  William  Calhoun,  who  was  the  eldest  brother 
of  the' illustrious  statesman,  John  C.  Calhoun.  He  was  educated  at 
the  University  of  Georgia  and  married,  first,  Mattie  E.  Simpson,  of 
Sparta,  Ga.,  April  17,  1878  and,  second,  Annie  E.  Cothran,  of  Rome, 
Ga.,  December  30,  1890.  He  has  edited  the  Jacksonville  (Fla.)  Union, 
the  Atlanta  Journal,  the  Rome  (Ga.)  Tribune,  the  Atlanta  News,  and 
the  Atlanta  Georgian.  At  present  he  is  editor  of  the  New  York  Ameri- 
can. He  has  been  presidential  elector-at-large  from  the  states  of 
Florida  and  Georgia,  leading  the  tickets  in  both  elections.  He  is  an 
ardent  Democrat,  but,  with  allegiance  to  principle  rather  than  to  party, 
he  accepted  in  1908  the  nomination  of  the  Independence  League  for 
Vice-president  of  the  United  States.  In  1899  he  delivered  his  famous 
eulogy  on  Henry  W.  Grady,  which  immediately  made  his  reputation 
national.  He  has  been  the  orator  of  the  New  England  Society,  of 
Boston,  of  the  New  England  Society  of  Philadelphia,  of  the  Mer- 
chants' Club  of  Boston,  of  the  New  York  Southern  Society,  of  the 
World's  Congress  of  journalists,  and  of  many  other  distinguished 
organizations.  He  has  discussed  most  of  the  leading  topics  and  prob- 
lems of  the  day  and  has  been  an  earnest  advocate  of  the  segregation 
of  the  races.  As  a  lecturer  before  Chautauqua  assemblies  and  ly- 
ceums,  he  has  been  in  constant  demand.  Both  as  a  writer  and  as  a 
speaker  he  is  h.  man  of  marvelous  gifts.  Besides  countless  editorials 
and  sketches,  he  has  written:  'The  Florida  of  To-day,'  a  'History  of 
Colleton,  S.C.,'  'Twelve  Standard  Lectures,'  'Speeches  and  Selections 
for  Schools,'  and  'The  Negro.'  He  was  also  one  of  the  editors  of  'Elo- 
quent Sons  of  the  South'  (Boston,  The  Chappie  Publishing  Co.,  1909). 
He  resides  in  New  York  City. 

GRAVES,  LOUIS,  journalist,  was  born  at  Chapel  Hill,  N.C., 
August  6,  1883.  He  is  engaged  in  journalistic  work  in  New  York  and 
contributes  at  intervals  to  the  magazines,  his  latest  piece  of  work  being 
"The  New  Cashier,"  in  The  Atlantic  Monthly.  The  sketch  of  William 
Hooper  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen. 

GRAVES,  ROSWELL  T.  Baptist  missionary  to  China.  He  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1833.  Dr.  Graves  published  'Forty  Years  in 
China,  or,  China  in  Transition'   (1897). 

GRAVIER,  GABRIEL.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  in  French 
several  important  works,  among  them,  'Les  Decouvertes  du  Cavalier  de  la 
Salle'  (Paris,  1870),  'Etude  sur  une  Carte  Inconnue,'  etc.  (Paris,  1880), 
and  'Robert  Cavelier  de  la  Salle  Rouen'  (New  York,  1886). 

GRAY,  A.  C,  journalist,  contributed  to  'Wooten's  Comprehensive 
History  of  Texas'  (Dallas,  W.  G.  ScarfiEy,  1898),  an  important  chapter 
on  "The  History  of  the  Texas  Press." 

"GRAY,  BARTON."    (See  Sass,  George  Henry). 

GRAY,  JOHN  THOMPSON.  Author.  [Ky.].  He  wrote  an  en- 
tertaining work  replete  with  humor  entitled  'A  Kentucky  Chronicle'  (New 
York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1904). 

GRAYSON,  WILLIAM  JOHN.     See  Biographical  and   Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  2001. 

GREEN,  ALEXANDER  LITTLE  PAGE,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Sevier  County,  Tenn.,  June  6,  1806,  and  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  July 
IS,  1874.  He  entered  the  itinerant  ranks  of  Methodism  and  became  an 
influential  divine.     At  the  time  of  the  disruption  in  1844  he  was  ap- 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS        171 

pointed  one  of  the  commission  to  adjust  property  rights,  and  he  was 
also  the  principal  organizer  of  the  publishmg  house  at  Nashville.  He 
was  an  acknowledged  authority  on  Indian  lore.  Besides  publishing  'The 
Church  in  the  Wilderness,'  he  was  preparing  at  the  time  of  his  death  a 
work  on  'The  Fishes  of  North  America.' 

GREEN,  DUFF,  journalist  and  lawyer,  was  born  in  Kentucky, 
August  15,  1791,  and  died  at  Dalton,  Ga.,  June  10,  1875.  He  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  but  much  of  his  time  was  devoted  to 
editorial  work.  During  the  administration  of  John  Quincy  Adams  he 
edited  an  opposition  paper  in  Washington.  Later,  under  President  Jack- 
son, he  edited  the  administration  organ ;  but  when  the  breach  occurred  be- 
tween President  Jackson  and  Mr.  Calhoun,  he  sided  with  the  Vice-presi- 
dent. His  latter  years  were  given  to  developing  the  industrial  interests 
of  the  South.    He  published  'Facts  and  Suggestions.' 

GREEN,  EDWIN  L.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Milton,  Fla., 
December  13,  1870,  the  son  of  A.  H.  and  L.  V.  Green,  and  was 
educated  at  Washington  and  Lee  University  and  at  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity. In  1900  he  became  professor  of  ancient  languages  in  the  University 
of  South  Carolina,  at  Columbia,  S.C.  He  is  the  author  of  an  excellent 
'School  History  of  Florida.'  The  sketch  of  George  McDuffie  in  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  He  holds  the 
degree  of  Ph.D. 

GREEN,  LEWIS,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Kentucky  in  1806,  and 
died  in  Virginia  in  1863.  He  published  a  contribution  to  Christian  apolo- 
getics entitled  'Evidences  of  Christianity.' 

GREEN,  NATHAN.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Winchester, 
Tenn.,  February  19,  1827,  a  son  of  Nathan  and  Mary  Green.  He 
graduated  from  Columbia  University  and  subsequently  took  the 
law  course  in  the  same  institution.  He  married,  first,  Bettie  McClain 
and,  second,  Mrs.  Blanche  Hunter  Woodward.  He  became  professor 
of  law  in  Cumberland  University  in  1856  and  chancellor  in  1873.  His 
published  works  include:  'The  Tall  Man  of  Winton'  and  'Sparks  from 
a  Back  Log,'  both  of  which  are  full  of  quaint  humor.  He  resides  in 
Lebanon,  Tenn.    Centre  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

GREEN,  THOMAS  JEFFERSON,  soldier,  was  born  in  Warren 
County,  N.C.,  in  1801.  Removing  to  Texas,  he  attained  the  rank  of  brig- 
adier-general in  the  war  for  Texan  independence;  but  he  violated  the 
orders  of  General  Summerville,  whose  loyalty  he  doubted,  and,  with  a 
small  force,  left  the  main  body  of  troops  and  attacked  the  town  of  Mier. 
The  result  was  disastrous.  Officers  and  men  were  taken  prisoners.  In 
attempting  to  escape,  they  were  recaptured,  taken  to  the  city  of  Mexico, 
and  every  tenth  man  was  ordered  to  be  shot  by  Santa  Anna.  Green  was 
kept  a  prisoner  at  hard  labor  for  several  months,  but  was  finally  re- 
leased. He  afterward  settled  in  California  and  became  prominent  in 
politics;  but  when  the  Civil  War  began  he  entered  the  Confederate  Army 
and  served  in  the  Virginia  campaigns.  His  only  published  work  was 
'The  Mier  Expedition.'  He  died  at  his  boyhood's  home  in  North  Caro- 
lina, December  13,  1863. 

GREEN,  THOMAS  MARSHALL.  Journalist.  [Ky.].  He  pub- 
lished 'Historic  Families  of  Kentucky'  (1889),  and  'The  Spanish  Con- 
spiracy' (1891),  besides  minor  works.  He  died  in  1904  at  the  age  of 
sixty-seven. 

GREEN,  WILLIAM.  Lawyer.  [Va.].  He  published  several 
law  books,  in  addition  to  numerous  essays  upon  legal  topics. 


172  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

GREEN,  WILLIAM  MARTIN.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman. 
[Tenn.].  He  wrote  a  'Life  of  Dr.  A.  L.  P.  Green'  (1877),  besides  also 
editing  his  papers. 

GREEN,  WILLIAM  MERCER,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop,  was 
born  in  Wihnington,  N.C.,  May  2,  1798,  and  died  in  Sewanee,  Tenn., 
February  13,  1887.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  University  of 
the  South,  and  for  several  years  filled  the  office  of  chancellor.  He  was 
the  first  bishop  of  the  diocese  of  Mississippi  and  was  called  to  the  Epis- 
copal office  in  1850.  Besides  numerous  sermons  and  addresses,  he  pub- 
lished a  'Memoir  of  Bishop  Ravenscroft,  of  North  Carolina,'  and  a  'Life 
of  Bishop  Otey,  of  Tennessee.' 

GREENE,  FRANCES  NIMMO,  author,  was  born  in  Tuscaloosa, 
Ala.  From  her  pen  have  come  numerous  delightful  stories  for  young 
people.  She  contributes  to  magazines  and  periodicals  and  has  published 
in  book  form  'King  Arthur  and  his  Court'  (Boston,  Ginn  and  Company, 
1901),  'With  Spurs  of  Gold'  (Boston,  Little,  Brown  and  Company,  190S), 
and  'Into  the  Night,'  a  novel  (New  York,  T.  Y.  Crowell  and  Company, 
1909).  She  has  also  written  some  excellent  verse.  Her  home  is  in  Mont- 
gomery, Ala. 

GREENE,  MARY,  Mrs.  [Mo.].  She  published  a  'Life  of  the 
Reverend  Jesse  Greene'  (1852). 

GREENHOW,  ROBERT,  physician  and  scholar,  was  born  in 
Richmond,  Va.,  in  1800  and  died  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  in  1854.  His 
mother  perished  in  the  burning  of  the  Richmond  Theater,  when  he  was 
a  lad  of  eleven  years.  He  studied  medicine,  visited  Europe,  formed  the 
acquaintance  of  Byron  and  other  men  of  letters,  and  returned  home  to 
become  an  eminent  writer  and  lecturer.  He  was  at  one  time  translator 
in  the  State  Department  at  Washington;  and,  many  years  later,  when 
he  removed  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  he  became  identified  with  the  United 
States  Land  Commission.  He  published  an  interesting  'History  of  Tri- 
poli,' 'The  Discovery  of  the  Northwest  Coast  of  North  America,'  which 
was  prepared  by  order  of  Congress  and  afterward  enlarged  into  'The 
History  of  Oregon  and  California,'  besides  several  important  papers. 

GREENWALD,  EMANUEL,  clergyman,  was  born  near  Fred- 
erick, Md.,  January  13,  1811,  and  died  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  December  21, 
188S.  He  became  a  leader  among  the  Lutherans  and  published  a  num- 
ber of  works,  among  them,  'Romanism  and  the  Reformation'  (Lancaster, 
Pa.,  1880),  'Sprinkling  the  True  Mode  of  Baptism'  (Philadelphia,  1876), 
'Family  Prayer'  (1867),  'Jesus,  our  Table  Guest'  (Philadelphia,  1883), 
and  'Meditations  for  the  Closet'  (Lancaster,  1885). 

GREEN  WAY,  J.  R.    Author.     [Va.].    He  published  a  volume  of 

miscellany  entitled  'Here  and  There.' 

GREER,  HILTON  ROSS,  poet,  was  born  at  Hawkins,  Texas,  De- 
cember 10,  1878.  His  father  was  Samuel  J.  Greer  and  his  mother, 
Isabella  Jane  Boren.  He  is  a  clerk  in  the  general  land  office  of  the 
State  of  Texas,  but  at  intervals  of  leisure  he  exercises  a  talent  for 
verse-making  of  a  high  order  of  merit.  Two  volumes  have  come  from 
his  pen,  'Sun  Gleams  and  Gossamers'  (1903),  and  'The  Spiders,  and 
Other  Poems'  (1906).  For  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  he 
wrote  a  sketch  of  J.  P.  Sjolander. 

GREGG,  ALEXANDER,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop,  was  born 
in  Darlington  District,  S.C.,  October  8,  1819.  After  graduating  from 
South  Carolina  College  with  the  highest  honors  he  practiced  law  for 
several  years.     But  feeling  called  to  preach  he  was  admitted  to  orders. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        173 

became  rector  of  St.  David's  parish  and  in  18S9  was  consecrated  bishop 
of  Texas.  He  published  a  'History  of  Old  Cheraw,'  embracing  an  ac- 
count of  the  Indian  tribes  in  the  valley  of  the  Pedee  in  South  Carolina, 
of  the  first  white  settlement  of  the  organization  of  St.  David's  parish,  and 
of  the  revolutionary  movements  of  which  Cheraw  was  the  center.  He 
also  published  a  'Sketch  of  the  Church  in  Texas,'  besides  minor  works. 

GREGORY,  EDWARD  S.,  journalist,  clergyman,  poet,  was  born 
in  Lynchburg,  Va.,  in  1843.  The  war  interrupted  his  studies;  and,  after 
serving  in  the  Confederate  Army,  he  entered  journalism,  editing  for 
some  time  The  Presbyterian  Index-Appeal.  Later,  he  became  an  ordaine'' 
clergyman  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  He  wrote  excellent  verse  and  pub- 
lished two  volumes:  'Bonniebell,  and  Other  Poems'  (Lynchburg,  1880), 
and  'Lenore,  and  Other  Poems'  (Lynchburg,  1883),  besides  essays  and 
sketches.     He  died  in  1884. 

GRESHAM,  JOHN  M.  [Ky.].  He  published  a  'Biographical 
Cyclopaedia  of  Kentucky.' 

GRIFFIN,  A.  P.  .C.  [La.].  He  published  an  account  of  'The 
Discovery  of  the  Mississippi'   (1887). 

GRIFFIN,  GILDEROY  WELLS,  author,  was  born  in  Louisville, 
Ky.,  March  6,  1840.  For  several  years  he  practiced  law,  after  which 
he  entered  journalism  and  still  later  held  consular  positions  in  various 
parts  of  the  globe.  Besides  editing  'Prenticeana,'  a  collection  of  some  of 
the  literary  productions  of  George  D.  Prentice,  he  wrote  'Studies  in 
Literature'  (1871),  'Life  of  George  D.  Prentice'  (1871),  'Life  of  Charles 
S.  Todd'  (1873),  'Danish  Days'  (1874),  'A  Visit  to  Stratford'  (187S), 
and  'New  Zealand:  her  Commerce  and  Resources'   (1884). 

GRIFFIN,  T.  M.,  Mrs.  Poet.  She  was  born  in  Alabama,  but 
afterward  removed  to  Texas.  She  -contributed  both  prose  and  verse  to 
current  literature  and  published  a  volume  of  poems. 

GRIFFITH,  H.  P.  Educator  and  author.  [S.C.].  He  wrote  a 
'Life  of  the  Reverend  John  G.  Landfum'  (Philadelphia,  H.  B.  Garner, 
1885). 

GRIFFITH,  MATTIK  Poet.  [Ky.].  She  published  a  volume 
of  poems.     The  author  was  a  relative  of  Edward  Bulwer,  Lord  Lytton. 

GRIFFITH,  THOMAS  W.  Historian.  [Md.].  He  published 'The 
Early  History  of  Baltimore'  (1821),  and  'The  Annals  of  Baltimore'  (1824). 

GRIGSBY,  HUGH  BLAIR,  historical  scholar  and  writer,  was 
born  in  Norfolk,  Va.,  November  22,  1806,  and  died  in  Charlotte  County, 
Va.,  April  28,  1881.  He  devoted  himself  to  literature  and  agriculture 
and  became  an  authority  on  the  history  of  Virginia.  For  some  time  he 
held  the  office  of  chancellor  of  William  and  Mary  College.  He  made 
frequent  contributions  to  The  Southern  Literary  Messenger,  wrote  nu- 
merous historical  papers  and  published  a  'Discourse  on  the  Honorable 
Littleton  W.  Tazewell'  (Norfolk,  1860).  William  and  Mary  College  gave 
him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

GRIMES,  J.  H.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Tenn.].  He  wrote  a  'His- 
tory of  Middle  Tennessee  Baptists'  (1903). 

GRIMKE,  FREDERICK,  jurist,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
September  1,  1791,  and  was  a  son  of  Judge  J.  F.  Grimke.  On  completing 
his  education  he  settled  in  Ohio,  studied  law,  and  was  eventually  ele- 


174  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

vated  to  the  Bench.  He  published  'Ancient  and  Modern  Literature' 
and  'Nature  and  Tendencies  of  Free  Institutions.'  He  died  in  Chillicothe, 
Ohio,  March  8,   1863. 

GRIMK6,  JOHN  FAUCHERAUD,  jurist,  was  born  in  South 
Carolina  December  16,  1752,  and  died  at  Long  Branch,  N.  J.,  August 
9,  1819.  For  many  years  he  occupied  an  honored  position  on  the  Bench 
of  South  Carolina.  Toward  the  close  of  his  life  he  became  involved 
in  litigation  and  an  effort  was  made  to  impeach  him  but  it  was  unsuc- 
cessful. He  published  'Revised  Edition  of  the  Laws  of  South  Carolina 
to  1789,'  'Law  of  Executors  for  South  Carolina,'  'Probate  Directory,' 
'Public  Law  of  South  Carolina,'  and  'Duty  of  Justices  of  the  Peace.' 
Princeton  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

GRIMKE,  SARAH  MOORE.  Reformer.  Her  father  was  Judge 
J.  F.  Grimke,  of  the  South  Carolina  Bench,  and  she  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C.,  November  6,  1792,  and  died  at  Hyde  Park,  N.Y.,  December  23, 
1873.  Emancipating  her  negroes,  she  became  an  avowed  foe  to  the 
system  of  slavery,  lecturing  and  writing  upon  this  subject,  and  also 
advocating  women's  rights.  She  translated  Lamartine's  'Joan  of  Arc,' 
wrote  'An  Epistle  to  the  Clergy  of  the  Southern  States,'  and  published  'Let- 
ters on  the  Condition  of  Woman  and  the  Equality  of  the  Sexes.' 

GRIMKE,  THOMAS  SMITH,  reformer,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  September  26,  1786,  and  died  near  Columbus,  Ohio,  October 
11,  1834.  His  father  was  Judge  J.  F.  Grimke,  the  distinguished  jurist. 
He  became  an  eminent  lawyer,  but  his  best  efforts  were  given  to  tem- 
perance reform,  in  which  cause  he  was  one  of  the  earliest  pioneers. 
He  also  endeavored  to  adjust  the  irregularities  of  spelling.  He  published 
'Addresses  on  Science,  Education,  and  Literature'  (New  Haven,  1831). 

GRISWOLD,  CAROLINE.     [S.C.].    Poems. 

GRUNDY,  FELIX.  Statesman.  He  was  born  in  Berkeley 
County,  Va.,  September  11,  1777,  and  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  December 
19,  1840.  For  some  time  he  was  chief-justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Appeals  of  Kentucky;  but,  finding  the  salary  too  small  to  enable  him  to 
make  ends  meet,  he  resigned  and  later  removed  to  Tennessee.  He  achieved 
eminence  in  criminal  law  practice ;  became  a  member  of  Congress ;  was 
chosen  a  commissioner  to  adjust  the  boundary  line  dispute  with  Ken- 
tucky; was  elected  United  States  Senator;  on  the  accession  of  Presi- 
dent Van  Buren,  was  called  into  the  Cabinet  as  Attorney-general;  and 
relinquishing  this  portfolio  was  again  chosen  United  States  Senator. 
Except  in  the  'Debates  of  Congress,'  none  of  his  speeches  has  been  pre- 
served; but  he  was  one  of  the  most  influential  of  Tennessee's  public 
men. 

GUILD,   JOSEPHUS   C.    Lawyer.      [Tenn.].     He   was   born   in 

1802  and  died  in  1883.  He  published  an  interesting  volume  of  recol- 
lections entitled  'Old  Times  in  Tennessee.' 

GUNBY,  ANDREW  AUGUSTUS.  Jurist.  He  was  born  in 
Georgia  in  1849,  but  settled  in  Louisiana  for  the  practice  of  law,  he  be- 
came an  occupant  of  the  Bench,  and  published  'Colonel  John  Gunby  of 
the  Maryland  Line'  (New  Orleans,  1902),  and  'Louisiana  Authors.' 

GUNTER.  BESSIE  E.  [Va.].  She  published  'The  Housekeep- 
er's Companion.' 

GUTHEIM,  JAMES  KOPPEL,  rabbi,  was  born  in  Westphalia, 
November  IS,  1817,  and  died  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  May  11,  1886.  For 
years  he  was  the  minister  of  Temple  Sinai  in  New  Orleans,  and  a  collection 
of  sermons  entitled  'The  Temple  Pulpit'  is  his  contribution  to  letters. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        175 

GWIN,  WILLIAM  McKENDREE,  United  States  Senator,  was 
born  in  Sumter  County,  Tenn.,  October  9,  1805,  and  died  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  September  3,  1885.  After  serving  for  one  term  in  Congress 
from  Mississippi,  he  removed  to  California  and  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate,  John  C.  Fremont  being  his  colleague.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  Civil  War  he  was  arrested  on  the  charge  of  disloyalty  and  im- 
prisoned until  1863,  when  he  went  to  Paris  and  became  interested  in  a 
scheme  to  colonize  Sonoro  with  Southerners,  but  it  failed  to  meet  with 
success.    In  the  campaign  of  1876,  he  actively  supported  Samuel  J.  Tilden. 

GWYN,  LAURA,  poet,  of  South  Carolina,  was  born  in  1833  and 
published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Miscellaneous  Poems'  (1860). 
She  resided  at  one  time  in  Greenville,  where  her  husband  was  pastor 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  "The  Valley  Flower"  is  perhaps 
the  best  known  of  her  poems. 

HABERSHAM,  ALEXANDER  WYLLY,  naval  officer  and  mer- 
chant, was  born  of  Southern  parents  in  the  city  of  New  York,  March 
24,  1826,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  March  26,  1883.  He  became  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  navy,  but  resigned  to  engage  in  business  in  Japan.  He 
returned  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  and  was  for  six  months 
a  prisoner  at  Fort  McHenry.  After  the  close  of  hostilities  he  engaged 
in  business  in  Baltimore.  Besides  numerous  articles,  he  published  'My 
Last  Cruise,'  an  account  of  the  United  States  North  Pacific  exploring 
expedition  (Philadelphia,  1857). 

HAGUE,  PARTHENIA  ANTOINETTE,  Mrs.  Writer.  [Fla.]. 
She  wrote  an  interesting  personal  narrative  of  adventure  entitled  'A 
Blockaded  Family;  or.  Life  in  Southern  Alabama  during  the  Civil  War' 
(1888). 

HAINES,  HIRAM,  poet,  was  born  in  Culpeper  County,  Va.  In 
the  preface  to  his  work  entitled  'Mountain  Buds  and  Blossoms,  Wove 
in  a  Rustic  Garland'  (Petersburg,  1825),  the  author  tells  us  that  he  was 
trained  to  the  plow ;  but  he  was  also  editor  and  proprietor  of  The  Ameri- 
can Constitution,  a  newspaper  published  in  Petersburg.  There  is  a  sug- 
gestion of  Burns  in  some  of  the  quaint  mannerisms  of  the  poet.  But 
the  chief  claim  of  the  volume  does  not  lie  in  this  fact.  He  was  in  love 
with  Virginia;  and  the  work  is  the  first  attempt  to  celebrate  adequately 
the  glories  of  the  State,  every  river  and  mountain,  every  legend  and 
myth  receiving  the  homage  of  his  harp.  The  opening  poem  of  the  col- 
lection is  "The  Virginiad." 

HAINS,  THORNTON  JENKINS.  Author.  He  was  born  in 
Washington,  D.C.,  November  14,  1866,  a  son  of  General  P.  C.  Hains, 
and  a  grandson  of  Admiral  Thornton  Hains.  After  an  experience  at 
sea  he  adopted  literature  as  a  profession.  His  fascinating  stories  which 
deal  largely  with  ocean  adventures,  include :  'Captain  Gore's  Court- 
ship' (1896),  'The  Wind- Jammers'  (1898),  'The  Wreck  of  the  Cone- 
maugh'  (1899),  'Mr.  Trummell'  (1900),  'The  Cruise  of  the  Petrel'  (1901), 
'The  Strife  of  the  Sea'  (1903),  'The  Black  Barque'  (1905),  and  'The 
Voyage  of  the  Arrow'  (1906).  He  resides  in  Bensonhurst,  N.Y.,  where 
he  owns  many  small  vessels. 

HAKLUYT,  RICHARD.  Editor.  [England].  He  was  born  in 
1553  and  died  in  1616.  He  published  a  number  of  important  documents 
relating  to  the  first  attempts  of  the  English  to  establish  settlements 
in  North  America.  Years  after  his  death  the  collection  was  issued  in 
four  volumes  (London,  1809-1812). 


176  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

HALBERT,  HENRY  SALE.  Archaeologist  and  author.  He 
was  born  in  Pickens  County,  Ala.,  January  14,  1837,  a  son  of  Percival 
Pickens  and  Jane  Owen  Halbert,  and  was  educated  at  Union  Univer- 
sity, Murfreesboro,  Tenn.  He  served  with  Texas  troops  in  campaigns 
against  the  Kiowa  and  Comanche  Indians;  also  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  the  Sixth  Texas  Cavalry  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  and 
fought  until  the  close  of  hostilities.  He  taught  in  various  schools 
and  colleges  for  more  than  thirty  years  and  was  also  colonization 
agent  for  the  removal  of  the  Choctaw  Indians.  He  is  engaged  at 
present  in  historical  and  archaeological  investigations  in  Montgomery, 
Ala.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  the  periodicals,  he  has  writ- 
ten an  excellent  'History  of  the  Creek  War  of  1813-1814.' 

HALE,  PHILIP  THOMAS.  Educator  and  clergyman.  He  was 
born  in  Madison  County,  Ala.,  August  18,  1857,  a  son  of  Dr. 
P.  P.  Hale,  and  graduated  from  Howard  College  with  high  honors, 
afterward  taking  the  theological  course  at  the  Southern  Baptist  Theo- 
logical Seminary.  He  married,  in  Mayfield,  Ky.,  December  9,  1885, 
Lena  Lyle  Bolinger.  lie  has  held  numerous  important  pastorates,  and 
in  1904  became  president  of  the  Southwestern  Baptist  University,  at 
Jackson,  Tenn.,  and  in  1907,  corresponding  secretary  of  the  Baptist 
Education  Society  of  Kentucky.  Besides  writing  'Letters  on  an  Eu- 
ropean Tour,'  and  'Letters  on  a  Tour  Through  Greece,  Turkey,  Egypt, 
and  the  Holy  Land,'  he  has  edited  the  Birmingham  Baptist.  He  holds  the 
D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees. 

HALE,  SARAH  ALICE.  Missionary.  [Tenn.].  She  was  born 
in  1856.  She  labored  for  several  years  in  Mexico  and  published  'Mer- 
cedes, a  Story  of  Mexico'  (1894). 

HALE,  WILL  T.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  V., 
page  2025. 

HALL,  CHARLES  HENRY,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Augusta, 
Ga.,  November  7,  1820.  Entering  the  ministry  of  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church,  he  became  an  eminent  divine  and  held  numerous  important 
pastorates,  including  the  Church  of  the  Epiphany,  Washington,  D.C.,  and 
Holy  Trinity,  Brooklyn,  N.Y.  He  published  'Commentaries  on  the  Gos- 
pels' (Philadelphia,  1867),  'Protestant  Ritualism'  (New  York,  1871,  and 
'Spina  Christi.'  _  Hobart  and  Columbia  both  gave  him  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Divinity. 

HALL,  ELIZA  CALVERT,  author,  was  born  in  Bowling  Green, 
Ky.,  February  11,  1856,  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Chalmers  Calvert,  and  was 
educated  chiefly  under  private  tutors.  Besides  numerous  short  stories 
and  sketches  she  has  published  'Aunt  Jane  of  Kentucky'  (Boston,  Little, 
Brown  and  Company,  1907),  an  exquisite  work  portraying  rural  life  in 
the  Blue  Grass  region.  For  several  years  past  she  has  also  been  prom- 
inent in  various  reform  movements.  She  married,  July  8,  1885,  Major 
William  A.  Obenchain.    Her  home  is  in  Bowling  Green,  Ky. 

HALL,  HARRISON,  author,  was  born  in  Octarara,  Md.,  Novem- 
ber 5,  1785,  and  died  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  March  9,  1866.  He  edited 
'The  Portfolio'  and  published  a  work  on  'Distillation,'  which  was  re- 
printed in  England. 

HALL,  JAMES.  Presbyterian  clergyman.  He  was  born  in 
1744  and  died  in  1826.  His  work  entitled  'The  History  of  Mississippi 
Territory,'  which  was  piiblished  at  Salisbury,  N.C.,  in  1801,  is  the  first 
historical  account  of  Mississippi.  He  also  wrote  an  account  of  one  of 
his  missionary  tours  in  North  Carolina. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS        17? 

HALL,  JOHN  LESLIE.  Professor  of  English  language  and 
literature  in  William  and  Mary  College.  He  was  born  in  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  March  2,  18S6,  a  son  of  Jacob  Hall,  Jr.,  and  was  educated 
at  Randolph-Macon  College  and  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  (Ph.D.). 
He  married,  April  30,  1889,  Margaret  Fenwick  Farland.  He  is  an 
authority  on  Anglo-Saxon  philology.  Among  his  published  works, 
which  include  some  important  contributions  to  EngliGh  philology, 
are:  a  'Translation  of  Beowolf  (Boston,  D.  C.  Heath  and  Com- 
pany), 'Old  English  Idylls'  (Boston,  Ginn  and  Company),  'Judith, 
Phoenix,  and  Other  Anglo-Saxon  Poems'  (New  York  and  Boston,  Sil- 
vere,  Burdett  and  Company).  Besides,  in  conjunction  with  Professors 
Baskerville  and  Harrison,  he  has  edited  an  'Anglo-Saxon  Reader'  (New 
York,  A.  S.  Barnes  and  Company).  The  sketch  of  John  Tyler  in 
'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen.  He  resides  in 
Williamsburg,  Va. 

HALL,  LYMAN.  Educator.  For  several  years  he  was  president 
of  the  Georgia  School  of  Technology,  in  Atlanta,  Ga. ;  and  his  death  in 
the  prime  of  life  was  due  largely  to  his  zeal  for  the  welfare  of  this 
institution.  He  published  a  text-book  on  'Algebra'  (New  York,  1890), 
and  a  'Life  of  Henry  W.  Grady'   (New  York,  189S). 

HALL,  MARGARET  SCOTT,  writer,  was  born  in  Sumter  County, 
Ga.,  October  16,  1864.  Her  maiden  name  was  Margaret  Melissa  Scott, 
and  her  girlhood  days  were  spent  in  Texas.  The  author's  prose  and 
verse  are  well  known;  and  liberal  remuneration  has  for  some  time  at- 
tested the  merit  of  her  work.  She  has  published  'Heart  Leaves,'  a  vol- 
ume of  poems  (Elkhart,  Ind.,  The  Mennonite  Publishing  Company, 
1902),  and  'Rhyme  and  Reason,'  in  press.  She  married,  November  30, 
1885,  J.  Benjamin  Hall.    Her  home  is  at  Kirkwood,  Ga. 

HALL,  ROBERT  PLEASANTS,  lawyer  and  poet,  was  born  in 
Chester  District,  S.C,  December  23,  182S,  and  died  in  Macon,  Ga.,  De- 
cember 4,  18S4.  He  was  rapidly  rising  at  the  Bar,  when  ill  health  over- 
took him ;  but  at  leisure  intervals  he  continued  to  exercise  an  unusual  talent 
for  verse  until  the  end  of  his  short  life,  publishing  a  volume  of  'Poems 
by  a  South  Carolinian'  (Charleston,  1848),  besides  numerous  manuscripts', 
among  them  a  contemplative  poem  on  Andre  Chenier;  "Winona,"  a 
legend  of  the  Dakotahs,  and  "The  Cherokee." 

HALL,  WILLIAM  WHITTY.  Physician.  He  was  born  in  Paris, 
Ky.,  in  1810,  and  died  in  the  city  of  New  York,  May  10,  1876.  For 
fifteen  years  he  practiced  medicine  in  the  South,  after  which  he  re- 
moved to  New  York  and  published  Hall's  Journal  of_  Health.  He  wrote 
numerous  medical  books,  including  'Health  .and  Disease,'  'Sleep,'  'Fun 
Better  Than  Physic,'  and  'Health  by  Good  Living.' 

HALLECK,  REUBEN  POST.  Educator.  He  was  born  at 
Rocky  Point,  Long  Island,  N.Y.,  February  8,  18S9_,  a  son  of  the  Rev. 
Luther  Calvin  and  Fannie  Tuthill  Halleck.  He  enjoyed  superior  edu- 
cational advantages,  culminating  with  a  diploma  from  Yale.  After 
teaching  in  various  academies,  he  became  principal  of  the  Louisville, 
Ky.,  Male  High  School  in  1896.  Besides  occasional  lectures  on  educa- 
tional topics,  his  literary  productions  include :  'Psychology  and  Psychic 
Culture'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company),  'The  Education  of 
the  Central  Nervous  System'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company), 
and  a  'History  of  English  Literature'   {ibid.). 

HALLOWELL,  ALICE.  Writer.  She  was  born  in  Maryland, 
but  afterward  lived  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  She  published  'Forget' 
me-not:  or.  Sunshine  in  Affliction'  (1893). 


178  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

HALLUM,  JOHN.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in  Tennessee  in  1833, 
but  afterward  settled  in  Arkansas.  He  published  a  'History  of  Arkansas' 
(1887),  'The  Diary  of  an  Old  Lawyer'  (189S),  and  'Life  on  the  Frontier.' 

HALLUM,  MATTIE  A.  Poet.  [Ark.].  Born  in  1872.  She  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Clay,  and  Other  Poems.' 

HALSEY,  LEROY  JONES,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Goochland 
County,  Va.,  in  1812.  On  completing  his  theological  studies  at  Princeton, 
he  entered  the  Presbyterian  ministry,  held  important  pastorates  at  Jack- 
son, Miss.,  and  Louisville,  Ky.,  and  was  finally  called  to  the  chair  of 
homiletics  in  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Northwest,  at  Chicago,  111. 
He  published  'The  Literary  Attractions  of  the  Bible'  (New  York,  1859), 
'The  Life  and  Pictures  of  the  Bible'  (Philadelphia,  1860),  'The  Beauty 
of  Emanuel,'  'The  Life  and  Work  of  Philip  Lindley,'  in  three  volumes, 
'Memoir  of  Lewis  W.  Green,  D.D.'  (New  York,  1871),  'Living  Chris- 
tianity,' and  'Scotland's  Place  in  Civilization.' 

HALSTEAD,  GEORGE  BRUCE.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
South  Carolina  in  18S3,  and  afterward  settled  in  Texas.  He  published 
a   series   of   text-books   on   higher   mathematics. 

HAM,  MARION  FRANKLIN.  Clergyman.  He  was  born 
in  Harveysburg,  Ohio,  February  18,  1867,  a  son  of  George  W.  and 
Marcia  E.  Ham,  and  was  educated  in  the  common  schools.  He  was 
for  several  years  engaged  in  newspaper  work,  but  entered  the  ministry 
in  1897.  He  was  pastor  of  All  Souls'  Unitarian  Church,  of  Chatta- 
nooga, Tenn.,  for  eight  years,  and  in  190S  became  pastor  of  the  First 
Unitarian  Church,  of  Dallas,  Texas.  He  married,  January  27,  1902, 
Mary  Louise  Jenkins.  He  is  a  writer  of  both  prose  and  verse.  His 
works  include :  'The  Golden  Shuttle,'  a  volume  of  poems,  'The  Mounte- 
bank in  the  Pulpit,'  and  'Kinchin,  the  Knight  of  Faith.' 

HAMBERLIN,  LA  FAYETTE  RUPERT.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch  Vol.  V,  page  2043. 

HAMBLETON,  JAMES  P.  Physician.  He  published  a  'Bio- 
graphical Sketch  of  Henry  A.  Wise'  (1856). 

HAMILL,  HOWARD  M.  Sunday-school  field  worker.  He  was 
born  in  Lowndesboro,  Ala.,  August  10,  1847,  a  son  of  Edward  J.  and 
Anne  Hamill  and  graduated  from  East  Alabama  College,  at  Auburn. 
Despite  his  extreme  youth,  he  served  two  years  in  the  Confederate  Army. 
He  taught  for  some  time  in  Missouri  and  Illinois;  and  then  entered  the 
ministry  of  the  Methodist  Church.  He  married,  in  1885,  Ada  L.  Tuman. 
He  established  in  Illinois  the  first  of  the  State  Sunday-school  Normal 
Departments.  Froni  1896  to  1902  he  was  International  Sunday-school 
field-secretary ;  and  in  1902  became  superintendent  of  the  training  work  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South.  He  holds  the  degree  of  D.D.  In 
connection  with  his  life's  work,  he  has  written :  'The  Bible  and  Its  Books,' 
'Legion  of  Honor  Normal  Course  of  Study,'  'The  Sunday-school  Teacher,' 
and  'International  Lesson  History.'     He  resides  in  Nashville,  Tenn. 

"HAMILTON,  BETSY."     (See   Idora  Plowman   Moore). 

HAMILTON,  JOHN  WILLIAM,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Wes- 
ton, W.Va.,  March  18,  1845.  He  was  educated  in  Ohio;  and,  entering 
the  Methodist  ministry,  he  founded  the  People's  Church,  in  Boston.  He 
published  a  'Memorial  of  Jesse  Lee,'  'Lives  of  the  Methodist  Bishops,' 
and  'The  People's  Church  Pulpit.'  Baker  University  gave  him  the  de- 
gree of  D.D. ;  Southern  California  and  De  Pauw  Universities  the  degree 
of  LL.D. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS        179 

HAMILTON,  JOSEPH  GREGOIRE  DE  ROULLIAC,  educa- 
tor, was  born  at  Hillsboro,  N.C.,  August  6,  1878.  Besides  articles  for 
reviews  and  magazines  he  has  published  'Reconstruction  in  North  Caro- 
lina' (1906),  and  'Correspondence  of  Jonathan  Worth'  (1909).  He  is  a 
professor  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina. 

HAMILTON,  M.  J.  R.,  Mrs.  Author.  [Ga.].  She  wrote  'Catchet: 
or.  The  Secret  Sorrow,'  a  novel  (New  York,  1873). 

HAMILTON,  PETER.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in  1817  and  died  in 
1888.  He  compiled  the  Alabama  Code  of  1888  and  framed  the  Alabama 
Debt  Settlement  Act.  He  also  contributed  numerous  essays  to  law 
journals,  some  of  the  most  important  being:  "The  Theory  of  the  Elec- 
tion of  the  President,"  "An  Elective  Judiciary,"  and  "The  Jury  System." 
He  was  a  man  of  distinguished  attainments. 

HAMILTON,  PETER.  JOSEPH.  Lawyer  and  author.  He 
was  born  in  Mobile,  Ala.,  March  19,  18S9.  His  fathei*  was  Peter  Hamil- 
ton and  his  mother  Anna  M.  Beers.  After  graduation  from  Princeton, 
he  attended  the  University  of  Leipsic,  and  subsequently  took  law  at 
the  universities  of  Virginia  and  Alabama.  He  is  now  one  of  the  lead- 
ing members  of  the  Mobile  Bar.  His  works  are  numerous  and  im- 
portant. They  include:  'Rambles  in  Historic  Lands'  (New  York,  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons),  'Colonial  Mobile'  (Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and 
Company),  'Colonization  of  the  South,'  being  Vol.  HI  of  the  'History 
of  North  America,'  'The  Reconstruction  Period,'  being  Vol.  XVI  of 
the  same  series,  and,  in  collaboration  with  Hannis  Taylor,  a  volume 
on  'International  Public  Law'  (Chicago,  Callaghan  and  Company). 
Besides,  he  assisted  in  the  compilation  of  the  Code  of  Alabama  and 
other  legal  volumes.  The  sketch  of  Alexander  B.  Meek  in  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen.  He  also  delivered 
the  Bi-Centennial  Oration  at  Mobile  in  1902. 

HAMILTON,  WILLIAM  T.  Presbyterian  clergyman.  He  was 
born  in  1796  and  died  in  1884,  having  been  for  many  years  pastor  of  the 
Government  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  Mobile,  Ala.  Besides  nu- 
merous published  sermons  and  tracts,  he  delivered  addresses  at  some 
of  the  leading  colleges  of  the  South,  being  in  constant  demand  as  an 
orator;  and  several  of  these  addresses  were  printed  in  pamphlet  form. 
The  principal  ones  were  on  "The  Importance  of  Knowledge,"  "Elo- 
quence," "Usefulness,"  and  "Truth." 

HAMLETT,  LIZZIE,  Mrs.  Poet.  [Texas].  She  published  'The 
Pleasures  of  Home,  and  Other  Poems.' 

HAMMOND,  CHARLES,  lawyer  and  editor,  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  in  1779,  and  died  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  April  3,  1840.  For 
several  years  he  practiced  law  in  Virginia  but  eventually  moved  to  Ohio, 
He  edited  The  Federalist  and  The  Gazette,  published  a  series  of  articles  in 
defence  of  General  St.  Clair,  and  nine  volumes  of  'Ohio  Reports'  (Cin- 
cinnati, 1833-1840). 

HAMMOND,  HENRIETTA  HARDY,  Mrs.  Author.  [Va.]. 
She  was  born  in  1854  and  died  in  1883.  Mrs.  Hammond  wrote  'The 
Georgians'  and  'A  Fair  Philosopher,'  besides  numerous  short  stories  and 
sketches.  The  promise  of  an  exceptionally  bright  career  was  never  ful- 
filled, owing  to  her  premature  death. 

HAMMOND,  JAMES  HENRY.  Statesman.  He  was  born  in 
Newberry  District,   S.C,  November  IS,  1807,  and  died  on  Beech  Island, 


180  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

S.C,  November  13,  1864.  On  completing  his  studies  at  South  Carolina 
College,  he  edited  at  Columbia;  for  several  years.  The  Southern  Times 
and  advocated  nullification.  He  was  an  ardent  supporter  of  Calhoun. 
From  1842  to  1844  he  was  governor  of  South  Carolina.  Several  years 
later  he  took  his  seat  in  the  United  States  Senate  and  served  until  the 
outbreak  of  hostilities.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  the  press  on 
public  topics,  he  published  'The  Pro-Slavery  Argument'  (Charleston, 
18S3),  also  an  address  on  the  death  of  John  C.  Calhoun,  which  he  de- 
livered by  invitation  of  the  city  council  of  Charleston,  and  which  was 
afterward  printed  in  pamphlet  form. 

HAMMOND,  JOHN.  Author.  He  was  one  of  Virginia's  pioneer 
writers,  born  in  1635,  died  in  1712,  and  published  'Two  Sisters,  Leah 
and  Rachael.' 

HAMMOND,  MARCUS  CLAUDIUS  MARCELLUS,  soldier, 
was  born  in  Newberry  District,  S.C,  December  12,  1814,  and  died  on 
Beech  Island,  S.C,  January  23,  1876.  He  was  educated  at  West  Point 
but  resigned  from  the  Army  on  account  of  impaired  health,  and  became 
a  planter.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Mexican  War  he  reenlisted  and  was 
appointed  paymaster.  When  peace  was  concluded  he  returned  to  agri- 
cultural pursuits.  He  held  numerous  commissions  in  the  State  militia 
from  1849  to  1853.  Besides  numerous  essays  on  various  topics,  he  wrote 
"A  Critical  History  of  the  Mexican  War,"  which  appeared  serially  in  The 
Southern  Quarterly  Review. 

HAMMOND,  WILLIAM  ALEXANDER,  physician  and  author, 
was  born  in  Annapolis,  Md.,  August  28,  1828.  He  resigned  from  the 
United  States  Army  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment to  become  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  University  of  Maryland, 
but  reenlisted  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  and  in  1862  became  sur- 
geon-general. On  the  charge  of  irregularities  in  the  award  of  liquor 
contracts  he  was  court-martialed  in  1864  and  dismissed;  but  fourteen 
years  later  the  case  was  reviewed  by  Act  of  Congress,  and  he  was  re- 
stored to  the  rolls  on  the  retired  list.  Besides  contributing  to  current 
literature,  he  founded  and  edited  the  Maryland  and  Virginia  Medical 
Journal  and  other  periodicals,  and  published  numerous  medical  books, 
among  them,  'Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System,'  which  has  been  trans- 
lated into  both  French  and  Italian.  He  also  made  a  number  of  trans- 
lations and  wrote  several  novels  of  fascinating  interest,  including  'Robert 
Severne'  (1867),  'Lai'  (1884),  'Dr.  Grattan'  (1884),  'Mr.  Oldmixon' 
(1885),  'A  Strong-minded  Woman'  (1886),  and  'On  the  Susquehanna' 
(1887).     He  died  in  1900. 

HAMPTON,    KATE    PHELAN.      (Mrs.    Wade    Hampton,    Jr.). 

[S.C.].    She  published  'A  Flag  of  Truce,  and  Other  Stories'  (1898). 

HAMPTON,  WADE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
V,  page  2061. 

HANCOCK,  ELIZABETH  HAZLEWOOD.  Author.  [Va.].  In 
a  work  entitled  'Betty  Pembroke'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The 
Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907),  she  portrays  the  typical  Virginia  girl. 

HANCOCK,  S.  J.  Author.  [Ky.].  He  wrote  'The  Montanas,'  and 
'Confession,  a  Tale  of  the  Stars  and  Clouds,'  besides  minor  works. 

HANDLIN,  W.  W.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  a  volume  of 
some  interest  entitled  'American  Politics :  a  Moral  and  Political  Work 
on  the  Civil  War'  (New  Orleans,  1864). 

HANDY,  ALEXANDER  HAMILTON,  jurist,  was  born  at  Prin- 
cess Anne.  Md.,  December  25,  1809,  and  died  at  Canton,  Miss.,  September 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        181 

12,  1883.  After  being  admitted  to  the  Bar,  he  settled  in  Mississippi, 
and  was  for  several  years  judge  of  the  high  court  of  errors.  He  then 
returned  to  Baltimore  and  for  some  time  filled  the  chair  of  law  in  the 
University  of  Maryland,  but  eventually  went  back  to  Mississippi.  He 
was  an  ardent  champion  of  secession.  His  decisions,  which  bear  the 
impress  of  his  strong  individuality,  are  embraced  in  volumes  26-41  of 
the  'Mississippi  Reports.'  He  published  in  pamphlet  form  "Secession  Con- 
sidered as  a  Right,"  and  "A  Parallel  between  James  the  Second  and 
Abraham   Lincoln." 

HANNA,  ELIZABETH  H.,  educator,  was  born  in  the  state  of 
Louisiana.  Her  father  was  James  Jackson  Hanna,  whose  family  coat- 
of-arms,  according  to  'Burke's  Peerage,'  dates  from  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury. Her  mother  was  Ellen  Cooper,  daughter  of  Dr.  Thomas  Cooper, 
the  second  president  of  South  Carolina  College.  She  taught  for  thirteen 
years  in  the  public  schools  of  Atlanta,  and  then  organized  the  select 
school  of  which  she  has  ever  since  been  the  principal.  She  is  the  author 
of  two  successful  plays  entitled  "The  Court  of  Juno,"  and  "High  Moun- 
tain"; and  also  of  an  unpublished  historical  work  entitled  'The  Epitome 
of  the  Centuries.' 

HANSON,  ALEXANDER  CONTEE,  jurist,  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  October  22,  1749.  For  some  time  he  was  private  secretary 
and  afterward  aide  to  Washington,  but  ill  health  constrained  him  to  re- 
sign the  latter  appointment.  He  was  the  first  judge  of  the  General 
Court  of  Maryland  and  later  became  chancellor  of  the  State.  Besides 
compiling  the  laws  of  Maryland  and  preparing  a  'Digest  of  the  Testa- 
mentary System,'  he  wrote  a  number  of  articles  on  political  topics,  and 
some  of  them  have  been  preserved  by  the  Historical  Society  of  Maryland 
under  the  name  of  'The  Hanson   Pamphlets.' 

HANSON,  GEORGE  A.  [Md.].  He  published  'Old  Kent,  the 
Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland'  (1876). 

HARBEN,  WILL  N.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
V,  page  2073. 

HARBY,  ISAAC,  editor  and  dramatist,  was  born  in  Charleston, 
S.C,  of  Jewish  descent,  in  1788  and  was  educated  under  the  celebrated 
Dr.  Best.  He  relinquished  law  for  journalism  and  edited  at  different 
times  The  Quiver  and  The  Southern  Patriot  Both  as  a  playwright  and 
a  critic  he  became  widely  known.  Among  his  dramatic  productions  were 
"The  Gordian  Knot"  "Alexander  Severus,"  and  "Albert."  The  last  was 
founded  on  the  history  of  Lorenzo  de  Medici.  Going  to  New  York  in 
1828,  he  contributed  to  The  Evening  Post,  but  died  before  the  end  of  the 
year.  Selections  from  his  writings  were  edited  in  1829  by  Henry  L. 
Pinckney  and  Abraham  Moise.  He  died  in  New  York,  November  14, 
1828. 

HARBV,  LEE  COHEN.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Charleston, 
S.C, 'Sept  :mber  7,  1849,  a  daughter  of  Marx  E.  and  Armida  Cohen. 
She  was  e  lucated  at  home  and  married  John  De  La  Motta  Harby,  son 
of  Captain  L.  C.  Harby  of  the  United  States  Navy,  subsequently  of  the 
Confederate  States  Navy.  She  lived  for  several  years  in  Texas,  divid- 
ing her  time  between  Galveston  and  Houston;  afterward  in  New  York 
for  ten  years.  She  now  resides  in  Charleston,  S.C,  her  girlhood's 
home.  Among  various  other  organizations,  she  is  a  member  of  the  In- 
corporated Society  of  Authors,  of  London,  a  member  of  the  Daughters 
of  the  American  Revolution,  and  a  director  in  the  United  Daughters 
of  the  Confederacy.  She  has  written  some  excellent  verse  and  re- 
ceived a  prize  of  one  hundred  dollars  for  the  words  to  the  official 


182  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

flag  song  of  Texas.  Hef  stories,  which  are  vividly  written,  include: 
•Christmas  Before  the  War,'  'In  the  Days  When  We  Were  Young,' 
'The  City  of  a  Prince,'  'The  Old  Stone  Fort  of  Nacogdoches,'  'Texan 
Types  and  Contrasts,'  'Judy  Robinson,  Milliner,'  and  'Romance  of 
an  Old  Town.'  She  has  made  frequent  contributions  both  in  prose 
and  in  verse  to  the  periodicals,  and  her  gifts  are  of  the  highest  order. 

HARDEE,  WILLIAM  JOSEPH.  He  was  born  in  Camden 
County,  Ga.,  in  1815,  and  was  educated  at  West  Point.  After  serving 
with  distinction  in  Florida  and  Mexico,  he  entered  the  Confederate 
service  with  the  rank  of  colonel  and  attained  to  a  lieutenant- 
generalship.  He  was  attached  to  the  Army  of  the  West  until  the  close 
of  the  Atlanta  Campaign,  when  he  was  put  in  command  of  Savannah. 
After  the  war  he  resided  in  Selma,  Ala.  His  work  on  'Rifle  and  In- 
fantry Tactics,'  which  was  published  at  Mobile,  in  1861,  is  still  ranked 
among  the  standard  authorities.  He  died  at  Wytheville,  Va.,  Novem- 
ber 6,  1873,  but  was  buried  in  Selma,  Ala. 

HARDEN,  EDWARD  JENKINS,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born 
of  sturdy  old  Revolutionary  stock  in  Bryan  County,  Ga.,  November  19, 
1813,  and  was  the  son  of  Thomas  H.  Harden,  his  mother  being  Matilda 
Amanda  Baker,  daughter  of  Colonel  John  Baker.  Though  a  lawyer  of 
distinguished  attainments,  he  found  time  for  literary  diversions,  and  wrote 
'The  Life  of  George  M.  Troup'  (Savannah,  E.  J.  Purse,  18S2),  and 
'Notes  of  a  Short  Northern  Tour'  (Savannah,  J.  H.  Estill,  1869).  The 
first  work  is  the  only  authoritative  biographical  account  in  existence  of 
one  of  the  most  commanding  figures  in  the  history  of  Georgia ;  and  the 
second  work  is  in  Latin,  the  edition  having  been  limited  to  one  hundred 
copies.  His  wife  was  Sophia  H.  Maxwell.  He  died  at  Indian  Springs, 
Ga.,  April  19,  1873. 

HARDEN,  WILLIAM.  Librarian  of  the  Georgia  Historical  So- 
ciety at  Savannah,  in  which  city  he  was  born  November  11,  1844,  the 
son  of  Edward  J.  and  Sophia  Harden.  He  left  school  to  enter  the 
Confederate  Army  and  served  with  distinction.  Later  he  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar,  and  married,  December  11,  1879,  Mary  E.  Davenport.  He 
is  custodian  and  treasurer  of  the  Telfair  Academy  of  Arts  and  Scien- 
ces; organizer  and  secretary  of  the  Georgia  Society  of  the  Sons  of 
the  American  Revolution,  and  became  librarian  of  the  Georgia  His- 
torical Society  in  1869.  He  is  a  writer  on  historical  subjects  for 
various  magazines  and  periodicals. 

HARDEN,  WILLIAM  DEARING,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Athens, 
Ga.,  July  IS,  1837,  of  the  best  colonial  stock.  His  father  was  Thomas 
Hutson  Harden.  He  was  educated  at  Princeton  University,  served  in 
the  Confederate  Army,  practiced  law  in  Savannah  and  held  for  fourteen 
years  the  judgeship  of  the  city  court.  He  published  'An  Inquiry  into 
the  Truth  of  Dogmatic  Christianity,  comprising  a  Discussion  with  a 
Roman  Catholic  Bishop'  XNew  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  1893). 

HARDIN,  CHARLOTTE  PRENTISS,  author,  was  born  in  New 
Orleans,  La.,  December  9,  1882.  Her  maiden  name  was  Charlotte  Pren- 
tiss, and  her  grandfather  was  the  noted  orator,  Sargeant  S.  Prentiss. 
She  became  the  wife  of  William  Johnston  Hardin,  July  6,  1909.  Mrs. 
Hardin  writes  with  an  exquisite  touch  and  much  is  to  be  expected  from  her 
pen.  The  Atlantic  Monthly  has  published  over  her  signature  "Wind- 
Scents"  (1907),  "Chanson  Louis  XIII"  (1908),  and  "Musings  of  a  Pre- 
Raphaelite  Painter"  (1909). 

HARDIN,  MARTIN  D.,  lawyer,  was  born  on  the  Monongahela 
River,   in   Pennsylvania,   June  21,    1780,   and   died   at   Frankfort,   Ky., 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS        183 

October  8,  1823.  He  was  educated  at  Transylvania  College,  in  Kentucky, 
became  a  lawyer  of  distinction,  and  succeeded  William  T.  Barry  in  the 
United  States  Senate.  He  published  'Reports  of  Cases  in  the  Kentucky 
Court  of  Appeals.' 

HARDINGE,  BELLE  BOYD,  Mrs.  [Va.].  She  published  'Belle 
Boyd  in  Camp  and  Prison.' 

HARDY,  ARTHUR  L.,  lawyer  and  author,  of  Hamilton,  Ga.,  is  the 
author  of  a  novel  of  great  power  entitled  'The  Clutch  of  Circumstance' 
(Boston,  The  Mayhew  Publishing  Company,  1909),  which  deals  with  one  of 
the  most  delicate  aspects  of  the  negro  problem. 

HARDY  DAVID  educator,  was  born  in  Vermont,  in  1829.  For 
some  time  he  taught  in  the  English  department  of  Cortland  Academy, 
at  Homer,  N.Y.,  his  alnta  mater,  but  was  afterward  principal  of  the 
preparatory  department  of  Bethel  College,  at  Russellville,  Ky.  His  career 
was  brief;  and,  after  his  early  death  in  1857  there  appeared  a  volume  of 
his  'Poems'  (New  York,  1858),  containing  some  delicate  touches  of 
sentiment. 

HARDY,  JOHN.  [Ala.].  Author  of  'Selma,  her  Institutions  and 
her    Men'  (1879). 

HARKEY,  SIMEON  WALCHER,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Ire- 
dell County,  N.C.,  December  3,  1811,  settled  in  Illinois,  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  the  University  of  the  State.  He  published  'Justi- 
fication by  Faith,'  'The  Value  of  an  Evangelical  Ministry,'  and  other 
volumes,  besides  a  number  of  addresses.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  engaged  in  compiling  'Personal  Reminiscences.'  Wittenberg  College 
gave  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity. 

HARLAN,  JOHN  MARSHALL,  jurist,  was  born  in  Boyle  County, 
Ky.,  June  1,  1833.  After  receiving  his  collegiate  education,  he  chose 
the  law  for  a  profession.  At  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  in  1861,  he  joined 
the  Union  Army  and  served  with  the  rank  of  colonel.  He  was  for  several 
years  attorney-general  of  the  commonwealth,  and  was  twice  an  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  for  governor.  He  served  on  the  Louisiana  Commis- 
sion under  appointment  of  President  Hayes,  by  whom  he  was  also  ele- 
vated to  the  Supreme  Bench  of  the  United  States,  entering  upon  his  long 
and  useful  tenure  of  service  in  1877.  His  decisions,  covering  a  period 
of  more  than  thirty  years,  are  contained  in  the  'Supreme  Court  Reports.' 

"HARLAND,  MARION."     (See  Mary  Virginia  Terhune). 

HARMAN,  HENRY  E.,  publisher  and  poet,  was  born  in  Lexing- 
ton, S.C,  in  1866.  Several  volumes  of  verse  have  come  from  his  gifted 
pen,  among  them,  'In  Peaceful  Valley*  (1901),  'At  the  Gate  of  Dreams' 
(1905),  and  'In  Love's  Domain'  (Charlotte,  N.C.,  Stone  and  Barringer 
Company,  1909).  His  poetry  is  characterized  by  an  exquisite  musical  lilt, 
by  an  artistic  touch,  by  an  original  power  both  of  thought  and  of  versifi- 
cation,' and  by  an  adherence  to  familiar  themes  in  the  development  _  of 
which  is  betrayed  the  dominance  of  high  ideals  of  sentiment.  He  married, 
in  1887,  Ella  S.  Walser  of  Lexington,  N.C.  Mr.  Harman  resides  in 
Atlanta,  Ga. 

HARNEY,  JOHN  HOPKINS,  educator  and  editor,  was  born  in 
Bourbon  County,  Ky.,  February  20,  1806,  and  died  in  Jefferson  County, 
Ky.,  January  27,  1867.  He  published  an  'Algebra'  (Louisville,  1840),  which 
took  high  rank  as  a  text-book  for  advanced  pupils. 


184  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

HARNEY,  JOHN  M.,  poet,  was  born  in  Sussex  County,  Del.,  in 
1780,  but  settled  at  Bardstown,  Ky. ;  and,  barring  a  residence  of  some 
few  years  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  most  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  region  of 
the  Blue  Grass.  He  wrote  a  volume  entitled  'Crystalina,  a  Fairy  Tale 
in  Six  Cantos'  (New  York,  1816),  which  testifies  to  his  poetic  ideals; 
and  some  time  after  his  death  various  fragments  from  his  pen  went  the 
rounds  of  the  press,  the  best  being  one  called  "The  Fever  Dream." 
He  died  in  1823. 

HARNEY,  WILLIAM  WALLACE.  Editor  and  poet.  [Fla.]. 
Besides  essays  and  sketches  he  wrote  numerous  uncollected  poems  of  un- 
usual merit. 

HARNEY,  WILLIAM  WALLACE.  Journalist.  He  was  born  in 
Bloomington,  Ind.,  June  20,  1831,  the  son  of  John  and  Martha  Wal- 
lace Harney,  but  removed  to  Kentucky  in  early  childhood.  He  was 
educated  chiefly  by  private  tutors.  He  taught  school  for  several  years 
and  afterward  became  editor  of  the  Louisville  Detnocrat.  Still  later 
he  removed  to  Florida.  For  years  he  has  been  a  frequent  contributor 
of  both  prose  and  verse  to  the  periodicals,  some  of  his  work  being  of 
high  merit.     He  resides  in  Miami,  Fla. 

HARPER,  ROBERT  GOODLOE,  lawyer,  was  born  near  Fred- 
ericksburg, Va.,  in  1765,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  January  IS,  182S. 
On  completing  his  studies  at  Princeton,  he  settled  for  the  practice  of  law 
in  Charleston,  S.C.,  and  was  soon  afterward  elected  to  Congress,  in 
which  body  he  served  for  six  years  and  left  his  impress  upon  national 
legislation.  He  then  removed  to  Baltimore.  In  the  War  of  1812  he  was 
made  a  major-general  of  Maryland  militia.  He  defended  Judge  Picker- 
ing and  Justice  Chase  against  charges  of  impeachment,  and  was  after- 
ward elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  but  served  only  one  year.  He 
married  the  daughter  of  Charles  Carroll,  of  CarroUton.  Under  the  title 
of  'Select  Works  of  Robert  Goodloe  Harper,'  a  collection  of  his  papers 
and  speeches  was  published  in  1814. 

HARPER,  WILLIAM,  jurist,  was  born  on  the  Island  of  Anti- 
gua, January  17,  1790,  and  died  in  South  Carolina,  October  10,  1847.  He 
became  an  eminent  lawyer  and  was  chancellor  first  of  Missouri  and 
afterward  of  South  Carolina.  Later,  he  became  one  of  the  judges  of 
the  Court  of  Appeals  in  the  latter  State.  He  also  filled  an  unexpired 
term  iri  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  Besides  an  article  on  "Coloniza- 
tion," in  The.  Southern  Review  his  speech  in  Congress  on  "The  Panama 
Mission,"  his  eulogy  on  "Chancellor  DeSaussure,"  and  several  addresses 
in  favor  of  nullification,  were  published. 

HARRELL,  JOHN  M.  Lawyer.  [Ark.].  As  an  officer  of  cav- 
alry he  distinguished  himself  in  the  operations  of  the  West  during  the 
Civil  War.  He  also  achieved  high  rank  at  the  Bar  and  wrote  the  volume 
on  Arkansas  in  'The  Confederate  Military  History'  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  The 
Confederate  Publishing  Company,  1899). 

HARRIS,  CORRA  WHITE,  editorial  writer  and  novelist  of  very 
great  distinction,  was  born  in  Elbert  County,  Ga.,  March  17,  1869.  She 
wrote  at  first  under  the  peri-name  of  "Mrs.  Lundy  H.  Harris."  For  years 
she  has  been  instrumental  in  shaping  public  opinion  through  the  columns 
of  The  Independent,  besides  contributing  essays  and  sketches  to  other 
papers.  She  has  also  published  'The  Jessica  Letters'  (New  York,  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons,  1908),  written  in  collaboration  with  Paul  Elmer  More,  of 
the  New  York  Evening  Post,  also  'The  Circuit  Rider's  Wife'  (1910)  and 
'Eve's  Second  Husband'  (1911).    The  last  two  works  have  given  her  an 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS         185 

international  reputation.  "She  has  just  completed  the  manuscript  of  an- 
other story  entitled:  'The  Recording  Angel'  (1912).  She  resides  in  Nash- 
ville, Tenn. 

HARRIS,  CICERO  WILLIS.  Journalist.  [N.C.].  His  published 
works  mclude  'A  Glance  at  Government'  (1896)  and  'The  Sectional 
Struggle:  Early  Tariffs  and  Nullification'  (Philadelphia,  the  J.  B.  Lip- 
pincott  Company,  1902),  besides  contributions  to  periodicals.  He  re- 
sides in  Washington,  D.C. 

HARRIS,  FRANCES  ALLEN.  Author.  [Ky.].  She  wrote  an 
entertaining  story  of  Kentucky  life  entitled  'Among  the  Meadows'  (New 
York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1905). 

HARRIS,  GEORGE  WASHINGTON.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  2099. 

HARRIS,  GILBERT  D.  Geologist.  He  published  a  work  on 
'The  Geology  of  Louisiana'  (Baton  Rouge,  1899),  which  was  afterward 
twice  revised  and  enlarged. 

HARRIS,  HUNTER  LEE.  Poet.  [N.C.].  He  published  a  col- 
lection of  verse  entitled  'Twilight  Songs  and  Other  Youthful  Poems' 
(1890,  paper  edition). 

HARRIS,  ISHAM  GREEN,  United  States  Senator,  was  born 
near  TuUahoma,  Tenn.,  February  10,  1818,  enjoyed  only  meager  educa- 
tional advantages,  but  studied  law  and  advanced  rapidly  to  the  front. 
Prior  to  the  war  he  served  two  terms  in  Congress  and  was  twice  elected 
governor  of  Tennessee.  He  was  an  aide  on  the  staff  of  General  Albert 
Sidney  Johnston,  who  expired  in  his  arms  on  the  battlefield  of  Shiloh. 
After  the  war  he  spent  some  time  in  Mexico  and  England,  but  eventually 
he  returned  to  Tennessee  and  was  four  times  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate,  serving  from  1877  to  1899.  He  died  in  the  latter  year, 
while  still  occupying  his  seat. 

HARRIS,  JOEL  CHANDLER  ("Uncle  Remus").  See  Biographi- 
cal and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  2111. 

HARRIS,  JULIAN,  editor  and  playwright,  was  born  in  Atlanta, 
Ga.,  the  eldest  son  of  Joel  Chandler  Harris,  the  "Uncle  Remus"  of  South- 
ern literature.  For  several  years  he  was  most  conspicuously  identified  with 
representative  newspapers,  including  the  Chicago  Times-Herald  and  the 
Atlanta  Constitution.  In  1906  he  organized  the  Uncle  Remus  Magazine, 
of  which  he  became  the  business  manager ;  and  on  the  death  of  his  father, 
in  1908,  he  succeeded  to  the  vacant  editorial  chair.  Some  of  his  best 
literary  work  has  appeared  in  this  splendid  periodical,  and  among  other 
monographs  and  essavs  from  his  pen  may  be  mentioned :  "The  Silence  of 
the  Whistle"  (1908), '"Shall  the  Solid  South  Be  Shattered?"  (1909),  and 
"From  the  Standpoint  of  To-day  and  To-morrow"  (1909).  He  has  also 
written  an  excellent  three-act  farce  entitled  'Peter  Callender;  or,  the  Girl 
from  Keith's'  (1909),  which  has  been  accepted  by  Nixon  and  Zimmerman 
of  Philadelphia,  but  has  not  yet  been  published.  Mr.  Harris  resides  in 
Atlanta,  Ga. 

HARRIS,  LOUISA,  Mrs.  Author.  [Mo.].  She  wrote 'Behind  the 
Scenes;  or.  Nine  Years  at  the  Four  Courts'  (1893). 

HARRIS,  LUNDY  H.,  Mrs.     (See  Carra  White  Harris). 

HARRIS,  SAMUEL  SMITH,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop,  was 
born  in  Autauga  County,  Ala.,  September  14,  1841,  and  died  in  London, 
England,  August  24,  1888.    For  several  years  he  practiced  law,  but  con- 


186  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

vinced  that  it  was  his  duty  to  preach  he  was  duly  ordained,  held  nu- 
merous important  pastorates  in.  the  South,  and  was  finally  called  to  Chi- 
cago. On  account  of  his  eloquence  he  became  widely  popular  in  the 
pulpit.  In  1878  he  declined  the  bishopric  of  Quincy;  but  in  1879  accepted 
the  bishopric  of  Michigan.  Besides  occasional  sermons  and  reviews, 
he  published  the  'Bohlen  Lectures'  (Ann  Arbor,  1882),  and  'Shelton,' 
a  novel.  William  and  Mary  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  and  the 
University  of  Alabama,  the  degree  of  LLD. 

HARRIS,  THADDEUS.  Unitariati  clergyman.  Though  he  lived 
and  died  in  Massachusetts,  he  made  an  important  contribution  to  South- 
ern literature  in  a  work  entitled  'The  Biographical  Memoirs  of  James 
Edward  Oglethorpe,  the  Founder  of  the  Colony  of  Georgia'  (1841). 

HARRIS,  WILLIAM  MERCER,  clergyman,  was  born  at  Pen- 
field,  Ga.,  May  28,  1858.  After  completing  his  educational  equipment  he 
entered  the  Baptist  ministry.  At  the  present  time  he  is  pastor  of  a  church 
in  Texarkana,  Texas.  Besides  tracts  and  sermons  he  has  published  sev- 
eral addresses  and  contributed  to  magazines  and  reviews.  He  wrote  the 
sketch  of  Clarence  Ousley  for  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  and 
is  the  author  of  an  unpublished  story.    He  holds  the  degree  of  D.D. 

HARRISON,  BELLE  RICHARDSON.  Poet.  [Ala.].  She  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  verse  (1898). 

HARRISON,  BENJAMIN,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, was  born  in  Berkeley,  Va.,  about  1740  and  died  in  1791.  As 
a  Member  of  the  House  of  Burgesses,  he  opposed  the  Stamp  Act  resolu- 
tions of  Patrick  Henry  as  impolitic;  but  acted  on  the  committee  ap- 
pointed to  memorialize  the  King.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Continental  Congress  for  several  consecutive  terms,  and  signed  the  im- 
mortal documents  which  severed  the  ties  of  union  between  the  Crown 
and  the  Colonies.  In  the  Virginia  convention  of  1788,  he  opposed  the 
ratification  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  taking  the  position  that  the 
government  was  a  national  and  not  a  federal  power.  He  was  several 
tirries  speaker  of  the  Virginia  House  of  Delegates. 

HARRISON,  CONSTANCE  GARY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  2153. 

HARRISON,  EDITH  OGDEN.  Author.  She  was  Edith  Ogden 
of  New  Orleans,  La.  Since  her  marriage  to  Carter  H.  Harrison,  Jr.,  she 
has  lived  in  Chicago.  Several  charming  books  for  children  have  come 
from  her  imaginative  pen,  among  them,  'Prince  Silver  Wings,  and  Other 
Tales'  (Chicago,  A.  C.  McClurg  and  Company,  1904),  'The  Star  Fairies 
and  Other  Tales'  (ibid..  1906),  'The  Moon  Princess'  (ibid.,  1907),  and 
'The  Flaming  Sword,  and  Other  Legends  of  the  Earth  and  Sky'  (ibid., 
1909). 

HARRISON,  ELLENETTA.  Author.  [Ky.].  She  wrote  an  in- 
teresting work  of  fiction  entitled  'A  Kentucky  Romance,'  and  other  novels. 

HARRISON,  GESSNER,  educator  and  physician,  was  born  in 
Harrisonburg,  Va.,  June  26,  1807,  and  died  near  Charlottesville,  Va,. 
April  7,  1862.  He  became  an  eminent  educator  and  established  at  Bel- 
mont, Va.,  a  classical  school  which  attained  wide  celebrity  throughout 
the  South.  He  published  'Exposition  of  Some  of  the  Laws  of  Latin 
Grammar'  (New  York,  1852),  and  'On  Greek  Prepositions'  (Philadelphia, 
1848). 

HARRISON,  HALL,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Anne  Arundel 
County,  Md,     Entering  the  Episcopal  ministry,  he  became  a  divine  of 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        187 

some  note.  He  edited  'Evans  on  the  Christian  Doctrine  of  Marriage' 
(New  York,  1870),  and  published  a  'Memoir  of  Hugh  Davey  Evans,'  and 
a  'Life  of  John  B.  Kerfoot.' 

HARRISON,  JAMES  A.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  V.  page  218S. 

HARRISON,  JOHN  HOFFMAN,  physician,  was  born  in  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  August  30,  1808,  and  died  in  New  Orleans,  March  19, 
1849.  He  became  an  eminent  practitioner,  achieved  signal  results  in  the 
treatment  of  yellow  fever,  and  established  the  New  Orleans  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal.  Besides  numerous  papers,  he  published  'Diseases  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley.' 

HARRISON,  WILLIAM  HENRY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  2203. 

HARRISON,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  lawyer  and  public  official,  was 
born  in  Lumpkin,  Ga„  March  21,  1843.  For  several  years  he  practiced 
law,  but  in  1885  he  became  bookkeeper  for  the  executive  department  of 
the  State  of  Georgia,  and  in  1896  tax  clerk  in  the  office  of  the  comptroller- 
general.  Besides  sundry  contributions  to  the  historical  literature  of  the 
war  between  the  States  and  criticisms  of  publications  relating  to  this  sub- 
ject, he  has  written  verses  for  Southern  songs  and  is  about  to  publish  a 
volume  of  war-time  stories  entitled  'The  Man  with  the  Musket.'  Captain 
Harrison  served  in  the  Confederate  Army  and  commanded  Company  E 
of  the  Thirty-first  Regiment  of  Georgia  Volunteers.  From  1872  to  1883 
he  edited  the  Lumpkin  Independent.  He  married,  May  4,  1869,  Clara  R. 
Rockwell.    He  resides  in  Atlanta,  Ga. 

HARRISON,  W.  S.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman.  [Miss.]. 
He  published  'Sermons'  (1875),  and  'Sam  Williams,  a  Tale  of  the  Old 
South'  (1892). 

HARRISON,  WILLIAM  POPE,  clergyman  and  editor,  was  born 
in  Georgia  in  1830.  Entering  the  ministry,  he  became  one  of  the  most 
noted  scholars  and  divines  of  Southern  Methodism  and  mastered  several 
different  languages.  He  published  'Theophilus  Walton,'  'The  High 
Churchman  Disarmed,"  'The  Living  Christ,'  'The  Majesty  of  Truth,' 
'Methodist  Union,'  'Lights  and  Shadows  of  Forty  Years,*  and,  in  associa- 
tion with  Anna  Maria  Barnes,  'The  Gospel  Among  the  Slaves.'  He  also 
edited  The  Southern  Methodist  Review.  Dr.  Harrison  held  the  D.D. 
and  the  LL.D.  degrees. 

HART,  A.  M.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  a  'History  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley'  (1878). 

HARTSHORNE,  JOSEPH,  physician  and  surgeon,  was  born  in 
Alexandria,  Va.,  December  12,  1779,  and  died  near  Wilmington.  Del., 
August  20,  1850.  He  published  'The  Bones,'  with  an  appendix  and  notes 
(1806),  besides  minor  works. 

HARVEY,  CHARLES  M.  Political  editorial  writer  on  the  St. 
Louis  Globe-Democrat.  He  was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  October  IS, 
1848,  a  son  of  John  and  Elizabeth  Harvey.  In  1886  he  assumed  the 
position  which  he  still  holds.  He  has  contributed  articles  on  political 
and  economic  subjects  to  the  leading  magazines  and  newspapers  and 
has  also  written  the  following  books:  'History  of  the  Republican 
Party,'  'Handbook  of  American  Politics,'  and  'History  of  Missouri.' 

HARVEY,  WILLIAM  HOPE,  economist,  was  born  at  Buffalo, 
W.  Va.,  August  16,  1851,  a  son  of  Colonel  Robert  Harvey.    For  several 


188  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

years  he  practiced  law,  but  afterward  engaged  in  literary  pursuits  and  ac- 
quired an  international  reputation  by  his  ingenious  treatment  of  the  mone- 
tary question  in  American  politics.  His  publications  include:  'Coin's 
Financial  School'  (1894),  'A  Tale  of  Two  Nations'  (1894),  'Coin's  Finan- 
cial School  Up-to-Date'  (189S),  'Patriots  of  America'  (189S),  and 
'Coin  on  Money,  Trusts  and  Imperialism'  (1899). 

HASSELL,  GUSHING  BIGGS.  Author.  [N.C.].  He  was  born 
in  1808  and  died  in  1880.  Mr.  Hassell  published  a  'History  of  the  Church 
of  God  from  the  Creation  to  A.D.  1885,  Including  Especially  the  History 
of  Kehukee  Primitive  Baptist  Association'   (Middletown,  N.Y.,  1886). 

HATCHER,  ELDRIDGE  B.  Baptist  clergyman.  fVa.].  He  pub- 
lished a  work  entitled  'The  Bible  and  the  Monuments'  (1897). 

HATCHER,  JOHN  E.  (G.  W.  Bricks).  Writer.  [Va.].  He  pub- 
lished 'Kate  Lyle'  and  'Poems.' 

HATCHER,  WILLIAM  K  Baptist  clergyman.  He  wrote  a 
'Life  of  Jeremiah  Bell  Jeter'  and  'The  Pastor  and  the  Sunday-school' 
(1902). 

HATTON,  JOHN  W.  Writer.  [Mo.].  He  published  a  volume 
of  verse  entitled  'The  Battle  of  Life'  (1882). 

H  AUGHT  ON,  R.  B.  Author.  [Miss.].  He  wrote  an  important 
document  entitled  'The  Influence  of  the  Mississippi  River'  (Mississippi- 
Historical  Society,  1901). 

HAW,  M.  J.,  Miss.  Author.  [Va.].  She  wrote  'The  Rivals:  a 
Tale  of  the  Chickahominy.' 

HAWKINS,  BENJAMIN,  statesman,  was  born  in  Warren  County, 
N.C,  August  15,  1754,  and  died  at  Hawkinsville,  Ga.,  June  6,  1816.  Fresh 
from  his  studies  at  Princeton,  he  entered  the  Revolution;  and,  on  account 
of  his  proficiency  in  French,  he  was  appointed  by  Washington  interpreter 
between  the  American  and  French  officers  of  his  staff.  He  served  in  Con- 
gress and  also  became  one  of  the  first  Senators  from  North  Carolina.  At 
the  conclusion  of  his  term  of  office,  he  was  appointed  agent  to  superintend 
all  the  Indian  tribes  south  of  the  Ohio.  His  'Journal  of  a  Tour  Through 
the  Creek  Country'  appeared  in  1797.  His  manuscripts  are  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Georgia  Historical  Society  at  Savannah.  Two  of  them, 
'Topography  and  'Indian  Character,'  have  been  published.  Hawkinsville, 
Ga.,  formerly  Fort  Hawkins,  was  named  in  his  honor. 

HAWKINS,  WILLIAM  GEORGE,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  October  22,  1823,  equipped  for  the  Episcopal  priesthood  at  the 
seminary  at  Alexandria,  Va.,  and,  after  serving  an  important  parish  in 
Maryland,  was  called  to  the  North.  He  successively  occupied  wide  fields 
in  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  Nebraska.  He  published 
'The  Life  of  J.  H.  W.  Hawkins,'  his  father,  who  was  a  noted  temperance 
reformer  (Boston,  1859),  and  'Young  America  in  the  Northwest'  (1870), 
besides  minor  works. 

HAWKS,  CICERO  STEPHENS,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop,  was 
born  at  New  Berne,  N.C,  May  26,  1812,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  April 
19,  1868.  He  gave  up  law  for  theology  and  studied  under  Bishop  Free- 
man. New  York  was  for  some  time  the  field  of  his  usefulness;  but  in 
1844  he  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Missouri.  He  contributed  to  various 
journals,  edited  two  religious  juvenile  papers  and  published  'Friday  Chris- 
tian; or,  the  First-born  of  Pitcairn  Island.'  He  was  a  brother  of  Dr. 
Francis  Lister  Hawks. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        189 

HAWKS,  FRANCIS  LISTER.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  2221. 

HAWORTH,  CLARENCE  EVERETT,  physician  and  educator, 
was  born  in  Portland,  Ohio,  May  10,  1860.  For  several  years  past  he  has 
made  his  home  in  Huntington,  W.  Va.,  where  he  is  the  head  of  the  Eng- 
lish department  of  Marshall  College.  For  ten  years  he  owned  and  edited 
the  Huntington  Herald.  Besides  writing  the  sketch  of  Waitman  Barbe 
for  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature,'  he  has  contributed  to  numerous 
periodicals,  both  sacred  and  secular. 

HAWTHORNE,  JAMES  BOARDMAN,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Wilcox  County,  Ala.,  May  16,  1837.  Entering  the  ministry  he  became  one 
of  the  most  eloquent  and  influential  Baptist  divines  of  the  country,  and 
held  leading  pastorates  in  Nashville  and  Richmond.  He  was  also  for 
years  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  at  one  time 
preached  in  New  York.  As  an  orator  in  his  prime  he  possessed  no  supe- 
rior in  the  pulpit.  He  published  'Paul  and  the  Women'  (Louisville,  1891), 
'Unshaken  Trust'  (1898),  and  'The  Cloud  of  Witnesses'  (1907),  besides  a 
number  of  lectures.  He  married,  August  27,  1857,  Emma  Hutchisson. 
Dr.  Hawthorne  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  February  24,  1910. 

HAY,  CHARLES  COLCOCK,  poet,  of  South  Carolina.  His  best 
known  lyric  is  entitled  "The  Rose."  It  is  preserved  in  Wauchope's 
'Writers  of  South  Carolina'  (Columbia,  The  State  Company,  1909), 
together  with  "A  Health  to  Virginia,"  from  the  pen  of  Samuel  T.  Hay. 

HAY,  GEORGE  ("Hortensius").  Lawyer.  [Va.].  He  wrote  a 
'Life  of  John  Thompson.'     He  died  in  1830. 

HAYDEN,  HORACE  EDWIN,  clergyman  and  author,  was  born 
in  Catonville,  Md.,  February  18,  1837.  His  father  was  Honorable  Edwin 
Parsons  Hayden.  The  son,  on  completing  his  education  was  admitted  to 
orders.  For  more  than  thirty  years  his  parish  has  been  at  Wilkes-Barre, 
Pa.  He  has  published  'Virginia  Genealogies'  (1891),  a  work  of  the  most 
painstaking  character,  a  'History  of  the  West  Virginia  Soldiers'  Medals' 
(1881),  'The  Pollock  Memorial'  (1883),  and  'The  Massacre  of  Wyoming' 
(1895),  besides  numerous  pamphlets.  He  has  also  edited,  in  two  volumes, 
a  work  entitled  'Genealogical  and  Family  History  of  the  Wyoming  and 
Lackawanna  Valleys'  (1906). 

HAYDEN,  HORACE  H.,  scientist,  was  born  in  Windsor,  Conn. 
October  13,  1769,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  January  26,  1844.  He  fol- 
lowed the  dental  profession,  but  studied  geology  and  medicine,  became 
vice-president  of  the  Maryland  Academy  of  Science  and  Literature,  and 
published  'Geological  Essays'  (Baltimore,  1820),  which  Benjamin  Silli- 
man  praised  in  the  highest  terms,  besides  numerous  papers. 

HAYGOOD,  ATTICUS  GREENE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  2239. 

HAYNE,  PAUL  HAMILTON.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  226S. 

HAYNE,  ROBERT  YOUNG.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  2299. 

HAYNE,  WILLIAM  HAMILTON.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  V,  page  2317. 

HAYNES,  LANDON  CARTER,  statesman  and  orator,  was  born 
in  Elizabethtovra,  Tenn.,  December  2,  1816,  and  died  in  Memphis,  Tenn., 


190  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

February  17,  187S.  On  completing  his  education  he  was  duly  admitted  to 
the  Bar,  became  an  important  factor  in  State  politics,  and  served  in  the 
Confederate  States  Senate  throughout  the  entire  period  of  the  Civil  War. 
His  eloquence  was  of  the  rarest  type,  imaginative  and  brilliant.  He  was 
an  uncle  of  Senator  Robert  L.  Taylor. 

HAYS,  WILLIAM  SHAKESPEARE.  Ballad  writer  and  com- 
poser. He  was  born  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  July  19,  1837,  and  received 
an  academic  education.  He  became  a  reporter  on  the  Louisville  Dem- 
ocrat; afterward  clerk  and  steamboat  captain  on  the  Ohio  and 
Mississippi  rivers ;  and  later  marine  editor  of  both  the  Louisville  Courier- 
Journal  and  the  Louisville  Times.  Among  his  musical  compositions  are 
"Mollie  Darling,"  "Nora  O'Neill,"  "Shamus  O'Brien,"  "Write  Me  a  Letter 
from  Home,"  and  more  than  three  hundred  other  well-known  songs,  for 
all  of  which  he  wrote  both  words  and  music.  Besides,  he  was  the  author 
of  numerous  poems.     He  died  in  1907. 

HAYWOOD,  JOHN.  Jurist  and  historian.  He  was  born  in  1762 
and  died  in  1826.  He  was  attorney-general  of  North  Carolina  and 
Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  in  North  Carolina,  Afterward  he  re- 
moved to  Tennessee  and  became  one  of  the  leading  members  of  the 
Bar  of  his  adopted)  State.  He  also  became  an  industrious  student  of 
the  antiquities  of  Tennessee,  producing  two  works  of  great  value: 
'The  Natural  and  Aboriginal  History  of  Tennessee  up  to  the  First 
Settlement  Therein  by  White  People'  and  'The  Civil  and  Political 
History  of  Tennessee  from  the  Earliest  Settlement  up  to  1796.'  In 
the  second  work  the  author  tells  the  story  of  the  formation  of  the 
State  of  Franklin  and  of  the  war  that  followed,  narrating  a  chapter 
of  Tennessee  history  which  is  very  little  known.  His  great-grandson, 
W.  W.  Haywood,  republished  this  important  work  in  1901,  with  an 
introduction  by  Colonel  A.  S.  Collyar  (Nashville,  Methodist  Episcopal 
Publishing  House). 

HAZELIUS,  ERNEST  LEWIS.  Lutheran  clergyman.  [S.C.].  He 
published  a  'Life  of  Luther'  (New  York,  1813),  and  a  'History  of  the 
Lutheran   Church   in  America'    (Zanesville,    Ohio,    1846),   besides   minor 

works. 

HEADLEY,  JOHN  W.  Author.  His  service  in  the  Confederate 
ranks  and  his  familiarity  with  state  records  have  enabled  this  distinguished 
Southerner  to  produce  one  of  the  best  books  relating  to  the  war.  The 
work  is  entitled  'Confederate  Operations  in  Canada  and  New  York,'  and 
it  deals  with  matters  which  have  been  little  discussed  by  historians  (New 
York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1906). 

HEADY,  MORRISON.  Blind  and  deaf  poet.  [Ky.].  He  pub- 
lished 'Seen  and  Heard,'  a  volume  of  verse  (1869). 

HEARD,  THOMAS  JEFFERSON.  Physician.  He  was  born  in 
Georgia  in  1814  but  afterward  settled  in  Texas  and  published  a  work 
entitled  'The  Topography  and  Climatology  of  Texas.' 

HEARN,  LAFCADIO.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch. 
Vol.  VI,  page  2341. 

HEARNE,  WILLIAM  T.     [Mo.].    He  published  a  'Genealogy  of 

the  Hearne  Family'  (1899),  in  which  he  carries  the  record  back  to  the  time 
of  the  battle  of  Hastings. 

HEATH,  JAMES.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in  Virginia  about  1812, 
and  published  'Edgewood,'  a  novel  of  the  Revolution    (1838). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS        191 

HEBRON,  ELLEN  E.  Poet.  [Miss.].  She  published:  'Songs 
from  the  South'  (Baltimore,  1875),  and  'Faith,  and  Other  Poems' 
(Chicago,  1890). 

HECK,  WILLIAM  HARRY,  educator,  was  born  at  Raleigh,  N.C., 
November  1,  1879.  He  is  professor  of  education  at  the  University  of 
Virginia.  Besides  the  sketch  of  James  Madison  in  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature,'  he  is  the  author  of  a  work  entitled  'Mental  Discip- 
line and  Educational  Values'  (New  York,  John  Lane  Company,  1909). 

HELMS,  W.  T.  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman.  [Tenn.].  He 
wrote  "Moses  Resisted,"  a  poem. 

HELPER,  HINT  ON  ROWAN,  author,  was  born  near  Mocksville, 
N.C.,  December  27,  1829.  At  one  time  he  was  United  States  Consul  at 
Buenos  Aires.  He  traveled  extensively  over  the  Western  Hemisphere  and 
was  the  first  man  to  suggest  a  railway  connecting  the  two  great  conti- 
nents. In  18S7,  he  published  a  work  which  brought  him  into  immediate 
prominence  entitled  'The  Impending  Crisis  of  the  South'  (New  York),  in 
which  he  opposed  slavery  on  economic  grounds.  More  than  140,000  copies 
were  sold  between  1857  and  1861 ;  and  it  was  freely  used  by  the  Republi- 
cans during  the  campaign  which  resulted  in  the  election  of  Mr.  Lincoln. 
His  other  works  include  'The  Land  of  Gold  (Baltimore,  1855),  'Nojoque: 
a  Question  for  a  Continent'  (New  York  and  London,  1867),  'The  Negroes 
in  Negroland,  the  Negroes  in  America,  and  the  Negroes  Generally  (New 
York,  1868),  and  'The  Three  Americas  Railways'  (St.  Louis,  1881).  He 
resided  for  some  time  in  New  York  and  afterward  settled  in  Washington, 
D.C. 

HEMPHILL,  CHARLES  ROBERT.  Theologian.  Professor  in 
the  Presbyterian  Theological  Seminary  at  Louisville,  Ky.  He  was 
born  in  Chester,  S.C,  April  18,  1852,  the  son  of  James  and  Rachael 
E.  Hemphill,  and  was  educated  at  the  universities  of  South  Caro- 
lina and  Virginia.  He  took  the  theological  course  at  Columbia, 
S.C,  and  married,  September  1,  1875,  Emma  L.  Muller.  He  is  the 
author  of  an  important  essay  on  "The  Validity  and  Bearing  of  the 
Testimony  of  Christ  and  His  Apostles  to  the  Mosaic  Authorship  of 
the  Pentateuch."  It  is  included  in  the  work  entitled  'Moses  and  His 
Recent  Critics'  (New  York,  Funk  and  Wagnalls).  Two  separate  insti- 
tutions gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.,  and  from  Hanover  College  he 
received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

HEMPHILL,  JAMES  CALVIN,editor,  was  born  at  Due  West,  S.C, 
of  Scotch-Irish  parentage,  May  18,  1850.  On  completing  his  studies  at 
Erskine  College,  he  adopted  the  profession  of  journalism.  For  thirty 
years  he  lived  in  Charleston  and  at  the  editorial  helm  of  the  News  and 
Courier  wielded  an  influence  which  was  felt  beyond  the  State  lines.  In 
1910  he  assumed  the  editorial  chair  of  the  Richmond  Times-Dispatch.  He 
will  this  year  deliver  a  series  of  lectures  at  Yale,  and  the  result  will 
doubtless  be  an  important  contribution  to  letters.  For  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature'  he  wrote  the  sketch  of  Francis  W.  Dawson.  He 
married,  in  1878,  Rebecca  M.  True.  In  recognition  of  his  professional 
attainments  he  has  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

HEMPHILL,  JOHN,  United  States  Senator  and  jurist,  was  born 
in  Chester  District,  S.C,  in  1803,  and  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  January  4, 
1862.  For  some  time  he  edited  a  paper  in  South  Carolina  and  advocated 
nullification;  but  he  afterward  located  in  Texas,  became  chief  justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  and  in  1858  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
serving  until  the  outbreak  of  hostilities.  His  decisions  in  the  'Texas 
Reports'evince  his  robust  intellect  and  his  intimate  knowledge  of  the  law. 


192  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

HEMPSTEAD,  EDWARD.  [La.].  He  published  a  'Journal  of  the 
Legislative  Territory  of  Louisiana'  (New  Orleans,  1806). 

HEMPSTEAD,  FAY,  historian  and  poet,  was  born  in  Little  Rock, 
Ark.,  November  24,  1847.  He  published  his  first  volume  of  verse  in  1878. 
Since  then  he  has  published  two  others  besides  an  authoritative  'History 
of  the  State  of  Arkansas,'  and  a  smaller  work  on  the  same  subject  for 
use  in  the  public  schools.  He  has  been  the  secretary  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Freemasons  of  the  State  of  Arkansas  for  over  thirty  years.  In  1908, 
he  was  crowned  Poet-Laureate  of  Freemasonry,  the  ceremony  occurring 
in  Chicago.  Only  two  others  have  received  this  high  honor,  the  first  of 
whom  was  Robert  Burns,  in  1787.    Mr.  Hempstead  resides  in  Little  Rock. 

HEMPSTEAD,  JUNIUS  W.  Writer.  [La.].  He  published  a 
collection  of  short  stories  entitled  'After  Many  Days'  (1898). 

HENDERSON,  ANNA  R.,  poet,  was  born  at  Cheraw,  S.C.  From 
time  to  time  she  has  contributed  some  excellent  verse  to  the  leading  maga- 
zines. Her  only  volume  of  poems  is  entitled:  'Life  and  Song.'  She  is 
now  engaged  on  a  work  of  fiction  which  she  expects  soon  to  publish. 

HENDERSON,  ARCHIBALD,  educator,  was  born  at  Salisbury, 
N.C.,  June  17,  1877.  He  fills  the  chair  of  mathematics  at  the  University 
of  North  Carolina.  Besides  literary  essays  and  scientific  articles  in  current 
periodicals  on  both  sides  of  the  water,  he  has  written  'George  Bernard 
Shaw :  His  Life  and  Works'  and  'Edinburgh,'  two  unpublished  manu- 
scripts. The  sketch  of  Frances  Tiernan  ("Christian  Reid")  in  'The  Li- 
brary of  Southern  Literature,'  is  also  from  his  pen.  He  married  June  23, 
1903,  Minna  Curtis  Bynum.    He  holds  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

HENDERSON,  G.  F.  R.,  soldier  and  educator,  of  England,  wrote 
a  masterpiece  of  biography,  in  two  volumes,  entitled  'Stonewall  Jackson 
and  the  American  Civil  War'  (London  and  New  York,  Longmans,  Green 
and  Company,  1898).  The  work  deals  critically  and  exhaustively  with 
the  campaigns  of  the  great  Confederate  leader,  to  whose  genius  the  author 
pays  unstinted  tribute;  and  coming  from  a  non-partisan,  it  is  almost  un- 
paralleled in  the  annals  of  literature.  For  years  the  author,  who  held 
the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  British  Army,  was  professor  of  mili- 
tary art  and  history  in  the  Staff  College,  England,  and  his  work  is  studied 
in  the  English  military  schools. 

HENDERSON,  JOHN,  United  States  Senator,  was  born  in  1795, 
the  exact  place  unknown,  and  died  at  Pass  Christian,  Miss.,  in  1857.  He 
was  an  extreme  advocate  of  State  rights  and  represented  Mississippi  in  the 
United  States  Senate  as  a  Whig.  He  favored  not  only  the  annexation  of 
Texas,  but  the  conquest  of  Cuba  and  Mexico.  He  was  tried  for  com- 
plicity in  the  Lopez  Expedition  against  Cuba,  but  acquitted.  He  wrote 
'A  Reply  to  Tom  Paine'  (Natchez,  1820). 

HENDERSON,  JOHN  BROOKS,  Sr.,  United  States  Senator,  was 
born  in  Pittsylvania  County,  Va.,  November  16,  1826.  For  the  practice  of 
law  he  located  in  Missouri.  He  was  the  author  of  the  thirteenth  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution,  abolishing  slavery  from  the  states  and  territories. 
He  married,  June  25,  1868,  Mary  N.  Foote.  The  University  of  Missouri 
gave  him  the  degree  of  LLD. 

HENDERSON,  JOHN  BROOKS,  Jr.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Lou- 
isiana, Mo.,  February  18,  1870.  His  father  was  John  B.  Henderson, 
United  States  Senator.  Mr.  Henderson  was  private  secretary  to  John  W. 
Foster  during  the  latter's  residence  in  China.  He  has  published  'Ameri- 
can Diplomatic  Questions'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1901), 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS        193 

He  married,  February  12,  1903,  Angelica  Schuyler  Crosby,  and  resides  in 
Washington,  D.C. 

HENDERSON,  J.  P.,  Miss.  Writer.  [Miss.].  She  wrote  'Anne 
Balfour'  (1870). 

HENDERSON,  MARY  FOOTE,  author,  was  born  in  New  York 
in  183S,  a  daughter  of  Judge  Elisha  Foote,  and  married  Senator  J.  B. 
Henderson  of  Missouri.  She  organized  in  St.  Louis  the  School  of  Design, 
took  an  active  interest  in  woman's  suffrage,  and  published  two  volumes: 
'Practical  Cooking  and  Dinner  Giving'  and  'Diet  for  the  Sick.' 

HENDERSON,  PHILO.  Editor  and  poet.  Besides  editing  a 
paper  at  Charlotte,  N.C.,  called  The  Hornefs  Nest,  he  wrote  many  poems. 
He  died  in  18S2,  at  the  age  of  thirty  years. 

HENDREE,  WILLIAM  WOODSON.  Poet.  He  lived  at  Selma, 
Ala.,  but  died  in  1872  at  the  youthful  age  of  twenty-one.  His  poem, 
"Mahs'  Lewis's  Last  Ride,"  is  preserved  in  'Songs  of  the  South.' 

HENDRIX,  EUGENE  RUSSELL.  Bishop  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  South.  He  was  born  in  Fayette,  Mo.,  May  17,  1847, 
and  married,  in  1872,  Annie  E.  Scarritt.  He  entered  the  ministry,  and  was 
president  of  Fayette  College  from  1876  to  1886,  then  became  bishop.  He 
founded  the  mission  of  the  church  in  Brazil,  and  was  chosen  fraternal 
messenger  to  the  British  Wesleyan  Conference  in  1900.  Bishop  Hendrix 
is  the  possessor  of  the  manuscript  journal  which  was  kept  by  John  Wes- 
ley in  America  from  1836  to  1837.  Among  his  published  works  are: 
'Around  the  World,'  'Skilled  Labor  for  the  Master'  (Nashville,  Bigham 
and  Smith),  'The  Religion  of  the  Incarnation'  (ibid.),  and  'The  Personality 
of  the  Holy  Spirit'  (ibid.).  Three  separate  institutions  have  given  him 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  and  two  the  degree  of  D.D.  He  resides  in  Kansas 
City,  Mo. 

HENING,  ELIZA  LEWIS,  poet,  was  born  in  Virginia,  in  1806, 
a  daughter  of  the  eminent  jurist,  William  Waller  Hening.  Her  poem  on 
"Old  Blanford  Church,"  which  is  preserved  in  'Songs  of  the  South,'  was 
written  while  visiting  Petersburg  with  a  party  of  friends.  Conclusive 
evidence  of  her  claim  has  been  furnished  by  her  niece,  Mrs.  E.  V.  Swann. 
The  author  afterward  became  Mrs.  Spottswood.  Later  she  married  the 
Rev.  J.  F.  Schermerhorn,  of  New  York,  and  died  in  1872. 

HENING,  WILLIAM  WALLER,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Virginia  in 
1778.  He  published  'The  American  Pleader'  (1811)  and  'The  New  Vir- 
ginia Justice'  (1825),  two  law  books,  besides  an  important  legislative  his- 
tory entitled  'The  Statutes  of  Virginia'  (1809-1823).  With  William  Mun- 
ford  he  ?lso  published  'Reports  of  Cases  in  the  Courts  of  Appeal  and 
Chancery'  (1809-1811). 

HENKEL,  MOSES  MONTGOMERY,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Pendleton  County,  Va.,  March  23,  1798,  and  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  in 
1864.  He  published  'Masonic  Addresses,'  'The  Primary  Platform  of 
Methodism,'  'Analysis  of  Church  Government,'  'Primitive  Episcopacy,' 
and  'Life  of  Bishop  Bascom.' 

HENKEL,  PAUL,  poet  and  clergyman  of  the  Lutheran  faith,  was 
born  in  Rowan  County,  N.C.,  December  IS,  1754.  He  settled  in  New 
Market,  Va.,  and  piped  the  first  poetic  notes  which  were  heard  west  of 
the  Blue  Ridge  mountains.  In  1810,  he  published  in  German  a  little  vol- 
ume  entitled:    'Kurzer   Zeitvertrib,'   which   gave   intense   delight  to   his 


194        v<ro.  ,      SOUTHERN  LITERATURE  "    .  ;,"•   rt 

scattered  flock  of  Teutons.  Another  edition  was  published  in  18S1.  He 
also  published  a  work  in  German  on  'Baptism  and  the  Lord's  Supper,' 
■"hich  was  afterward  translated  into  English. 

HENNEMAN,  JOHN  BELL,  educator  and  editor,  was  born  at 
Spartanburg,  S.C,  January  2,  1864,  After  receiving  his  M.A.  degree  at 
the  University  of  Virginia  he  obtained  his  Ph.D.  degree  at  the  University 
of  Berlin.  For  several  years  he  was  dean  of  the  College  of  Arts  and 
Sciences  in  the  University  of  the  South  at  Sewanee,  Tenn.,  and  also 
editor  of  the  Sewanee  Review,  Besides  numerous  essays  and  monographs 
contributed  to  periodicals,  he  edited  the  'Johnson  Series  of  English  Clas- 
sics' (Richmond,  Va.,  B.  F.  Johnson  and  Company,  1900-1903)  ;  with  W. 
P.  Trent,  'The  Complete  Works  of  Thackeray,'  in  thirty  volumes,  including 
a  bibliography  (New  York,  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  and  Company,  1904), 
Shakespeare's  'Twelfth  Night'  (New  York,  Longmans,  Green  and  Com- 
pany, 190S),  Thackeray's  'Henry  Esmond'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan 
Company,  1906),  Kemper  Bocock's  'Antiphon  to  the  Stars'  (New  York, 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  1907),  and,  with  W.  P.  Trent,  'Best  American 
Tales'  (New  York,  T.  Y.  Crowell  and  Company,  1907).  From  1893  to 
1900  he  was  professor  of  English  in  the  University  of  Tennessee.  He 
married,  September  7,  1897,  Marion,  daughter  of  the  Honorable  Robert 
T.  Hubard.  For  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  he  wrote  the  sketch 
of  William  P.  Trent.  Dr.  Henneman  died  at  Sewanee,  Tenn.,  Novem- 
ber 26,  1908. 

HENNEPIN,  LOUIS,  explorer,  was  born  in  Belgium  in  1640  and 
died  in  Holland  in  1701.  He  published  a  'Description  de  la  Louisiane,' 
which  also  gives  an  account  of  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  savages 
(Paris,  1685,  Italian,  German,  and  English  translation),  besides  numerous 
other  works. 

HENNING,  JULIA  R.  Educator.  [Va.].  She  published  a  'Geog- 
raphy of  Virginia'  and  a  volume  of  songs  for  which  she  also  composed 
the  music  (189S). 

HENRY,  INA  M.,  Mrs.  Writer.  [Ala.].  She  published  a  volume 
of  fiction  entitled  'Roadside  Stories'  and  'None  but  the  Brave  Deserve 
the  Fair,'  a  drama.    Her  maiden  name  was  Porter. 

HENRY.  JOHN  FLOURNOY,  physician,  was  born  at  Henry's 
Mills,  Ky.,  January  17,  1793,  and  died  in  Burlington,  Iowa,  November 
12,  1873.  He  published  a  treatise  on  'The  Causes  and  Treatment  of 
Cholera,'  besides  contributing  to  medical  journals. 

HENRY,  O.  (Sydney  Porter),  short-story  writer,  was  born  in 
Greensboro,  N.C.,  in  1867.  His  early  life  was  spent  on  a  ranch  in  "Texas. 
At  leisure  moments  he  acquired  the  rudiments  of  an  education,  became  a 
reporter  on  the  Houston  (Tex.)  Post,  where  he  developed  a  genius  for 
the  lighter  phases  of  fiction,  followed  the  newspaper  profession  for  some 
time  in  New  Orleans,  and  finally  in  1902  drifted  to  New  York,  where  he 
found  fame  and  fortune  awaiting  him  in  the  great  metropolis.  Mr. 
Porter  is  one  of  the  prime  favorites  of  the  American  reading  public.  His 
stories  are  written  in  the  vernacular,  abound  in  human  elements,  and 
reveal  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  various  types  of  character.  They 
have  been  collected  and  published  in  book  form  under  the  following  titles : 
'Cabbages  and  Kings'  (190S),  'The  Four  Million'  (1906),  'The  Heart  of 
the  West'  (1908),  'The  Voice  of  the  City'  (1908),  'Options'  (1909),  and 
'The  Roads  of  Destiny'   (1909).    He  died  in  New  York  in  1910. 

HENRY,  PATRICK.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  VI,  page  23SS. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS        195 

HENRY,  ROBERT,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.C.,  December  6,  1792,  and  died  in  Columbia,  S.C.,  February 
6,  18S6.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  but,  returning 
to  Charleston,  he  became  minister  to  the  French  Huguenot  congregation. 
For  years  he  was  also  identified  with  South  Carolina  College,  of  which 
he  was  twice  president.  He  wrote  articles  for  the  religious  reviews,  and, 
besides  occasional  sermons,  published  eulogies  on  Jonathan  Maxcy  and 
John  C.  Calhoun. 

HENRY,  WILLIAM  WIRT,  lawyer,  was  born  at  Red  Hill,  Va., 
February  14,  1831,  and  was  the  grandson  of  Patrick  Henry,  the  famous 
orator.  He  delivered  several  historical  addresses  and  wrote  a  'Life  of 
Patrick  Henry.' 

HENSHAW,  NEVILLE  GRATIOT,  author,  was  born  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  April  23,  1880.  Two  charming  stories  have  come  from  his 
pen,  'Aline  of  the  Grand  Woods'  (1909)  and  'The  Black  Violin'  (1910), 
besides  a  number  of  contributions  to  current  periodicals. 

HENTZ,  CAROLINE  LEE,  Mrs.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  VI,  page  2375. 

HENTZ,  CAROLINE  THERESE,  writer,  was  born  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  married  the  Rev.  J.  O.  Branch  and  lived  for  some  time  in  the 
South,  which  was  also  the  home  of  her  parents,  Dr.  N.  M.  and  Caroline  • 
Lee  Hentz.  She  wrote  a  series  of  letters  from  California  to  the  Southern 
Christian  Advocate  in  1875,  and  published  a  number  of  stories  and  sketches 
in  magazines. 

HENTZ,  JULIA  L.,  poet,  was  born  at  Chapel  Hill,  N.C.,  in  1829, 
a  daughter  of  Dr.  N.  M.  and  Caroline  Lee  Hentz,  was  educated  by  her 
parents,  and  married  Dr.  J.  W.  Keyes.  In  1859,  she  wrote  a  prize  poem 
entitled  "A  Dream  of  Locust  Dell."  Some  time  after  her  death  a  volume 
of  her  verse  was  published  by  her  husband.     She  died  in  1879. 

HENTZ,  NICHOLAS  MARCELLUS,  educator  and  physician, 
was  born  in  Versailles,  France,  July  25,  1797  and  died  in  Marianna,  Fla., 
November  4,  1856.  He  studied  medicine  and  learned  the  art  of  miniature 
painting  in  Paris,  emigrated  to  the  United  States,  became  an  eminent 
educator,  and  married  Caroline  Lee.  For  many  years  he  resided  in  various 
Southern  States.  He  was  an  entomologist  of  repute  and  published  'Arach- 
nides :  or.  Spiders  of  the  United  States.'  He  also  wrote  'Tadenskund,  the 
Last  King  of  Lenape,'  an  historical  novel,  and  'The  Valley  of  the 
Shenandoah.' 

HERBERT,  HILARY  ABNER,  Cabinet  officer  and  Congressman. 
He  was  born  in  Laurensville,  S.C,  March  12,  1834.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  University  of  Alabama  and  at  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia. Enlisting  in  the  Confederate  service,  he  became  colonel  of 
the  Eighth  Alabama  Regiment  of  Volunteers.  On  April  23,  1867, 
he  married  Ella  B.  Smith,  of  Selma,  and  afterward  settled  in  Mont- 
gomery. From  1877  to  1893  he  represented  Alabama  in  Congress; 
and  from  1893  to  1897  he  held  the  portfolio  of  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  in  President  Cleveland's  Cabinet.  On  retiring  from  office,  he 
resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  Washington,  D.C.  His  speeches  in  Con- 
gress are  preserved  in  the  Congressional  Record.  An  address  which 
he  delivered  at  the  University  of  Alabama  has  also  been  printed.  He  is 
the  editor  of  a  work  published  in  1900  entitled  'Why  the  Solid  South? 
or,  Reconstruction  and  its  Results.' 


196  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

HERBERT  LEILA,  author,  was  born  in  Greenville,  Ala.,  in 
1868  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  in  1897.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
ex-Secretary  of  the  Navy  Hilary  A.  Herbert.  On  the  death  of  her  mother, 
she  was  elected  to  membership  in  the  Mount  Vernon  Memorial  Associa- 
tion, notwithstanding  the  fact  that  at  this  time  she  was  only  seventeen. 
During  her  father's  tenure  of  service  in  President  Cleveland's  second 
Cabinet,  she  was  the  mistress  of  his  household,  directing  its  affairs  and  dis- 
pensing its  hospitalities  in  a  manner  which  was  most  charmingly  Southern. 
She  possessed  unusual  graces  both  of  intellect  and  of  person,  was  given 
to  unostentatious  acts  of  charity,  and  while  cultured  beyond  her  years, 
she  made  no  display  of  her  accomplishments  for  mere  vanity's  sake.  Her 
only  published  work  is  entitled  'The  First  American :  His  Homes  and 
His  Households'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers,  1900),  an  exquisite 
production  which  she  did  not  live  to  see  in  type.  She  died  soon  after 
her  father's  retirement  from  office,  the  cause  of  her  death  being  indirectly- 
due  to  a  fall  from  a  horse. 

HEREFORD,  ELIZABETH  J.,  Mrs.  Writer.  She  was  born 
in  Kentucky  but  afterward  located  in  Texas.  She  published  'Rebel 
Rhymes.' 

HEREFORD,  WILLIAM  R.  Poet,  of  Missouri.  One  of  his 
dialect  sketches,  "To  Riley,"  is  preserved  in  'Missouri  Literature.' 

HERNDON,  MARY  ELIZA,  author,  was  born  in  Fayette  County, 
Ky.,  March  1,  1820,  and  was  the  daughter  of  Beverly  A.  Hicks,  an  educa- 
tor. She  married  first  Reuben  Herndon.  Her  writings  include :  'Louisa 
Elton,'  a  reply  to  'Uncle  Tom's  Cabin'  (Philadelphia,  1853),  'Bandits  of 
Italy,'  and  other  novels,  besides  a  voluriie  of  'Select  Poems.'  She  wrote 
with  an  unusual  charm  of  style.  Her  second  husband  was  Lundsford 
Chiles. 

HERNDON,  WILLIAM  LEWIS,  naval  officer,  was  born  at 
Fredericksburg,  Va.,  October  25,  1813,  and  perished  at  sea,  September  12, 
1857.  He  published  'Explorations  of  the  Valley  of  the  Amazon,  Vol.  I' 
(Washington,  D.C.,  1853).  One  of  the  daughters  of  Commander  Hern- 
don became  the  wife  of  Chester  A.  Arthur,  afterward  President  of  the 
United  States. 

HERRICK,  SOPHIA  McILVAINE  BLEDSOE.  Author.  She 
was  born  in  Gambler,  Ohio,  March  26,  1837,  the  daughter  of  Albert 
Taylor  and  Harriet  Bledsoe,  and  was  educated  at  Miss  Coxe's  school 
in  Cincinnati  and  at  Cooper  Institute,  in  Dayton,  Ohio.  She  married, 
in  1860,  James  B.  Herrick.  She  taught  in  Baltimore  from  1868  to 
1872,  and  was  also  for  several  years  associate  editor  and  business 
manager  of  the  Southern  Review,  published  in  Baltimore.  In  1878  she 
was  called  to  the  editorial  staff  of  Scribner's  Magazine  and  later  of 
The  Century  Magazine.  Her  books,  which  deal  in  an  intimate  way 
with  scientific  subjects,  include:  'Chapters  in  Plant  Life'  (New  York, 
Harper  and  Brothers),  'The  Earth  in  Past  Aces'  {ibid.).  'Wonders  of 
Plant  Life'  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons),  and  'A  Century  of 
Sonnets'  (New  York,  R.  H.  Russell).  For  'The  Library  of  Southern 
Literature'  she  wrote  the  sketch  of  A.  T.  Bledsoe.  She  resides  in 
Plainfield,  N.J. 

HERRON,  FANNY  E.     Author,     [Fla.].    She  wrote  'Glen-el-glen." 

HERTZBERG,  HANS  R.  R.  Poet.  [Texas].  He  published  a 
volume  of  verse  entitled  'Lyrics  of  Love';  a  work  of  merit  (New  York 
and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1906). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       197 

HEUSTIS,  JABEZ  WIGGINS,  physician  and  surgeon,  was  born 
in  the  Dominion  of  Canada  in  1784  and  died  in  Talladega,  Ala.,  in  1841. 
Most  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  South.  He  served  in  the  various  cam- 
paigns under  General  Jackson  and  published  'Physical  Observations  and 
Medical  Tracts  and  Researches  on  the  Topography  and  Diseases  of  Lou- 
isiana' (New  York,  1817)  and  other  medical  works. 

HEW  AT,  ALEXANDER,  historian,  was  born  in  Scotland  in  1745 
and  died  in  London,  England,  in  1829.  The  records  of  St.  Andrew's  Society 
of  Charleston,  S.C,  show  that  he  was  moderator  of  the  session  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  in  1762;  but  on  the  eve  of  the  Revolution  he  re- 
turned to  England,  being  a  loyalist,  and  published  'An  Historical  Account 
of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  South  Carolina  and  Charleston'  (London, 
1779),  besides  a  volume  of  sermons. 

HEWETT,  WATERMAN  THOMAS,  educator  and  author,  was 
born  at  Miami,  Mo.,  January  10,  1846.  He  studied  Greek  at  Athens,  at- 
tended also  the  German  Universities,  became  professor  of  German  lan- 
guage and  literature  at  Cornell  in  1883,  a  chair  which  he  still  holds.  He 
is  an  authority  on  Goethe,  taking  the  very  highest  rank  in  this  respect 
am.ong  American  scholars.  Besides  editing  Goethe's  'Hermann  and  Dor- 
othea' (Boston,  D.  C.  Heath  and  Company),  'Uhlan d's  Poems'  (New 
York,  the  Macmillan  Company),  and  a  'German  Grammar'  (ibid.),  he  has  ■ 
published  numerous  works  on  German  literature,  a  'History  of  Cornell'  in 
three  volumes,  and  numerous  .monographs  and  essays.  He  resides  at 
Ithaca,  N.Y.     Cornell  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

HEWITT,  EMMA  CHURCHMAN,  author,  was  born  in  New  Or- 
leans in  1850.  Her  maiden  name  was  Churchman.  After  the  death  of  her 
husband,  she  entered  professional  journalism,  was  associate  editor  for 
several  years  of  the  Ladies'  Home  Journal,  engaged  in  general  literature, 
and  published  several  volumes,  among  them,  'Ease  in  Conversation'  (1887), 
'Hints  to  Ballad  Singers'  (1899),  'The  Little  Denvers'  (Philadelphia, 
George  W.  Jacobs  and  Company),  and  'Queen  of  the  Home,'  a  joint  pro- 
duction. 

HEWITT,  JOHN  HENRY,  poet  and  journalist,  was  born  in  New 
York,  July  11,  1801,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  October  7,  1890._  He 
was  educated  at  West  Point,  but  withdrew  from  the  institution  prior  to 
graduation  on  account  of  a  dispute  with  the  commandant.  While  at  West 
Point  he  composed  both  the  words  and  the  music  of  his  famous  ballad 
entitled  "The  Minstrel's  Return  from  the  War."  He  settled  in  Baltimore, 
where  he  became  identified  with  numerous  literary  ventures,  and  in  com- 
petition with  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  won  a  prize  for  his  "Song  of  the  Winds." 
He  also  wrote  plays  and  oratorios,  editorials  and  essays.  Some_  of  his 
poems  appeared  in  book  form  in  1838,  but  a  more  complete  collection  was 
published  in  1877.  The  creations  of  his  intellect  were  pure  and  simple 
and  easily  within  the  mental  reach  of  the  masses. 

HEYWARD,  JANIE  SCREVEN.  Poet.  [S.C.].  She  wrote  a 
volume  of  verse  entitled  'Wild  Roses.' 

HIGBEE,  DOLLIE.  Author.  fKy.].  She  wrote  an  entertaining 
novel  of  life  in  Kentucky  entitled  'God's  Country.'  She  is  now  Mrs. 
William  Geppert. 

HILDRETH,  EUGENIUS  AUGUSTUS,  physician,  was  born  in 
Wheeling  W.  Va.,  September  13,  1831,  and  died  there,  August  31,  1885. 
He  attairied  professional  distinction,  invented  surgical  appliances,  wrote 
articles  upon  medical  subjects  and  published^'Biographies  of  Physicians  of 
Wheeling  for  the  Last  One  Hundred  Years.' 


198  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

HILL,  AGNES  LEONARD,  author,  was  born  hi  Louisville,  Ky., 
January  (20,  1842.  Her  father  was  Dr.  Oliver  Langdon  Leonard  and  her 
mother,  Agnes  Howard.  Soon  after  completing  her  studies  at  Henry 
Female  College,  she  became  the  wife  of  Dr.  L.  E.  Scanland;  and,  losing 
her  husband  several  years  later,  she  married  Samuel  Howe  Hill.  From 
earliest  childhood  she  evinced  a  fondness  for  writing.  Besides  contrib- 
uting to  magazines  and  writing  numbers  of  books,  she  has  engaged  ex- 
tensively in  religious  work  and  has  even  served  churches,  being  at  one 
time  pastor  of  a  Congregational  Church  at  Wollaston,  England.  Included 
among  her  works  are :  'Myrtle  Blossoms,'  'Vanquished,'  'Heights  and 
Depths,'  'Hints  on  How  to  Talk,'  'What  Makes  Social  Leadership,'  'Evi- 
dences of  Reincarnation,'  and  'Christian  Science  versus  Common  Sense.' 
She  resides  at  Ravena,  111. 

HILL,    BENJAMIN    HARVEY.     See    Biographical    and    Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  VI,  page  2389. 

HILL,  BENJAMIN  HARVEY,  Jr.,  jurist,  was  born  in  Georgia 
and  educated  at  the  University  of  the  State,  graduating  in  1869  and  after- 
ward taking  a  course  of  law.  On  the  organization  of  the  State  Court  of 
Appeals,  he  was  made  presiding  judge.  He  wrote  'The  Life  of  Senator 
Benjamin  H.  Hill,'  an  authoritative  work  which  contains  the  most  im- 
portant speeches  of  the  great  orator. 

HILL,  BRIXTON  A.  Lawyer.  [Mo.].  He  published  'Liberty 
and  Law'  (1873),  'Absolute  Money'  (1874),  and  'Specie  Resumption' 
(1876),  besides  numerous  articles  on  political  and  economic  subjects. 

HILL,  DANIEL  HARVEY,  soldier  and  educator,  was  born  in 
York  District,  S.C,  July  12,  1821,  and  died  in  Charlotte,  N.C.,  September 
25,  1899.  Educated  at  West  Point,  he  entered  the  regular  army  and  won 
distinction  in  the  Mexican  War  but,  resigning  his  commission  at  the  close 
of  hostilities,  he  devoted  himself  to  educational  work.  He  held  the  chair 
of  mathematics  first  at  Washington  College  and  afterward  at  Davidson 
College;  but,  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  he  was  superintendent 
of  the  North  Carolina  Military  Institute  at  Charlotte.  On  the  Confeder- 
ate side,  in  the  struggle  which  followed  secession,  he  attained  the  rank 
of  Heutenant-general.  For  several  years  after  the  war,  he  was  president 
of  the  University  of  Arkansas,  and  later  he  became  president  of  the 
Georgia  Military  and  Agricultural  College ;  and  he  also  edited  'The  Land 
We  Love.'  Besides  frequent  contributions  to  current  literature,  he  pub- 
lished an  'Algebra,'_  'A  Consideration  of  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount,'  'The 
Crucifixion  of  Christ,'  and  the  volume  on  North  Carolina  in  'The  Con- 
federate Military  History'  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  The  Confederate  Publishing 
Company,  1899),  besides  several  articles  in  'Battles  and  Leaders  of  the 
Civil  War.' 

HILL,  DANIEL  HARVEY,  educator,  was  born  at  Davidson  Col- 
lege, N.C.,  January  IS,  18S9.  The  volumes  which  have  come  from  his 
pen  include  'North  Carolina  in  the  Civil  War'  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  The  Con- 
federate Publishing  Company,  1899),  'Agriculture  for  Beginners,'  in  joint 
authorship  with  Drs.  Burkett  and  Stevens  (Boston,  Ginn  and  Company, 
1903),  'The  Hill  Readers,  a  Collaboration'  (Boston,  Ginn  and  Company, 
1906),  and  a  'Young  People's  History  of  North  Carolina'  (Charlotte,  Stone 
and  Barringer,  1907),  besides  the  sketch  of  John  Lawson  in  'The  Library 
of  Southern  Literature.'  He  is  president  of  the  North  Carolina  College 
of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts.  In  recognition  of  his  literary  scholar- 
ship he  has  been  given  the  degree  of  Litt.D. 

HILL,  MARY  CARTER.  She  was  the  first  wife  of  Judge  Benja- 
min H.  Hill.    One  of  her  best  poems,  "The  River,"  which  was  writtei 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        199 

an  the  death  of  Senator  Benjamin  H.  Hill  of  Georgia,  is  preserved  in 
Jongs  of  the  South.'    She  died  in  1890. 

HILL,  THEOPHILUS  HUNTER.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  VI,  page  2417. 

HILL,  WALTER  BARNARD.  Lawyer  and  educator,  chancellor 
of  the  University  of  Georgia.  He  was  born  in  Talbotton,  Ga., 
September  9,  1851,  the  son  of  Judge  Barnard  and  Mary  Clay 
Birch  Hill,  and  graduated  from  the  University  of  Georgia,  at 
which  institution  he  also  studied  law.  From  the  activities  of  the 
legal  profession  he  was  called  to  the  chancellorship  of  the  University 
of  Georgia  in  1899.  Besides  being  one  of  the  compilers  of  the  'Code 
of  Georgia  of  1873  and  1882,'  he  contributed  numerous  articles  on 
ethical  and  legal  subjects  to  the  periodicals,  delivered  several  bacca- 
laureate addresses  which  attracted  wide  attention,  and  many  literary 
and  educational  addresses.  He  was  an  ardent  advocate  of  prohibition. 
Three  separate  institutions  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  died 
in  Athens,  Ga.,  in  1905. 

HILL,  WALTER  HENRY,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born 
near  Lebanon,  Ky.,  January  21,  1822.  After  studying  medicine,  he  en- 
tered the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  Ijecame  president  of  St.  Xavier's  College, 
and  published  'Elements  of  Philosophy'  (Baltimore,  1873),  a  work  which 
passed  into  numerous  editions;  'Ethics,'  (Baltimore,  1878),  and  frequent 
contributions  to  Catholic  periodicals. 

HILL,  WILLIAM,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Cumberland  County, 
Va.,  March  3,  1769,  and  died  in  Winchester,  Va.,  November  16,  1852.  He 
published  a  number  of  sermons,  and  began,  but  failed  to  complete,  a  'His- 
tory of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United  States.' 

HILLIARD,  HENRY  WASHINGTON.  Lawyer,  clergyman, 
diplomat,  author.  He  was  born  in  Fayetteville,  N.C.,  in  1808,  and 
was  educated  at  the  University  of  South  Carolina.  For  three  years  he 
taught  in  the  University  of  Alabama.  From  1842  to  1844  he  was  Charge 
d'Affaires  in  Belgium;  and  from  1845  to  1851  he  represented  Alabama 
in  Congress.  He  opposed  secession,  but  accepted  the  post  of  com- 
missioner to  Tennessee  and  received  the  appointment  of  brigadier- 
general,  though  he  took  no  conspicuous  part  in  military  operations. 
He  became  a  Republican  on  post-bellum  issues;  and,  under  the  ad- 
ministration of  President  Hayes,  he  was  United  States  Minister  to 
Brazil.  He  was  a  lawyer  by  profession,  but  he  joined  the  Methodist 
conference  and  frequently  occupied  the  pulpit.  At  leisure  intervals 
he  indulged  his  fondness  for  letters  and  wrote:  'De  Vane,  a  Story  of 
Plebeians  and  Patricians,'  in  two  volumes  (Nashville,  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Publishing  House,  1884),  and  'Politics  and  Pen-Pictures  at 
Home  and  Abroad'  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons).  He  was  also 
an  orator,  and  contested  the  palm  with  Yancey,  the  great  advocate 
of  secession.  Some  of  his  choice  utterances  are  contained  in 
'Speeches  and  Addresses'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers,  1855). 
He  died  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  in  1892. 

HILLS,  LUCIUS  PERRY,  writer  and  platform  entertainer,  was 
born  in  Bennington,  N.Y.,  June  16,  1844.  For  more  than  thirty-five  years 
he  has  resided  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  where  most  of  his  literary  work  has  been 
done.  He  has  published  'Echoes,'  a  collection  of  verse  (1892),  "When 
Patti  Sang,"  an  illustrated  poem  which  passed  into  several  editions  (1894), 
"The  Yank  and  the  Reb,"  a  poem  issued  in  pamphlet  form;  "A  Memory 
of  Song,"  an  illustrated  poem,  and  a  "Grant  Memorial  Entertainment 
Souvenir." 


200  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

HILLYARD,  M.  B.  Author.  He  published  'The  New  South' 
(Baltimore,  1887)  and  'Mississippi  Letters'  (1876). 

HILLYER,  LOUISA  C.  [Ga.].  She  wrote  a  memoir  of  her  fa- 
ther, Dr.  Sha'-er  G.  Hillyer,  which  was  published  as  an  appendix  to  the 
latter's  'Reminiscences  of  Georgia  Baptists.' 

HILLYER,  SHALER  GRANBY,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Wilkes  County,  Ga.,  June  20,  1809,  the  son  of  Shaler  Hillyer, 
a  native  of  Granby,  Conn.  On  completing  his  education  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Georgia,  he  engaged  in  educational  work,  becoming  a  professor 
in  Mercer  University,  first  of  rhetoric  and  afterward  of  theology;  and 
incidentally  he  also  preached  with  great  power.  Subsequent  to  the  war 
he  was  for  some  time  president  of  Monroe  College.  His  first  wife  was 
Elizabeth  Thompson  and  his  second  wife,  Elizabeth  Dagg,  the  daughter 
of  Dr.  John  L.  Dagg.  Besides  frequent  contributions  to  his  church  pa- 
pers, he  wrote  'Bible  Morality  for  the  Schools'  and  'Reminiscences  of 
Georgia  Baptists,'  edited,  with  a  story  of  the  author's  life  by  his  daughter, 
Louisa  C.  Hillyer.    He  lived  to  an  advanced  age,  dying  February  19,  1900. 

HILLYER,  WILLIAM  HURD,  journalist  and  banker,  was  born 
in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  July  29,  1880,  the  son  of  Henry  Hillyer,  a  prominent 
lawyer.  For  two  years  he  was  chief  editorial  writer  on  the  Atlanta 
Journal,  but  since  1904  he  has  been  an  investment  banker.  His  contribu- 
tions have  appeared  from  time  to  time  in  the  leading  periodicals  of  the 
day,  including  Lippincott's,  Harper's,  .Munsey's,  The  Youth's  Companion, 
The  Smart  Set,  Puck,  St.  Nicholas  and  others;  and  among  the  writers 
of  the  day  he  deservedly  takes  high  rank.  He  published  in  1907  a  volume 
of  poems  entitled  'Songs  of  the  Steel  Age'  (Boston).  At  present  he  is 
engaged  in  writing  a  novel  which  is  said  to  deal  mainly  with  modern 
conditions.     He  married  Mary  Dunwody  Jones. 

HILTON,  WILLIAM.  Navigator.  He  commanded  a  vessel 
which  sailed  from  the  Barbados  in  1663  and  which  later  touched  what 
proved  to  be  the  coast  of  North  Carolina.  He  published  an  account  of  the 
discovery  under  the  impression  that  it  was  the  coast  of  Florida  (London, 
1664).  The  work  is  perhaps  the  earliest  publication  relating  to  the  Caro- 
linas. 

HINDS,  JOHN  IREDELL  DILLARD.  Educator.  [N.C.]. 
Born  in  1847.     He  published  'The  American  System  of  Education.' 

HINSDALE,  LAURA  F.  Author.  [Miss.^.  She  published  a 
volume  of  much  interest  entitled  'Legends  and  Lyrics  of  the  Gulf  Coast' 
(Biloxi,  Miss.,  The  Herald  Press,  1896). 

HINTON,  ISAAC  TAYLOR,  Baptist  clergyman,  was  born  in  Ox- 
ford, England,  July  4,  1799,  and  died  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  August  28,  1847. 
For  several  years  he  was  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  of  Richmond, 
Va.  Besides  assisting  his  brother,  John  Howard  Hinton,  in  preparing 
'The  History  and  Topography  of  the  United  States'  (1834),  he  published 
a  'History  of  Baptism'  (1841),  and  'Lectures  on  the  Prophecies'  (1843). 
He  fell  a  victim  to  the  yellow  fever. 

HITCHCOCK,  HENRY.  Lawyer  and  jurist.  He  was  born  in 
1795  and  died  in  1839.  He  was  a  landmark  of  the  early  pioneer  days 
in  Alabama  and  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1819, 
taking  an  active  part  in  shaping  the  organic  law  of  the  young  com- 
monwealth. He  was  also  for  some  time  Chief  Justice  of  the  State. 
His  only  work  is  entitled  'The  Alabama  Justice  of  the  Peace,'  but  it 
was  the  first  book  published  in  the  State  and  it  served  to  blaze  the 


BIOGRAPHICAL    DICTIONARY    OF   AUTHORS        201 

way  for  legal  procedure.     Consequently  it  is  still  held  in  high  esteem 
It  was  published  by  W.  B.  Allen,  at  Catawba,  in  1822. 

HOBBS,  ROE  R.,  author,  was  born  in  Kentucky,  July  26,  1871.  His 
father  was  William  Vincent  Hobbs,  and  his  mother,  Ollie  Theresa 
Martm.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  became  a  telegrapher  and  at  the  pres- 
ent time  is  chief  operator  for  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad  He 
married,  March  30,  1903,  Emma  May  King.  Among  his  exceedingly  clever 
i^K^  ^,5?  "^*'5,fr°'"^*  ^^  P''^'^'  (N^w  York,  R.  F.  Fenno  and  Company, 
1905),  Zoas  (Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907),  and 
'Gates  of  Flame'  (ibid.,  1906),  besides  frequent  magazine  articles.  Mr. 
Hobbs  belongs  to  the  imaginative  school  of  writers.  He  resides  in 
Louisville,  Ky. 

HOBBY,  ALFRED  M.  Poet.  For  some  time  he  lived  in  Florida, 
but  afterward  moved  to  Texas.  He  began  to  attract  attention  many 
years  prior  to  the  Civil  War.  He  published  two  volumes  in  Texas: 
'Frontier  from  the  Saddle'  and  'The  Sentinel's  Dream  of  Home.' 

HOBSON,  ANNE.  Author.  [Ala.].  She  wrote  a  story  entitled 
'In  Old  Alabama'  (1903). 

HOBSON,  RICHMOND  PEARSON.  The  hero  of  the  Merrimac. 
Naval  Constructor  and  Member  of  Congress.  He  was  born  in  Greens- 
boro, Ala.,  August  17,  1870,  the  son  of  James  Marcellus  and  Sarah 
Croom  Pearson  Hobson,  and  graduated  from  the  United  States 
Naval  Academy  in  1889.  He  distinguished  himself  for  skill  and  daring 
jn  the  Spanish-American  War,  especially  in  the  hazardous  feat  of  sink- 
ing the  Merrimac  in  Santiago  harbor.  After  being  rescued  he  was  for 
several  weeks  a  prisoner  in  Morro  Castle,  but  was  finally  released. 
He  resigned  from  the  Navy,  February  6,  1903,  having  achieved  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  records  in  the  naval  history  of  the  Government. 
He  married,  May  25,  1905,  Grizelda  Houston  Hull.  At  present  he  is 
representing  Alabama  in  Congress;  and,  while  he  has  taken  the  leader- 
ship in  the  international  movement  for  peace,  he  has  also  advocated 
on  the  floor  of  Congress,  on  the  platform,  and  in  the  magazines,  the 
policy  of  naval  expansion.  Included  among  his  works  are:  'The  Sink- 
ing of  the  Merrimac'  (New  York,  The  Century  Company,  1898)  and 
'Buck  Jones  at  Annapolis'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company,  1907), 
besides  numerous  contributions  to  the  leading  magazines  of  the  day  on 
topics  connected  with  his  profession. 

HODGE,  SAMUEL,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in  Sulli- 
van County,  Tenn.,  June  7,  1829.  Entering  the  ministry  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  he  held  numerous  professorships  and  filled 
several  important  pastoral  charges.  He  published  'The  Centennial  of 
New  Bethel  Presbyterian  Church  in  Tennessee.'  Iowa  University  gave 
him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

HODGES,  LOUISE  T.  Teacher  and  writer.  She  was  born  In 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  the  daughter  of  James  Madison  and  Frances  Collier,  and 
was  educated  by  private  tutors.  She  married  Benjamin  F.  Hodges, 
and  was  for  some  time  connected  with  the  public  schools  of  Atlanta. 
Besides  numerous  poems  and  essays  contributed  to  the  periodicals, 
she  has  published  'Thought  Blossoms  From  the  South,'  which  con- 
tains many  dainty  bits'  of  verse.  Her  daughter.  Pearl,  has  also  done 
some  excellent  work. 

HODGSON,  JOSEPH.  Journalist.  He  was  born  in  1838,  and  in 
the  Civil  War  was  a  colonel  in  the  Confederate  Army.  Besides  com- 
piling 'The  Alabama  Manual  and  Statistical  Register  for   1869'  and 


202  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

editing  the  Alabama  Journal  of  Education,  he  wrote  an  interesting 
work  entitled  'The  Cradle  of  the  Confederacy,  or  the  Times  of  Troup, 
Quitman,  and  Yancey'  (Mobile,  1876). 

HOFFMAN,  DAVID,'  lawyer  and  author,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  December  2S,  1784,  and  died  in  New  York  City,  November  11,  1854. 
He  achieved  distinction  at  the  Bar  of  Maryland,  located  in  Philadelphia, 
began  a  'History  of  the  World,'  the  preparation  of  which  took  him  to 
London,  returned  to  America  to  regulate  his  private  affairs  for  an  indefi- 
nite sojourn  abroad,  and  died  from  an  apoplectic  attack.  He  completed 
only  two  volumes,  bringing  the  narrative  of  civilization  down  to  a.d.  373 
(London,  1853),  but  another  one  was  in  type  and  three  others  were  par- 
tially written.  He  also  published  'Legal  Outlines,'  'Miscellaneous 
Thoughts,  by  Anthony  Grumbler,'  in  two  volumes,  'Legal  Hints,'  and 
'Chronicles  of  Cartaphilus,  the  Wandering  Jew.'  He  was  a  man  of  pro- 
found scholarship  and  of  vast  information. 

HOGAN,  JOHN,  Congressman,  was  born  in  Mollow,  Ireland,  Jan- 
uary 2,  1805.  For  some  time  he  was  a  shoemaker  in  Baltimore.  Later  he 
removed  to  the  West  and  eventually  settled  in  St.  Louis,  where  he  became 
a  merchant  and  a  banker.  During  four  years  he  was  mayor  of  St.  Louis 
and  afterward  served  in  Congress.  He  published  'Thoughts  About  St. 
Louis'  (St.  Louis,  1857),  'The  Resources  of  Missouri'  (1858),  'Sketches  of 
Early  Western  Pioneers'  (1859),  and  'The  History  of  Western  Methodism' 
(1860). 

HOGAN,  JOHN  A.  Clergyman.  [La.].  He  published  an  inter- 
esting volume  entitled  'The  Labors  of  Jesuit  Fathers  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley'  (1904). 

HOGE,  JAMES,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in  Frederick 
County,  Va.,  February  15,  1752,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  S, 
1820.  After  serving  for  a  short  time  in  the  Continental  Army,  he  pre- 
pared himself  for  the  ministry  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  and  became 
one  of  the  landmarks  of  this  denomination.  For  nearly  fifteen  years  he 
was  president  of  Hampden-Sidney  College.  In  the  opinion  of  John  Ran- 
dolph of  Roanoke,  he  was  the  most  eloquent  man  in  the  American  pulpit. 
He  published  'The  Christian  Panoply,'  an  answer  to  Paine's  'Age  of  Rea- 
son'  (Philadelphia,  1799)   and  'Sermons.' 

HOGE,  MOSES  DRURY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  VI,  page  2435. 

HOGE,  PEYTON  HARRISON.  Clergyman.  He  was  born  at 
Hampden-Sidney,  Va.,  January  6,  1858,  the  son  of  Dr.  William  J. 
Hoge,  an  eminent  Presbyterian  educator  and  divine.  He  gradu- 
ated from  Hampden-Sidney  College  and  from  Union  Theological 
Seminary,  in  Virginia,  and  married,  August  22,  1883,  Mary  Stuart 
Holladay.  After  holding  numerous  important  pastorates,  he  was 
called,  in  1899,  to  the  Warren  Street  Presbyterian  Church  of  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  which  charge  he  still  retains.  Two  important  volumes 
have  come  from  his  pen:  'Moses  Drury  Hoge — Life  and  Letters' 
(Richmond,  Presbyterian  Committee  of  Publication,  1899)  and  'The 
Divine  Tragedy — a  Drama  of  the  Christ'  (New  York  and  Chicago, 
Fleming  H.  Revell  Company,  1905).  Hampden-Sidney  College  gave 
him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

HOGE,  WILLIAM  JAMES,  clergyman  nnd  educator,  was  born 
at  Hampden-Sidney,  Va.,  in  1821,  and  died  in  Petersburg,  Va.,  July  6, 
1864.  For  several  years  he  was  professor  of  New  Testament  literature 
in  Union  Theological  Seminary,  in  New  York,  and  also  held  several 
metropolitan  pastorates  in  the  North;  but  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civl 


BIOGRAPHICAL    DICTIONARY    OF   AUTHORS        203 

War  he  returned  to  Virginia.  Besides  tracts  and  sermons,  he  published 
'Blind  Bartimeus;  or  the  Sightless  Sinner'  (New  York,  18S9),  which 
was  translated  into  most  of  the  languages  of  Europe. 

HOGG,  THOMAS  E.  Writer.  [Texas].  He  wrote  in  verse  'The 
Fate   of  Marvin.' 

HOLBROOK,  JOHN  EDWARDS,  naturalist  and  physician,  was 
born  in  Beaufort,  S.C,  December  30,  1794,  and  died  in  Norfolk,  Mass., 
Septernber  8,  1871.  He  took  his  medical  degree  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  continued  his  professional  studies  for  two  years  in  Edinburgh 
and  London.  For  more  than  thirty  years  he  was  professor  of  anatomy 
in  the  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina.  His  first  contribution  to  science 
was  'American  Herpetology;  or,  a  Description  of  Reptiles  Inhabiting  the 
United  States,'  in  five  volumes  (Philadelphia,  1842).  He  next  published 
'The  Icthyology  of  South  Carolina'  (Charleston,  18S4).  On  account  of 
the  value  of  his  work  to  science,  he  attracted  the  attention  of  Louis 
Agassiz,  with  whom  he  maintained  the  friendliest  of  relations. 

HOLBROOK,  SILAS  PINCKNEY,  author,  was  born  in  Beau- 
fort, S.C.,  June  1,  1796,  and  died  in  Pineville,  S.C,  May  26,  1835.  On 
completing  his  studies,  he  practiced  law  for  some  time  in  Massachusetts; 
his  greatest  success,  however,  was  not  achieved  at  the  Bar  but  in  the  realm 
of  letters.  He  became  a  contributor  to  the  New  England  Galaxy  and  to 
the  Boston  Courier,  to  which,  under  the  pen-name  of  "Jonathan  Farbrick," 
he  wrote  "Letters  from,  a  Mariner,"  "Travels  of  a  Tin  Peddler,"  "Letters 
from  a  Boston  Merchant,"  and  "Recollections  of  China  and  Japan."  They 
were  afterward  published  in  a  volume  entitled  'Sketches  by  a  Traveler.' 
He  also  wrote  the  European  part  of  'Peter  Parley's  Geography,'  and  edited 
several  papers.  His  writings  are  characterized  by  a  vein  of  delightful 
humor.     Dr.  J.  E.  Holbrook,  the  naturalist,  was  his  brother. 

HOLCOMBEi  HENRY,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Prince  Edward 
County,  Va.,  September  22,  1762,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  May  22, 
1826.  After  serving  in  the  Revolution  with  the  rank  of  captain,  he  entered 
the  ministry  and  became  one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  pioneer  Ameri- 
can Baptist  divines.  He  filled  important  pastorates,  edited  religious  jour- 
nals, and  established  educational  institutions,  chiefly  in  the  South.  But 
in  1812  he  was  called  to  the  First  Baptist  Church,  of  Philadelphia,  where 
he  labored  the  remainder  of  his  days.  He  published  'A  Funeral  Discourse 
on  the  Death  of  Washington'  and  'Lectures  on  Primitive  Theology'  (Phila- 
delphia, 1822).     He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Brown  University. 

HOLCOMBE,  HOSEA,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Union  District, 
S.C,  July  20,  1780,  and  died  in  Jefferson  County,  Ala.,  in  1821.  He  pub- 
lished 'A  Collection  of  Sacred  Hymns'  (1815),  'Anti-Mission  Principles 
Exposed'  (1836),  and  'The  History  of  Alabama  Baptists'   (1840). 

HOLCOMBE,  JAMES  PHILEMON,  lawyer,  author,  educator, 
was  born  in  Lynchburg,  Va.,  September  25,  1820,  and  died  in  Capon 
Springs,  Va.,  August  26,  1873.  He  was  well  educated,  completing  his 
studies  at  Yale  after  attending  the  University  of  Virginia,  was  for  eight 
years  professor  of  law  in  the  latter  institution,  became  a  member  of  the 
secession  convention,  served  in  the  Confederate  Congress,  and  was  com- 
missioner from  the  Confederate  Government  to  Canada.  For  several  years 
after  the  war  he  was  principal  of  the  Bellevue  High  School,  in  Nelson 
County,  Va.  Besides  frequent  contributions  to  periodicals,  he  published : 
'Leading  Cases  on  Commercial  Law'  (New  York,  1847),  'Digests  of  the 
Decisions  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court'  (1848),  'Merchants'  Book 
of  Reference'  (1848),  and  'Literature  and  Letters'  (1868),  besides  minor 
works. 


204  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

HOLCOMBE,  WILLIAM  HENRY.  An  eminent  physician 
and  writer.  He  was  born  in  Lynchburg,  Va.,  May  29,  1825.  After 
locating  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  for  the  practice  of  medicine,  he  was 
converted  to  homeopathy  and  to  Swedenborgianism.  Later  he  re- 
turned to  the  South,  and,  after  sojourning  in  various  places,  he  finally 
settled  in  New  Orleans.  On  the  death  of  two  of  his  children  in  1869 
he  wrote  "Our  Children  in  Heaven,"  a  poem  which  a  critic  of  sorne 
note  characterized  as  "a  work  of  genius,  sanctified  by  sorrow."  This 
marked  the  beginning  of  his  literary  career.  His  writings  include: 
'The  Scientific  Basis  of  Homeopathy,'  'Essays  on  the  Spiritual  Philos- 
ophy of  African  Slavery,'  'Poems,'  'The  Sexes  Here  and  Hereafter,' 
'In  Both  Worlds,'  'The  Other  Life,'  'Southern  Voices,'  'The  Lost 
Truths  of  Humanity,'  'The  End  of  the  World,'  'The  New  Life,'  'Helps 
to  Spiritual  Growth,'  and  'A  Mystery  of  New  Orleans,'  the  last  named 
book  being  a  novel  which  Dr.  Garth  Wilkinson  of  London  pronounced 
a  masterpiece  of  fiction.  Still  another  work,  'The  Truth  About  Home- 
opathy,' was  published  after  his  death,  which  occurred  in  New  Orleans, 
November  28,  1893. 

HOLDEN,  EDWARD  SINGLETON,  astronomer,  was  born  in 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  November  5,  1846,  and  was  educated  at  West  Point,  becom- 
ing several  years  later  an  instructor  in  the  institution.  But  he  resigned  his 
commission  in  1873  and  became  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  Naval 
Academy  at  Annapolis.  For  three  years  he  was  president  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  California ;  from  1888  to  1898  he  was  director  of  the  Lick  Observa- 
tory; and  for  several  years  past  he  has  been  librarian  of  the  United  States 
Military  Academy  at  West  Point.  Besides  numerous  technical  and  scien- 
tific works,  he  has  published  'The  Life  of  Sir  William  Herschel'  (New 
York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons),  'Astronomy,'  with  Simon  Newcomb  (New 
York,  Henry  Holt  and  Company),  'Earth  and  Sky'  (New  York,  D.  Apple- 
ton  and  Company),  'The  Primer  of  Heraldry'  (New  York,  The  Century 
Company),  'Our  Country's  Flag'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company), 
'Family  of  the  Sun'  (ibid.),  'Essays  in  Astronomy'  {ibid.),  'Stories  of  the 
Great  Astronomers'  (ibid.),  "Elementary  Astronomy'  (New  York,  Henry 
Holt  and  Company),  'Real  Things  in  Nature'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan 
Company),  'The  Sciences'  (Boston,  Ginn  and  Company).  He  received  the 
degree  of  ScrD.  from  the  University  of  the  Pacific  and  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Columbia  University. 

HOLDING,  ELIZABETH  E.,  Mrs.  Educator.  [Mo.].  She 
wrote  an  interesting  work  entitled  'Joy,  the  Deaconess,'  a  novel. 

HOLLAND,  EDWARD  CLIFFORD,  poet,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  in  1794.  He  was  noted  as  a  controversialist,  edited  for  several 
years  the  Charleston  Tintes,  and  published  a  volume  of  patriotic  verse 
entitled  'Odes,  National  Songs,  and  Other  Poems'  (Charleston,  1814).  He 
died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  September  11,  1824. 

HOLLAND,  ROBERT  AFTON,  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman, 
was  born  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1844,  and  was  at  one  time  a  Methodist 
minister.  Both  in  the  pulpit  and  in  the  world  of  letters  Dr.  Holland  has 
achieved  note.  His  publications  include :  'The  Philosophy  of  the  Real 
Presence,'  'The  Relations  of  Philosophy  to  Agnosticism  and  Religion,'  'The 
Proof  of  Immortality,'  'A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream :  an  Interpretation,' 
and  'What  is  the  Use  of  Going  to  Church?'  For  some  time  past  he  has 
been  rector  of  St.  George's  Church,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

HOLLEY,  MARY  AUSTIN.  Author.  Her  maiden  name  was 
Austin.  She  became  the  wife  of  Dr.  Horace  Holley,  lived  for  several 
years  in  Texas,  and  wrote  a  'History  of  Texas'  (Baltimore,  1883),  which 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       205 

was  published  long  after  her  death.    She  was  a  kinswoman  of  General 
Austin.    She  died  in  New  Orleans,  August  6,  1846. 

HOLLIDAY,  CARL,  educator  and  author,  was  born  at  Hanging 
Rock,  Ohio,  in  1879.  His  father  was  George  H.  Holliday  and  his  mother, 
Lucy  Sheppard.  Since  1896  he  has  lived  in  the  South,  engaged  in 
educational  work.  For  a  while  he  was  instructor  of  English  at  the 
University  of  Virginia ;  but  at  the  present  time,  he  is  professor  of  English 
in  the  Southwestern  Presbyterian  University,  at  Clarksville,  Tenn.  He 
married  Winifred  May  Hocking.  Several  books  have  come  from  the  facile 
pen  of  this  writer,  among  them :  a  'History  of  Southern  Literature'  (New 
York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company)  ;  'The  Cotton 
Picker,  and  Other  Poems,'  'Three  Centuries  of  Southern  Poetry,'  'The 
Literature  of  Colonial  Virginia,'  which  was  awarded  a  prize  by  the  Virginia 
Colonial  Dames,  'Once  Upon  a  Time,'  a  volume  of  stories,  and  'The 
Poetry  of  the  South.'  For  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  he  wrote 
the  sketch  of  William  A.  Carruthers. 

HOLLISTER,  W.  R.  In  collaboration  with  Harry  Norman,  he 
wrote  'Five  Famous  Missourians'  (Kansas  City,  Hudson-Kimberly  Pub'- 
lishing  Company). 

HOLLGWAY,  ELIZABETH,  Mrs.  Writer.  [Tenn.].  Her 
maiden  name  was  Elizabeth  Howell.  Under  the  title  of  'Crag  and  Pine,' 
she  published  several  entertaining  stories. 

HOLLOWAY,  LAURA  CARTER,  author,  was  born  in  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  in  1848.  Her  maiden  name  was  Laura  Carter.  On  both  sides  of 
the  house  she  came  of  the  best  stock,  and  her  father  was  at  one  time 
governor  of  the  State.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  she  married  Junius  B.  Hollo- 
way  of  Kentucky;  but  she  was  already  well  known  to  the  reading  public 
through  her  precocious  efforts  of  genius.  Later  she  became  Mrs.  Lang- 
ford  and  lived  in  Brooklyn;  but  since  most  of  her  literary  work  had 
been  done  under  the  name  of  Laura  Holloway,  this  continued  to  be  the 
name  by  which  she  was  known  to  the  world  of  letters.  The  most  success- 
ful of  her  books  is  entitled :  'The  Ladies  of  the  White  House,'  which  is 
said  to  have  been  undertaken  at  the  suggestion  of  Harriet  Lane,  and  which 
has  passed  into  many  editions  both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe.  But 
she  won  additional  praise  by  her  work,  'The  Mothers  of  Great  Men.'  She 
has  also  appeared  at  frequent  intervals  on  the  platform,  and  Henry  Ward 
Beecher  pronounced  her  lecture  on  "The  Perils  of  the  Hour;  or.  Woman's 
Place  in  America"  to  be  a  masterpiece. 

HOLMES,  GEORGE  FREDERICK.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Sketch,  Vol.  VI,  page  2465. 

HOLMES,  GEORGE  S.  [S.C.].  He  published  an  interesting 
'Sketch  of  the  Parish  Church  of  St.  Michael's  m  the  Province  of  South 
Carolina,  17S2-1887.' 

HOLMES,  ISAAC  EDWARD,  Congressman  and  author,  was  born 
in  Charleston,  S.C,  April  6,  1796,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  February 
24,  1867.  After  graduation  from  Yale  he  was  admitted  to  the  Charleston 
Bar,  became  an  eloquent  advocate  of  state  rights  and  served  in  Congress 
with  distinction  for  twelve  years.  Later  he  removed  to  California,  but 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  returned  to  South  Carolina  to  share 
the  fortunes  of  his  people.  He  published  a  volume  of  delightful  miscellany 
entitled  'The  Recreations  of  George  Taletell'  (Charleston,  1822),  and  in 
conjunction  with  Robert  J.  Turnbull,  a  volume  of  political  essays  in  sup- 
port of  state  rights,  under  the  pen-name  of  "Caroliniensis"  (Charleston, 
1826). 


206  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

HOLMES,  MARY  JANE,  author,  was  born  in  Brookfield,  Mass.; 
but,  upon  her  marriage  to  Daniel  Holmes,  a  lawyer,  she  made  her  resi- 
dence in  Versailles,  Ky.,  which  continued  for  many  years  to  be  her  home, 
and  several  of  her  stories  reflect  the  features  of  her  environment.  Her 
first  novel,  'Tempest  and  Sunshine'  (New  York,  1854),  pictured  Southern 
society  before  the  war.  Then  followed  in  rapid  succession  numerous 
other  stories  which  placed  her  in  the  front  rank  of  writers  of  popular 
fiction.  During  her  lifetime  more  than  two  million  copies  of  her  books 
were  sold.  With  the  single  exception  of  Mrs.  Stowe,  who  wrote  'Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin,'  no  woman  author  in  America,  so  it  is  asserted,  has  received 
such  large  profits  from,  her  copyrights.  She  ultimately  removed  to  Brock- 
port,  N.Y.,  where  she  died  in  1907.  Some  of  her  best  known  works 
are :  'The  Homestead  on  the  Hills,'  'English  Orphans,'  'Lena  Rivers,' 
'Meadow  Brook,'  'Dora  Deane,'  'Marian  Grey,'  'Hugh  Worthington,'  'Dark- 
ness and  Daylight,'  'The  Cameron  Pride,'  'Ethelyn's  Mistake,'  'Rose 
Mather,'  'Mildred,'  'Dais^  Thornton,'  'Forest  House,'  'Chateau  d'Or,'  'Edith 
Lyle,'  'Queenie  Hethermgton,'  'Bessie's  Fortune,'  'Gretchen,'  'Millbank,' 
'Dr.  Hathern's  Daughters,'  and  'The  Tracy  Diamonds.' 

HOLT,  ANDREW  JACKSON,  Baptist  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Tennessee  but  afterward  labored  in  Texas.  Besides  a  work  on  'Palestine,' 
he  published  'Marion  Heth.' 

HOLT,  JOHN  SAUNDERS,  author,  was  born  in  Mobile,  Ala., 
December  5,  1826,  and  died  in  Natchez,  Miss.,  February  27,  1886.  After 
completing  his  education,  he  enlisted  in  a  Mississippi  regiment  of  volun- 
teers, in  command  of  Jefferson  Davis,  and  served  in  the  Mexican  War. 
On  his  return  home  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  and  was  successful  in 
building  up  an  excellent  practice;  but  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  in 
1861  he  again  went  to  the  front,  serving  in  the  Confederate  Army  with 
the  rank  of  lieutenant.  After  the  war  he  resumed  the  practice  of  law 
and  published,  under  the  pen-name  of  "Abraham  Page,"  several  novels 
descriptive  of  Southern  character :  'The  Life  of  Abraham  Page,'  'What  I 
Know  about  Ben  Eccles,  by  Abraham  Page,'  and  'The  Quines.' 

HOMES,  MARY  SOPHIE  SHAW,  author,  was  born  in  Frederick 

County,  Md.,  in  1830.  On  the  death  of  her  father,  Thomas  Shaw,  the 
family  removed  to  New  Orleans,  La.,  where  she  was  educated.  Her  first 
husband  was  Norman  Rogers,  who  died  soon  after  the  marriage,  and  she 
later  became  the  wife  of  Luther  Homes.  Besides  contributing  numerous 
essays  and  sketches  to  the  press,  under  the  pen-name  of  "Millie  Mayfield," 
she  published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Progression;  or,  the  South  De- 
fended,' and  the  work  was  so  favorably  received  that  it  was  soon  followed 
by  a  'Wreath  of  Rhymes'   (Philadelphia,  1870). 

HOOD,  JOHN  BELL,  an  eminent  Confederate  officer,  was  born 
in  Owenville,  Ky.,  June  1,  1821,  and  died  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  August  30, 
1879.  He  was  educated  for  a  military  career  at  West  Point,  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Indian  fishts  along  the  Western  frontier,  was  severely 
wounded,  and,  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  between  the  sections,  he 
resigned.  Enlisting  on  the  Confederate  side,  he  attained  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-general  and  temporarily  the  rank  of  general,  superseding  Joseph 
E.  Johnston  at  the  battle  of  Atlanta.  He  was  several  times  desperately 
wounded,  being  disabled  in  one  arm  at  Gettysburg  and  losing  a  leg  at 
Chickamauga.  After  the  war  he  engaged  in  business  in  New  Orleans.  He 
wrote  'Advance  and  Retreat ;  or.  Personal  Experiences  in  the  United  States 
and  Confederate^  Armies'  (New  Orleans,  The  Hood  Orphan  Memorial 
Fund,  1880),  which  was  published  after  his  death. 

HOOKER,  CHARLES  E.,  Jr.    Author  of  "The  Political  History 

of  Mississippi"  in  Goodspeed's  'Memoirs.' 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       207 

.  ^OO^.E^'  C^'^^^'^^  ^•'  S'-'  lawyer,  was  born  in  Union  Dis- 
trict, b.C,  in  1825.  For  several  years  he  represented  Mississippi  in  Con- 
gress. He  attained  tlie  rank  of  colonel  of  cavalry  in  the  Civil  War,  and 
lost  an  arm  in  defence  of  the  South.  When  Jeiiferson  Davis  was  arraigned 
for  treason,  he  was  associated  with  Charles  O'Connor  and  James  Lyon  in 
defending  the  illustrious  prisoner.  From  1865  to  1868  he  was  attorney- 
general  of  Mississippi.  He  wrote:  "The  Confederate  Military  History  of 
Mississippi,  in  Goodspeed's  'Memoirs,'  and  the  volume  on  "Mississippi^' 
in  The  Confederate  Military  History,'  published  in  twelve  volumes  (At- 
lanta, Ga.,  The  Confederate  Publishing  Company,  1899). 

HOOPER,  J.  W.  Clergyman.  [Va.].  Dr.  Hooper  wrote  'Lead 
Me  to  the  Rock,'  besides  minor  works. 

HOOPER.  JOHNSON  JONES.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  VI,  page  2489. 

HOOPER,  SUE  E.  Writer.  [Va.].  She  published  an  entertain- 
ing volume  of  fiction  entitled  'Ashes  of  Roses,  and  Other  Stories.' 

HOOPER,  WILLIAM.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  VI,  page  2507. 

HOPE,     JAMES     BARRON.       See     Biographical     and     Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  VI,  page  2531. 

HOPKINS,  ISAAC  STILES.  Clergyman,  educator,  and  lecturer. 
He  was  born  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  June  20,  1841,  the  son  of  Thomas  and 
Rebecca  Hopkins ;  graduated  from  Emory  College  and  took  a  course  in 
medicine  at  the  Medical  College  of  Georgia.  He  married,  first,  Emily 
Gibson  and,  second,  Mary  Hinton.  He  entered  the  ministry  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  and  became  first  a  professor  in  va- 
rious departments  and  afterward  president  of  Emory  College,  his  alma 
mater.  He  organized  the  Georgia  School  of  Technology  at  Atlanta,  and 
presided  for  eight  years  over  this  educational  institution.  He  has  held 
some  of  the  most  important  pastorates  within  the  bounds  of  Southern 
Methodism.  Besides  frequent  lectures  on  educational  subjects,  he  has 
contributed  numerous  articles  to  the  secular  and  religious  journals. 
The  sketch  of  Atticus  G.  Haygood,  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Litera- 
ture,' is  from  his  pen.     He  holds  the  M.D.,  the  D.D.  and  the  Ph.D.  degrees. 

HOPKINS,  JOHN  LIVINGSTON,  jurist  and  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Madisonville,  Tenn.,  September  24,  1828.  For  several  years  he  occupied 
the  Bench  of  the  Atlanta  circuit  and  succeeded  in  restoring  order  at  a 
time  of  great  unrest.  Until  his  retirement  from  the  active  practice,  he 
was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Bar  of  Georgia.  'The  Annotated  Penal 
Code'  is  the  work  of  Judge  Hopkins.  On  account  of  his  legal  scholarship 
and  prestige,  he  was  appointed  chairman  of  the  board  to  codify  the  laws 
of  Georgia  (1893-1895).  Fifteen  years  later  his  annotations  were  ac- 
cepted by  the  State  Legislature  as  the  basis  of  another  revision  (1909- 
1910).  He  is  also  the  author  of  an  important  volume  entitled  'The  Law 
of  Personal  Injuries.'  He  married  Mary  Elizabeth  Cooke.  His  winters 
are  spent  in  Florida  and  his  summers  in  Georgia. 

HOPKINS,  LINTON  COOKE,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Atlanta,  Ga., 
April  12,  1872,  a  son  of  Judge  John  L.  Hopkins,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  lawyers  of  Georgia.  At  leisure  intervals  he  has  written  a 
number  of  short  stories  for  the  periodicals,  among  them,  "Chance,"  in 
Collier's  Weekly  (1905),  "How  the  Thing  was  Managed,"  in  Appleton's 
Magazine  (1906),  "The  Crosby  Case  and  the  Crosby  Woman,"  in  The 
Reader  (1907),  and  "The  Adventures  of  the  Lost  Bathing  Suit,"  in  Uncle 
Remus. 


208  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

HORNE,  IDA  HARRELL,  Mrs.  Writer.  She  wrote  a  number 
of  poems  which  went  the  rounds  of  the  press,  among  them  "Under  the 
Snow"  and  "Crushed  Violets." 

HORRY,  PETER,  author,  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution  who 
distinguished  himself  under  General  Francis  Marion.  Neither  the  time 
nor  the  place  of  his  nativity  is  known,  but  he  is  supposed  to  have  been 
born  in  South  Carolina.  In  collaboration  with  the  Rev.  Mason  L. 
Weems,  he  published  a  'Life  of  Marion'  (Philadelphia,  1824),  which 
passed  through  numerous  editions.  The  rough  outline  of  the  work  was 
from  Horry's  pen  and  the  heightened  touch  of  romance  which  was  given 
to  the  account  by  Weems  is  said  to  have  made  the  former  disclaim  the 
credit  to  which  he  was  properly  entitled. 

HORTON,  CORINNE  STOCKER,  writer,  was  born  in  Orange- 
burg, S.C.  Her  maiden  name  was  Corinne  Stocker.  She  married,  June 
17,  1896,  Thaddeus  E.  Horton.     For  several  years  she  was  on  the  editorial 

staff  of  the  Atlanta  Journal.  Besides  numerous  articles  in  high-class 
periodicals,  most  of  them  dealing  with  Southern  historical  characters  and 
places,  Mrs.  Horton  has  published  'The  Georgian  Architecture  of  the  Far 
South'  (1902).  She  has  made  an  exhaustive  study  of  architectural  types 
and  has  furnished  to  the  magazines  many  articles  illustrated  from  photo- 
graphic views  which  she  has  taken. 

HOSMER,  JAMES  KENDALL.  For  eighteen  years  professor 
of  English  and  German  literatures  in  Washington  University,  St. 
Louis,  Mo.;  clergyman  and  author.  He  was  born  in  Northfield,  Mass., 
January  29,  1834,  the  son  of  George  W.  and  Hannah  P.  Hosmer. 
He  was  educated  at  Harvard  and  was  a  Unitarian  pastor  before 
the  war;  and  after  it  a  college  professor.  He  served  in  the  Union 
Army  as  a  private,  declining  staff  appointment.  From  1874  to 
1892  he  occupied  the  chair  of  English  and  German  literature  in  Wash- 
ington University;  and  then  accepted  the  office  of  librarian  in  the 
public  library  at  Minneapolis,  Minn.  He  was  twice  married.  His 
writings  include  the  following  books:  'The  Color  Guard'  (1864),  'The 
Thinking  Bayonet'  (1865),  'Short  History  of  German  Literature' 
(New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons),  'Memorial  of  G.  W.  Hosmer, 
D.D.'  (1882),  'Story  of  the  Jews'  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons, 
188S),  "Life  of  Samuel  Adams"  in  the  'American  Statesmen  Series' 
(Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Company,  1885),  'Short  History  of 
Anglo-Saxon  Freedom'  (New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons),  'Life 
of  Sir  Henry  Vane'  (1888),  'Life  of  Thomas  Hutchinson'  (New  York, 
Harper  and  Brothers,  1896),  'Short  History  of  the  Mississippi  Valley' 
(ibid.,  1901),  'History  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase'  (New  York,  D. 
Appleton  and  Company,  1902),  and  Vols.  XX  and  XXI  of  the  'His- 
tory of  the  Civil  War  in  America'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers, 
1907).  It  will  be  seen  from  this  list  that  he  has  made  some  of  the 
most  important  contributions  to  the  literature  of  the  day.  Mention 
should  also  be  made  of  his  work  in  editing  'The  Expedition  of  Lewis 
and  Clarke.'  The  University  of  Missouri  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 
and  Washington  University,  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

HOSKINS.  JOSEPHINE  R.,  Mrs.  Author.  [La.].  She  pub- 
lished a  story  entitled  'Love's  Stratagem.' 

HOSKINS,  WILLIAM  WALTON,  poet,  was  born  in  Mississippi 
but  afterward  removed  to  Georgia,  where  he  published  a  volume  of  verse 
entitled  'Atlantis  and  Other   Poems'    (Atlanta,    1894). 

ROSS,  ELIJAH  EMBREE,  bishop  of  the  M.  E.  Church,  South, 
was  born  in  Jonesboro,  Tenn.,  April  14,  1849.     On  completing  his  studies 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       209 

at  Emory  and  Henry  College,  he  was  ordained  to  the  ministry,  filled 
various  important  pastorates  on  both  sides  of  the  continent,  was  president 
at  different  times  of  Martha  Washington  College  and  of  Emory  and  Henry 
College,  a  professor  in  the  theological  department  of  Vanderbilt  Univer- 
sity, editor  of  the  Christian  Advocate,  and,  in  1902,  became  bishop.  Besides 
contributing  to  the  'History  of  Nashville'  (1888),  he  has  published  'Dis- 
cussions in  Theology"  (Nashville,  Barbee  and  Smith,  1887),  'Regeneration' 
(ibid.,  1899),  "The  New  Age,"  in  the  'Merick  Series  of  Lectures'  (1906),  and 
'Southern  Methodism'  (1909).  He  also  wrote  the  sketch  of  O.  P.  Fitz- 
gerald for  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  From  Emory  and  Henry 
College  he  holds  the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees.  He  is  an  effective 
speaker  and  an  elegant  writer. 

HOTCHKISS,  JED.  Soldier  and  author.  [Va.].  He  was  born 
in  1827  and  died  in  1899.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was  topographer  and 
staff  officer  in  various  corps  in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  By 
reason  of  his  familiarity  with  the  ground  over  which  rolled  the  tide  of 
conflict,  he  rendered  important  assistance  to  William  Allan  in  preparing 
'The  Battlefields  of  Virginia'  (1867),  and  wrote  the  volume  on  Virginia  in 
'The  Confederate  Military  History'  (Atlanta,  pa..  The  Confederate  Pub- 
lishing Company,  1899),  besides  minor  works  including  an  interesting  his- 
torical'account  of  the  city  of  Staunton  (1878). 

HOUSSAYE,  S.  DE  LA,  Madame.  Author.  [La.].  She  wrote 
'Souvenirs  d'Amerique  et  de  France'  (1883)  and  'La  Maride  Marguerite.' 
the  story  of  a  Virginia  girl. 

HOUSTON,  A.  C.  Writer.  [Va.].  He  wrote  'Hugh  Harrison,' 
a  novel. 

HOUSTON,  DAVID,  educator,  was  born  in  Monroe,  N.C.,  Febru- 
ary 17,  1866,  and  was  educated  at  South  Carolina  College,  completing  his 
studies'  at  Harvard.  From  1902  to  1905  he  was  president  of  the  Agricul- 
tural and  Mechanical  College  of  Texas,  and  from  1905  to  1908,  president 
of  the  University  of  Texas.  Since  1908  he  has  been  chancellor  of  Wash- 
ington University  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Dr.  Houston  is  one  of  the  fore- 
most educators  of  the  South,  a  successful  administrator,  a  fine  discipli- 
narian and  a  ripe  scholar.  He  has  published  'A  Critical  Study  of  Nulli- 
fication in  South  Carolina,'  besides  minor  works,  and  is  one  of  the  con- 
sulting editors  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married,  De- 
cember 11,  1895,  Helen  Beall,  of  Austin,  Texas.  Tulane  University  and 
the  University  of  Wisconsin  have  given  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

HOUSTON,  MARGARET  MOFFETT,  poet,  was  a  native  of  Ala- 
bama, became  the  second  wife  of  General  Sam  Houston,  wrote  a  number 
of  poems,  including  one  "To  My  Husband,"  and  died  in  Texas  in  1867. 

HOUSTON,  SAM.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
VI,  page  2561. 

HOWARD,  CAROLINE  E.,  author,  was  born  in  Mcintosh  County, 
Ga  May  S  1835.  Her  maiden  name  was  Caroline  E.  Shackelford.  She 
married  July  18,  1860,  Chessly  B.  Howard.  Her  published  works  include : 
'Paths  Crossed;  or.  Glimpses  into  the  Early  History  of  Methodism  in 
Georgia'  (Nashville,  The  M.E.  Publishing  House,  South,  1887),  The  Do 
Society'  (ibid.,  1887),  and  'Annie  Cooper's  Friends'  (ibid.,  1889),  besides 
minor  works. 

HOWARD,  FRANCES  THOMAS.  Author.  [Ga.].  She  wrote 
'In  and  Out  of  the  Lines,'  an  interesting  story  of  Sherman  s  march  (New 
York  and  Washington,  The  Neale   Publishing  Company,   1907). 


210  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

HOWARD,  H.  R.  Author.  [Miss.].  He  wrote  'The  History 
of  Virgil  A.  Stewart  of  Mississippi,  and  His  Adventures  in  Capturing  and 
Exposing  the  Great  Western  Land  Pirate  and  His  Gang"  (New  York, 
Harper  and  Brothers). 

HOWARD,  MILFORD  W.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Floyd  County, 
Ga.,  December  18,  1862,  settled  in  Alabama,  became  active  in  politics,  was 
twice  elected  by  the  Populists  to  the  national  House  of  Representatives, 
and  published  a  volume  which  excited  much  interest  at  the  time,  entitled 
'If  Christ  Came  to  Congress'   (1894).     He  resides  at  Fort  Payne,  Ala. 

HOWARD,  WALTER.  Editor.  [Ga.].  For  several  years  he 
was  on  the  staff  of  the  Atlanta  Journal,  after  which  he  was  for  some  time 
connected  with  the  New  York  Journal,  now  the  New  York  American,  and 
was  sent  by  the  latter  paper  to  London  to  be  the  resident  American  editor. 
He  wrote  numerous  short  stories  and  sketches.  Mr.  Howard  married 
Belle  Newman,  a  daughter  of  Judge  William  T.  Newman,  United  States 
Judge  for  the  Northern  district  of  Georgia.     He  died  in  1902. 

HOWE,  GEORGE,  Presbyterian  clergyman,  was  born  in  Massa- 
chusetts in  1802  and  died  in  Columbia,  S.C.,  in  1883.  Dr.  Howe  wrote 
a  'History  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  South  Carolina.' 

HOWE,  ROBERT.  Soldier.  [N.C.].  He  was  born  in  1732  and 
died  in  1785.  During  the  American  Revolution  he  attained  the  rank  of 
major-general.  His  memoirs  were  edited  by  A.  M.  Hooper  and  published 
in  abridged  form  in  the  North  Carolina  University  Magazine,  Vols.  II  and 
IV  (1853-1855). 

HOWE,  WILLIAM  WIRT.     Jurist  and  lawyer      He  was  born  in 

Canandaigua,  N.Y.,  in  1833,  the  son  of  Henry  Howe.  He  served  in 
the  Union  Army  from  1861  to  1865,  and  took  up  the  practice  of  law 
in  New  Orleans  at  the  close  of  the  war,  becoming  Judge  of  the 
Criminal  Court,  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Louisiana, 
and  president  of  the  American  Bar  Association.  In  1900  he  was  ap- 
pointed United  States  Attorney  for  the  Southern  district  of  Louis- 
iana. Two  interesting  works  have  come  from  his  pen:  'The  Municipal 
Plistory  of  New  Orleans'  and  'Studies  in  the  Civil  Law  (Boston, 
Little,  Brown  and  Company).     He  resides  in  New  Orleans,  La. 

HOWELL,  ANDREW  JACKSON,  Jr.  Writer.  [N.C.].  He 
published  a  work  entitled  'Cornelius  Harnett,  a  Revolutionary  Patriot' 
(1896). 

HOWELL,  CLARK.  Editor.  He  was  born  in  Barnwell  County, 
S.C,  September  21,  1863,  a  son  of  Captain  Evan  P.  Howell,  for  many 
years  editor-in-chief  of  the  Atlanta  Constitution.  He  graduated  from  the 
University  cf  Georgia,  and  married,  first,  in  1887,  Harriet  Glascock 
Barrett  and,  second,  in  1900,  Annie  Comer.  He  entered  journalism, 
succeeding  the  lamented  Henry  W.  Grady  as  managing  editor  of  the 
Atlanta  ConsiituHon.  in  1889.  and  afterward  was  made  editor-in-chief, 
the  position  long  held  by  his  father.  He  has  been  Speaker  of  the  House 
and  president  of  the  Senate  of  Georgia;  also  a  member  of  the  Na- 
tional Democratic  Committee  and  a  candidate  for  governor.  Besides 
frequent  contributions  to  the  press,  he  has  made  numerous  speeches  in 
both  sections.  One  of  his  addresses,  entitled  "The  Man  With  His  Hat 
in  His  Hand,"  was  suggested  by  an  incident  in  the  Spanish-American 
War,  and,  not  only  on  account  of  the  novelty  of  the  theme  but  also  because 
of  the  eloquent  manner  in  which  the  orator  expressed  the  spirit  of  the 
hour,  it  acquired  an  immense  popularity  and  was  declaimed  from  number- 
less  school   rostrums.     He   assisted  in  the  compilation   of   'Modern   Elo- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY    OF   AUTHORS        211 

quence'  (Philadelphia,  Jno.  D.  Morris  and  Company,  1900)  and  'Eloquent 
Sons  of  the  South'  (Boston,  Chappie  Publishing  Company,  1909).  Mr. 
Howell  resides  in  Atlanta,  Ga. 

HOWELL,  REDNAP.  Educator  and  poet.  He  taught  a  school 
at  Deep  River,  N.C.,  before  the  Revolution  and  wrote  a  number  of  pa- 
triotic airs.  He  also  published  a  pamphlet  entitled  "A  Fan  for  Fanning 
and  a  Touch  for  Tryon"  (Boston,  1871). 

HOV/ELL,  ROBERT  BOYTE  CRAWFORD,  clergyman  and 
author,  was  born  in  Wayne  County,  N.C.,  March  10,  1801,  and  died  in 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  April  S,  1868.  £)r.  Howell  was  an  eminent  Baptist 
divine,  learned  and  eloquent.  The  greater  part  of  his  ministry  was  spent 
in  the  pulpit  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  of  Nashville.  As  a  writer  he 
was  vigorous  and  fluent.  He  published  'Terms  of  Sacramental  Com- 
m-union'  (Philadelphia,  1841),  'Howell  on  the  Deaconship'  (1846),  'The 
Way  of  Salvation'  (1849),  'The  Evils  of  Infant  Baptism'  (1851),  'The 
Cross'  (1854),  'The  Covenants'  (1856),  and  'The  Early  Baptists  of  Virginia' 
(Philadelphia,  1876),  besides  tracts  and  pamphlets.  He  also  left  a  number 
of  manuscripts.     Some  of  his  works  were  reproduced  in  England. 

HOWISON,  ROBERT  REID.  Professor  of  American  history  in 
the  College  of  Fredericksburg,  Va.;  clergyman  and  author.  He  was 
born  in  Fredericksburg,  -Va.,  June  22,  1820,  a  son  of  Samuel  and 
Helen  Howison.  He  enjoyed  superior  educational  advantages,  including 
a  course  in  law,  and  practiced  this  profession  for  a  while  in  Richmond; 
later  he  took  a  course  in  the  Union  Theological  Seminary  at  Hampden- 
Sidney.  He  was  pastor  of  a  church  at  Staunton,  Va.,  for  one  year, 
after  which,  because  of  failing  health,  he  returned  to  the  law.  He  was 
injured  in  the  Capitol  disaster  in  Richmond,  in  1870,  and  once  more 
resumed  ministerial  labors.  He  married,  November  24,  1847,  Mary 
Elizabeth  Graham.  He  filled  numerous  pastorates,  and  in  1894  was 
called  to  the  chair  of  American  history  in  the  College  of  Fredericks- 
burg. His  literary  production  includes  some  important  contributions 
to  American  history,  among  them:  'The  History  of  Virginia,'  in  two 
volumes,  published  first  in  1846,  and  afterward  in  1848,  the  lives  of  Morgan, 
Marion,  and  Gates  in  'Washington  and  the  Generals  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution,' 'Criminal  Trials.'  'God  and  Creation,'  'Fredericksburg,  Past  and 
Present,'  and  a  'Students'  History  of  the  United  States.'  He  wrote  serially 
a  'History  of  the  War  Between  the  States,'  which  appeared  in  the 
Southern  Literary  Messenger,  a  paper  which  was  suspended  in  1864; 
also  an  essay  on  "The  New  Testament  Plan  of  Ministerial  Education," 
which  was  awarded  a  prize  of  fifty  dollars.  Dr.  Howison  held  both  the 
D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees.    He  died  in  1906. 

HOY,  FRANK,  Mrs.  Author.  She  wrote  an  interesting  story  of 
war  times  entitled  'Adrienne'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale 
Publishing  Company,  1907),  the  scenes  of  which  shift  from  New  Orleans 
to  various  parts  of  the  South. 

HUBBARD,  FORDYCE  MITCHELL.  Author.  [N.C.].  He 
was  born  in  1809  and  died  in  1888.  He  published  'Life  of  W.  R.  Davie,' 
'Richard  Caswell,'  and  'The  Harvey  Family,'  besides  minor  writings. 

HUBBARD,  RICHARD  B.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Walton  County, 
Ga.,  November  1,  1836.  On  completing  his  educational  equipment,  he 
located  in  Texas  for  the  practice  of  law  and  rose  at  once  to  the  front.  At 
the  outbreak  of  hostilities  in  1861,  he  resigned  his  seat  in  the  Legislature 
and  or^snized  a  regiment  of  volunteer  troops.  On  the  field  of  battle  he 
served  with  gallantry  and  distinction.    From  1876  to  1879  he  was  governor 


212  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

of  Texas;  and,  during  President  Cleveland's  first  administration,  he  was 
United  States  Minister  to  Japan.  On  the  lecture  platform  he  also  became 
prominent.  His  oratorical  gifts  were  of  very  high  order  and  frequently- 
made  him  the  central  figure  in  conventional  assemblies.  His  oration  at  the 
Philadelphia  Centennial  in  1876  was  the  masterpiece  of  the  historic  cele- 
bration. He  published  'The  United  States  in  the  Far  East;  or,  Modern 
Japan  and  the  Orient'  (Richmond,  B.  F.  Johnson  and  Company,  1900). 

HUBBELL,  GEORGE  ALLEN.  Vice-president  and  dean  of 
Berea  College,  Berea,  Ky.  He  was  born  in  Springfield,  Ohio,  August 
IS,  1862,  the  son  of  Sampson  R.  and  Emily  A.  Hubbell.  His  works  in- 
clude: 'A  Guide  in  the  Study  of  Geography,'  'The  Child  and  the  Bible, 
'The  Men  of  the  Bible,'  in  part  written  by  him,  and  'Up  From  Child- 
hood'  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons).     He  holds  the  Ph.D.  degree. 

HUBNER,  CHARLES  WILLIAM,  editor,  poet,  librarian,  was 
bom  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  January  16,  183S.  After  receiving  an  elemen- 
tary education  in  the  common  schools,  he  spent  several  years  in  Ger- 
many, his  ancestral  home.  He  served  with  gallantry  in  the  Confed- 
erate Army  and  at  the  close  of  hostilities  settled  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  where 
he  has  since  resided.  He  has  been  connected  in  an  editorial  capacity  with 
various  magazines  and  periodicals,  and  at  the  present  time  is  assistant 
librarian  of  the  Carnegie  Library  of  Atlanta.  As  a  writer  Major  Hubner 
possesses  a  style  which  has  been  little  affected  by  the  modern  innovations 
upon  the  old  standards.  It  is  classic  both  in  its  simplicity  and  in  its 
strength;  and  is  linked  to  high  and  beautiful  ideals.  There  are  few  de- 
partments of  thought  to  which  he  has  not  contributed;  and  some  of  the 
South's  best  poetry  since  the  war  has  come  from  his  pen.  The  great  sov- 
ereigns of  song,  like  Whittier  and  Longfellow,  have  been  captivated  by  the 
lilt  of  his  rhymes  and  by  the  genuineness  of  his  poetic  inspirations.  He  is  a 
man  of  the  purest  life  and  character,  a  scholar  of  rare  attainments,  and  a 
critic  of  fine  discrimination,  keen  but  kind  in  his  subtle  powers  of  analysis. 
The  writings  of  Major  Hubner  include:  'Historical  Souvenirs  of  Luther' 
(1872),  'Wild  Flowers,'  a  volume  of  poems  (1876)  'Cinderella,'  a  drama 
(1879),  'Modern  Communism'  (1880),  'Poems  and  Essays'  (1881),  'The 
Wonder  Stone,'  a  lyrical  composition  (1883),  'War  Poets  of  the  South' 
(1896),  'Representative  Southern  Poets'  (Washington,  The  Neale  Publish- 
ing Company,  1906),  and  'Poems'  (ifcirf.,  1906).  He  also  wrote  the  sketch 
of  Frank  L  Stanton  for  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  The  ver- 
satility of  his  genius  is  attested  by  the  merest  glance  at  the  list  of  his 
publications. 

HUDNALL,  RICHARD  HENRY,  educator,  was  born  at  Brandon, 
Miss.,  May  28,  1870.  His  father  was  Joseph  Hudnall  and  his  mother, 
Elizabeth  Francis.  Besides  contributing  numerous  articles  on  literary 
subjects  to  current  periodicals,  he  is  the  author  of  'A  Presentation  of  the 
Grammatical  Inflexions  in  Androw  of  Wyntoun's  "Orygynale  Cronykil  of 
Scotland"'  (Leipsic,  1898).  For  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  he 
wrote  the  sketch  of  F.  V.  N.  Painter.  He  occupies  the  chair  of  English 
in  the  Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute,  at  Blacksburg,  and  holds  the  degree 
of  Ph.D.  from  Leipzig. 

HUDSON,  JOSHUA  HILARY,  jurist,  was  born  in  Chester,  S.C, 
January  29,  1832,  and  died  in  Greenville,  S.C,  July  22,  1909.  Judge  Hud- 
son published  an  interesting  volume  entitled  'Reminiscences  and  Sketches' 
(1904),  in  which  he  reviews  some  of  the  dramatic  episodes  of  his  long 
and  useful  career. 

HUDSON,  ROBERT  PAYNE.  Poet.  [Tenn.].  He  published  a 
volume  of  verse  entitled  'Southern  Lyrics'   (Nashville,  1907). 


Congressional  Library 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       213 

HUGHES,  ROBERT  MORTON,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Abingdon, 
Va.,  September  10,  18SS.  His  father  was  Robert  W.  Hughes,  an  eminent 
Federal  jurist.  As  an  advocate  he  takes  high  rank.  In  1895  he  was  made 
president  of  the  Virginia  Bar  Association,  an  honor  which  attests  his  legal 
prestige,  and  for  ten  years  he  was  chairman  of  the  cominittee  on  legal  liter- 
ature. His  published  works  include  an  excellent  'Life  of  General  Joseph  E. 
Johnston'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company,  1893),  a  'Hand-Book  of 
Admiralty  Law'  (St.  Paul,  Minn.,  West  Publishing  Company,  1901),  'Fede- 
ral Procedure'  (t&i'rf.,  1904),  and  'Maritime  Liens,'  Vol.  XXVI,  Cyc.  (New 
York,  American  Law  Book  Company,  1907).  He  married,  February  19, 
1879,  Mattie  L.  Smith.     He  resides  in  Norfolk,  Va. 

HUGHES,  ROBERT  WILLIAM,  jurist,  was  born  in  Powhatan 
County,  Va.,  June  6,  1821.  On  leaving  college,  he  settled  in  Richmond  and 
edited  The  Examiner  until  1857.  Throughout  the  Civil  War  he  served  in 
the  Confederate  ranks.  While  on  the  staff  of  The  State,  in  1868,  he  fought 
a  duel  with  William  E.  Cameron,  in  which  the  latter  was  wounded.  He 
afterward  became  United  States  attorney  for  the  western  district  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  still  later  United  States  judge  for  the  eastern  district  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  was  also  an  unsuccessful  Republican  candidate  for  governor. 
He  published  'The  American  Dollar,'  biographies  of  General  John  B.  Floyd, 
and  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  and  'The  Currency  Question.' 

HUGHES,  JOHN  T.  Author.  [Mo.].  He  published  in  1847  a 
work  entitled:  'Doniphan's  Expedition,'  giving  an  account  of  the  adven- 
tures of  1,000  Missouri  volunteers,  under  command  of  A.  W.  Doniphan, 
in  the  Mexican  War  (Cincinnati,  J.  A.  and  U.  P.  James). 

HUGHEY,  G.  W.  Clergyman.  [Mo.].  He  published  'The  Liquor 
Traffic'  (1882),  'Ingersoll  and  Ingersollism'  (1883),  a  'Catechism  on  Beer' 
(1884),  'The  Resurrection  of  the  Dead'  (1885),  and  'The  Christian  Side 
of  Faith'  (1886). 

HUGHSON,  SHIRLEY  C.  Editor.  [S.C.].  Besides  editing  'Shel- 
lesr's  Letters,'  he  published  'Piracy  on  the  Carolina  Coast.' 

HULL,  AUGUSTUS  LONGSTREET.  Banker.  He  was  born  in 
Athens,  Ga.,  September  8,  1847,  and  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Georgia,  of  which  institution  he  became  secretary  and  treasurer.  He  mar- 
ried, January  5,  1871,  Callie,  daughter  of  General  Thomas  R.  R.  Cobb. 
He  wrote  an  'Historical  Sketch  of  the  University  of  Georgia,'  'Campaigns 
of  the  Confederate  Army,'  and  'Annals  of  Athens,  Georgia.'  He  died  in 
1909. 

HULL,  SUSAN  R.  Author.  [Md.].  She  wrote  an  interesting 
volume  entitled  'The  Boy  Soldiers  of  the  Confederacy.' 

HULSE,  B.  M.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  'The  History  of  Claiborne 
Parish,  Louisiana'  (New  Orleans,  1886). 

HULSE,  GEORGIANA  A.  (Mrs.  Alexander  W.  McLeod),  author, 
was  born  in  the  Naval  Hospital,  near  Pensacola,  Fla.,  in  1835,  and  was  the 
daughter  of  Dr.  Isaac  Hulse,  a  surgeon  in  the  United  States  Navy.  Being 
left  an  orphan  of  tender  years,  she  was  reared  by  her  grandparents  in 
Baltimore.  At  an  early  age  she  began  to  contribute  some  unusual  bits  of 
verse  to  the  press,  and  in  the  early  'fifties  her  first  volume  appeared :  'Sun- 
beams and  Shadows'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company).  She  mar- 
ried, in  1853,  the  Rev.  Henry  McLeod,  D.D. ;  but,  in  the  midst  of 
household  duties  she  still  found  time  to  write.  Her  other  works  are,  'Ivy 
Leaves  from  the  Old  Homestead,'  'Sea  Drifts.'  and  'Bright  Memories,' 
which  contain  some  very  interesting  sketches.     Mrs.  McLeod  was  at  one 


214  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

time  principal  of  the  Southern  Literary  Institute  in  Baltimore.     Her  best 
known  poem  is  entitled  "Thine  and  Mine." 

HUME,  THOMAS.  Educator  and  divine.  He  was  born  in  Ports- 
mouth, Va.,  the  son. of  Rev.  Thomas  Hume,  and  was  educated  at 
Richmond  College  and  the  University  of  Virginia.  He  was  a  chaplain 
in  the  Confederate  Army,  and  after  the  war  divided  his  time 
between  educational  and  ministerial  work,  holding  important  pastorates 
and  professorships.  He  was  called  to  the  chair  of  English  language 
and  literature  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina  in  1885,  occupying 
this  position  until  the  department  was  divided,  in  1902,  when  he  became 
professor  of  English  literature  in  the  same  institution.  Besides  numer- 
ous lectures  on  literary  subjects,  and  frequent  contributions  to  the 
magazines  and  periodicals,  he  has  published  the  following  works, 
whose  titular  mention  alone  indicates  the  scope  and  value  of  his  pro- 
ductions: 'Helps .to  the  Study  of  Hamlet,'  'Shakespeare's  Moral  Teach- 
ing,' and  'John  Milton's  Religious  Opinions  and  Connection.'  His 
lectures  include  "The  Literature  of  the  Bible,"  "Shakespeare,"  and 
"Tennyson."  Richmond  College  gave  him  his  Ph.D.  and  Wake  Forest, 
his  LL.D. 

HUMES,  THOMAS  W.  Writer.  [Tenn.]:  He  published  'The 
Loyal  Mountaineers  of  Tennessee.' 

HUMPHREYS,  DAVID.  Author.  [Va.].  He  wrote  'Heroes 
and  Spies  of  the  Civil  War,'  a  narrative  interestingly  told  by  one  of  the 
members  of  the  original  "Stonewall  Brigade"  (New  York  and  Washing- 
ton, The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1903). 

HUMPHREYS,  WEST  HUGHES,  jurist,  was  born  in  Mont- 
gomery County,  Tenn.,  August  S,  1806,  and  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn., 
October  5,  1883.  He  was  educated  at  Transylvania  University,  studied 
law  and  became  United  States  district  judge  by  appointment  of  President 
Pierce.  Afterward  he  held  judicial  office  under  the  Confederate  Govern- 
ment. For  several  years  he  was  also  Supreme  Court  reporter,  and  pub- 
lished eleven  volumes  of  'Reports  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Tennessee' 
(Nashville,  1839-1851). 

HUMPHREYS,  WILTON  WYLIE,  educator,  was  born  in  Green- 
briar  County,  Va.,  now  W.Va.,  September  15,  1844,  given  the  best  educa- 
tional advantasres,  both  at  home  and  abroad  (Ph.D.,  Leipsic,  LL.D.,  Van- 
derbilt),  and  from  1862  to  1865  fought  in  the  artillery  branch  of  Lee's 
Army  in  the  capacity  of  gunner.  He  married,  in  1877,  Louise,  daughter 
of  Dr.  Landon  C.  Garland,  chancellor  of  Vanderbilt  University.  Devoting 
himself  to  educational  work,  he  became  identified  with  a  number  of  lead- 
ing colleges  and  universities,  and  in  1887  was  called  to  the  chair  of  Greek 
in  the  University  of  Virginia,  a  position  which  he  still  retains.  For  ten 
years  he  was  chief  American  editor  of  the  Revue  des  Revues,  and  also 
edited  'The  Clouds  of  Aristophanes'  (Boston,  Ginn  and  Company),  and 
'The  Antigone  of  Sophocles'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers),  besides 
minor  works. 

HUMPHRIES,  JOSEPH  WILLIAM,  lawyer  and  poet,  was  born 
m  Hapeville,  Ga.,  August  27,  1871,  a  son  of  Amos  Daniel  and  Annis  Eliza- 
beth Humphries.  The  demands  of  the  legal  profession  have  not  prevented 
the  exercise  of  his  unusual  poetic  gifts,  and  he  has  frequently  made  con- 
tributions in  verse  to  the  periodicals;  but  he  has  not  yet  published  his 
poems  in  book  form.  Among  the  popular  favorites  of  this  Georgia  singer 
are:  "When  She  Comes,"  "Just  for  You,"  and  "Deedee's  Hands."  He 
resides  in  Atlanta,  Ga. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY    OF   AUTHORS        215 

HUNDLEY,  DANIEL  R.  Colonel  of  the  Thirty-first  Alabama 
Regiment,  C.S.A.,  and  author  of  'Social  Relations  in  our  Southern  States' 
(New  York,  H.  B.  Price,  1860),  which  received  high  praise  from  the 
critics.     He  was  born  in  1832. 

HUNGERFORD,  JAMES.  Author.  [Md.].  He  wrote  two  inter- 
esting stories  of  ante-bellum  days,  'The  Old  Plantation'  and  'The 
Master  of  Beverley.' 

HUNT,  CARLETON.  Author.  [La.].  He'published  a  work  on 
'Edward  Livingston'  (1901). 

HUNT,  CHARLES  H.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  a  'Life  of  Ed- 
ward Livingston,'  for  which  an  introduction  was  'written  by  George  Ban- 
croft, the  historian  (New  York,  1869). 

_  HUNT,  GAILLARD,  chief  of  the  Division  of  Manuscripts  of  the 
Library  of  Congress,  was  born  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  September  8,  1862. 
His  father  was  Judge  William  H.  Hunt,  former  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
and  United  States  Minister  to  Russia.  Among  the  important  volumes 
which  he  has  published  are  'The  Life  of  James  Madison'  (New  York, 
Doubleday,  Page  and  Company,  1902),  'Disunion  Sentiment  in  Congress  in 
1794'  (Washington,  D.C.,  Lowdermilk  and  Company,  1905),  'The  Life  of 
John  C.  Calhoun'  (Philadelphia,  George  W.  Jacobs  and  Company,  1908), 
the  'History  of  the  Seal  of  the  United  States'  (1909),  'The  American 
Passport'_  (1898),  and  'The  Department  of  State'  (1898),  besides  numerous 
contributions  to  magazines  on  topics  historical  and  governmental.  He  also 
edited  'Fragments  of  Revolutionary  History'  (1891),  the  "Writings  of 
James  Madison,'  in  eight  volumes  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  1900- 
1909),  and  'The  First  Forty  Years  of  Washington  Society'  (New  York, 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1906).  The  sketch  of  Molly  Elliot  Seawell  in 
'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  He  married, 
October  24,  1901,  Mary  Goodfellow. 

HUNT,  JAMES  H.  Writer.  [Mo.].  With  G.  W.  Westbrook  he 
published  'The  Mormon  War  in  Missouri'  (1844). 

HUNT,  LOUISE  LIVINGSTON.  [La.].  She  wrote  a  'Memoir  of 
Mrs.  Edward  Livingston'  (New  York,  1886). 

HUNT,  RANDALL,  lawyer,  educator,  orator,  was  born  in  South 
Carolina  in  1807,  but  when  a  young  man  settled  in  New  Orleans,  La.  His 
peculiar  gifts  impelled  him  toward  the  forum  of  eloquence.  In  politics 
he  was  an  ardent  Whig,  and  when  the  issue  of  secession  arose  he  became 
an  avowed  Unionist.  But  he  opposed  the  expediency  rather  than  the  right 
of  the  state  to  secede.  In  1866  he  was  chosen  United  States  Senator,  but 
was  not  seated  on  account  of  the  political  complications  of  the  reconstruc- 
tion period.  For  rnore  than  forty  years  he  was  professor  of  constitutional 
law  in  the  University  of  Louisiana,  now  Tulane  University,  and  for  seven- 
teen years  he  was  president  of  the  institution.  Both  in  vigor  of  intellect 
and  in  power  of  oratory  he  is  said  to  have  been  the  peer  of  Judah  P. 
Benjamin.  He  died  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  March  22,  1892,  in  his  eighty- 
fifth  year.  One  of  his  speeches  has  been  preserved  in  'The  Louisiana 
Book'  (1894). 

HUNT,  THOMAS  POAGE,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Charlotte 
County,  Va.,  in  1794,  and  died  in  Wyoming  Valley,  Pa., ,  December  3,  1876. 
He  was  educated  at  Hampden-Sidney  College,  and,  after  achieving  some 
note  in  the  Presbyterian  pulpit,  he  went  upon  the  temperance  platform. 
He  published  a  'History  of  Jesse  Johnson  and  His  Times,'  'It  Will  Not 
Injure  Me,'  'Death  by  Measure,'  'Wedding-days  of  Former  Times,'  and 
'Liquor-selling,  a  History  of  Fraud.' 


216  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

HUNT,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  jurist  and  diplomat,  was  born  in 
South  Carolina  in  1824,  and  died  in  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  February  27, 
1884.  He  settled  in  New  Orleans  for  the  practice  of  law,  supported  the 
cause  of  the  Union,  and  became  a  judge  of  the  Court  of  Claims,  Secretary 
of  the  Navy  in  the  Cabinet  of  President  Hayes,  and  Minister  to  Russia 
under  President  Arthur.  He  published  a  memorial  of  his  brother  entitled 
'Randall  Hunt:  Selected  Letters  and  Speeches'  (New  Orleans,  1896). 

HUNTER,  ALEXANDER.  Author.  Major  Hunter  served  with 
gallantry  in  the  Confederate  Army  and  published  'Johnny  Reb  and  Billy 
Yank'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company, 
1906),  an  interesting  narrative  written  in  a  vein  of  rare  good  humor,  and 
'The  Huntsman  in  the  South'  (ibid.,  1907). 

HUNTER,  JOHN  DUNN,  adventurer  and  author,  published  a 
work  entitled  'Manners  and  Customs  of  Several  Indian  Tribes  Located 
West  of  the  Mississippi'  (1823).  The  records  are  silent  concerning  when 
and  where  he  was  born,  but  he  spent  his  youthful  days  among  the  Osage 
and  Kansas  Indians.  He  abandoned  his  forest  life  in  1817,  made  his  way 
down  the  Mississippi  River,  and  acquired  the  English  language  at  schools 
in  New  Orleans.  Later  he  traveled  extensively  over  Europe  and  America, 
but  finally  settled  among  the  Indians  on  the  Texas  frontier,  where  he  was 
murdered  by  the  red  men  on  account  of  the  failure  of  an  abortive  enter- 
prise, in  which  they  were  leagued  with  him  against  Mexico.  The  value 
of  his  work  is  problematical.  General  Cass  considered  it  a  tissue  of  false- 
hood.    But  this  opinion  is  by  no  means  universal  among  the  critics. 

HUNTER,  MARTHA  T.  [Va.].  The  daughter  of  the  distin- 
guished statesman,  Robert  M.  T.  Hunter,  she  wrote  an  interesting  memoir 
of  her  father,  to  which  was  added  an  address  on  his  life  by  Colonel  L.  Q. 
Washington  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company, 
1907). 

HUNTER,  ROBERT  MERCER  TALIAFERRO,  statesman,  was 
born  in  Essex  County,  Va.,  April  21,  1809,  and  died  in  the  same  place, 
July  18,  1887.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  chose  the 
profession  of  law,  and  in  1836  was  elected  to  Congress.  Twice  succes- 
sively reelected,  he  was  made  Speaker  of  the  National  House  during  his 
third  term  of  service;  but,  defeated  at  the  polls  in  the  ensuing  campaign, 
he  was  again  returned  in  1844,  and  two  years  later  he  was  sent  to  the 
United  States  Senate,  in  which  body  he  remained  until  1861.  He  advo- 
cated secession,  was  a  member  of  the  Provisional  Confederate  Congress, 
served  for  a  time  in  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State,  and  was  finally  elected 
to  the  Confederate  Senate,  where  he  remained  until  the  Confederacy  was 
overthrown.  He  was  one  of  the  peace  commissioners  to  confer  with  Mr. 
Lincoln  at  Hampton  Roads.  In  1874  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
the  United  States  Senate,  but  later  was  elected  treasurer  of  the  State 
of  Virginia.  He  was  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  figures  in  the  political 
arena  during  the  turbulent  ante-bellum  days. 

HUNTINGTON,  FRANCES  IRWIN,  Miss.  Author.  [Miss.]. 
She  wrote  'The  Wife  of  the  Sun:  a  Legend  of  Natchez,'  which  appeared 
in  1892. 

HURLBUT,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  journalist,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C.,  July  3,  1827,  educated  at  Harvard,  and  gave  up  an  expected 
career  m  the  ministry  to  enter  journalism.  For  some  time  he  was  on  the 
staff  of  the  New  York  Times  and  afterward  became  identified  with  the 
New  York  World.  _  From  1876  to  1883  he  was  editor-in-chief  of  the  latter 
newspaper.  On  relinquishing  active  journalism  he  went  to  Europe,  where 
he  has  since  resided.    Besides  contributing  to  periodicals  on  both  sides 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF   AUTHORS       217 

of  the  water,  he  published  'Gan-Eden'  (Boston,  1854),  and  'General  Mc- 
Clellan  and  the  Conduct  of  the  War'  (New  York,  1864). 

HUTCHINS,  JAMES  H.,  writer,  was  born  in  North  Carolina,  but 
afterward  settled  in  Texas.  He  published  a  number  of  poems,  some  of 
which  were  published  under  the  title  of  'Funeral  Odes.' 

HUTCHINS,  THOMAS.  Geographer.  He  lived  and  died  at  the 
North,  but  much  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  South.  He  fought  in 
the  Southern  campaign  of  the  Revolution  under  General  Nathanael  Greene 
and  published  among  other  volumes  a  'Topographical  Description  of  Vir- 
ginia,_  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  North  Carolina  (London,  1778),  and 
a  'History,  Narrative,  and  Topographical  Description  of  Louisiana  and 
West  Florida'  (Philadelphia,  1784). 

HUTCHINSON,  L  R.  Clergyman.  He  published  an  interesting 
volume  entitled  'Recollections  of  Forty-five  Years  in  the  Presbyterian 
Ministry  in  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and  Texas'  (1874). 

HUTSON,  CHARLES  WOODWARD.  Professor  of  history 
in  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  at  College  Station, 
Texas.  He  was  born  in  McPhersonville,  S.C,  September  23,  1840,  the 
son  of  William  Ferguson  and  Sophronia  Palmer  Hutson.  He  graduated 
from  the  University  of  South  Carolina,  and  married,  July  5,  1871,  Miss  M. 
J.  Lockett.  He  was  called  to  his  present  chair  in  1893.  His  most  important 
contributions  to  literature  are:  'Out  of  a  Besieged  City'  (New  York, 
John  B.  Alden),  'The  Beginnings  of  Civilization'  (^ibid.),  'The  Story  of 
Beryl'  (ibid.),  'French  Ltierature'  (ibid.),  and  'The  Story  of  Language' 
(Chicago,  A.  C.  McClurg  and  Company). 

IBERVILLE,  PIERRE  LE  MOYNE,  SIEUR  D',  founder  of  the 
colony  of  Louisiana,  was  born  in  Montreal,  Canada,  July  16,  1661,  and  died 
in  Havana,  Cuba,  July  9,  1706.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  entered  the 
French  Navy  and  rose  to  high  rank.  He  built  old  Fort  Biloxi,  the  first 
post  on  the  Mississippi,  but  afterward  transferred  the  seat  of  the  colony 
to  Mobile,  on  account  of  an  epidemic.  His  own  health  was  undermined 
by  malignant  fever  and  his  life  prematurely  shortened.  'The  Narrative 
of   a   Voyage'    (1698)    is   preserved   in   the   French   historical   collection. 

IMLAY,  GILBERT.    Kentucky's  first  novelist.    Though  born  in 

New  Jersey  about  the  year  17S5,  he  settled  in  Louisville  soon  after  the 
close  of  the  Revolution ;  and  it  was  during  the  years  that  immediately  fol- 
lowed this  removal  that  he  wrote  his  interesting  story  entitled:  'The 
Emigrants.'  It  is  the  tale  of  an  English  merchant,  who,  losing  his  fortune 
by  an  unexpected  turn,  emigrated  to  America  with  his  children.  It  was 
first  published  in  three  small  volumes,  attractively  bound  in  marbled  calf. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  an  important  work  entitled  'A  Topographical 
Description  of  the  Western  Territory  of  North  America,'  consisting  of  a 
series  of  eleven  letters  written  from  Kentucky  to  a  friend  in  England. 
Both  works  were  issued  from  the  London  press.  The  author's  sojourn 
in  Kentucky  lasted  about  eight  years.  After  this  time,  he  went  to  England, 
forming  an  unhappy  alliance  with  Mary  Wollstonecraft.  He  subsequently 
separated  from  her  and  she  favored  the  suit  of  William  Godwin,  an  only 
daughter  of  this  marriage  becoming  the  wife  of  the  poet,  Shelley,  who  in 
his  turn  played  the  deserter.  The  date  of  Imlay's  death  is  unknown.  It 
is  said  that  in  1793  he  laid  before  the  French  Directory  plans  for  the 
capture  of  New  Orleans.  , 

INGERSOLL,  HENRY  HULBERT,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Oberlin, 
Ohio,  January  20,  1844,  but  settled  in  the  South,  and  was  for  several 
years  dean  of  the  law  school  of  the  University  of  Tennessee.    Besides 


213  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

editing  'Barton's  Suit  in  Equity'  (1886),  he  published  'Ingersoll  on  Corpo- 
rations' (1902),  and  several  minor  works.     He  resides  in  KnoKville,  Tenn. 

INGLE,  EDWARD,  editor  and  author,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  May  17,  1861.  After  graduation  from  Johns  Hopkins,  he  devoted 
himself  to  literary  pursuits.  His  writings  include  'The  Parish  Institutions 
of  Maryland'  (1883),  'Captain  Richard  Ingle,  the  Maryland  Pirate  and 
Rebel'  (1884),  'Local  Institutions  of  Virginia'  (1885),  'The  Negro  in  the 
District  of  Columbia'  (1893),  'Southern  Side-lights,'  'In  the  Maze,'  and 
'The  Realism  of  Southern  Dreams  of  Material  Progress,'  besides  numerous 
contributions  to  magazines  and  reviews.  He  is  on  the  staff  of  the  Manu- 
facturers' Record. 

INGLEHART,  FANNY  C.  G.  Author.  [Miss.].  She  wrote  'Face 
to  Face  with  Mexicans.' 

INGRAHAM,   JOSEPH   HOLT.    See   Biographical   and   Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  VI,  page  2591. 

INGRAHAM,  PRENTISS,  soldier  and  author,  was  born  in 
Natchez,  Miss.,  in  1843,  and  was  the  son  of  Joseph  Holt  Ingraham,  the 
distinguished  novelist.  Before  his  education  at  Jefferson  College  was 
finished,  the  bugle-call  to  battle  was  sounded  and  he  entered  the  Confed- 
erate Army,  attaining  the  rank  of  captain.  The  result  of  the  war  dis- 
heartened him;  and,  being  inured  to  the  hardships  of  the  field,  he  went 
to  Mexico  and  enlisted  under  Juarez  against  Maximilian.  But  he  became 
involved  in  a  duel  with  a  brother  officer,  was  wounded,  and  resigned.  He 
next  went  to  Prussia;  and,  after  the  defeat  of  the  Austrians  at  Sadowa, 
he  joined  the  Cretans  in  the  revolt  against  Turkey.  Then  began  his 
journeyings  around  the  globe.  It  was  in  London  that  his  genius  for 
authorship  was  quickened  by  the  success  of  some  satirical  sketches  which 
he  sent  to  Pall  Mall;  and,  returning  home  to  engage  in  literary  pursuits, 
he  was  again  seized  with  the  fighting  fever  by  the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish- 
American  War,  and  it  is  said  that  he  raised  the  first  Cuban  flag  which 
ever  floated  from  an  armed  vessel  at  sea.  But  his  thrilling  adventures  are 
too  numerous  to  be  cited  in  this  connection.  He  wrote  with  m^arvelous 
rapidity,  completing  one  of  his  novels  in  four  days;  and  among  his  books 
are  included :  'A  Desert  Prince,'  'Rais  el  Rais,'  'Zuleika :  a  Tale  of  Crete,' 
'Montezuma,'  'Merle,  the  Mutineer,'  'The  Duelist,'  'Honors  Are  Easy,' 
'The  Blue  Blockader,'  'The  Wandering  Jew  of  the  Sea,'  'A  Cuban  Co- 
quette,' 'Led  by  Destiny,'  'A  Prince  of  the  Plains,'  'A  Knight  in  Buckskin,' 
'The  Sergeant's  Daughter,'  'Pearl  of  the  Prairie,'  and  many  others.  Under 
the  pressure  of  work,  which  brought  him  an  income  of  $7,0(X)  a  year,  his 
health  failed,  and  he  died  in  Beauvoir,  Miss.,  in  1904. 

IRBY,  RICHARD.  Writer.  [Va.].  He  wrote  a  'Sketch  of  the 
Nottoway  Grays'  and  a  'History  of  Randolph-Macon  College'  (1898). 

IREDELL,  JAMES,  jurist,  was  born  in  Lewes,  Etigland,  October 
5,  1750,  and  died  in  Edenton,  N.C.,  October  20,  1799.  He  was  only  seven- 
teen when  he  came  to  this  country;  and,  beginning  the  study  of  law  soon 
after  his  arrival,  he  achieved  distinction  at  the  Bar.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  Revolution  he  not  only  resigned  the  lucrative  office  of  collector  of 
customs,  but  relinquished  the  prospect  of  inheriting  a  fortune  from  an 
English  uncle.  In  1787  he  was  appointed  a  commissioner  to  compile  and 
revise  the  laws  of  the  State,  and  the  result  of  his  labor  was  given  the 
name  of  'Iredell's  Revisal.'  Under  appointment  of  Washington,  he  became 
associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1790.  He  left  at  his  death  the 
manuscript  of  a  treatise  on  'Pleading.'  Some  of  his  papers  and  speeches 
have  been  preserved  in  'The  Life  and  Correspondence  of  James  Ire- 
dell.' edited  by  Griffith  J.  McRee. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       219 

IREDELL,  JAMES,  United  States  Senator,  was  born  in  Eden  ton, 
N.C.,  November  2,  1788,  and  died  in  the  same  place  April  13,  18S3.  He 
was  educated  at  Princeton,  chose  the  profession  of  law,  became  Superior 
Court  judge,  governor  of  the  State,  and  United  States  Senator.  For  many 
years  he  also  reported  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State, 
his  reports  of  law  cases  filling  thirteen  volumes  and  of  equity  cases  eight 
volumes.  Besides,  he  was  one  of  the  three  commissioners  to  codify  the 
laws  of  North  Carolina  in  1837.  He  published  also  a  'Treatise  on  the  Law 
of  Executors  and  Administrators'  and  a  'Digest  of  all  the  Reported  Cases 
in  North  Carolina.' 

IRION,  ALFRED  BRIGGS.  [La.].  He  published  a  work  entitled 
'Boaz:  His  Tribulations'  (1874),  in  which  he  dealt  with  the  woes  of  the 
Southern  planter  just  after  the  Civil  War. 

IRVING,  JOHN  BEAUFAIN,  artist,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
November  26,  1825,  and  died  in  New  York  City,  April  20,  1877.  As  an 
artist  he  took  high  rank.     He  also  published  a  volume  of  'Essays.' 

IRVING,  THEODORE.  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman  and 
educator.  Dr.  Irving  was  not  a  product  of  the  South,  but  in  his  excellent 
work  of  two  volumes  entitled  'The  Conquest  of  Florida  by  Hernando 
de  Soto'  (Philadelphia,  1845),  he  made  an  important  contribution  to  the 
literature  of  the  Peninsula  State.  He  was  a  nephew  of  Washington  Irving 
and  a  scholar  of  rare  attainments. 

IVORY,  BERTHA  MAY.  Author.  [Mo.].  She  published  a  vol- 
ume of  verse  entitled  'A  Collection  of  Roses'  and  a  'Life  of  Archbishop 
Kenrick.' 

IZARD,  RALPH,  statesman,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  in  1742, 
and  died  at  South  Bay,  r.p?r  Charleston,  S.C,  November  30,  1804.  He  came 
of  the  oldest  colonial  stock  in  the  Palmetto  State,  his  grandfather  having 
been  one  of  the  founders  of  South  Carolina.  After  graduation  from  Cam- 
bridge, England,  he  married  Alice  Delaney  of  New  York,  and  resided 
abroad  for  several  years.  During  the  early  part  of  the  Revolution  he  quit 
England  for  France,  served  the  patriotic  cause  in  Europe  until  1780,  v>'b-:n 
he  returned'  home  to  occupy  a  seat  in  the  Continental  Congress.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  instrumental  in  the  appointment  of  General  Natlnnacl 
Greene  to  the  command  of  the  Southern  Department,  and  tO'  have  pledged 
his  vast  estate  to  secure  ships  of  war.  When  the  Federal  Constitution 
was  adopted  in  1789,  he  took  his  seat  in  the  United  States  Senate.  His 
daughter,  Anne  Izard  Deas,  published  his  'Correspondence,  1774-17Si.' 
with  a  memoir  of  her  father  (1844),  a  work  of  much  interest  because  of 
the  period  which  it  covers. 

JACKSON,  ANDREW.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  VI,  page  2613. 

JACKSON,    HENRY    ROOTES.     See    Biographical    and    Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  VI,  page  2635. 

JACKSON,  JAMES,  jurist,  was  born  in  Jefferson  County,  Ga., 
October  18,  1819,  and  died  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  January  13,  1887.  For  several 
years  before  the  war  he  was  an  occupant  of  the  Superior  Court  Bench. 
From  1859  to  1861  he  was  a  Member  of  Congress  from  Georgia,  and  in 
1875  he  was  appointed  associate-justice  of  the  Suprem.e  Court  of  Georgia, 
afterward  becoming  chief-justice.  He  possessed  oratorical  gifts  of  high 
order.  His  decisions  are  preserved  in  the  'Georgia  Reports.'  Fragments 
of  his  oratory  may  be  found  in  the  Cnngressinnal  Rcc"-d  and  in  Vol.  II 
of  Knight's  'Famous  Georgians.'  He  was  a  grandson  of  Governor  James 
Jackson. 


220  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

JACKSON,  JAMES,  soldier  and  statesman,  was  born  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  September  21,  1757,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  March 
16,  1806.  Coming  to  this  country  when  a  lad,  he  settled  in  Savannah,  Ga., 
became  an  officer  of  distinction  in  the  Revolution,  served  the  State  in 
the  chair  of  governor,  and  was  twice  commissioned  to  represent  Georgia 
in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  While  serving  in  the  Upper  House  of 
Congress,  the  measure  known  as  the  Yazoo  Fraud  Bill  was  enacted  into 
law.  It  conveyed  for  a,  mere  pittance  millions  _  of  acres  of  wild  lands 
belonging  to  the  State  of  Georgia.  Resigning  his  seat  in  the_  Senate,  he 
returned  home,  entered  the  State  Legislature,  caused  the  iniquitous  act  to 
be  rescinded,  and,  in  the  open  square  before  the  State  House,  called  down 
fire  from  heaven  by  means  of  a  sun-glass  to  consume  the  records  of  the 
transaction.  As  an  outcome  of  this  dramatic  affair,  he  was  drawn  into 
several  duels,  and  his  death,  which  occurred  in  Washington,  D.C.,  while 
he  was  still  in  office,  was  due  indirectly  to  wounds  received  upon  the 
field  of  honor.     His  biography  was  published  in  1809  by  T.  U.  P.  Charlton. 

JACKSON,  MARY  ANNA  (Mrs.  "Stonewall"  Jackson),  author, 
was  born  in  Mecklenburg  County,  N.C.,  and  was  the  daughter  of  the  Rev 
Robert  Hall,  D.D.,  and  Mary  Graham  Morrison.  On  completing  her 
education,  she  became  the  second  wife  of  Thomas  Jonathan  Jackson, 
afterward  the  illustrious  Confederate  leader  who  was  killed  at  Chancel- 
lorsville.  The  date  of  her  marriage  was  July  16,  18S7.  Her  life  has  been 
one  of  beautiful  devotion  to  the  memory  of  her  noble  husband  and  to  the 
Lost  Cause.  She  is  the  author  of  an  exquisite  work  entitled  'Memoirs  of 
Stonewall  Jackson'  (Louisville,  The  Courier- Journal  Press),  which  gives 
us  glimpses  into  the  ideal  home  life  of  the  Christian  soldier  and  hero. 

JACOBS,  THORNWELL,  clergyman  and  journalist,  was  born 
in  Clinton,  S.C,  February  IS,  1877,  and  educated  at  Clinton  College  and 
at  Princeton,  Much  of  his  time  is  given  to  literary  work.  For  several 
years  he  was  editor  of  the  Taylor-Trotwood  Magazine,  published 
at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  but  is  now  editor  of  the  Presbyterian  of  the  South, 
published  in  Atlanta,  Ga.  Three  delightful  volumes  have  come  from 
his  pen,  viz. :  'Sinful  Sadday,'  a  collection  of  sketches,  'The  Shadow  of 
Attacoa,'  and  'The  Law  of  the  White  Circle.'  On  June  30,  1903,  he  mar- 
ried Maud  K.  Lesh,  of  Newton  Centre,  Mass. 

JACQUES,    DANIEL    HARRISON,    physician,    was    born   about 

182S,  the  place  unknown,  and  died  near  Fernandina,  Fla.,  August  28,  1877. 
Besides  practicing  his  profession,  he  edited  the  Rural  Carolinian,  and 
published  'Hints  Toward  Physical  Perfection;  or,  the  Philosophy  of 
Human  Beauty'  (New  York,  1859),  'The  Garden'  (New  York,  1861),  and 
'The  Farm,'  with  an  Essay  by  John  J.  Thomas  (New  York,  1866),  besides 
numerous  minor  writings. 

JAMES,  BENJAMIN,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Stafford  County  Va., 
April  22,  1768,  and  died  in  Laurens  District,  S.C,  November  IS,  1825.  He 
achieved  some  prominence  at  the  Bar  and  published  a  'Digest  of  the 
Statute  and  Common  Law  of  Carolina'  (Columbia,  1814). 

JAMES,  HENRY  AMMON,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
April  24,  1854.  On  completing  his  studies  at  Yale,  he  settled  for  the 
practice  of  law  in  the  city  of  New  York  and  published  'Communism  in 
America'  (New  York,  1879). 

JAMES,  SAMUEL  HUMPHREYS.  Author.  He  was  born  at 
Cottage  Oal<s,  La.,  December  12,  1857,  the  son  of  Dr.  Dan  James,  and 
enjoyed  the  best  educational  advantages  both  at  home  and  abroad. 
His  literary  career  began  when  he  attended  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia and   was   chief   editor   of   the    University  Magazine   and  medalist. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       221 

He  contributed  numerous  articles  to  the  periodicals,  one  of  which, 
a  travesty  on  the  picking  of  cotton,  was  copied  on  both  sides  of  the 
water,  causing  a  break  in  the  cotton  markets  of  Europe.  Mr.  Jones 
is  said  to  be  the  owner  of  the  largest  pecan  grove  in  the  world,  at 
Mound,  La.  He  is  the  author  of  two  interesting  volumes:  'A  Woman 
of  New  Orleans'  and  'A  Prince  of  Good  Fellows.' 

JAMISON,  CECILIA  VIETS.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Can- 
ada, in  1848,  the  daughter  of  Viets  and  Elizabeth  Bruce  Dakin,  and 
was  educated  in  private  schools  in  Canada,  New  York,  Boston,  and 
(Paris.  In  1878  she  married  Samuel  Jamison,  a  lawyer  of  New  Or- 
leans, and  removed  to  the  Crescent  City.  Her  literary  career,  which 
brought  her  marked  distinction,  began  in  1872,  and  her  charming 
stories  were  given  to  the  public  through  AppUton's  Journal,  Harper's 
Magazine,  and  St.  Nicholas.  The  following  are  the  titles  of  some  of 
her  books:  'Woven  of  Many  Threads'  (1872),  'A  Crown  from  the 
Spear'  (1874),  'Ropes  of  Sand'  (1876),  'My  Bonnie  Lass'  (1877),  'Story 
of  an  Enthusiast'  (1888),  'Lady  Jane'  (New  York,  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons,  1889),  'Toinette's  Philip'  {ibid.,  1894),  'Seraph'  {ihid.,  1896), 
'Thistledown'  {ihid.,  1903),  and  'The  Penhallow  Family'  {ihid.,  190S). 
She  spends  the  summer  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  and  the  winter 
in  New  Orleans. 

JAMISON,  DAVID  F.  Planter  and  soldier.  [S.C.].  He  was 
born  in  1810  and  died  in  1860.  He  wrote  'The  Life  and  Times  of  Ber- 
trand  du  Guesclin:  a  History  of  the  Fourteenth  Century'  (1864),  which 
was  published  after  his  death. 

JANNEY,  SAMUEL  M.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  VI,  page  26SS. 

JANVIER,  MARGARET  THOMPSON.  Author.  Under  the 
pen-name  of  "Margaret  Vandegrift,"  she  has  written  numerous  juvenile 
stories  and  verses.  She  was  born  in  Louisiana  in  1844,  but  now  resides 
at  Morristown,  N.J.  Her  writings,  which  are  widely  popular  with  young 
readers,  include:  'Under  the  Dog  Star'  (Philadelphia,  Henry  T.  Coates 
and  Company),  'Clover  Beach'  {ihid.),  'Little  Helpers'  {ibid.),  'The  Dead 
Doll,  and  Other  Verses'  (ibid.),  'The  Queen's  Body-Guard'  {ibid.),  'Doris 
and  Theodora'  {ibid.),  'Rose  Raymond's  Wards'  {ibid.),  'Ways  and  Means' 
{ibid.),  'Holidays  at  Home'  {ibid.),  'The  Absent-minded  Fairy'  {ibid.), 
and  'Little  Belle,  and  Other  Stories.' 

JARRATT,  DEVEREAUX.  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman, 
fVa.].  He  was  born  in  1733  and  died  in  1801.  In  some  of  his  doctrinal 
views  he  was  inclined  to  be  heretical.  He  published  three  volumes  of 
'Sermons'  (1793-1794),  and  a  series  of  letters  entitled  'Thoughts  on  Some 
Important  Subjects  in  Divinity  (1791),  which  was  afterward  republished 
as  an  'Autobiography'  (1806). 

JAY,  HAMILTON.  Poet.  He  settled  in  Florida  during  the  days 
of  reconstruction,  was  for  some  time  secretary  to  Senator  Conover,  and 
was  afterward  postmaster  at  Live  Oak,  where  he  resided  until  his  death. 
At  leisure  intervals  he  exercised  his  rare  gifts  for  verse  making,  and  pro- 
duced a  number   of  poems. 

JAYNE,  ANSELM  HELM.  Lawyer.  [Miss.].  He  was  born  in 
1856.     Besides  minor  writings,  he  published  a  'History  of  Mississippi.' 

JEFFERSON,  THOMAS.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  VI,  page  2677. 


222  SOUTHERN  LITERATURE 

JEFFREY,  ROSA  VERTNER  JOHNSON,  author,  was  born  in 
Natchez,  Miss.,  in  1828.  Her  maiden  name  was  Rosa  Griffith.  She  began 
to  contribute  verse  to  the  press  when  quite  young,  employing  the  pen-name 
of  "Rosa";  but  the  merit  of  her  work  was  of  such  high  order  that  the 
guise  was  soon  penetrated  and  the  identity  of  the  author  discovered.  She 
was  twice  married;  first,  to  Claude  M.  Johnson  of  Louisiana,  and,  second, 
to  Alexander  Jeffrey  of  New  York.  She  was  living  in  the  North  during 
the  Civil  War  and  enjoyed  exceptional  advantages  for  publishing  her 
novels,  'Woodburn'  and  'Marsh.'  She  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  woman 
whose  literary  work  attracted  wide  recognition  throughout  the  United 
States.  Her  poetic  volumes  are  entitled:  'Poems  by  Rosa,'  'Darsy  Dare 
and  Baby  Power,'  and  'The  Crimson  Hand,  and  Other  Poems.'  Several 
dramas  have  also  come  from  her  pen.  She  was  only  fifteen  when  she 
wrote  her  well-known  poem,  "The  Legend  of  the  OpaL" 

JEFFRIES,  FAYETTE.  [Va.].  He  wrote  an  interesting  auto- 
biography of  invalidism  entitled  'Crippled   Fayette.' 

JEFFRIES,  MILLARD  DUDLEY.  Clergyman.  [Va.].  He  pub- 
lished 'Sanctification  as  Taught  in  the  Scriptures.' 

JEMISON,  LOUISA,  Mrs.  ("Ellery  Sinclair").  She  was  born  in 
Alabama,  but  afterward  removed  to  Texas.  She  published  a  story  en- 
titled: 'Christie's  Choice'  (1886). 

JENKINS,  BURRIS  ATKINS.  Clergyman  and  educator.  He 
was  born  in  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  October  2,  1869,  the  son  of 
Andrew  T.  Jenkins,  and  was  educated  at  Bethany  College  and  at 
Harvard  University.  He  married,  May  23,  1894,  Mattie  Hocker.  He 
entered  the  ministry  of  the  Church  of  Christ,  and  in  1901  became  presi- 
dent of  the  University  of  Kentucky  at  Lexington.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
volume  entitled  'Heroes  of  Faith'  (New  York,  Funk  and  Wagnalls). 

JENNINGS,  N   A.    [Texas].    Author  of  'A  Texas  Ranger'  (1899). 

JENNINGS,  JOHN  JOSEPH,  editor,  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
March  1,  1853.  His  father  was  Michael  Jennings  and  his  mother,  Mary 
O'Meara.  For  several  years  he  was  dramatic  editor  of  the  St.  Louis 
Globe-Democrat.  At  the  present  time  he  is  on  the  staff  of  the  New  York 
Evening  World.  Besides  exposing  the  fallacy  of  the  Shakespeare-Bacon 
cipher  of  Ignatius  Donnelly,  he  has  written  humorous  poems  and  sketches, 
remodeled  plays,  and  published  'Theatrical  and  Circus  Life'  (1882),  and 
'Widow  Magoogin'  (New  York,  G.  W.  Dillingham,  1900). 

JERVEY,  CAROLINE  HOWARD  OILMAN.  Author.  Her 
father  was  Samuel  Gilman,  D.D.,  an  eminent  Unitarian  divine  of  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  and  her  mother,  Caroline  Howard  Gilman,  the  famous  writer. 
She  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  June  1,  1823,  and  died  there  January  29, 
1877.  She  married,  first.  Nelson  Glover,  and  afterward  Lewis  Jervey. 
Besides  numerous  poems  and  stories  for  the  magazines,  she  published 
'Vernon  Grove'  and  'Helen  Courtenay's  Promise,'  two  delightfully  written 
volumes  of  fiction. 

JERVEY,  THEODORE  DEHON.  Lawyer.  The  subject  of  this 
sketch  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  Antnist  19,  1859.  He  has  attained 
high  rank  at  the  South  Carolina  Bar.  His  writing-s  include:  'The  Elder 
Brother.'  a  novel  which  deals  with  reconstruction  days  in  South  Carolina 
(Washington.  D.C,  The  Neale  Publishinp-  Companv,  190S),  and  'Robert 
Y.  Havne  and  His  Times'  (New  York.  Thp  Macmillan  Company,  1909), 
both  of  which  are  volumes  of  unusual  interest 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       223 

JESSE,  RICHARD  HENRY,  educator,  was  born  at  Epping  For- 
est, Lancaster  County,  Va.,  March  1,  18S3.  His  father  was  WiUiam  T. 
Jesse  and  his  mother,  Mary  Claybrook.  After  graduation  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  he  chose  the  profession  of  teaching.  From  1884  to  1891 
he  was  professor  of  Latin  in  Tulane  University,  at  New  Orleans,  after 
which  he  became  president  of  the  University  of  Missouri,  a  position  which 
he  ably  filled  for  eighteen  years.  On  account  of  impaired  health,  he  re- 
signed his  executive  duties  in  1908,  and  retired  upon  a  pension  from  the 
Carnegie  Foundation,  which  he  received  in  recognition  of  his  eminent 
services  to  education.  Besides  numerous  published  articles  and  addresses, 
he  compiled  'Missouri  Literature,'  in  association  with  E.  A.  Allen  (Colum- 
bia, Mo.,  E.  W.  Stephens,  1901).  Dr.  Jesse  is  also  one  of  the  consulting 
editors  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  Tulane  University,  the 
University  of  Wisconsin,  and  South  Carolina  College  have  given  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D. 

JETER,  JEREMIAH  BEIX,  clergyman  and  author,  was  born  in 
Bedford  County,  Va.,  in  1802,  and  attained  to  very  high  eminence  in  the 
Baptist  Church,  preaching  for  a  time  in  Richmond  and  afterward  laboring 
in  St.  Louis.  He  also  edited  The  Religious  Herald,  His  works  are  nu- 
merous, including  a  'Life  of  A.  W.  Clopton'  (1837),  a  'Memoir  of  Mrs. 
Henrietta  Shuck,'  the  first  American  woman  to  become  a  missionary  to 
China  (1845),  a  'Memoir  of  Andrew  Broaddus'  (18S0),  'The  Mirror,' 
'Campbellism  Examined'  (1854),  'Campbellism  Re-examined,'  'The  Christian 
Mirror'  (1858),  'The  Seal  of  Heaven'  (1871),  a  'Life  of  Rev.  Daniel  De 
Witt'  (1876),  and,  toward  the  end  of  his  pilgrimage,  'The  Recollections  of  a 
Long  Life'  (1878).  He  also  assisted  Dr.  Richard  Fuller  to  compile  'The 
Psalmist.'  The  'Life  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  J.  B.  Jeter'  appeared  in  1882  from 
the  pen  of  the  Rev.  William  E.  Hatcher.  He  died  in  Richmond,  Va., 
February  25,  1880. 

JETT,  JAMES.  Writer.  [Va.].  He  has  published  'A  Virginia 
Tragedy,'  and  other  stories. 

JEWELL,  HORACE.  Methodist  clergyman.  [Ark. J.  He  wrote 
a  'History  of  Methodism  in  Arkansas'  (1893). 

JOHN,  I.  G.  Methodist  clergyman.  [Texas].  He  published  a 
work  on  'Methodist  Missions.' 

JOHNS,  ANNIE.  Author.  [S.C.].  She  wrote  'Cooleemee:  a 
Tale  of  Southern  Life.' 

JOHNS,  JOHN,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop,  was  born  in  New 
Castle,  Del.,  July  10,  1796,  and  died  in  Fairfax  County,  Va.,  April  6,  1876. 
For  more  than  thirty  years  he  was  bishop  of  Virginia,  and  from  1849  to 
1854  was  president  of  William  and  Mary  College.  He  published  a  'Memo- 
rial of  Bishop  Meade'  (Baltimore,  1857).  William  and  Mary  College 
pave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. ;  Princeton,  Columbia,  and  New  York,  the 
degree  of  S.T.D. 

JOHNSON,  ANDREW.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  VI,  page  2719. 

JOHNSON,  BRADLEY  TYLER,  lawyer,  soldier,  author,  was  born 
in  Frederick,  Md.,  September  29,  1829.  His  father  was  Charles  Worthing- 
ton  Johnson  and  his  mother,  Eleanor  Murdock  Tyler.  After  graduation 
from  Princeton,  he  studied  law  at  Harvard,  and  was  duly  admitted  to  the 
Bar  During  the  Civil  War  he  attained  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  in 
the  Confederate  Army.  As  a  lawyer  he  met  few  equals  m  the  courtroom. 
In  politics  a  Democrat,  he  was  in  his  prime  a  power  on  the  hustings. 
Besides  editing  'Chase's  Decisions,'  he  wrote  'The  Foundations  of  Mary- 


224  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

land,'  a  'Memoir  of  Joseph  E.  Johnston,'  a  "Life  of  Washington,"  in  the 
'Great  Commanders  Series'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company,  1886), 
and  the  volume  on  Maryland  in  'The  Confederate  Military  History'  (At- 
lanta, Ga.,  The  Confederate  Publishing  Company,  1899).. 

JOHNSON,  HERSCHEL  VESPASIAN,  jurist  and  statesman, 
was  born  in  Burke  County,  Ga.,  September  18,  1812,  and  died  in  Jefferson 
County,  Ga.,  August  16,  1880.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Georgia,  chose  the  profession  of  law,  in  which  he  attained  eminence,  and 
in  1848  succeeded  Walter  T.  Colquitt  in  the  United  States  Senate,  the 
latter  having  resigned  his  seat.  On  completing  his  tenure  of  service,  he 
became  judge  of  the  Ocmulgee  circuit,  and  held  this  office  until  his  election 
to  the  governorship.  He  twice  filled  the  gubernatorial  chair  of  Georgia, 
and  in  1860  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Vice-president  of  the 
United  States  on  the  ticket  with  Stephen  A.  Douglas.  He  opposed  seces- 
sion, but  acquiesced  in  the  majority  decision,  and  represented  Georgia 
with  distinction  in  the  Confederate  Senate  until  the  overthrow  of  the  Con- 
federate Government.  In  1868  he  was  again  elected  to  the  United  States 
Senate,  but,  under  the  Reconstruction  Acts  of  Congress,  was  not  allowed  to 
take  his  seat.  He  afterward  returned  for  eight  years  to  the  Superior 
Court  Bench.  As  an  orator,  Georgia  has  produced  few  equals  to  Herschel 
V.  Johnson.    He  was  also  a  writer  of  exquisite  grace  and  polish. 

JOHNSON,  JOHN.  Clergyman.  He  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
December  25,  1829,  the  son  of  Dr.  Joseph  J.  and  Catharine  Bonneau 
Johnson,  and  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Virginia.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1865,  Floride  Cantey,  of  Camden,  S.C,  and  followed  for  some 
time  the  profession  of  civil  engineering,  was  in  charge  of  Fort  Sumter 
for  fifteen  months,  and  was  twice  wounded  during  the  bombardment. 
After  the  war  he  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  of  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church,  becoming  rector  of  St.  Philip's  Church,  in  Charleston, 
in  1871.  His  writings  include:  'The  Defence  of  Charleston  Harbor, 
1863-186S,'  and  two  important  contributions  which  appeared  in  the 
Church  Review.  "A  Socialist's  Plea  for  the  Observance  of  Sunday" 
and  "The  Outlook  of  Toleration."  The  University  of  the  South  gave 
him  his  D.D.  and  Charleston  College,  his  LL.D.     He  died  in  1907. 

JOHNSON,  JOSEPH,  physician,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
June  15,  1776,  received  his  medical  degree  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, became  an  eminent  practitioner  of  Charleston,  was  for  several  years 
president  of  the  local  branch  of  the  United  States  Bank,  and  died  in 
Charleston,  October  6,  1862.  He  published  'Traditions  and  Reminiscences 
of  the  Revolution'  (Charleston,  1851). 

JOHNSON,  LUTHER  APELLES.  Educator.  [Miss.].  Born  in 
1858.     He  wrote  'The  Foundation  Principles  of  Literature.' 

JOHNSON,  REVERDY,  statesman  and  diplomat,  was  born  in 
Annapolis,  Md.,  May  21,  1796,  educated  at  St.  John's  College  and  achieved 
eminence  at  the  Bar  and  in  politics.  Under  President  Taylor  he  became 
Attorney-general,  and  in  1845  was  sent  to  the  United  States  Senate  as  a 
Whig,  but,  refusing  to  be  governed  by  party  dictates,  he  resigned  the 
latter  office  in  1846,  and  for  twenty  years  continued  uninterruptedly  and 
successfully  the  practice  of  his  profession.  He  then  returned  to  the 
United  States  Senate,  where  he  advocated  the  readmission  of  the  seceding 
states  without  delay;  and  in  1868  he  resigned  to  become  United  States 
Minister  to  England.  He  died  in  Annapolis,  February  10,  1876.  In  con- 
junction with  Thomas  Harris,  he  reported  the  decisions  of  the  Maryland 
Court  of  Appeals,  in  seven  volumes. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       225 

JOHNSON,  RICHARD  MENTOR,  statesman,  was  born  in  Bry- 
ant's Station,  Ky.,  October  17,  1781,  and  died  in  Frankfort,  Ky., 
November  19,  1850.  Entering  the  legal  profession,  he  achieved  emi- 
nence at  the  Bar  and  for  twelve  years  served  in  Congress.  He 
organized  and  commanded  a  regiment  in  the  War  of  1812  and  was 
desperately  wounded  in  the  battle  of  the  Thames.  Later  he  was  chosen 
to  fill  the  unexpired  tenm  of  John  J.  Crittenden  in  the  United  States 
Senate,  and  was  subsequently  elected  for  another  six  years.  On  relin- 
quishing his  commission,  he  was  repeatedly  returned  to  Congress.  In 
1835,  he  was  chosen  Vice-president  of  the  United  States  on  the  ticket  with 
Martin  Van  Buren.  His  speeches,  which  have  been  preserved  in  the 
'Debates  of  Congress'  are  characterized  by  vigorous  treatment  and  by  wide 
information. 

JOHNSON,  RICHARD  W.,  soldier,  was  born  near  Smithland,  Ky., 
February  7,  1827,  educated  at  West  Point,  achieved  distinction  in  the 
Union  Army  during  the  Civil  War,  retired  from  the  military  service  of 
the  Government  with  the  rank  of  'brigadier-general  in  1867,  and  published 
'The  Life  of  General  George  H.  Thomas'  (Philadelphia,  1881),  and  'A 
Soldier's  Reminiscences  of  Peace  and  War'  (1886). 

JOHNSON,  THOMAS,  statesman,  was  born  at  St.  Leonard's, 
Md.,  November  4,  1732,  and  died  at  Rose  Hill,  Md.,  October  25,  1819.  As 
deputy  from  Maryland  in  the  Continental  Congress  at  Philadelphia,  he 
nominated  Washington  for  the  post  of  commander-in-chief.  He  was  the 
first  governor  of  Maryland  under  the  rule  of  the  commonwealth,  and  was 
twice  reelected.  For  many  years  he  adorned  the  Supreme  Bench  of  the 
State,  and,  on  the  resignation  of  John  Rutledge,  declined  the  office  of  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  He  was  a  man  of 
wide  influence,  an  effective  speaker,  and  a  writer  of  rare  gifts. 

JOHNSON,  THOMAS.  Poet.  He  was  the  earliest  minstrel 
whose  notes  were  heard  in  the  land  of  the  Blue  Grass.  The  exact  date  of 
his  birth  is  unknown,  but  he  first  saw  the  light  in  Virginia  about  the  year 
1760.  At  an  early  period  he  settled  in  Danville,  Ky.,  and  some  time  later 
he  published  a  small  duodecimo  volume  of  poems  entitled  'The  Kentucky 
Miscellany'  (Lexington,  Ky.,  1796).  It  passed  into  four  editions;  but  the 
only  extant  copy  of  this  primitive  work  is  in  the  library  of  Colonel 
Reuben  T.  Durrett  of  Louisville.  The  poet  was  unfortunately  a  man  of 
erratic  genius  and  dissolute  habits.  He  disappeared  from  Danville  about 
the  year  1825,  and  all  efforts  to  trace  him  were  unsuccessful. 

JOHNSON,  THOMAS  GARY,  clergyman,  author,  educator,  was 
born  at  Fishbok  Hill,  W.Va.,  July  19,  1859.  After  graduating  from 
Hampden-Sidney  College,  he  took  post-graduate  work  at  the  University  of 
Virginia  and  also  at  Yale,  and  prosecuted  his  theological  studies  at 
Union,  in  Virginia.  For  several  years  he  engaged  in  active  pastoral  work, 
but  in  1892  became  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  at  Union,  a  chair 
which  he  still  retains.  Several  volumes  of  standard  merit  have  come  from 
his  pen,  including  a  'History  of  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church'  (New 
York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1894),  'John  Calvin  and  the  Genevan 
Reformation,'  a  sketch  (Richmond,  Presbyterian  Committee  of  Publica- 
tion, 1900),  'Life  and  Letters  of  Robert  Lewis  Dabney'  {ibid.,  1903),  'Life 
and  Letters  of  Benjamin  M.  Palmer'  {ibid.,  1906),  'Virginia  Presbyterian- 
ism  and  Religious  Liberty'  ( 1907) ,  and  'Introduction  to  Christian  Missions' 
(1909).  For  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  he  wrote  the  sketch  of 
Benjamin  M.  Palmer.  He  married,  December  26,  1894,  Ella  F.  Bocock. 
Hampden-Sidney  gave  him  the  D.D.  and  the  LLD.  degrees. 

JOHNSON,  WILLIAM,  jurist,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
December  27,  1771,  and  received  his  education  at  Princeton.    Achieving 


226  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

eminence  at  the  Bar,  he  was  first  appointed  judge  of  the  Court  of  Com- 
mon Pleas  and  afterward  elevated  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States.  On  the  latter  Bench  he  maintained  an  independent  course.  He 
quarreled  with  Jefferson  over  the  Embargo  Act,  and  took  so  emphatic  a 
stand  against  nullification,  which  was  the  popular  doctrine  in  South  Caro- 
lina, that  he  found  it  necessary  to  leave  his  home  State;  and  he  settledin 
the  North.  But  he  survived  this  change  of  residence  for  only  a  brief 
time,  dying  in  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  August  11,  1834.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
work  which  contains  some  very  pronounced  views  on  'The  Life  and  Cor- 
respondence of  Major-general  Nathanael  Greene,'  which  was  published  in 
1822.     Princeton  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

JOHNSON,  WILLIAM  BULLIEN.  Clergyman.  He  was  born  on 
St.  John's  Island,  S.C,  June  13,  1782,  and  died  in  Greenville,  S.C,  January 
10,  1862.  He  was  a  Baptist,  served  churches  in  Columbia,  S.C,  and 
Savannah,  Ga.,  became  principal  of  a  seminary  in  Greenville,  and  published 
'Infant  Baptism  Argued  from  Analogy,'  'Memoir  of  Nathan  P.  Knapp' 
and  other  works,  besides  editing  'Knapp's  Select  Sermons.'  Brown  Uni- 
versity gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

JOHNSON,  WILLIAM  HENRY.  Author.  [S.C.].  Born  in  1845. 
He  wrote  'The  King's  Henchman.' 

JOHNSTON,  ANNIE  FELLOWS.  Author.  She  was  born  in 
Evansville,  Ind.,  in  1863,  the  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Albion  and  Mary 
Erskine  Fellows.  She  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Indiana 
and  at  the  State  University  of  Iowa.  She  married,  in  1888,  William 
L.  Johnston  (deceased).  She  has  been  one  of  the  most  frequent  and 
popular  contributors  to  the  periodicals  of  the  day,  and  her  stories 
are  well  represented  in  the  following  list:  'Big  Brother,'  'The  Little 
Colonel,'  'Joel,  a  Boy  of  Galilee,'  'In  League  With  Israel,'  'Ole  Mam- 
my's Torment,'  'The  Gate  of  the  Giant  Scissors,'  'Two  Little  Knights 
of  Kentucky,'  'The  Little  Colonel's  House  Party,'  'The  Little  Colonel's 
Holidays,'  'The  Little  Colonel's  Hero,'  'Cicely/  'Asa  Holmes;  or,  At 
the  Cross  Roads,'  'Flip's  Islands  of  Providence,'  'The  Little  Colonel 
at  Boarding  School,'  'The  Little  Colonel  in  Arizona,'  'The  Quilt  that 
Jack  Built,'  'The  Little  Colonel's  Christmas  Vacation,'  'In  the  Desert 
of  Waiting,'  and  'Three  Weavers.'  Most  of  Mrs.  Johnston's  writings 
have  been  for  young  readers.  She  is  a  Southerner  by  adoption  only, 
but  she  has  caught  into  her  books  the  atmosphere  of  her  Kentucky 
surroundings,  and  in  her  portraitures  of  child-life  has  emphasized 
the  Southern  characteristics.  With  her  sister,  Mrs.  Albion  Fellows 
Bacon,  she  is  also  the  joint  author  of  a  volume  of  poems.  Her  home 
is  at  Pewee  Valley,  Ky.  L.  C.  Page  and  Company,  Boston,  have 
published  most  of  her  books. 

JOHNSTON,  EDWARD  WILLIAM.  Author.  [S.C.].  He  pub- 
lished a  'Life  of  Hugh  Swinton  Legare,'  an  interesting  biographical  work. 

JOHNSTON,  ELIZABETH  BRYANT.  Author.  [Ky.].  She 
wrote  'The  Days  that  Are  No  More.' 

JOHNSTON,  FREDERICK.  [Va.].  He  was  born  in  1811  and 
died  in  1894.    He  published  'Old  Virginia  Clerks'  (1888). 

JOHNSTON,  GEORGE.  Writer.  [Md.].  He  published  'Wild 
Southern  Scenes'  (18S9)  and  a  'History  of  Cecil  County,  Md.'  (1881). 

JOHNSTON,  GEORGE  DOHERTY.  Lawyer,  soldier,  educator, 
lecturer.  He  was  born  in  Hillsboro,  N.C.,  Mav  30,  1832,  the  son  of 
George  M.  and  Mary  Johnston.  He  entered  the  Confederate  Army  as 
second-lieutenant  of  the  Fourth  Alabama  Regiment  and  became  brigfa- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       227 

dier-general.  He  was  wounded  at  Murfreesboro  and  Atlanta.  After 
the  war  he  divided  his  time  between  educational  work  and  the  practice 
of  law  and  was  State  Senator  and  United  States  Civil  Service  Com- 
missioner. He  was  three  times  married.  His  literary  production 
embraces  three  lectures  which  were  widely  delivered  with  effective 
results:  "Memories  of  the  Old  South,"  "The  Confederate  War,"  and 
"Jefferson  Davis."    He  resides  in  Tuscaloosa,  Ala. 

JOHNSTON,  JOSEPH  EGGLESTON,  an  eminent  Confederate 
officer,  was  born  near  Farmville,  Va.,  February  7,  1807,  educated  at  West 
Point  in  the  class  with  Robert  E.  Lee,  served  in  the  Seminole  and  Mexican 
Wars,  resigned  his  commission  as  quartermaster-general  in  the  United 
States  Army  and  offered  his  services  to  the  Confederate  Government, 
rising  by  virtue  of  his  proven  soldiership  to  the  full  rank  of  general.  On 
the  eve  of  the  battle  of  Atlanta,  he  was  superseded  by  General  Hood,  but 
it  proved  to  be  a  tactical  mistake,  and  he  was  restored  to  command.  He 
died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  March  21,  1891.  In  the  opinion  of  many  critics, 
he  possessed  no  superior  in  the  art  of  military  maneuverings.  During 
his  career  he  was  wounded  ten  times.  One  of  the  best  works  bearing 
upon  the  bloody  grapple  of  the  'sixties  has  come  from  the  pen  of  this 
gallant  fighter,  entitled  'A  Narrative  of  Military  Operations  Directed 
During  the  Late  War  between  the  States'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and 
Company,  1874). 

JOHNSTON,  JOSIAH  STODDARD.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Sketch,  Vol.  VI,  page  2741. 

JOHNSTON,  MARGARET  A.  Author.  [La.].  She  published  a 
story  entitled  'In  Arcadia'  (New  Orleans,  1893). 

JOHNSTON,  MARY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
VI,  page  2757. 

JOHNSTON,  RICHARD  MALCOLM.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  VI,  page  2781. 

JOHNSTON,  WILLIAM  PRESTON.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  VII,  page  2813. 

JOHNSTONE,  JOB,  jurist,  was  born  in  Fairfield  County,  S.C, 
June  7,  1793,  and  died  in  Newberry,  S.C,  April  IS,  1862.  He  abandoned 
medicine  for  law  and  became  an  eminent  jurist,  filling  the  office  of  chan- 
cellor of  the  State  for  twenty-one  years.  His  decisions  are  preserved  in 
Hill's  'Chancery  Reports,'  Strobhart's  'Equity,'  Cheeve's  'Equity,'  and 
McCord's  'Chancery  Reports.' 

JONAS,  S.  A.,  editor  and  poet,  was  an  officer  in  the  Confederate 
Army  and  a  member  of  the  first  Constitutional  Convention  which  was  held 
in  Mississippi  after  the  Civil  War.  Major  Jonas  is  the  recognized  author 
of  the  famous  poem  entitled  "Lines  on  the  Back  of  a  Confederate  Note,"  a 
gem  which  has  often  been  reproduced  without  due  credit.  He  resides  in 
Aberdeen,  Miss.,  where  he  edits  The  Examiner,  a  newspaper  which  has 
been  a  power  in  Mississippi  journalism  since  reconstruction. 

JONES,  ALEXANDER,  physician  and  author,  was  born  in  North 
Carolina  about  1802  and  died  in  the  city  of  New  York  August  20,  1853. 
Settling  in  Mississippi  for  the  practice  of  medicine,  he  became  interested 
in  the  culture  of  cotton  and  made  several  improvements  in  the  cotton-gin. 
He  afterward  became  a  resident  of  New  York.  His  published  works 
include:  'Cuba  in  1851,'  an  'Historical  Sketch  of  the  Electric  Telegraph,' 
and  'The  Cymri  of  Seventy-six ;  or,  the  Welshmen  of  the  Revolution.' 


228  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

JONES,  ALICE  ILGENFRITZ.  Author.  [La.].  She  wrote  an 
interesting  work  of  iiction  entitled  'The  Chevalier  de  St.  Denis'  (Chicago, 
1900). 

JONES,  ANSON,  president  of  the  republic  of  Texas,  was  born  in 
Great  Harrington,  Mass.,  January  20,  1798,  and  died  in  Houston,  Texas, 
January  8,  1858.  On  the  eve  of  the  war  for  Texan  independence,  he 
located  on  the  Texan  frontier,  took  an  active  part  in  the  struggle,  held 
commissions  in  military  and  civil  affairs,  was  Minister  from  Texas  to 
the  United  States  Government,  Vice-president  and  afterward  President 
of  the  republic.  He  opposed  annexation,  lost  his  popularity,  became  un- 
balanced in  mind,  and  finally  died  by  his  own  hand.  His  'Journal'  was 
published  privately  in  18S9. 

JONES,  BUEHRING  H.  Writer.  [W.Va.].  He  was  born  in 
1823,  and  published  'The  Sunny  Land ;  or.  Prison  Prose  and  Poetry.' 

JONES,  CADWALLADER.  [S.C.].  He  published  a  'Genealogi- 
cal History  of  the  Jones  Family'  (1900). 

JONES,  CHARLES  COLCOCK,  Jr.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  VII,  page  2835. 

JONES,  CHARLES  COLCOCK,  Sr.,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Lib- 
erty County,  Ga.,  December  20,  1804,  and  was  for  many  years  pastor  of 
the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  of  Savannah,  but  returned  to  the  old  home- 
stead in  1832  to  labor  among  the  slaves.  In  later  life  he  alternated  be- 
tween missionary  work  on  the  plantations  and  educational  work  in  the 
theological  seminary  at  Columbia,  S.C.  He  published  'Religious  Instruc- 
tion for  Negroes  in  the  Southern  States,'  'Suggestions  on  the  Instruction 
of  Negroes  in  the  South,'  and  a  'History  of  the  Church  of  God,'  edited  by 
his  son,  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr. 

JONES,  CHARLES  EDGEWORTH,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born 
in  New  York  City,  July  27,  1867,  of  Southern  parentage,  the  son  of 
Colonel  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  the  distinguished  Georgia  historian.  His 
education  was  received  at  the  University  of  Georgia ;  and,  on  completing 
his  studies,  he  began  the  practice  of  law  in  Augusta.  His  writings  in- 
clude: 'Colonel  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  LL.D.,  Sketch'  (1889),  'Education 
in  Georgia'  (1889),  'Political  and  Judicial  Divisions  of  the  Commonwealth 
of  Georgia'  (1892),  'In  Memoriam,  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.'  (1893),  'History 
of  Georgia,'  which  appeared  serially  in  the  Atlanta  Constitution  (1899), 
and  'Georgia  in  the  Civil  War'   (1909). 

JONES,  HUGH,  clergyman,  was  born  in  England,  in  1669,  and 
died  in  Cecil  County,  Md.,  September  8,  1760.  For  sixty  years  he  was 
an  ordained  minister  of  the  Church  of  England,  serving  parishes  in  Mary- 
land and  in  Virginia,  and  was  also  at  one  time  professor  of  mathematics 
in  William  and  Mary  College.  He  published  'The  Present  State  of  Vir- 
ginia'   (London,   1724),  a  volume  of  rare  and  curious  interest. 

JONES,  IREDELL.    He  published  'The  South  Carolina  College 

Cadets.' 

JONES,  JOHN  BEAUCHAMP,  author,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  in  1810.  For  many  years  he  was  engaged  in  journalism,  and  in  1857 
established  in  Philadelphia  The  Southern  Monitor,  devoted  to  the  interests 
of  the  South.  His  writings  are  full  of  life  and  color  and  cover  a  wide 
range  of  subjects.  They  include  'Books  of  Visions'  (1847),  "Rural  Sports," 
a  poem  (1848),  'The  Western  Merchant'  (1848),  'Wild  Western  Scenes' 
(1849),  'The  Rival  Belles'  (1852),  'Adventures  of  Colonel  Vandercomb' 
(1852),  'The  Monarchist'  (1853),  'Life  and  Adventures  of  a  Country  Mer- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       229 

chant'  (1854),  'Freaks  of  Fortune'  (1854),  and  a  'Rebel  Clerk's  War  Diary 
of  the  Confederate  States  Capitol'  (1866).     He  died  in  1866. 

JONES,  JOHN  G.,  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman,  wrote  a  work 
entitled  'The  History  of  Methodism  in  Mississippi.'  He  planned  to  write 
two  volumes  but  finished  only  one,  covering  the  period  from  1799  to  1817. 
It  is  an  important  contribution  not  only  to  religious  history  but  also  to 
the  history  of  pioneer  life  in  Mississippi.  Another  product  of  his  pen  is 
'The  Bishop's  Council.' 

JONES,  JOHN  P.  Author.  [Mo.].  He  published  a  number  of 
historical  accounts,  including  'The  Spanish  Expedition  to  Missouri  in 
1799,'  'Early  Travel  in  Missouri,'  and  'The  Missouri  River  and  the 
Indians.' 

JONES,  JOHN  WILLIAM.  Clergyman  and  author.  For  many 
years  chaplain-general  of  the  United  Confederate  Veterans.  He  was 
born  at  Louisa  Court  House,  Va.,  September  25,  1836,  the  son 
of  Francis  William  and  Ann  Pendleton  Jones,  and  was  educated  at 
the  University  of  Virginia  and  at  the  Southern  Baptist  Theological 
Seminary.  He  married,  December  20,  1860,  Judith  Page  Helm.  He 
was  under  appointment  as  missionary  to  China  when  the  war  opened, 
but  enlisted  for  the  struggle  and  became,  first,  private,  and  afterward 
chaplain.  He  assisted  in  conducting  revivals,  in  which  more  than  fifteen 
thousand  of  Lee's  soldiers  professed  conversion;  and  of  this  number  he 
personally  baptized  four  hundred  and  sixteen  converts.  He  was  also  chap- 
lain of  Washington  College  during  the  incumbency  of  General  Lee  as 
president.  Besides  serving  the  Southern  Baptist  Church  in  iield  work,  he 
often  lectured  on  Lee  and  Jackson,  and  seldom  failed  to  mingle  with  his 
war  comrades  in  annual  reunions.  His  works,  which  deal  with  the 
war  period,  include  'Personal  Reminiscences,  Anecdotes  and  Letters  of 
Robert  E.  Lee'  (Washington,  D.C.,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company), 
in  the  preparation  of  which  he  was  given  access  to  all  the  personal 
manuscripts  and  documents  in  the  possession  of  the  family;  'The 
Army  of  Northern  Virginia  Memorial  Volume,'  'Christ  in  the  Camp,' 
and  'School  History  of  the  United  States.'  He  also  edited  fourteen 
volumes  of  Southern  historical  papers.  The  sketch  of  Jefferson 
Davis  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen.  Dr. 
Jones  died  at  the  home  of  his  son,  the  Rev.  Carter  Helm  Jones,  in 
Columbus,  Ga.,  in  1909;  but  his  remains  were  taken  to  Virginia  for 
burial. 

JONES,  JOSEPH,  physician  and  educator,  was  born  in  Liberty 
County,  Ga.,  September  6,  1833,  and  was  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Charles  C. 
Jones,  D.D.  He  became  an  eminent  practitioner  of  medicine  and  also  held 
chairs  at  different  times  in  various  institutions,  including  the  University 
of  Georgia,  the  Medical  College  of  Nashville,  and  Tulane  University.  _  Be- 
sides many  important  contributions  to  the  scientific  and  educational  jour- 
nals, he  wrote  'Explorations  of  the  Aboriginal  Remains  of  Tennessee,' 
'Medical  and  Surgical  Memoirs,'  'Investigations,  Chemical  and  Physiologi- 
cal, Relative  to  Certain  American  Vertebrata,'  and  other  works.  He  died 
in  New  Orleans,  February  17,  1896. 

JONES,  JOSEPH  SEAWELL,  author,  was  born  about  1811,  prob- 
ably in  North  Carolina.  He  graduated  from  the  Harvard  Law  School, 
practiced  his  profession  with  success,  and  published  a  'Defence  of  North 
Carolina  in  the  Revolution'  (1834),  and  'Memorials  of  North  Carolina' 
(1838). 

JONES,  MARY.  Writer.  [Ky.].  She  wrote  an  interesting  'His- 
tory of  Campbell  County,  Ky.'  (1876). 


230  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

JONES,  PLUMMER  F.,  Presbyterian  clergyman,  was  born  in  New 
Store,  Buckingham  County,  Va.,  August  29,  1875.  Besides  numerous  con- 
tributions to  high-class  periodicals  he  has  published  an  entertaining  volume 
entitled  'Shamrock  Land'  (New  York,  Moffat,  Yard  and  Company,  1908), 
■  and  is  at  present  engaged  upon  other  manuscripts.  He  resides  at  Arvonia, 
Va. 

JONES,  RICHARD.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Berlin,  Wis., 
July  18,  18SS,  the  son  of  John  A.  and  Ann  Davies  Jones.  He 
studied  at  Oxford,  Munich,  and  Heidelberg,  and  married,  December 
28,  1881,  Carrie  Holmes  Grinnell,  daughter  of  Congressman  J.  B. 
Grinnell.  He  became  professor  of  literature  in  Vanderbilt  University 
in  1899.  His  works  evince  ripe  scholarship  and  laborious  research. 
They  include :  'The  Growth  of  the  Idylls  of  the  King'  (Philadelphia, 
J.  B.  Lippincott  Company),  'The  Arthurian  Legends'  (in  the  Warner 
Library),  and  'College  Entrance  English.'  Also,  he  has  edited  'The 
Tragedy  of  Macbeth'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company),  'The 
Merchant  of  Venice'  (ibid.),  and  'The  History  of  English  Literature' 
(ibid.),  besides  contributing  to  American  and  European  magazines.  Dr. 
Jones  received  his  Ph.D.  degree  from  Heidelberg.  He  resides  in  Nash- 
ville, Tenn. 

JONES,  RICHARD  WATSON,  educator,  was  born  in  Virginia  in 
1837  and  was  educated  at  Randolph-Macon.  For  five  years  he  was  presi- 
dent of  Martha  Washington  College,  and  for  two  years  president  of 
Emory  and  Henry  College.  Afterward  he  became  professor  of  chemistry 
in  the  University  of  Mississippi.  He  has  edited  various  publications,  and 
written  numerous  monographs.  Mississippi  College  gave  him  the  degree 
of  LLD. 

JONES,  SAMUEL  PORTER,  evangelist  and  lecturer,  was  born 
in  Oak  Bowery,  Ala.,  October  16,  1847,  and  died  while  en  route 
from  Oklahoma  City,  Okla.,  to  his  home  in  Cartersville,  Ga.,  Oc- 
tober IS,  1906.  He  practiced  law  for  two  years  with  indifferent  success 
due  to  intemperate  habits ;  but  after  the  death  of  his  father  he  experienced 
conversion  and  became  the  greatest  revivalist  of  his  day  and  genera- 
tion on  either  side  of  the  water.  In  the  quality  of  humor  he  was  perhaps 
never  excelled,  and  for  years  he  was  one  of  the  prime  favorites  of  the 
lecture  lyceum.  He  published  'Sermons  and  Sayings  of  Sam  Jones'  (1885), 
'Quit  Your  Meanness'  (1886),  'Sam  Jones's  Own  Book'  (1886),  and  'Thun- 
derbolts' (1896).  Since  his  death  have  appeared:  'The  Life  and  Sayings 
of  Sam  P.  Jones'  edited  by  his  wife  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  The  Franklin-Turner 
Company,  1907),  'Famous  Stories  of  Sam  P.  Jones,'  by  the  Rev.  George 
R.  Stuart  (New  York  and  Chicago,  Fleming  H.  Revell  and  Company, 
1908),  and  'Popular  Lectures  of  Sam  P.  Jones,'  edited  by  his  wife  (ibid., 
1909). 

JONES,  THOMAS  GOODE.  Lawyer  and  jurist.  He  was  born 
in  Macon,  Ga.,  November  26,  1844.  In  the  Civil  War  he  was  an 
officer  on  the  staff  of  General  John  B.  Gordon,  attaining  the  rank  of 
major;  and  to  him  was  assigned  the  duty  of  carrying  a  flag  of  truce 
to  General  Sheridan  at  Appomattox.  On  December  20,  1866,  he  was 
united  in  marriage  to  Gena  C.  Bird.  He  began  the  practice  of  law  in 
Montgomery,  Ala.,  and  rose  rapidly  to  the  front.  He  commanded  the 
Second  Regiment  of  Alabama  State  troops  for  ten  years  and  took  an 
active  part  in  suppressing  the  famous  riots  in  Birmingham  in  1883 
and  1888.  From  1890  to  1894  he  was  governor  of  Alabama  and  assumed 
personal  command  of  the  troops  during  the  great  strike  of  1894. 
For  nearly  eight  years  he  has  been  United  States  District  Judge  for 
the  Middle  and  Northern  Districts  of  Alabama.  He  framed  the  laws 
regulating  the   employment   of   military   force  in  the   suppression   of 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       231 

riots  and  for  other  purposes;  compiled  eighteen  volumes  of  'Alabama 
Supreme  Court  Reports';  and  prepared  the  'Code  of  Ethics  of  the  Ala- 
bama State  Bar  Association.'  His  address  on  "The  Last  Days  of  the 
Army  of  Northern  Virginia,"  delivered  for  his  war  comrades  in  Rich- 
mond, is  an  interesting  contribution  to  the  literaturs  of  the  great  con- 
flict.    On  the  field  of  battle  he  was  several  times  wounded. 

JONES,  WILEY.  Clergyman.  [Va.].  He  published  'The  Gos- 
pel of  the  Kingdom.' 

JONES,  WILLIAM  RITE.  [Va.].  He  published  a  work  on  eco- 
nomics entitled  'Federal  Taxes  and  State  Expenses.' 

JONES,  WILLIAM  LOUIS,  educator,  physician,  editor,  was  born 
in  Liberty  County,  Ga.,  in  1827,  of  the  same  noted  stock  which  has  pro- 
duced the  Le  Contes.  After  graduating  from  the  University  of  Georgia, 
he  studied  at  Harvard  under  Agassiz,  his  companion  at  Cambridge  being 
his  cousin,  Joseph  Le  Conte;  and  he  also  accompanied  his  distinguished 
preceptor  on  a  tour  of  investigation  to  the  Florida  reefs.  For  a  time  he 
practiced  medicine ;  but,  at  later  periods,  he  filled  chairs  in  science  at  the 
University  of  Georgia,  first  in  one  branch  and  then  in  another;  and  he 
also  edited  The  Southern  Cultivator.  Both  to  the  scientific  journals  and 
to  the  secular  newspapers  he  has  been  a  contributor  of  thoughtful  articles 
for  more  than  fifty  years. 

JORDAN,  CORNELIA  JANE  MATTHEWS,  Mrs.,  poet,  was  born 
in  Lynchburg,  Va.,  January  11,  1830.  She  possessed  unusual  gifts  and 
among  the  plaintive  war  minstrels  of  Virginia  she  is  entitled  to  high  rank. 
Two  rich  volumes  have  come  from  the  pen  of  this  author :  'Flowers  of 
Hope  and  Memory'  (Richmond,  1861),  and  'Echoes  from  the  Cannon'  (Buf- 
falo, N.Y.,  1899).  Her  poem  on  "Corinth"  appeared  in  1865.  On  account 
of  the  sentiment  which  it  breathed,  the  entire  edition  was  seized  by  General 
Terry,  who  was  provost-marshal  at  the  time,  icondemned  and  burned. 
But  the  song  survived  the  flames.  Her  poem  on  "Richmond"  is  perhaps 
the  finest  tribute  in  verse  ever  paid  to  the  capital  of  the  Confederacy ;  and 
her  poems,  "The  Battle  of  Manassas"  and  "The  Death  of  Jackson,"  are 
also  widely  admired. 

JORDAN,  FRANK  MARION.  Baptist  clergyman.  [N.C.].  He 
published  'The  Life  and  Labors  of  Elder  F.  M.  Jordan'  (1899). 

JORDAN,  RICHARD,  Quaker  preacher,  was  born  in  Norfolk 
County,  Va.,  December  19,  1756,  and  died  in  Newton,  NJ.,  October  14, 
1826.  For  nearly  fifty  years  he  was  a  minister  of  the  Society  of  Friends, 
traversing  the  whole  eastern  part  of  the  United  States  and  visiting  Europe. 
He  wrote  an  autobiographic  account  of  his  labors,  entitled  'The  Journal 
of  Richard  Jordan,'  which  was  published  many  years  after  his  death 
(Philadelphia,  1870). 

JORDAN,  THOMAS,  soldier,  was  born  in  Luray,  Va.,  September 
30,  1819.  He  was  educated  at  West  Point,  served  in  the  Indian  and  Mexi- 
can campaigns,  resigned  his  captain's  commission  to  enter  the  Confederate 
ranks  and  became  a  brigadier-general.  After  the  war  he  went  to  Cuba, 
where  he  succeeded  to  the  chief  command  of  the  Revolutionists,  but  he 
afterward  returned  home  and  edited  for  some  time  the  Memphis  Appeal. 
Besides  contributing  to  periodicals,  he  published,  in  association  with  J.  B. 
Pryor,  'The  (Campaigns  of  Lieutenant-general  Forrest'  (New  York,  1868). 

JOSCELYN,  JEP.,  Major.  The  author,  who  is  supposed  to  have 
served  under  General  Sherman,  wrote  'Tar-Heel  Rhymes  in  Vernac- 
ular Verse'  (1866). 


232  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

JOSSELYN,  ROBERT,  poet,  was  born  in  Massachusetts,  in  1810, 
but  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  Virginia  and  afterward  settled  in  Missis- 
sippi. He  served  under  Jefferson  Davis  in  the  Mexican  War.  Later  he 
removed  to  Texas.  He  published  three  volumes  of  verse.  One  of  his  best 
known  poems  is  entitled  "The  Last  Tear  I  Shed,"  a  satire  on  the  times. 
He  died  in  1884. 

JOUVENAT,  M.  M.,  Mrs.  Poet.  [Texas].  One  of  her  frag- 
ments, "The  Message  of  the  Flowers,"  is  preserved  in  'Songs  of  the 
South.'     She  lived  in  Sherman,  Texas. 

JOYCE,  W.  H.  H.  Cergyman.  [Va.].  He  published  a  work  in 
three  volumes  entitled  'Things  and  Thoughts'  (Winchester,  Va.,  1903). 

JOYNER,  JAMES  YADKIN,  educator,  was  born  in  Davidson 
County,  N.C.,  August  7,  1862.  His  father  was  John  Joyner  and  his  mother, 
Sallie  A.  Wooten.  For  several  years  he  was  professor  of  English  in  the 
State  Normal  and  Industrial  College  of  North  Carolina.  At  present  he 
is  superintendent  of  public  instruction.  Besides  official  reports,  from  1902 
to  1909,  he  is  the  author  of  numerous  pamphlets  and  monographs  on  educa- 
tional subjects.  The  sketch  of  Calvin  H.  Wiley  in  'The  Library  of  South- 
ern Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen. 

JOYNES,  EDWARD  SOUTHEY.     See  Biographical  and  Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  VII,  page  2859. 

JULAP,  GILES.  Poet.  He  lived  at  Chotank,  Va.,  and  wrote  a 
poem  in  two  books,  published  in  1802,  entitled  "The  Glosser."  It  is  not  a 
composition  of  the  first  rank;  and,  in  the  postscript  to  his  preface,  the 
author  adds  for  the  information  of  posterity:  "The  tax  on  whiskey  is  put 
down.    Huzza  for  the  Ancient  Dominion !       Vive  old  liberty  pole !" 

JULIAN,  ISAAC  HOOVER.  Journalist.  He  was  born  rear 
Centreville,  Ind.,  June  19,  1823,  the  son  of  Isaac  and  Rebecca  Hoover 
Julian.  He  was  self-educated,  twice  married,  and  lived  for  some  time 
in  Indiana.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar;  but,  becoming  interested  in 
the  anti-slavery  and  temperance  reforms,  he  took  up  the  editorial  pen. 
In  1873  he  moved  to  San  Marcos,  Texas,  editing  The  Free  Press  for 
seventeen  years,  and  The  People's  Era  for  ten  years.  Besides  con- 
tributions in  both  prose  and  verse  to  the  periodicals,  he  has  published : 
'Sketches  of  the  Early  History  of  the  White-water  Valley'  (1857), 
'Late  Gathered  Leaves  in  Verse  and  Prose,'  and  'Outline  History  of 
the  Julian  and  Hoover  Families.' 

KARNS,  THOMAS  C.  Educator.  [Tenn.].  He  published  'The 
Government  of  the  People  of  Tennessee'  (1896). 

KAVANAUGH,  BENJAMIN  TAYLOR,  clergyman  and  physician, 
was  born  in  Jeft'erson  County,  Ky.,  April  28,  1805,  and  died  in  Boones- 
borough,  Ky.,  July  3,  1898.  He  was  both  a  physician  and  a  minister. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  was  a  surgeon  in  the  Confederate  Army;  and 
after  the  close  of  hostilities  he  became  a  professor  in  Soule  University 
in  the  department  of  mental  and  moral  science.  He  published  'Electricity 
the  Motor  Power  of  the  Solar  System'  (New  York,  1886),  'The  Great 
Central  Valley  of  North  America,'  and  'Notes  of  a  Western  Rambler.' 
Bishop  H.  H.  Kavanaugh  was  his  brother. 

KEARNEY,  BELLE.  Author,  and  lecturer  for  the  Women's 
Christian  Temperance  Union.  She  was  born  on  a  plantation  near 
Vernon,  Miss.,  enjoyed  excellent  educational  advantages,  and  spent 
several  years  in  teaching.  She  is  an  ardent  advocate  of  temperance 
reform,  and  has  traveled  over  Europe  and  America  on  extended 
lecture   tours,   making   eloquent   picas    for   temperance   before   great   as- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       233 

semblies.  She  has  also  pleaded  her  cause  in  the  periodicals.  She  is 
the  author  of  an  interesting  volume  entitled  'The  Slaveholder's  Daugh- 
ter.'    She  resides  at  Flora,  Miss. 

KEENER,  JOHN  CHRISTIAN.  Bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church,  South,  for  more  than  thirty  years.  He  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, _  Md.,  February  7,  1819,  engaged  in  business  for  several 
years  in  Baltimore,  and  then  entered  the  itinerant  ranks  of  Southern 
Methodism.  He  preached  first  in  Alabama,  and  afterward  became 
pastor  in  New  Orleans,  resigning  his  charge  to  become  presiding 
elder.  During  the  war,  he  was  superintendent  of  all  the  chaplains 
west  of  the  Mississippi.  From  1865  to  1870  he  edited  the  New  Orleans 
Christian  Advocate,  and  was  then  elevated  to  the  Episcopal  Bench.  Besides 
numerous  articles  for  the  secular  and  religious  press,  he  wrote :  'The  Post 
Oak  Circuit,  or  Studies  in  Bible  Truths,'  and  'The  Garden  of  Eden  and  the 
Flood.'  He  died  in  New  Orleans  in  1906.  Bishop  Keener  received  both 
the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees. 

KEIFFER,  ALDINE  S.,  poet,  was  born  in  Missouri  but  the  greater 
part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  Old  Dominion,  and  he  became  one  of  the 
favorite  songsters  of  the  Valley.  Before  he  was  eighteen  he  edited  The 
Musical  Advocate.  At  the  beginning  of  the  war  he  enlisted  in  the  Army 
of  Northern  Virginia  and  was  at  the  first  battle  of  Manassas.  Many  of 
his  stirring  stanzas  are  echoes  of  his  life  in  the  bivouac  and  on  the  field. 
He  published  a  volume  entitled :  'Hours  of  Fancy ;  or.  Vision  and  Vigil' 
(Dayton,  Va.,  1881).     Some  of  his  minor  lyrics  have  been  set  to  music. 

KEILEY,  ANTHONY  M.  Author.  [Va.].  He  wrote  'In  Vincu- 
lis;  or,  the  Prisoner  of  War'  (1866). 

KEITH,  ISAAC  STOCKTON,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Newton, 
Pa.,  January  20,  1755,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  December  13,  1813. 
On  completing  his  studies  at  Princeton  he  entered  the  Presbyterian  minis- 
try and  was  for  more  than  twenty-five  years  pastor  of  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church  of  Charleston,  S.C.  The  Rev.  Andrew  Flinn  edited  a 
volume  of  his  'Sermons  and  Addresses'   (Charleston,  1810). 

KELL,  JOHN  McINTOSH.  Under  Captain  Semmes,  he  ivas  first 
lieutenant  of  the  famous  Confederate  warship,  the  Alabama,  which  was 
sunk  in  the  English  Channel,  after  one  of  the  most  brilliant  careers  in 
the  annals  of  the  sea.  He  was  born  in  Mcintosh  County,  Ga.,  in  1828. 
For  many  years  after  the  war  he  was  adjutant-general  of  the  State  of 
Georgia;  and  except  for  his  extreme  modesty  he  might  have  claimed  any 
office  in  the  gift  O'f  his  fellow  citizens.  It  was  not  without  much  persua- 
sion that  he  was  induced  to  commit  his  reminiscences  to  the  pen.  But  he 
finally  wrote  for  the  Century  Maqazine  an  article  entitled  "Battles  and 
Leaders  of  the  Civil  War,"  and  this  was  followed  by  his  'Recollections 
of  a  Naval  Life'  (Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company).  He 
died  at  "Sunny  Side,"  near  Griffin,  in  1900. 

KELLER,  HELEN  ADAMS.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  VII,  page  2875. 

KELLEY,  DAVID  CAMPBELL.  Clergyman.  He  was  born  in 
Leesville,  Tenn.,  December  25,  1833,  a  son  of  John  and  Margaret 
Kelley.  He  was  twice  married.  Besides  holding  numerous  important 
pastorates,  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Governor  of  Ten- 
nessee on  the  Prohibition  ticket  in  1890,  and  was  the  projector  of 
the  scheme  from  which  Vanderbilt  University  and  the  Nashville 
College   for    Young    Ladies    were    evolved.     Among    his    works    are: 


234  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

'Short  Method  with  Modern  Doubt'  (Nashville,  Southern  Methodist  Pub- 
lishing House),  'Bishop  or  Conference'  (ibid.),  and  'Life  of  Mrs.  M.  L. 
Kelley'   (ibid.).     He  died  in  1909. 

KELLOGG,  SANFORD  C.  Author.  [Va.].  Colonel  Kellogg  was 
an  aide  on  the  staff  of  General  George  H.  Thomas  of  the  United  States 
Army  during  the  Civil  War.  He  wrote  an  interesting  work  entitled  'The 
Shenandoah  Valley  and  Virginia,  1861-1865'  (New  York  and  Washington, 
The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1908) ,  in  which  he  treats  of  the  Virginia 
campaigns  from  the  Federal  point  of  view. 

KELLY,  JAMES  MADISON,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Washington 
County,  Ga.,  in  1795,  and  died  in  Perry,  Ga.,  January  17,  1849.  He  chose 
the  legal  profession,  was  several  times  elected  to  the  Legislature,  and,  on 
the  organization  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State,  became  the  first 
reporter  and  published  five  volumes  of  'Georgia  Reports'  (1846-1848). 

KEMBLE,  FRANCES  ANNE,  an  English  actress  of  note,  who 
became  the  wife  of  Pierce  Butler,  a  Georgia  planter,  who  divorced  her 
in  1849.  Besides  numerous  other  volumes  she  published  'The  Journal  of 
a  Residence  on  a  Georgia  Plantation'  in  1838-1839  (New  York,  Harper 
and  Brothers,  1857),  in  which  she  harshly  criticised  the  institution  of 
slavery,  but  her  feelings  were  doubtless  embittered  and  her  views  some- 
what distorted  by  her  domestic  relations.  She  died  in  London  in  1893, 
at  the  advanced  age  of  eightyJfour. 

KEMPER,  CHARLES  PENDLETON,  educator  and  lecturer,  was 
born  in  Louisa  County,  Va.  His  father  was  Charles  S.  Kemper  and  his 
mother,  Mary  Pendleton.  For  several  years  he  was  engaged  in  educa- 
tional work.  But  of  late  years  has  been  in  business  in  Vicksburg,  Miss, 
and  has  also  appeared  at  frequent  intervals  on  the  lecture  platform, 
much  to  the  delight  of  his  many  admirers.  He  is  the  author  of  a  num- 
ber of  dialect  poems,  including  "Dem  Back  Times,"  "A  New  Year 
Idyl,"  "In  Sassafras  Diggin'  Root  Time,''  and  others  of  like  charm  and 
power,  recalling  the  old  days  of  the  South.  He  has  also  written  numerous 
prose  articles.  The  sketch  of  Harris  Dickson  in  'The  Library  of  Southern 
Literature'  is  from  his  pen.  ' 

KEMPER,  JAMES  LAWSON,  soldier  and  governor,  was  born  in 
Madison  County,  Va.,  June  11,  1823,  graduated  from  Washington  College, 
became  a  captain  in  the  Mexican  War,  and  a  brigadier-general  in  the  Civil 
War.  At  Gettysburg  he  was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner.  In  1874  he 
was  elected  governor  of  Virginia,  and  retiring  from  office  engaged  in 
planting.  He  published  a  volume  of  'Messages  to  the  Legislature'  (Rich- 
mond, 1876). 

KENDALL,  AMOS,  editor  and  Cabinet  officer,  was  born  in 
Dunstable,  Mass.,  August  16,  1789,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  Novem- 
ber 11,  1869.  For  several  years  he  edited  Democratic  newspapers  in  Ken- 
tucky, wielded  great  power  for  Andrew  Jackson,  and  became  Postmaster- 
general  in  the  latter's  Cabinet.  Harriet  Martineau  considered  him  the 
genius  of  the  administration.  He  purchased  an  interest  in  the  telegraph 
patents  of  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  and  eventuallv  acquired  immense  wealth. 
He  published  'The  Life  of  Andrew  Jackson,  Private,  Military,  and  Civil' 
(New  York,  1843),  a  series  of  articles  in  the  Washington  Star,  opposing 
secession,  and  a  number  of  pamphlets.  After  his  death  his  'Autobiog- 
raphy' was  edited  by  William  Stickney  (Boston,  1872). 

KENDALL,  GEORGE  WILKINS,  journalist,  was  born  in  Am- 
herst, N.H.,  August  22,  1809,  and  died  near  Bowie,  Texas,  October  22, 
1867.    After  learning  the  printers'  trade,  he  came  South,  settled  in  New 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        235 

Orleans,  and  established  The  Picayune  in  association  with  F.  A.  Lums- 
den  In  1841  he  joined  the  Santa  Fe  Expedition,  only  to  fall  into  the 
hands  of  the  Mexicans,  but  was  afterward  released,  and  when  formal 
hostilities  began  he  rendered  important  service  to  General  Taylor  and 
furnished  his  paper  war  news  by  means  of  pony  expresses.  Later  he 
settled  in  Texas  and  acquired  a  fortune.  He  wrote  a  'Narrative  of  the 
Santa  Fe  Expedition,'  in  two  volumes  (New  York,  1844;  London,  1845), 
and  'The  War  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico,'  with  twelve  colored 
plates  by  Carl  Nebel  (New  York,  1851). 

KENDALL,  ISOLINE  RODD,  writer,  was  born  in  New  Orleans, 
La.,  October  11,  1873.  Her  maiden  name  was  Isoline  Rodd.  She  married, 
July  1,  1903,  John  Smith  Kendall.  Some  excellent  newspaper  and  maga- 
zine articles  have  come  from  her  pen.  The  sketch  of  George  W.  Cable 
in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  was  written  by  Mrs.  Kendall. 

KENDALL,  JOHN  SMITH,  journalist,  was  born  in  Ocean 
Springs.  Miss.,  April  9,  1874,  a  son  of  John  I.  and  Mary  E.  Smith  Kendall. 
For  sorne  time  he  has  been  literary  editor  of  the  New  Orleans  Picayune, 
for  which  paper  he  was  also  war  correspondent  during  the  Spanish- 
American  hostilities.  Besides  numerous  articles  on  foreign  travel  which 
have  appeared  in  his  paper,  Mr.  Kendall  has  published  'The  Picayune 
Guide  to  New  Orleans'  (1900,  revised,  1909).  'The  Picayune  Frog  Circus' 
(New  Orleans,  F.  F.  Hansell  and  Brother,  1903),  'A  Midsummer  Trip  to 
Nicaragua'  (New  Orleans,  The  Picayune,  1905),  'Seven  Mexican  Cities' 
{ibid.,  1906), _  and  the  article  on  "New  Orleans"  in  'Appleton's  Encyclo- 
paedia.' He  is  also  a  contributor  to  magazines.  The  sketch  of  Eliza  J. 
Nicholson  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  Mr.  Kendall's 
pen.    He  married,  July  1,  1903,  Isoline  Rodd. 

KENLY,  JOHN  REESE,  lawyer  and  soldier,  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  in  1822,  served  in  both  Mexican  and  Civil  Wars  under  the 
United  States  flag,  achieved  distinction  at  the  Bar,  and  published  'Memoirs 
of  a  Maryland  Volunteer  in  the  Mexican  War'  (1873). 

KENNEDY,  JOHN  PENDLETON.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  VH,  page  2897. 

KENNEDY,  SARA  BEAUMONT.  Author.  She  was  born  in 
Somerville,  Tenn.,  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Robert  H.  and  Nora  Devereux 
Cannon.  She  graduated  from  St.  Mary's  Protestant  Episcopal 
School,  Raleigh,  N.C.,  and  married,  January  10,  1888,  Walker  Ken- 
nedy. Besides  journalistic  work  on  the  Memphis  papers,  she  has 
contributed  stories  to  some  of  the  leading  magazines.  She  has  also 
written  some  excellent  verse,  her  war  poems  of  the  Revolution  being 
specially  admired.  'Jocelyn  Cheshire'  (New  York,  Doubleday,  Page 
and  Company)  and  'The  Wooing  of  Judith  {ibid.)  are  two  of  Mrs. 
Kennedy's  best  stories.  They  are  breezily  written  and  entertaining, 
and  evince  an  observant  eye  for  modern  types  and  conditions. 

KENNEDY,  WALKER,  journalist,  was  born  in  Louisville,  Ky., 
June  8,  1857,  the  son  of  James  and  Kate  E.  Kennedy.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  his  home  town,  and  married,  January 
10,  1888,  Sara  Beaumont  Cannon.  At  various  times  he  was  connected  in 
an  editorial  capacity  with  some  of  the  leading  Southern  newspapers,  inclu- 
ding the  Louisville  Courier-Journal,  the  Memphis  Appeal,  and  the  Nash- 
ville American,  and  in  1896  he  became  editor  of  the  Memphis  Commercial 
Appeal,  on  which  he  labored  for  thirteen  years.  He  was  a  contributor  of 
racy  sketches  and  stories  to  such  periodicals  as  Life,  Puck,  the  Saturday 
Evening  Post,  the  Century  Magazine,  and  the  North  American  Review. 
His  books  include :  'In  the  Dwellings  of  Science'  (New  York,  Dodd,  Mead 


236  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

and  Company),  'Javanben  Seir'  (New  York,  Frederick  A.  Stokes),  and 
The  Secret  of  the  Wet  Woods.'  He  died  in  Memphis,  Tenn.,  November 
12,  1909. 

KENNEDY,  WILLIAM,  author,  was  born  near  Paisley,  Scotland, 
December  26,  1799,  and  died  near  London,  England,  in  1849.  For  m.any 
years  he  was  the  British  Consul  at  Galveston,  Texas,  and  he  published 
two  works  of  very  great  interest  entitled  'The  Rise,  Progress,  and  Pros- 
pects of  the  Republic  of  Texas,'  in  two  volumes  (London,  1841),  and 
'Texas,  its  Geography,  Natural  History,  and  Topography'  (New  York, 
1844).  He  also  published  several  volumes  of  verse,  including  'Fitful 
Fancies'  (1827). 

KENNEY,  M.  M.,  antiquarian  and  author.  Contributed  to  'Woot- 
en's  Comprehensive  History  of  Texas'  (Dallas,  Wm.  G.  Scarff,  1898) 
an  important  chapter  on  "The  Indian  Tribes  of  Texas,"  which  con- 
tains some  very  rare  ethnological  data,  besides  narrating  in  a  man- 
ner both  graphic  and  simple,  many  thrilling  episodes  of  pioneer  days 
along  the  frontier. 

KENRICK,  FRANCIS  PATRICK,  Roman  Catholic  archbishop, 
was  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  December  3,  1797,  and  died  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  July  6,  1863.  On  the  death  of  Archbishop  Eccleson  he  was  chosen 
to  succeed  him  in  the  spiritual  oversight  of  the  See  of  Baltimore,  and  also 
appointed  by  the  Pope  apostolic  delegate  to  preside  at  a  council  of  all  the 
archbishops  and  bishops  in  the  United  States.  As  a  theologian  and 
scholar  it  is  doubtful  if  the  Mother  Church  has  produced  his  superior. 
His  writings  include  'Letters  of  Omicron  to  Omega'  (1826),  'Theologia 
Dogmatica'  (Philadelphia,  1840,  in  four  volumes;  Baltimore,  18S7,  three 
volumes),  'Theologia  Moralis'  (Philadelphia,  1841-1843,  three  volumes), 
'The  Primacy  of  the  Apostolic  See  Vindicated'  (Baltimore,  1855),  'The 
Catholic  Doctrine  of  Justification'  (Philadelphia,  1841),  a  'Treatise  on 
Baptism'  (1843),  a  'Vindication  of  the  Catholic  Church,'  and  'Four  Ser- 
mons Preached  in  the  Cathedral  at  Bardstown'  (1829),  besides  several 
minor  works.  He  also  translated,  with  copious  notes,  the  New  Testament 
Scriptures,  and  portions  of. the  Old,  being  dissatisfied  with  the  textual 
departures  of  the  English  Catholic  Bibles  from  the  Rheims  and  the  Douay 
standards. 

KENRICK,  PETER  RICHARD,  Roman  Catholic  archbishop,  was 
born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  August  17,  1806,  and  was  a  brother  of  Archbishop 
F.  P.  Kenrick,  whose  strong  intellectual  traits  he  shared  in  an  eminent 
degree.  He  taught  in  various  Catholic  institutions,  founded  a  magazine 
called  The  Catholic  Cabinet,  and  became  archbishop  of  St.  Louis.  During 
the  Civil  War  he  ministered  to  the  sick  and  wounded  on  both  sides.  He 
organized  schools  and  reformatories,  delivered  frequent  lectures,  and  pub- 
lished 'The  Holy  House  of  Loretto;  or,  an  Examination  of  the  Historical 
Evidence  of  its  Miraculous  Translation,'  and  'Anglican  Ordinations.'  He 
died  in  1896. 

KENT,  CHARLES  WILLIAM,  educator  and  editor,  was  born  at 
Louisa,  C.H.,  Va.,  September  27,  1860.  His  father  was  Robert 
Meredith  Kent  and  his  mother,  Sarah  Garland  Hunter.  After  graduation 
from  the  University  of  Virginia,  he  became  head  master  of  the  University 
School  at  Charleston,  S.C,  an  institution  of  which  he  was  joint  founder. 
Later  he  pursued  post-graduate  studies  at  the  German  universities ;  Got- 
tingen,  Berlin,  and  Leipzig.  For  several  years  he  was  professor  of  Eng- 
lish and  modern  languages  at  the  University  of  Tennessee,  and  in  1893 
became  professor  of  English  literature,  rhetoric,  and  belles  lettres  in 
Linden  Kent  Memorial  School  of  English  Literature  at  the  University  of 
Virginia,  a  chair  which  he  still  occupies.    Dr.  Kent  is  a  lecturer  of  great 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       237 

charm  and  power  on  topics  connected  with  American  and  English  litera- 
ture, and  notably  upon  the  poets  of  the  South.  He  is  the  author  of 
several  volumes,  including  'Teutonic  Antiquities  in  Andreas  and  Elene' 
(Leipzig,  1887),  'Shakespeare  Note-Book'  (Boston,  Ginn  and  Company), 
1897),  and  'Graphic  Representations  of  English  and  American  Literature' 
(New  York,  Henry  Holt  and  Company,  1898).  He  has  also  edited  a  num- 
ber of  standard  works,  among  them,  'Cynewulf  s  Elene'  (Boston,  Ginn  and 
Company,  1888),  'Idyls  of  the  Lawn'  (Charlottesville,  1899),  'Selected 
Poems  from  Burns'  (New  York,  Silver,  Burdett  and  Company,  1901), 
Tennyson's  'The  Princess'  (Richmond  B.  F.  Johnson  Company,  1901), 
'Poe  Memorial  Volume'  (Charlottesville,  1901),  Poe's  'Poems,'  Vol.  VII 
of  the  Virginia  edition  of  his  works  (New  York,  T.  Y.  Crowell  and  Com- 
pany, 1902),  'Poe's  Poems  in  Pocket  Classics'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan 
Company,  1904),  and  'The  Book  of  the  Poe  Centenary'  (Charlottesville, 
1909).  Dr.  Kent  is  also  the  literary  editor  of  'The  Library  of  Southern 
Literature,'  a  work  whose  monumental  character  testifies  alike  to  his  tire- 
less research  and  to  his  broad  scholarship.  The  vast  amount  of  labor 
which  Dr.  Kent  has  expended  upon  this  great  enterprise,  the  keen  analyti- 
cal power  which  he  has  brought  to  bear  upon  his  task,  and  the  soundness 
of  his  judgment  in  the  matter  of  literary  values  entitle  him  to  the  lasting 
gratitude  of  an  appreciative  Southland.  He  has  received  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia  the  degree  of  M.A. ;  from  Leipzig,  the  degree  of 
Ph.D.,  and  from  the  University  of  Alabama,  the  degree  of  LLD. 

KEPLINGER,  K  M.,  Mrs.  Author.  [La.].  She  published  a  novel 
which  was  quite  popular,  entitled  'Berenice'  (New  Orleans,  1878). 

KERCHEVAL,  SAMUEL.  Historian.  [Va.].  He  published  a 
'History  of  the  Valley  of  Virginia'  (1833,  revised,  1850). 

KERLIN,  ROBERT  THOMAS.  Clergyman  and  educator.  He 
was  born  in  Newcastle,  Mo.,  March  22,  1866;  graduated  from  Central 
College,  Fayette,  Mo.,  and  studied  also  at  Johns  Hopkins  Uninversity,  at 
Chicago  and  at  Harvard.  Then  followed  an  extended  sojourn  abroad. 
On  returning  home,  he  divided  his  time  between  ministerial  and  educa- 
tional work,  having  been  received  into  the  Conference  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  South.  At  present  he  is  professor  of_  English  in  the 
State  Normal  School,  at  Warrensburg,  Mo.  His  writings  include :  'Mainly 
for  Myself,'  'The  Lyrical  Diversions  of  a  Village  Parson  (Kansas  City, 
Hudson  Kimberly  Publishing  Company),  'The  Camp  Life  of  the  Third 
Regiment'  (ibid.),  and  'The  Church  of  the  Fathers'  (Nashville,  Southern 
Methodist  Publishing  House),  besides  numerous  contributions  to  the  press. 
He  was  a  chaplain  in  the  Spanish-American  War. 

KERN,  ALFRED  ALLAN,  educator,  was  born  in  Salem,  Va., 
November  29,  1879.  His  father  was  John  A.  Kern  and  his  mother,  Mar- 
garet Eskridge.  He  occupies  the  chair  of  English  in  Millsaps  College, 
Jackson,  Miss.,  and  holds  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
work  entitled  'The  Ancestry  of  Chaucer'  (1906).  The  sketch  of  Irwin 
Russell  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen. 

KERN,  JOHN  ADAM,  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  in  Frederick  County,  Va.,  April  23,  1846.  For  several 
years  past  he  has  filled  the  chair  of  practical  theology  in  Vanderbilt 
University  at  Nashville,  Tenn.  He  wrote  'The  Ministry  to  the  Congre- 
gation: a  work  on  Homiletics'  (Nashville,  Barbee  and  Smith,  1897). 
Washington  and  Lee  University  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

KERN  AN,  WILL  HUBBARD,  poet,  was  born  in  Belief  ontaine, 
Ohio,  November  S,  1845,  and  died  in  Memphis,  Tenn.,  January  28,  1905. 
He  was  educated  for  the  Bar,  but  relinquished  law  to  enter  journalism. 


238  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

For  years  he  was  connected  with  Southern  newspapers  and  considered 
Memphis  his  home.  He  was  undoubtedly  a  genius.  His  poem  entitled 
"Southland"  alone  entitles  him  to  high  rank.  He  published  only  one 
volume  of  verse  'The  Flaming  Meteor'  (Chicago,  Charles  H.  Kerr  and 
Company,  1892),  but  there  are  still  many  of  his  song-fragments  extant, 
from  which  another  exquisite  collection  can  be  made.  His  favorite  pen- 
name  was  "Kenneth  Lamar." 

KERNEY,  MARTIN  JOSEPH,  educator  and  author,  was  born  in 
Lewiston,  Md.,  in  1819,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  March  16,  1861.  For 
several  years  he  successfully  conducted  an  academy  in  Baltimore  and  at 
leisure  hours  compiled  tejct-books  adapted  to  Catholic  methods  of  instruc- 
tion. On  the  list  of  his  publications  are  included  'Compendium  of  His- 
tory,' 'Class  Book  of  History,'  an  adaptation  of  'Murray's  Grammar,'  a 
'Catechism  of  Scripture  History,'  'The  Columbian  Arithmetic'  and  several 
others. 

KERR,  HUGH,  poet,  was  born  in  Ireland  but  lived  for  many  years 
in  Texas,  where  he  died  in  1843.  He  wrote  a  'Poetical  Description  of 
Texas'  (1838). 

KERR,  JAMES  EDWIN.  Poet.  [S.C.].  He  published  a  volume 
of  verse  entitled  'Songs  as  They  Came'  (1898). 

KERR,  JOHN  LEEDS,  lawyer,  was  born  near  Annapolis,  Md., 
January  IS,  1780,  and  died  near  Fasten,  Md.,  February  21,  1844.  He  en- 
gaged successfully  in  the  practice  of  law,  served  for  several  terms  in  Con- 
gress, and,  on  the  death  of  John  S.  Spence  was  chosen  by  the  Legislature 
to  fill  his  unexpired  term  in  the  United  States  Senate.  He  edited  'The 
History  of  Maryland,'  by  his  uncle,  John  L.  Bozeman. 

KERR,  ROBERT  POLLOCK,  clergyman,  was  born  in  1850  and 
was  for  maiiy  years  pastor  of  a  church  in  Savannah.  He  published 
'Presbyterianism  for  the  People'  (1883),  'History  of  Presbyterianism' 
(1886),  'Hymns  of  the  Ages'  (1891),  and  'The  Voice  of  God  in  History.' 

KERR,  WASHINGTON  CARUTHERS,  geologist,  was  born  in 
Alamance  County,  N.C.,  May  24,  1827,  and  died  in  Asheville,  N.C.,  August 
9,  188S.  For  several  years  he  was  state  geologist  of  North  Carolina.  He 
contributed  to  the  proceedings  of  scientific  societies  numerous  important 
papers  and  published  two  volumes  of  'Geological  Reports'  (Raleigh, 
1875-1881). 

KESTER,  VAUGHAN,  author,  was  born  at  New  Brunswick,  N.J., 
September  12,  1869.  His  education  was  obtained  in  the  common 
schools  of  Mount  Vernon,  Ohio,  and  under  private  tutors  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio.  He  married,  August  31,  1898,  Jessie  B.  Jennings,  and  was  for 
some  time  on  the  staff  of  the  Cosmopolitan  Magazine.  He  was  also  con- 
nected with  the  International  Literary  and  News  Syndicates,  at  Ir- 
vington-on-the-Hudson.  His  contributions  to  the  periodicals  have 
been  numerous,  consisting  mainly  of  short  stories  and  poems.  He 
has  also  written  two  plays  which  have  been  well  received.  His  two 
novels :  "The  Manager  of  the  B.  and  R."  (Harper's  Magazine)  and  "The 
Fortunes  of  the  Landrays''  {McClure's  Magazine),  are  deservedly  popular. 
He  resides  at  Wood  Lawn  Mansion,  Accotink,  Va. 

KETCHUM,  ANNIE  CHAMBERS,  educator,  lecturer,  author,  was 
born  in  Scott  County,  Ky.,  in  1824.  Her  maiden  name  was  Annie  Cham- 
bers. She  was  married,  first,  to  Mr.  Bradford,  and  afterward  to  Mr. 
Ketchum,  the  latter  being  killed  in  the  Civil  War.  For  several  years  she 
was  principal  of  the  Memphis  High  School.  It  was  not  until  the  outbreak 
of  hostilities  between  the  North  and  the  South  that  she  began  to  write  for 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       239 

the  press ;  but  she  received  immediate  recognition.  Perhaps  her  best 
known  poem  is  "Benny's  Christmas,"  which  has  been  the  juvenile  favorite 
of  two  generations.  It  was  inspired  by  the  childish  prattle  of  her  own 
promising  boy,  who  attained  the  years  of  manhood  only  to  die  of  cholera. 
Besides  two  volumes  of  verse  entitled  'Christmas  Poems'  and  'Lotus 
Flowers,'  she  was  also  the  author  of  two  interesting  novels :  'Nellie 
Bracken'  and  'Rilla  Motto.' 

KEY,  FRANCIS  SCOTT.  Author  of  our  national  anthem,  "The 
Star-Spangled  Banner,"  and  a  lawyer  of  distinction.  He  was  born  in 
Frederick  County,  Md.,  in  1780,  and  was  educated  at  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, at  Annapolis.  Most  of  his  life  was  spent  at  the  national  seat  of 
government,  and  he  held  for  many  years  the  office  of  district-attor- 
ney for  the  District  of  Columbia.  It  was  toward  the  close  of  the 
second  war  with  England  that  the  stirring  lines  of  his  famous  melody 
were  written.  The  immediate  occasion  was  furnished  by  the  attack 
on  Fort  McHenry,  in  Baltimore  Harbor,  in  1814.  To  secure  the  re- 
lease of  a  friend,  who  was  a  prisoner  on  a  British  war  vessel,  he 
boarded  the  hostile  ship.  The  effort  was  successful,  but  he  was  not 
allowed  to  return  to  shore  until  after  the  attack  on  the  fort.  It  was 
while  engaged  in  watching  the  flag  during  the  long  night  hours  of 
this  detention  from  dusk  to  dawn  that  he  caught  the  inspiration  of 
the  song  which  has  immortalized  him,  and  the  words  were  written 
upon  an  old  envelope.  Under  the  title  of  'Poems,'  a  collection  of  his 
verse  has  been  published,  and  the  volume  is  introduced  with  a  sketch 
from  the  pen  of  Chief  Justice  Roger  B.  Taney,  an  intimate  friend  of  the 
author.  On  the  precise  spot  that  was  occupied  by  the  flag  at  Fort 
McHenry  a  memorial  tablet  has  been  placed  by  order  of  Congress. 
He  died  in  1843. 

KEYES,  EDWARD  LAWRENCE,  surgeon,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  August  28,  1843.  After  studying  in  France,  he  located  in  New 
York,  where  he  became  an  eminent  specialist  and  wrote  a  number  of 
medical  essays  and  monographs.  The  University  of  New  York  gave  him 
the  degree  of  LL.D. 

KEYES,  WADE.  Lawyer.  [Ala.].  He  was  born  in  1821  and  died 
in  1879.  He  published  two  law-books,  one  on  'Realty'  (1853),  and  one  on 
'Chattels'  (1853). 

KILBY,  L.  CLAY.  Author.  [Va.].  He  published  a  story  entitled 
'Vernon  Lonsdale'  (1876). 

KILLEBREW,  JOSEPH  BUCKNER.  Statistical  expert  and  rail- 
way official.  He  was  born  in  Montgomery  County,  Tenn.,  May  29, 
1840,  a  son  of  Bryan  Whitfield  and  Elizabeth  Smith  Ligon  Kille- 
brew.  He  graduated  from  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  and  after- 
ward pursued  legal  and  scientific  studies.  He  married,  December  3,  1857, 
Mary  Catharine  Wimberly.  He  was  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  for  Ten- 
nessee for  ten  years,  afterward  special  expert  for  the  Tenth  Federal  Cen- 
sus on  Tobacco  in  the  United  States,  and  was  also  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
'Standard'  Dictionary.'  Besides  numerous  articles  contributed  to  the 
magazines  and  encyclopsedias,  he  published :  'The  Resources  of  Tennessee,' 
'The  Geology  of  Tennessee,'  'The  Life  of  James  C.  Warner,'  and  numerous 
writings  upon  the  subject  of  tobacco.  He  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in 
1906. 

KIMBALL,  RICHARD  BURLEY,  lawyer,  author,  railway  mag- 
nate, was  born  in  Plainville,  N.H.,  October  11,  1816,  and  died  in  New  York 
City,  December  28,  1892.  He  founded  the  town  of  Kimball,  Texas  and 
built  part  of  the  first  railway  system  constructed  in  the  State.     He  was  a 


240  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

writer  of  very  great  distinction  and  published  'St.  Ledger ;  or  the  Threads 
of  Life,'  a  metaphysical  novel  (1850),  which  was  translated  into  foreign 
languages;  'Cuba  and  the  Cubans'  (1851),  'Undercurrents  of  Wall  Street' 
(1861),  'Was  He  Successful?'  (1863),  'In  the  Tropics'  (1863),  'The  Prince 
of  Kashna'  (1865),  'Lectures  before  the  New  York  Law  Institute'  (1870), 
and  'Stories  of  Exceptional  Life.'  Just  before  his  death  he  read  the 
proofs  of  his  last  work,  entitled,  'Half  a  Century  of  Recollections'  (1893). 

KING,  BEN.  Poet.  [Ky.].  As  a  writer  of  whimsical  verse  he 
enjoyed  wide  popularity,  his  best  known  production  being  the  serio-comic 
favorite,  "If  I  Should  Die  To-night."  At  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1894, 
a  collection  of  his  poems  was  published  under  the  title  of  'Ben  King|s 
Verse,'  and  four  years  later  another  edition  was  issued,  with  a  memoir 
by  Opie  Reed. 

KING,  GRACE  ELIZABETH.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  VII,  page  2927. 

KING,  SUSAN  PETIGRU.  Author.  [S.C.].  She  was  born  in 
1826  and  died  in  1875.  She  wrote  'Busy  Moments  of  an  Idle  Woman,' 
'Sylvia's  World,'  'Lily,'  'Gerald  Gray's  Wife,'  and  other  excellent  stories. 
Mrs.  King  was  a  native  of  Charleston. 

KING,  WILBURN  HILL.  Lawyer  and  planter.  He  was  born 
in  Cullodenville,  Crawford  County,  Ga.,  June  10,  1839,  the  son  of 
Alexander  and  Mary  Douglas  King,  and  was  educated  at  Americus, 
Ga.  He  studied  both  medicine  and  law,  but  chose  the  latter  as  a 
profession,  and  settled  in  Texas.  He  married,  in  1867,  Lucy  Furman. 
He  served  four  years  in  the  Confederate  Army,  enlisting  as  a  private 
but  rising  to  the  rank  of  a  brigadier-general,  and  was  for  ten  years 
adjutant-general  of  the  State.  He  wrote  'A  History  of  the  Texas  Rangers' 
(see  'Yoakum's  History  of  Texas,'  revised  edition),  besides  numerous 
contributions  to  the  periodicals. 

KING,  WILLIAM,  physician,  of  Georgia,  wrote  an  interesting 
volume  of  essays  entitled  'A  Sure  Possession;  or.  Some  Thoughts  of  a 
Layman'  (Atlanta,  A.  B.  Caldwell,  1909).  It  crystallizes  the  experience 
of  nearly  eighty  years.  Julia,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Dr.  King,  married 
Henry  W.  Grady,  the  distinguished  journalist  and  orator;  and  Mrs. 
William  King,  his  wife,  a  gifted  woman,  has  for  years  been  a  contributor 
to  the  press. 

KING,  WILLIAM  RUFUS.  Vice-president  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  born  in  North  Carolina,  in  1786,  and  for  several  years  repre- 
sented the  State  in  Congress.  But  in  1818  he  settled  in  Alabama, 
becoming  a  delegate  to  the  first  Constitutional  Convention  and  after- 
ward receiving  a  commission  in  the  United  States  Senate,  which  was 
frequently  renewed.  Under  President  Tyler  he  was  Minister  to 
France.  In  1852  he  was  elected  Vice-president  of  the  United  States 
on  the  ticket  with  Franklin  Pierce;  but,  before  the  inauguration,  his 
health  became  suddenly  impaired  and  he  made  a  trip  to  Havana.  By 
special  act  of  Congress  he  was  allowed  to  take  the  oath  of  office  in 
the  Cuban  capital;  but  he  did  not  live  to  enter  upon  his  high  duties, 
dying  soon  after  his  return  home,  in  1853.  While  not  an  orator,  Mr. 
King  was  a  statesman  whose  impress  has  been  left  upon  his  times, 
and  some  of  his  speeches  in  the  Congressional  Globe  are  characterized 
Ijy  unusual  force  of  logic  and  breadth  of  vision. 

KING,  WILLIS  PERCIVAL,  physician  and  surgeon,  was  born  in 
Macon  County,  Mo.,  December  21,  1839.  Growing  up  in  a  settlement  with- 
out school  advantages,  he  ran  away  at  the  age  of  fourteen;  and  by  work- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       241 

ing  in  the  summer  he  was  enabled  to  attend  school.  After  receiving 
his  diploma  from  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  he  pursued  post-graduate 
studies  in  the  East,  and  afterward  settled  in  Kansas  City,  where  he 
became  one  of  the  foremost  practitioners  of  the  State.  His  literary  gifts 
are  of  very  high  order;  and,  in  addition  to  numerous  poems,  he  pub- 
lished: 'Stories  of  a  Country  Doctor,'  'Perjury  for  Pay,'  and  'Quacks 
and  Quackery  in  Missouri,'  besides  medical  works. 

KINGSBURY,  THEODORE  BRYANT.  Editor.  [N.C.j.  He 
was  born  in  1828.  Besides  numerous  essays  on  literary  and  historical 
subjects,  he  published  a  'History  of  Granville  County,  N.C.,'  and  a  work 
on  'Baptism.' 

KINKEAD,  ELEANOR  TALBOT.  Author.  She  was  born  in 
■  Kentucky,  the  daughter  of  William  B.  and  Elizabeth  de  la  Fontaine 
Shelby  Kinkead;  also  a  great-granddaughter  of  Isaac  Shelby,  an  officer 
in  the'  Revolution.  She  was  educated  at  the  State.  College  of  Ken- 
tucky and  by  her  father,  a  scholar  of  classical  attainments.  She  is 
the  author  of  several  charming  volumes,  among  them:  ''Gainst  Wind 
and  Tide'  (Chicago,  Rand,  McNally  and  Company),  'Young  Greer  of 
Kentucky'  libid.),  'Florida  Alexander'  (Chicago.,  A.  C.  McClurg),  'The 
Invisible  Bond'  (New  York,  Moffat,  Yard  and  Company),  and  'The 
Courage  of  Blackburn  Blair'   {ibid.).     She  resides  at  Lexington,  Ky. 

KINKEAD,  ELIZABETH  SHELBY.  Lecturer  and  author.  She 
was  born  in  Kentucky,  the  daughter  of  Judge  William  B.  and  Eliza- 
beth de  la  Fontaine  Shelby  Kinkead,  and  was  educated  at  the  State 
College  of  Kentucky,  and  by  her  father.  In  1893  she  was  called  to 
the  department  of  English  in  the  State  College  of  Kentucky,  her 
alma  mater.  In  1900  she  was  one  of  the  lecturers  at  Chautauqua, 
N.Y.  Her  best  known  work  is  'A  History  of  Kentucky,'  which  ap- 
peared in  1896  (New  York,  The  American  Book  Company).  She  re- 
sides in  Lexington,  Ky. 

KINLOCH,  FRANCIS,  patriot,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
March  7,  17SS,  received  his  education  in  England,  and  returned  home  to 
serve  with  distinction  in  the  American  Revolution.  He  was  severely 
wounded  at  the  siege  of  Savannah  in  1779.  He  was  several  times  senti 
to  the  Legislature,  was  an  occupant  of  the  Bench,  and  was  also  a  member 
of  the  convention  that  framed  the  constitution  of  South  Carolina.  For 
several  years  he  resided  with  his  family  abroad,  but  eventually  returned 
to  Charleston.  He  published  'Letters  from  Geneva,'  in  two  volumes 
(Boston),  and  'Eulogy  on  Washington'  (Georgetown,  1800).  He  died 
in  Charleston,  S.C,  February  8,  1826. 

KIRKLAND,  JAMES  HAMPTON.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
Spartanburg,  S.C.,  September  9,  18S9,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  W.  C.  and 
Virginia  Kirkland.  He  graduated  from  Wofford  College,  and  also  took 
a  course  of  study  at  Leipsic.  He  married,  in  1895,  Mary  Henderson,  of 
Knoxville,  Tenn.  He  was  professor  of  Latin  in  Vanderbilt  University  for 
several  years,  and  in  1893  became  chancellor.  He  is  one  of  the  consulting 
editors  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  Besides  editing  'Satires 
and  Epistles  of  Horace'  (Boston,  B.  H.  Sanborn  and  Company),  he  has 
published  numerous  monographs  and  reviews.  Dr.  Kirkland  has  received 
the  Ph.D.  degree  from  Leipsic,  the  LL.D.  from  the  University  of  North 
Carolina  and  the  D.C.L.  degree  from  the  University  of  the  South.  He 
resides  in  Nashville,  Tenn. 

KIRKLAND,  T.  H.  [S.C.].  In  association  with  R.  M.  Kennedy 
he  published  'Historic  Camden.' 


242  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

KIRKWOOD,  DANIEL,  educator  and  mathematician,  was  born  in 
Bradenbaugh,  Md.,  September  27,  1814,  and  held  the  chair  of  mathematics 
at  different  times  in  various  institutions.  Besides  contributing  to  scienti- 
fic journals,  he  published  'Meteoric  Astronomy*  (1867),  'Comets  and 
Meteors'  (1873),  and  'The  Asteroids  and  Minor  Planets  between  Mars 
and  Jupiter'  (1887).     He  died  in  1895. 

KIRTLEY,  JAMES  ADDISON,  Baptist  clergyman  [Ky.],  was 
born  in  1822.  He  published  a  'History  of  Bullittsburg  Church'  (1872), 
'The  Design  of  Baptism'  (1873),  and  'Cody's  Theology  Examined'  (1893). 

KITTRELL,  NORMAN  G.  Jurist.  Judge  Kittrell  resides  in 
Houston,  Texas,  where  he  ably  presides  on  the  Superior  Court  Bench. 
His  story  of  reconstruction  days  in  the  South  entitled  'Ned,  Nigger  an' 
Gent'man,'  is  considered  one  of  the  best  (New  York  and  Washington,  The 
Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907).  The  work  has  been  dramatized  and 
staged  with  successful  results. 

KNIGHT,  JAMES,  physician,  was  born  at  Taneytown.  Md.,  Febru- 
ary 14,  1810,  and  died  in  jNew  York  City,  October  24,  1887.  Dr.  Knight 
became  an  eminent  praictitioner.  After  locating  in  New  York  he  con- 
verted his  private  home  into  a  hospital  until  permanent  quarters  were  built. 
He  published  'The  Improvement  of  Health  in  Children  and  Adults  by 
Natural  Means'  (1875),  'Orthopaedia ;  or,  a  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Aber- 
rations of  the  Human  Forni'  (1874),  and  minor  works. 

KNIGHT,  LUCIAN  LAMAR,  editor  and  author,  was  born  in  At- 
lanta, Ga.,  February  9,  1868.  His  father  was  George  Walton  Knight,  an 
officer  in  both  Mexican  and  Civil  Wars,  and  his  mother,  Clara  Corinne 
Daniel.  On  his  father's  side  he  numbers  among  his  kindred  George  Wal- 
ton, one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  from  Georgia; 
on  his  mother's  he  is  closely  related  to  both  the  Lamars  and  the  Cobbs. 
After  graduating  with  distinction  from  the  University  of  Georgia,  at 
which  institution  he  won  the  debater's  medal  and  received  a  speaker's 
place  in  his  junior  year  on  three  separate  awards,  viz. ;  scholarship,  com- 
position, and  oratory,  he  read  law  under  Judge  Richard  F.  Lyon,  at  Macon, 
Ga. .  But  his  penchant  was  for  literature,  and  relinquishing  Blackstone, 
he  accepted  a  position  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Atlanta  Constitution, 
of  which  his  kinsman,  the  lamented  Henry  W.  Grady,  was  long  editor. 
Ten  years  of  his  life  were  devoted  to  journalism,  and  then,  feeling 
impelled  toward  the  ministry,  he  entered  the  theological  seminary  at 
Princeton.  While  here  he  also  took  post-graduate  work  in  the  univer- 
sity and  received  his  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  Before  completing  his 
studies  he  was  called  to  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church  of  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  but  ill  health  necessitated  an  abandonment  of  his  ministerial 
career.  After  several  months  spent  in  foreign  travel,  he  returned  home 
but  little  improved,  and  on  the  advice  of  his  physician  he  went  to  South- 
ern California,  where  he  remained  for  two  years,  spending  most  of  his 
time  on  Cataljna  Island,  twenty-seven  miles  off  the  coast.  It  was  here 
that  Mr.  Knight  wrote  his  two  elaborate  biographical  volumes  en- 
titled 'Reminiscences  of  Famous  Georgians'  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  The  Frank- 
lin-Turner Company,  1907-1908),  a  work  which  passed  into  two  edi- 
tions. At  the  invitation  of  his  alma  mater  he  crossed  the  continent  to  de- 
liver the  alumni  address  at  the  University  of  Georgia,  and  took  for  his 
subject,  "Lee's  Old  War  Horse;  an  Appeal  Before  the  Bar  of  Public  Opin- 
ion on  Behalf  of  Lieutenant-general  James  Longstreet."  On  recovering 
his  health  he  accepted  the  associate-editorship  of  the  Atlanta  Georgian,  a 
chair  which  he  still  occupies.  Besides  contributing  to  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature'  the  sketches  of  two  Georgians,  Benjamin  H.  Hill  and 
Thomas  E.  Watson,  Mr.  Knight  compiled  the  'Dictionary  of  South- 
ern   Authors,'    Vol.    XV.      He    also    assisted    in    the    compilation    of 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       243 

'Memoirs  of  Georgia'  (189S),  'Modern  Eloquence'  (1900),  and  other  works. 
Mr.  Knight  has  delivered  literary  and  historical  addresses  in  various  parts 
of  the  South.  Charles  Alphonso  Smith. 

^  KNOX,  T.  W.  Author..  [La.].  He  published  a  volume  entitled 
Camp  Fire  and  Cotton  Field,  and  Residence  on  a  Louisiana  Planta- 
tion' (1865). 

KOENIGSBERG,  M.  Author.  [Ala.].  He  published  'Southern 
Martyrs :  Alabama's  White  Regiments  During  the  Spanish-American  War" 
(1898). 

KOLLOCK,  HENRY,  clergyman,  was  born  in  New  Providence, 
N.  J.,  December  14,  1778,  was  educated  for  the  ministry,  taught  and 
preached  for  several  years  at  Princeton,  and  became,  in  1806,  pastor  of  the 
Independent  Presbyterian  Church,  of  Savannah,  Ga.  He  was  an  orator  of 
unusual  attainments.  His  sermons,  in  four  volumes,  were  published,  with 
a  memoir,  by  his  brother  (Savannah,  1822).  He  expected  to  write  a 
biography  of  John  Calvin,  and  spent  several  months  abroad  to  collect 
material,  but  he  was  prevented  from  accomplishing  this  task  by  ill  health. 
He  died  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  December  29,  1819.  Harvard  gave  him  the 
degree  of  D.D. 

KOUNS,  NATHAN  CHAPMAN,  author,  was  born  in  Fulton,  Mo., 
December  17,  1833.  On  completing  his  education,  he  was  admitted  to  the 
Bar.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  he  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  Army, 
participated  in  numerous  engagements,  and  was  several  times  wounded. 
For  many  years  after  the  war,  he  was  state  librarian  of  Missouri.  He 
published  two  historical  novels  of  rare  interest  and  power:  'Dorcas,  the 
Daughter  of  Faustina'  (New  York,  Fords,  Howard  and  Hulbert),  and 
'Arius,  the  Libyan.' 

KRAUTH,  CHARLES  PORTERFIBLD,  Lutheran  clergyman, 
was  born  in  Martinsburg,  Va.,  March  17,  1823,  and  died  in  Philadelphia, 
January  2,  1883.  He  served  congregations  in  Maryland  and  Virginia  and 
afterward  located  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  taught  in  the  Lutheran  Theo- 
logical Seminary  and  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  His  most 
important  work  is  'The  Conservative  Reformation'  (Philadelphia,  1872), 
but  he  also  wrote  'Christian  Liberty'  (1860),  'Infant  Baptism'  (1874), 
and  numerous  other  volumes,  besides  editing  and  translating  several  works 
on  theology  and  producing  at  intervals  a  number  of  religious  poems.  He 
also  published  'Winter  and  Spring  in  the  Danish  West  Indies.'  (1854). 

KREBS,  JOHN  MICHAEL,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Hagerstown, 
Md.,  May  6,  1804,  and  died  in  the  city  of  New  York,  September  30,  1867. 
He  received  his  collegiate  education  at  Dickinson  College  and  his  theolog- 
ical equipment  at  Princeton.  For  nearly  forty  years  he  was  pastor  of  the 
Rutgers  Street  Presbyterian  Church,- of  New  York.  He  published  'The 
Private,  Domestic,  and  Social  Life  of  Jesus  Christ,  a  Model  for  Youth' 
(Philadelphia,  1849),  and  'The  Presbyterian  Psalmist.' 

KROEGER,  ADOLPH  ERNST.  Editor.  [Mo.].  He  was  born 
in  1837  and  died  in  1882.  He  wrote  'The  Minnesingers  of  Germany' 
(1873),  'Our  Forms  of  Government  and  the  Problems  of  the  Future' 
(1862),  and  made  several  translations. 

KYLE,  RUBY  BERYL.  Author.  [Ala.].  She  wrote  a  novel  en- 
titled 'Paul  St.  Paul,  a  Son  of  the  People'  (1895). 

LA  BORDE,  MAXIMILIAN,  educator  and  physician,  was  born 
in  Edgefield,  S.C,  June  5,  1804,  and  died  in  Columbia,  S.C,  November  6, 
1873.    For  several  years  he  practiced  medicine,   but  afterward  became 


244  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

professor  of  logic  and  literature  in  South  Carolina  College;  and,  when 
this  institution  was  merged  into  the  University  of  South  Carolina,  he  was 
called  to  the  head  of  the  school  of  English.  He  published  'An  Introduc- 
tion to  Hiysiology'  (New  York,  1855),  a  'History  of  South  Carolina 
College'  (Charleston,  1859),  one  of  the  best  works  of  the  kind  extant,  'The 
Story  of  Lethea  and  Verona'  (I860),  and  'The  Suburban  House  and  an 
Old  Lady'   (1861),  besides  contributions  to  various  magazines. 

LA  BREE,  BEN.  Soldier,  author,  editor.  [Ky.].  He  published 
'The  Pictorial  Battles  of  the  Civil  War,'  a  'History  of  the  Confederate 
States  Navy,'  'Camp  Fires  of  the  Confederacy,'  and  'The  Confederate 
Soldier  in  the  Civil  War'  (Louisville,  Ky.,  The  Courier-Journal  Company, 
1895). 

LACEY,  GEORGE  S.  Lawyer.  [La.].  He  was  the  author  of  a 
work  on  'The  Holy  Eucharist'   (Philadelphia,   1869). 

LACLOTTE,  H.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  a  'View  of  the 
Battle  of  New  Orleans,  with  Key,'  an  exceedingly  rare  book  (1815). 

LA  COSTE,  MARIE  RAVENEL  DE,  poet  and  educator,  whose 
famous  war  lyric  entitled  "Somebody's  Darling,"  is  perhaps  the  best 
known  poem  of  the  Civil  War  period  in  America,  on  the  Southern 
side  at  least,  spent  her  early  days  in  Savannah,  where  she  was  en- 
gaged in  teaching  when  hostilities  began  in  1861.  Her  father  was 
Henri  de  la  Coste  and  her  mother  Angele  Perony  d'Istria,  both  na- 
tives of  France.  "JThough  the  gifted  author  has  written  nothing  in 
years  for  publication,  and  has  shunned  rather  than  courted  the  ap- 
plause which  her  masterpiece  has  called  forth,  she  still  lives  in  the 
enjoyment  of  good  health  and  is  temporarily  residing  in  Washington, 
D.C.  Due  to  an  extreme  reticence  it  has  been  difficult  to  obtain  from 
Miss  La  Coste  even  the  barest  information  in  regard  to  herself. 
Consequently,  neither  the  date  nor  place  of  her  birth  can  be  given. 
But  the  greater  part  of  her  life  has  been  devoted  to  the  teaching  of 
French.  The  inspiration  of  her  tender  and  pathetic  song  was  fur- 
nished by  the  scenes  which  she  doubtless  witnessed  with  her  own 
eyes  in  the  Confederate  hospitals,  while  a  resident  of  Savannah,  where 
she  also  wrote  in  similar  vein  another  exquisite  song  entitled  "Beau- 
tiful Hands."  Miss  Rutherford  is  inclined  to  think  that  "The  Boy 
Soldier,"  which  was  published  during  the  same  period  by  an  unknown 
"Lady  of  Savannah"  emanated  from  the  pen  of  this  same  talented 
woman.  It  is  certainly  to  be  regretted  that  one  so  richly  endowed 
with  spiritual  and  mental  graces  should  not  only  have  ceased  so  early 
to  write  for  publication,  but  should  also  have  cloistered  herself  so 
completely  from  a  world  whose  admiration  for  her  genius  is  an  un- 
divided unit. 

LACY,  J.  HORACE.  Writer.  [Va.].  He  published  a  number  of 
mteresting  historical  sketches. 

LADD,  CATHERINE.  Educator.  Her  maiden  name  was  Strat- 
ton.  She  was  born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  October  28,  1809,  and  at  the  age 
of  nineteen  married  G.  W.  Ladd,  a  portrait  and  miniature  pahiter.  For 
several  years  she  coriducted  successfully  a  select  school  at  Winnsborough, 
S.C.  She  also  contributed  stories  and  sketches  to  the  popular  magazines] 
besides  an  occasional  poem  of  rare  grace,  and  also  advocated  in  the  press' 
the  encouragement  of  white  labor  and  of  manufacturing  industries  in  the 
South.  She  wrote  under  various  pen-names.  During  the  war,  she  gave 
her  whole  thought  to  the  care  of  the  sick  and  wounded  soldiers  Her 
school  property  was  destroyed  by  General  Sherman,  but  she  resumed 
teachmg  for  a  while  after  the  war  closed  and  then  retired  to  a  farm  near 
Buckhead,  S.C. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       245 

LADD,  JOSEPH  BROWN,  physician  and  poet,  was  born  at  New- 
port, R.I.,  in  1764,  but  settled  in  Charleston,  S.C,  at  the  close  of  the 
Revolution  and  was  killed  in  a  duel  which  resulted  from  a  newspaper 
controversy  in  1786.  He  published  in  the  year  of  his  death  a  volume 
entitled  'The  Poems  of  Arouet'  (^Charleston,  1786),  and  several  years  later 
his  'Literary  Remains'  were  collected  by  his  sister  and  introduced  with  a 
biographical  sketch  from  the  pen  of  W.  B.  Chittenden  (New  York,  1832). 
Many  of  his  poems  were  inspired  by  his  sweetheart,  Amanda.  His  rhymes 
are  skilfully  turned;  and  his  first  work  is  said  to  have  been  done  at  the 
age  of  ten. 

LAFFERTY,  JOHN  JAMES.  Clergyman.  He  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1837,  and  enjoyed  fine  educational  advantages,  including  a 
course  at  the  University  of  Virginia.  He  entered  the  ministry,  and  for 
thirty  years  was  editor  of  the  Richmond  Christian  Advocate.  He  served 
four  years  in  the  Confederate  ranks,  holding  the  commission  of  major 
of  cavalry  and  operating  chiefly  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  Potomac,  out- 
side the  Confederate  lines.  He  invented  a  process  of  milling.  Besides  de- 
livering many  popular  lectures,  he  has  published :  'A  Geography  of  Virginia' 
and  'Sketches  of  Virginia  Methodist  Ministers.'  Washington  and  Lee 
University  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.     He  resides  in  Richmond,  Va. 

LA  HARPE,  BERNARD  DE.     Author.      [La.].      He  published  in 

the  French  language  an  interesting  'Journal  Historique  de  I'Establissement 
des  Frangais  a  la  Louisiane,  1698-1720'  (New  Orleans,  1831). 

LAIDLEY,  THEODORE  THADDEUS  SOBIESKI,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Guyandotte,  Va.,  April  14,  1822,  and  died  in  Palatka,  Fla.,  April 
4,  1886.  He  was  educated  at  West  Point,  served  forty  years  in  the  Army 
and  retired  with  the  rank  of  colonel.  Besides  compiling  'The  Ordnance 
Manual  of  1861,'  which  was  a  standard  for  years,  he  also  published 
'Instructions  in  Rifle  Practice'  (Philadelphia,  1879). 

LAMAR,  JAMES  S.,  clergyman  and  author,  was  born  in  Gwinnett 
County,  Ga.,  in  1829,  and  became  an  influential  minister  of  the  Christian 
Church.  His  work  entitled  'The  Organon  of  Scripture;  or,  the  Inductive 
Method  of  Biblical  Interpretation'  (I860),  takes  high  rank  among  theolog- 
ical books.  Dr.  Lamar  also  published  several  other  volumes.  He  was 
the  father  of  Joseph  R.  Lamar,  former  associate-justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Georgia. 

LAMAR,  JOHN  BASIL.  Planter  and  writer.  He  was  born  in 
Milledgeville,  Ga.,  November  S,  1812.  He  was  a  member  of  the  State 
secession  convention,  and  was  a  man  of  large  means  and  of  liberal 
culture.  Under  the  title  of  "Homespun  Yarns"  he  wrote  numerous 
stories  for  the  magazines,  from  one  of  which,  "The  Bh.cksmith  of 
the  Mountain  Pass,"  it  is  said  that  Charles  Dickens  derived  the  central 
idea  of  "Colonel  Quagg's  Conversion,"  which  appeared  in  Household 
Words  soon  after  the  great  novelist  returned  from  his  American  tour. 
Colonel  Lamar  never  married.  He  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Cramp- 
ton's  Gap,  in  Maryland,  September  14,  1862,  while  serving  on  the 
staflf  of   his  brother-in-law.   General   Howell   Cobb. 

LAMAR,  JOSEPH  RUCKER,  jurist  and  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Ruckersville,  Ga.,  in  1857.  His  father  was  the  Rev.  James  S.  Lamar  and  his 
mother,  Mary  Rucker.  He  received  his  education  at  the  University  of 
Georgia,  at  Bethanv  College,  and  at  Washington  and  Lee.  He  studied 
law,  won  early  distinction  at  the  Bar,  was  appointed  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners to  codify  the  laws  of  Georgia  in  1895,  and  later  occupied  a  seat 
on  the  Supreme  Court  Bench.  He  is  a  man  of  ripe  scholarship,  and, 
besides  numerous  addresses,  has  published  several  monographs. 


246  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

"LAMAR,  KENNETH."    See  Will  Hubbard  Kernan. 

LAMAR,  LUCIUS  QUINTUS  CINCINNATUS.  See  Biographi- 
cal and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  VH,  page  2963. 

LAMAR,  LUCIUS  QUINTUS  CINCINNATUS,  Sr.  Jurist.  He 
was  the  father  of  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar  of  Mississippi  and  a  brother  of  Mira- 
beau  B.  Lamar,  president  of  the  republic  of  Texas.  He  was  born  near 
Eatonton,  Ga.,  July  15,  1797,  and  died  in  Milledgeville,  Ga.,  July  4  1834. 
For  several  years  he  adorned  the  Superior  Court  Bench,  and,  in  addition 
to  revising  Clayton's  'Georgia  Justice,  he  compiled  'The  Laws  of  Georgia 
from  1810  to  1819.'  He  was  a  man  of  unusual  culture,  courtly  in  his 
manners  and  exceptional  in  his  attainments ;  but  unhappily  he  possessed 
an  organism  of  extreme  sensitiveness,  and  to  this  unfortunate  handicap  his 
untimely  deat'i  is  attributed. 

LAMAR,  MIRABEAU  BONAPARTE.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  VII,  page  2987. 

LAMBERT,  MARY  E.,  Mrs.,  author,  was  born  in  Cahaba,  Ala., 
November  6,  183S.  Her  maiden  name  was  Mary  E.  Ferine.  She  was  edu- 
cated at  the  North,  and  on  her  return  home  she  married  John  M.  Tucker, 
of  Milledgeville,  Ga.  The  death  of  her  husband  turned  her  thoughts  in 
the  direction  of  literature,  and  she  began  to  write  for  Northern  periodi- 
cals. In  1871  she  married  Col.  James  H.  Lambert,  of  the  Philadelphia 
Preiss.  Besides  extensive  editorial  work,  she  published  a  volume  of  verse 
entitled  'Poems'  (1867)  ;  'Loew's  Bridge,  a  Broadway  Idyl'  (1868)  and 
a  'Life  of  Mark  M.  Pomero/  (1868). 

LANCE,  WILLIAM,  author,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  in  1791 
and  died  in  Texas  in  1840.  He  attained  high  rank  both  as  a  lawyer  and 
as  a  scholar.  Besides  a  number  of  political  essays,  he  wrote  in  Latin  a 
'Life  of  Washington'   (Charleston,  1834). 

LANDRUM,  J.  O.  B.  [S.C.].  He  wrote  a  'Colonial  and  Revolu- 
tionary History  of  Upper  South  Carolina'  (1897). 

LANE,  ELEANOR  McCARTNEY.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  VII,  page  3003. 

LANE,  JAMES  H.  Educator  and  soldier.  [N.C.].  He  wrote 
'Lane's  North  Carolina  Brigade,'  and  other  historical  papers. 

LANE,  J.  J.  Educator.  [Texas],  He  contributed  to  'Wooten's 
Comprehensive  History  of  Texas'  (Dallas,  W.  G.  Scarff,  1898)  an 
important  chapter  on  "The  History  of  the  Educational  System  of 
Texas." 

LANGLOIS,  FATHER  A.  Clergyman.  He  published  a  'Botany 
of  Louisiana'  (1892). 

LANGSTON,  JOHN  MERCER,  educator,  was  born  a  slave,  of 
African  parents,  in  Louisa  County,  Va.,  December  14,  1829,  but  was  eman- 
cipated at  the  age  of  six,  studied  law,  achieved  distinction  at  the  Bar,  was 
for  several  years  dean  of  the  law  department  of  Howard  University  and 
later,  under  President  Grant,  was  United  States  Minister  and  Consul- 
general  to  Hayti.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  the  press,  he  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  addresses  entitled  'Freedom  and  Citizenship'  (Wash- 
ington, 1883). 

LANIER,  CLIFFORD.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
VII,  page  3021. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       247 

lANIER,  HENRY  WYSHAM.  Author.  [Ga.].  He  published 
'The  Romance  of  Piscator'  (New  York,  Henry  Holt  and  Company, 
1904). 

LANIER,  JOHN  JABEZ,  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman,  is  a 
native  of  South  Carolina,  a  deep  student  of  theological  problems  and  a 
forceful  writer.  His  published  works  include :  'The  Harmony  of  Some 
Relations  in  Nature  and  in  Grace'  (1908),  'The  Kinship  of  God  and 
Man,'  a  work  of  three  voluthes  comprising  'Good  and  Evil'  (1902),  'The 
Master-Key,'  and  'The  Arnerican  Church.'  As  a  thinker  he  is  courageous 
and  independent.    He  resides  in  Washington,  Ga. 

LANIER,  SIDNEY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch.  Vol. 
VII,  page  3041. 

LANTZ,  EMILY  EMERSON,  journalist,  was  born  in  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  of  aristocratic  colonial  stock.  Miss  Lantz  is  on  the  staff  of  the 
Baltimore  Sun,  and,  in  addition  to  her  newspaper  work,  she  contributes 
both  prose  and  verse  to  current  magazines.  The  sketch  of  Lucy  M. 
Thurston  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  her  pen. 

LA  SALLE,  ROBERT  CAVELIER,  Sieur  DE,  explorer,  was  born 
in  Rouen,  France,  November  22,  1643,  and  died  in  Texas,  March  20,  1687. 
He  discovered  the  Ohio  River  and  was  the  first  to  explore  the  Mississippi 
for  any  very  great  distance.  His  memoirs  (1678)  are  published  in  the 
French  historical  collection. 

LATAN:^,  JOHN  HOLLADAY.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
Staunton,  Va.,  April  1,  1869,  the  son  of  Bishop  James  Allen  Latane, 
of  the  Reformed  Episcopal  Church.  He  was  educated  at  Baltimore 
City  College  and  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  (Ph.D.).  He  has  been  iden- 
tified with  the  chair  of  history  in  several  leading  institutions,  and  has 
frequently  lectured  before  student  bodies  on  historical  subjects. 
Among  his  published  works  are  included:  'Early  Relations  Between 
Maryland  and  Virginia'  (Baltimore,  Johns  Hopkins  Press,  189S),  'Diplo- 
matic Relations  of  the  United  States  and  Spanish  America'  {ibid.,  1900), 
and  'America  as  a  World  Power'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers,  1907). 
He  also  wrote  the  sketch  of  Moncure  D.  Conway  for  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature.'  Dr.  Latane  is  an  authority  on  international  law  and 
diplomatic  relations.    He  resides  in  Lexington,  Va. 

LATHERS,  RICHARD,  merchant,  was  born  in  Georgetown,  S.C, 
about  1820.  For  some  time  he  engaged  successfully  in  mercantile  pursuits 
in  his  home  town,  but  eventually  removed  to  New  York,  established 
himself  in  business,  and  became  president  of  the  Great  Western  Marine 
Insurance  Company,  accumulating  a  fortune  of  large  proportions.  He 
published  'Notes  of  a  Life  of  Sixty  Years.' 

LATIL,  ALEXANDER.  Poet.  [La.].  During  the  greater  part 
of  his  life  he  suffered  from  invalidism.  On  this  account  his  poetry  is 
tipctured  with  sadness,  but  his  work  is  nevertheless  soulful.  He  published 
'Essais  Poetiques'  (1841). 

LATOUR,  A.  LACARRi:^RE,  French  soldier  and  historian,  pub- 
lished an  'Historical  Manual  of  the  War  in  West  Florida  and  Louisiana.' 
The  book  was  written  in  French  and  translated  for  the  author  into 
English. 

LATROBE,  BENJAMIN  HENRY,  architect,  was  born  in  York- 
shire, England,  May  1,  1764,  a  descendant  of  Henry  Boneval  de  la  Trobe, 
who  emigrated  from  France  to  Holland  on  the  revocation  of  the  Edict 
of  Nantes.     He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Leipzig,  served  in  the 


248  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Prussian  Army,  and  was  twice  wounded.  On  coming  to  the  United 
States,  Mr.  Latrobe  settled  in  Virginia.  He  engineered  the  James  River 
and  Appomattox  Canal  and  built  the  penitentiary  in  Richmond.  Later, 
when  the  capitol  building  in  Washington  was  destroyed  by  the  British,  he 
was  one  of  the  architects  who  remodeled  the  new  structure.  He  died  in 
New  Orleans,  La.,  September  3,  1820,  leaving  an  important  manuscript, 
which  was  edited  by  his  son,  J.  H.  B.  Latrobe,  entitled  'The  Journal  of 
Latrobe'   (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company,  1905). 

LATROBE,  JOHN  HAZLEHURST  BONEVAL,  lawyer,  inventor, 
colonizer,  author,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  of  French  extraction. 
May  4,  1803,  and  was  educated  for  the  Army  at  West  Point,  but  he 
resigned  prior  to  graduation  and  settled  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  for  the  practice 
of  law.  For  more  than  sixty  years  he  was  an  eloquent  advocate  at  the 
Bar,  but  along  with  his  professional  triumphs  he  is  remembered  for  his 
pioneer  labors  in  the  scheme  of  negro  colonization  in  Liberia,  on  the  west 
coast  of  Africa,  and  for  his  invention  of  the  stove  which  bears  his  name. 
He  also  published  numerous  works,  among  them,  a  'Biography  of  Charles 
Carroll  of  Carrollton'  (Philadelphia,  1824),  a  'History  of  Mason  and 
Dixon's  Line'  (Philadelphia,  1854),  'Personal  Recollections  of  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Railroad'  (Baltimore,  1858),  'Hints  for  Six  Months  in 
Europe'  (Philadelphia,  1839),  'Odds  and  Ends'  (Baltimore,  1876),  a  'His- 
tory of  Maryland  in  Liberia'  (Baltimore,  1885),  'Reminiscences  of  West 
Point  in  1818  and  1822'  (Baltimore,  1887),  besides  law-books,  books  for 
children,  and  several  novelettes.  He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Maryland  Institute.    He  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1891. 

LAUDONNI^RE,  RENfi  DE,  French  Colonist,  accompanied  Ri- 
bault,  who  was  sent  by  Coligny  to  found  a  colony  of  Huguenots  in 
Florida,  but  the  enterprise  met  with  disaster  at  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards. 
Ribault  was  killed  and  Laudonniere  narrowly  escaped.  He  wrote  a  'His- 
toire  Notable  de  la  Florida'  (Paris,  1586). 

LAURENS,  JOHN,  soldier,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  in  1753, 
and  was  the  son  of  the  Honorable  Henry  Laurens.  During  the  Revolution 
he  was  an  aide  on  the  staff  of  Washington,  and  by  reason  of  his  famili- 
arity with  foreign  languages  he  was  of  great  service  in  conducting  corre- 
spondence with  European  officers.  But  he  also  participated  in  the  active 
fighting  and  was  several  times  wounded.  In  1781  he  was  sent  on  a  special 
errand  to  France  to  negotiate  a  loan,  which  he  consummated  successfully. 
He  acquitted  himself  with  heroic  distinction  at  the  battle  of  Yorktown ; 
but,  several  months  after  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis,  while  on  the  staff 
of  General  Greene,  he  was  killed  in  an  insignificant  skirmish.  Due  to 
his  chivalrous  characteristics,  he  was  styled  "the  Bayard  of  the  Revolu- 
tion." The  military  papers  of  the  gallant  officer,  together  with  a  memoir 
by  William  Gilmore  Simms,  were  published  in  1867  (New  York,  The 
Bradford  Club). 

LAURENS,  HENRY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch.  Vol. 
VII,  page  3079. 

LAWSON,  JOHN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
VII,  page  3097. 

LAWSON,  THOMAS,  soldier,  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1781  and 
died  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  May  15,  1861.  He  was  chief  medical  officer  of  the 
United  States  forces  in  the  Mexican  War  and  was  breveted  a  brigadier- 
general.  He  published  an  important  report  on  'Sickness  and  Mortality  in 
the  United  States  Army,  1819-1839"  (1840),  and  a  'Meteorological 
Register.' 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       249 

LAY,  HENRY  CHAMPLIN,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop,  was 
born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  December  6,  1823,  and  died  in  Easton,  Md.,  Sep- 
tember 17,  188S.  For  eleven  years  he  was  rector  of  the  Church  of  the 
Nativity  at  Huntsville,  Ala.  In  18S9  he  became  missionary  bishop  of 
Arkansas,  and  in  1868,,  bishop  of  the  diocese  of  Easton.  He  wrote  'Letters 
to  a  Man  Bewildered,'  'Tracts  for  Missionary  Use,'  'Studies  in  the  Church' 
(New  York,  1872),  and  'The  Church  and  the  Nation'  (New  York,  1885). 
Hobart  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  and  Cambridge,  England, 
the  degree  of  LL.D. 

LAY,  JAMES  H.  Lawyer.  [Mo.].  He  wrote  a  'History  of  Ben- 
ton County'  (1876). 

LAYTON,  THOMAS.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  a  volume  en- 
titled 'The  Apparitions  of  Our  Lady  of  Lourdes'  (New  Orleans,  1879). 

LEACH,  LUCY  MAYNARD,  Mrs.  Poet.  [N.C.].  She  published 
a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Scattered  Leaves'  (New  York,  E.  J.  Hale  apd 
Son,  1877),  a  work  of  merit. 

LEACHMAN,  WELTHEA  BRYANT,  Mrs.  Poet.  [Texas].  She 
was  born  in  1847.  Mrs.  Leachman  published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled 
'Bitter  Sweet,  and  Other  Poems.' 

LEAWELL,  ZACHARY  TAYLOR,  clergyman,  was  born  in  1847. 
Besides  numerous  pamphlets,  he  wrote  'Baptist  Annals;  or.  Twenty-two 
Years  with  Mississippi  Baptists,  1877-1899'  (Philadelphia,  American  Baptist 
Publication  Society,  1899). 

LE  CLERCQ,  CHRETIEN.  French  missionary.  He  wrote  an 
important  work,  covering  the  period  of  his  long  sojourn  in  America 
entitled  the  'Premier  Etablissement  de  la  Foi  dans  la  Nouvelle  France,' 
in  two  volumes  (1691),  which  has  been  translated  into  English  by  John 
G.  Shea. 

LE  CONTE,  JOHN,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  American 
scientists,  was  a  son  of  Louis  Le  Conte,  the  noted  botanist,  and  a  brother 
of  Joseph  Le  Conte,  the  famous  geologist ;  and  was  born  in  Liberty  County, 
Ga.,  in  1818.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Georgia,  and  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  of  New  York.  For  a  while  he  prac- 
ticed medicine  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  and  then  began  his  long  career  of  educa- 
tional work.  He  taught  at  the  University  of  Georgia,  at  South  Carolina 
College,  and  at  the  University  of  California,  being  the  organizer  and  for 
some  time  the  executive  head  of  the  last-named  institution.  Though  he 
specialized  in  the  department  of  physics,  it  was  said  of  him  by  Joseph 
Le  Conte  that  his  intimate  acquaintance  with  nature  embraced  the  whole 
realm  of  phenomena.  In  addition  to  numberless  papers  bearing  upon 
important  investigations  and  discoveries,  he  published  two  important  vol- 
umes :  'The  Philosophy  of  Medicine'  and  'The  Study  of  the  Physical 
Sciences,'  and  contributed  to  scientific  journals  of  Europe  and  America. 
He  also  belonged  to  the  learned  bodies  of  both  hemispheres.  He  died  at 
Berkeley,  Cal.,  in  1891.  His  wife  was  Miss  Josephine  Graham,  of  New 
York.  John  and  Joseph  Le  Conte  have  been  called  "the  Gemini  of  the 
scientific  heavens." 

LE  CONTE,  JOSEPH.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  VII,  page  3117. 

LE  CONTE,  LOUIS,  an  eminent  naturalist,  was  born  near  Shrews- 
bury, N.J.,  in  1782,  and  was  the  father  of  John  and  Joseph  Le  Conte.  He 
settled  in  Liberty  County,  Ga.,  where  he  developed  a  botanical  garden 
which  attracted  visitors  from  all  parts  of  the  globe.     He  wrote  little;  and 


150  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

for  the  reason  that  he  was  more  concerned  about  his  experiments  than  in 
taking  care  of  his  fame,  others  have  appropriated  the  fruits  of  his  labors ; 
but  he  was  one  of  the  most  original  thinkers  in  the  realm  of  scientific 
investigation  on  either  side  of  the  Atlantic.  The  manuscripts  which  he 
left  at  his  death  were  destroyed  in  the  burning  of  Columbia,  S.C,  and  the 
world  is  distinctly  poorer  because  of  this  loss  to  the  literature  of  scientific 
research.  Not  only  in  the  world  of  plant  life,  but  among  the  rocks,  with 
the  animals,  and  in  the  department  of  mathematics,  this  wonderful  man 
was  equally  at  home.  The  celebrated  Le  Conte  pear  has  been  named  in  his 
honor.    He  died  in  1838. 

LEDERER,  JOHN.  Explorer.  He  penetrated  the  Alleghenies  in 
1669-1670  and  published  in  Latin  an  account  of  his  discoveries,  which  was 
translated  by  Sir  William  Talbot  and  entitled  'The  Discoveries  of  John 
Lederer  in  Three  Several  Marches  from  Virginia  to  the  West  of  Caro- 
lina and  Other  Parts  of  the  Continent,  with  a  Map'   (London,  1672). 

LEE,  ADDIE  McGRATH.  Author.  [La.].  She  published  a  col- 
lection of  charming  stories  descriptive  of  Southern  life  entitled  'Playin' 
'Possum,  and  Other  Pine-woods  Stories'  (Baton- Rouge,  La.,  1895). 

LEE,  ALBERT,  editor  of  Collier's  Weekly,  Was  born  in  New 
Orleans,  La.,  May  11,  1868.  For  some  time  after  graduating  from  Yale 
he  was  on  the  staff  of  the  New  York  Sun,  and  later  he  was  with  the 
Harpers.  He  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  stories,  all  of  which  are  ex- 
ceedingly clever,  among  them,  'Tommy  Toddles'  (New  York,  Harper  and 
Brothers,  1896),  'Four  for  a  Fortune'    (ibid.,   1898),  and  several  others. 

LEE,  ARTHUR,  diplomat  and  physician,  was  born  in  Westmore- 
land County,  Va.,  in  1740,  the  youngest  son  of  Thomas  Lee,  a  brother  to 
"Light-horse  Harry"  and  to  Richard  Henry  Lee.  He  was  one  of  the 
American  representatives  in  Europe  during  the  War  of  the  Revolution. 
Dr.  Lee  first  came  into  prominence  as  a  controversialist  in  the  public 
prints.  He  wrote  the  "Monitor  Letters,"  addressed  "An  Appeal  to  the 
British  Nation,"  and  answered  the  famous  "Letters  of  Junius." 

LEE,  CHARLES  CARTER,  poet,  was  the  author  of  a  work  en- 
titled 'Virginia  Georgics,'  writteii  for  the  Hole  and  Corner  Club  of  Pow- 
hatan (Richmond,  18S8).  It  contains  touches  of  scholarship  and  humor, 
and  is  pervaded  by  the  refreshing  breath  of  the  fields. 

LEE,  FITZHUGH,  an  eminent  soldier  and  civilian,  was  born  in 
Clermont,  Va.,  November  19,  1835,  and  was  the  son  of  Commodore  Sydney 
Smith  Lee.  He  was  educated  at  West  Point,  and,  entering  the  United 
States  Army,  was  wounded  in  a  fight  with  the  Indians.  At  the  outbreak 
of  hostilities  in  1861,  he  resigned  his  commission,  enlisted  in  the  Confed- 
erate Army,  became  major-general  of  cavalry,  and  achieved  signal  distinc- 
tion jn  the  field.  Subsequent  to  the  war,  he  was  elected  governor  of 
Virginia,  and  later  appointed  Consul-general  at  Havana.  During  the 
Spanish-American  War  he  served  with  the  rank  of  major-general  of 
volunteers,  and  afterward  became  military  governor  of  the  province  of 
Havana.  He  was  eventually  retired  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  in 
the  United  States  Army.  Besides  several  contributions  to  the  magazines  and 
periodicals,  he  published  a  biography  of  his  uncle,  Robert  E.  Lee  (New 
York,  D  Appleton  and  Company,  1899),  and  'Cuba's  Struggle  Against 
Spam.'    He  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  in  1905. 

LEE,  GEORGE  TAYLOR.  Author.  [Va.].  He  wrote  a  story 
of  Blue  Ridge  mountaineer  life  in  the  Old  Dominion  entitled  'A  Virginia 
Fead'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       251 

LEE,  GUY  CARLETON,  for  some  time  editor-in-chief  of  the 
International  Literary  Syndicate  and  literary  editor  of  the  Baltimore 
Sun.  On  completing  his  studies  at  Dickinson  College,  in  1895,  he  took  a 
course  of  law  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina  and  was  duly  admitted 
to  the  Bar.  For  several  years  he  was  an  instructor  in  history  at  Johns 
Hopkins  and  afterward  a  lecturer  on  comparative  politics  at  Columbian. 
Included  among  his  writings  are :  'Hincmar :  an  Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  the  Church  in  the  Ninth  Century'  (1898),  'Public  Speaking'  (New 
York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  1899),  'Historical  Jurisprudence'  (New  York, 
The  Macmillan  Company,  1900),  'Source  Book  of  English  History'  (New 
York,  Henry  Holt  and  Company,  1900),  'The  True  History  of  the  War 
between  the  States'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company,  1903),  and 
'Robert  E.  Lee'  (Philadelphia,  George  W.  Jacobs  Coiripany,  1905).  Be- 
sides, in  the  capacity  of  editor-in-chief,  he  compiled:  "The  World's  Ora- 
tors,' in  ten  volumes  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  1900),  'The  History 
of  Woman,'  in  ten  volumes  (Philadelphia,  George  Barrie  and  Son,  1902- 
1903),  'The  History  of  North  America,'  in  twenty  volumes  (ibid., 
1903-1905),  and  'Southern  Prose  Writers,  1606-1744'  (Baltimore,  1905). 
He  has  also  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  current  periodicals.  Johns 
Hopkins  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

LEE,  HENRY.  An  eminent  soldier  and  patriot,  the  "Light- 
horse"  Harry  of  the  American  Revolution  and  father  of  General 
Robert  E.  Lee.  He  was  the  son  of  Henry  Lee  and  Lucy  Grimes, 
the  famous  lowland  beauty  who  captured  the  heart  of  Washington. 
He  was  born  in  Westmoreland  County,  Va.,  in  1756,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Princeton  University.  At  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  with  Eng- 
land he  enlisted  in  the  Continental  Army  with  the  rank  of  captain,  and 
was  subsequently  advanced  to  the  rank  of  general.  After  the  war  he 
served  in  the  Legislature  of  Virginia.  He  was  wounded  in  a  riot,  in 
Baltimore,  while  taking  the  part  of  a  friend,  Alexander  C.  Hanson, 
an  editor,  and  went  to  Cuba  to  regain  his  health.  On  the  return 
voyage  he  stopped  at  the  home  of  General  Nathanael  Greene's  daugh- 
ter, Mrs.  Shaw,  on  Cumberland  Island,  where  he  died,  in  1818,  and 
was  buried.  It  was  through  his  marriage  with  his  cousin,  Matilda 
Lee,  that  he  acquired  Stratford  House,  the  home  in  which  his  dis- 
tinguished son  was  born;  but  the  latter  was  the  fruit  of  his  marriage 
to  Anne  Hill  Carter.  He  was  the  author  of  a  work  of  much  interest 
entitled.  'Memoirs  of  the  War  in  the  Southern  Department  of  the 
United  States,'  edited  by  his  sons,  Henry  and  Robert  E.  Lee.  On 
the  death  of  Washington,  he  pronounced  the  famous  eulogy  in  which 
he  designated  his  illustrious  chieftain  as  "first  in  war,  first  in  peace, 
and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen." 

LEE,  HENRY,  Jr.,  author,  was  born  in  Westmoreland  County. 
Va.,  in  1787,  a  son  of  "Light-horse"  Harry  Lee  of  the  Revolution,  and  an 
elder  brother  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee.  Several  books  came  from  his 
pen.  'The  Campaign  of  1761  in  the  Carolinas'  was  written  to  repel  an 
attack  upon  his  father's  soldiership  in  Judge  William  Johnson's  'Life  and 
Correspondence  of  Major-general  Nathanael  Greene.'  His  other  works 
were:  'Observations  on  the  Writings  of  Thomas  Jefferson'  (New  York, 
1832^  and  Philadelphia,  1839),  'The  Life  of  Arthur  Lee,'  containing  his 
political  and  literary  papers,  in  two  volumes  (Boston,  1829),  and  'The  Life 
of  Napoleon'  (New  York,  1835).  He  contemplated  an  elaborate  biography 
of  the  Emperor  of  the  French,  but  death  intervened  and  he  completed 
only  one  volume,  bringing  the  work  down  to  the  close  of  the  first  Italian 
campaign.    He  died  in  Paris  in  1837. 

LEE,  IVY  LEDBETTER,  writer  of  magazine  articles  and  pub- 
licity agent,  was  born  in  Cedartown,  Ga.,  July  16,  1877,  a  son  of  Rev. 


252  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

James  Wideman  Lee,  D.D.,  and  was  educated  at  Emory  College  and  at 
Princeton,  taking  post-graduate  studies  at  Columbia  and  Harvard.  He 
married  Cornelia  Bartlett,  daughter  of  Horace  R.  Bigelow,  of  St.  Paul. 
For  some  time  he  worked  on  the  New  York  papers  and  in  1903  took  charge 
of  the  publicity  campaign  of  the  Citizens'  Union.  Subsequently  he  became 
press  representative  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  of  the  anthracite  coal 
operators  and  of  other  corporate  interests,  and  in  1909  he  accepted  an 
agency  for  American  interests  in  London.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous 
monographs  and  sketches  contributed  to  the  leading  magazines  and  peri- 
odicals. 

LEE,  JAMES  WIDEMAN,  clergyman,  author,  editor,  was  born  in 
Rockbridge,  Ga.,  November  28,  1849.  His  father  was  Zachary  J.  Lee,  and 
his  mother  Emily  Harris  Wideman.  On  graduating  from  Emory  College, 
he  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  of  the  M.E.  Church,  South;  and,  in  the 
fruitful  years  which  followed,  some  of  the  most  important  pastorates  in 
the  gift  of  his  denomination  were  filled  by  him,  including  St.  John's 
Church  in  St.  Louis,  and  Trinity  Church  in  Atlanta.  After  occupying 
the  pulpit  of  this  last-named  church  for  the  second  full  term  of  years, 
he  became  in  1909  pastor  of  Park  Street  Methodist  Church  of  Atlanta. 
He  married,  in  1875,  Emma  Eufaula  Ledbetter.  Besides  editing,  in 
four  volumes,  'The  Self-Interpreting  Bible,'  foi  which  he  obtained  the 
illustrations  on  a  special  trip  to  Palestine,  he  also  edited  for  some  time 
The  Illustrated  Southern  Methodist  Magazine,  published  at  St.  Louis.  As 
a  writer  of  books  he  is  noted.  The  list  includes :  'The  Making  of  a  Man,' 
which  has  been  translated  into  oriental  tongues,  'Earthly  Footsteps  of  the 
Man  of  Galilee,'  with  Bishop  John  H.  Vincent;  'Henry  W.  Grady,  Orator 
and  Man'  (New  York  and  Chicago,  Fleming  H.  Revell  Company),  'History 
of  Methodism,'  'Romance  of  Palestine,'  and  'History  of  Jerusalem.'  He 
also  wrote  the  sketch  of  Henry  W.  Grady  in  'The  Library  of  Southern 
Literature.'  On  account  of  his  eminent  attainments,  Dr.  Lee  has  been 
frequently  mentioned  for  a  seat  on  the  Episcopal  Bench. 

LEE,  JESSE,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Prince  George  County,  Va., 
March  12,  1758,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  September  12,  1816.  Entering 
the  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Church,  he  devoted  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  to  the  work  of  organizing  mission  stations  and  of  preaching  the 
gospel  along  the  frontier.  Later  he  became  an  assistant  to  Bishop  Asbury. 
For  several  years  he  was  chaplain  of  the  National  House  of  Representa- 
tives, and  in  1814  was  given  the  same  office  in  the  United  States  Senate. 
His  labors,  especially  in  New  England,  earned  for  him  the  title  of  "the 
Apostle  of  Methodism."  He  published  the  first  history  which  appeared  in 
this  country  of  the  Methodist  movement,  an  authority  for  years  upon  the 
subject.  It  was  entitled  'A  History  of  Methodism.'  From  the  pen  of  his 
nephew,  Leroy  M.  Lee,  appeared  his  'Life  and  Times'  (Richmond,  1848). 

LEE»  LEROY  MADISON,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Petersburg, 
Va.,  April  30,  1808,  and  died  in  Ashland,  Va.,  April  20,  1882.  He  became 
an  eminent  Methodist  divine,  edited  for  many  years,  in  Richmond,  Thi 
Chr,istian  Advocate,  and  published  'The  Life  and  Times-  of  Jesse  Lee,'  'Ad- 
vice to  a  Young  Convert,'  and  'The  Great  Supper  not  Calvinistic' 

LEE,  MARY  ELIZABETH,  author,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
of  an  old  aristocratic  family,  and  instructed  by  private  tutors  until  reach- 
ing the  age  of  ten,  when  she  was  sent  to  the  best  private  schools.  She 
wrote  numerous  sketches  of  rare  interest  and  published,  in  1883,  her 
interesting  'Historical  Tales  for  Youth.'  Following  her  early  death,  which 
occurred  in  1849,  at  the  age  of  thirty-six,  a  volume  of  her  poems  was 
edited  by  S.  Oilman,  D.D.  Her  writings  evince  the  touch  of  genius,  but  are 
tinged  with  pathos. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       253 

LEE,  RICHARD  HENRY,  an  American  patriot  and  statesman, 
was  born  at  Stratford,  Va.,  a  son  of  Thomas  Lee,  president  of  the  Vir- 
ginia Council.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  revolt  against  British 
oppression,  and  wrote  the  famous  resolution  which  he  introduced  in  the 
Continental  Congress,  on  June  7,  1776,  declaring  that  "these  United  Colo- 
nies are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free  and  independent  States ;  and  that 
all  political  connection  between  them  and  the  State  of  Great  Britain  is, 
and  ought  to  be,  totally  dissolved."  As  an  orator  he  possessed  command- 
ing gifts  The  Memoirs  of  Richard  Henry  Lee,'  in  two  volumes  (Phila- 
delphia, 1S^5),  edited  by  his  grandson,  form  an  important  contribution  to 
the  literature  of  the  early  life  of  the  nation.  It  contains  some  of  his  most 
important  letters  and  speeches. 

LEE  RICHARD  HENRY,  Jr.,  author,  was  born  in  Westmoreland 
County,  Va.,  in  1802,  and  was  the  grandson  of  the  distinguished  patriot 
of  the  same  name.  Besides  writing  'Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Richard 
Henry  Lee,'  in  two  volumes  (Philadelphia,  1825),  he  wrote  also  'The 
Life  of  Arthur  Lee,'  in  two  volumes  (Boston,  1829),  and  'The  Life  of 
Harriet  Preble'  (New  York,  18S6).  His  works  form  interesting  contri- 
butions to  the  literature  of  one  of  the  most  noted  of  American  families. 
He  died  in  1865. 

LEE,  ROBERT  EDWARD.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  Vn,  page  3145. 

LEE,  ROBERT  EDWARD,  Jr.  Planter.  He  was  born  in  Arling- 
ton, Va.,  October  27,  1843,  the  son  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee, 
commander  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  and  Mary  Custis  Lee. 
He  was  educated  at  Charlottesville,  and  married,  March  28,  1894, 
Juliet  Carter.  He  served  in  the  Confederate  Army  from  1862  to  1865. 
After  the  war  he  chose  the  life  of  a  planter;  and  at  leisure  intervals 
wrote  'Recollections  and  Letters  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee'  (New  York. 
Doubleday,  Page  and  Company,  1904),  which  is  one  of  the  most  intimate 
and  important  works  bearing  upon  the  career  of  the  illustrious  soldier. 
He  resides  in  West  Point,  Va. 

LEE,  SAMUEL  PHILLIPS,  Naval  officer,  was  the  grandson  of 
Richard  Henry  Lee,  of  the  Revolution,  and  was  born  in  Fairfax  County,  Va., 
February  13,  1812,  educated  at  Annapolis,  entered  the  United  States 
Navy,  and  attained  the  rank  of  rear-admiral.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
rendered  gallant  service  to  the  Union,  especially  in  charge  of  the  Missis- 
sippi squadron  at  the  time  of  Hood's  advance  upon  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Before  his  retirement,  in  1873,  he  was  in  active  command  of  the  North 
Atlantic  Fleet.  He  published  "The  Cruise  of  the  Dolphin"  in  the  'Reports 
of  the  United  States  Naval  Department'   (Washington,  1854). 

LEE,  STEPHEN  DILL,  soldier  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  September  22,  1833.  After  graduating  at  West  Point, 
he  served  with  distinction  in  the  United  States  Army  until  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War,  when  he  resigned  his  commission  to  enter  the  Confed- 
erate service,  in  which  he  attained  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general,  and  won 
a  record  for  soldiership  which  few  surpassed.  For  many  years  he  was 
president  of  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  Mississippi. 
President  McKinley  appointed  him  commissioner  of  the  National  Park  at 
Vicksburg;  and,  on  the  death  of  General  John  B.  Gordon,  he  was  elected 
commander-in-chief  of  the  United  Confederate  Veterans.  Besides  a  chap- 
ter on  "The  South  Since  the  War,"  in  the  'Confederate  Military  History' 
(Atlanta,  Ga.,  The  Confederate  Publishing  Company,  1899),  he  wrote 
numerous  papers  on  educational  and  historical  subjects.  Tulane  Univer- 
sity gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  General  Lee  died  at  his  home  in 
Columbus,  Miss.,  in  1908. 


254  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

LEE,  SUSAN  PENDLETON,  Mrs.  [Va.].  She  wrote  a  'Life  of 
General  William  N.  Pendleton'  and  a  'History  of  the  United  States'  (1896 
revised  1900). 

LEES,  J.  T.  Little  is  known  of  this  author  except  that  in  1831  he 
published  at  Wheeling,  in  what  was  then  the  State  of  Virginia,  a  work 
entitled:  'The  Musings  of  Carol,  containing  an  Essay  on  Liberty;  the 
Desperado,  a  Tale  of  the  Ocean;  and  Other  Original   Poems.' 

LEFEVRE,  ARTHUR,  educator  and  editor,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  June  4,  1863,  and  educated  at  Baltimore  City  College  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  educational 
journals,  he  has  published  a  text-book  on  Algebra.  He  resides  in 
Dallas,  Tex.,  where  he  owns  and  edits  the  Texas  School  Journal. 

LEFEVRE,  GEORGE,  zoologist  and  educator,  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  September  16,  1869.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
of  Baltimore  and  at  Johns  Hopkins  (Ph.D.),  and  since  1899  he  has  been 
professor  of  zoology  and  curator  of  the  Zoological  Museum  of  the 
University   of   Missouri. 

LEGAR^,    HUGH    SWINTON.     See    Biographical    and    Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  VII,  page  3169. 

LEGAR^,  JAMES  MATTHEW.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  VII,  page  3191. 

LEHMAN,  K  A.,  Miss.  Poet.  [N.C.].  She  published  a  volume 
of  'Poems'   (New  York,  The  Grafton  Press,  1904). 

LEIGH,  BENJAMIN  WATKINS.     See  Biographical  and  Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  VII,  page  320S. 

LEIGH,  FRANCES  BUTLER,  author,  was  born  in  Philadelphia. 
Her  father  was  Pierce  Butler,  a  Georgian  planter,  and  her  mother  the 
noted  English  actress,  Frances  Anne  Kemble.  When  her  parents  sepa- 
rated in  1849,  she  remained  with  her  father;  but  in  1871  married  an  Eng- 
lish clergyman,  the  Rev.  John  Wentworth  Leigh,  and  afterward  made  her 
residence  in  England,  where  she  published  'Ten  Years  on  a  (Georgia  Plan- 
tation Since  the  War'  (1883),  an  authoritative  work  on  social  and  eco- 
nomic conditions  among  the  coast  negroes. 

LEIGH,  V/ILLIAM,  Jr.,  educator,  was  born  in  Halifax  County, 
Va.,  July  12,  1883,  and  vras  educated  at  the  University  of  Virginia.  While 
an  undergraduate  he  was  editor-in-chief  of  the  University  Magazine  and 
evinced  literary  gifts  of  high  order.  Since  graduation  he  has  engaged  in 
teaching.  The  sketch  of  William  Byrd  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Litera- 
ture' is  from  his  pen. 

LEIGHTON,  WILLIAM,  poet,  was  born  in  Cambridge,  Mass., 
June  22,  1833.  After  graduation  from  Harvard  he  settled  in  Wheeling, 
W.Va.,  and  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  glass.  At  leisure  intervals 
he  published  'Godwin,'  a  tragedy  (1876),  "Change,  the  Whisper  of  the 
Sphinx,"  a  philosophical  poem  (1878),  'Shakespeare,'  a  sketch  (1879), 
'Shakespeare's  Dream,  and  Other  Poems'  (1881),  "The  Subjection  of  Ham- 
let," an  cssny  (1882),  and  "The  Price  of  the  Present  Paid  by  the  Past,"  a 
poem  (1883). 

LEMLY,  HENRY  ROWAN,  soldier  and  writer,  was  born  in  North 
Carolina,  January  12,  1851.  He  was  educated  at  West  Point,  attained  the 
rank  of  captain  and  was  retired  at  his  own  request  after  thirty  years  of 
service.  Besides  numerous  magazine  articles,  he  translated  'Upton's  In- 
fantry Regulations'  into  Spanish,  and  numerous  Spanish  works  into 
English. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       255 

LEONARD,  MARY  FINLEY.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  January  11,  1862,  the  daughter  of  Lafayette  and  Eliza- 
beth Finley  Leonard.  In  early  childhood  she  removed  with  her 
parents  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  where  she  received  her  education  in  private 
schools.  Besides  contributing  many  short  stories  to  the  magazines, 
she  has  published  the  following  works  of  fiction,  all  of  which  are  per- 
vaded by  an  atmosphere  of  Southern  life :  'The  Story  of  the  Big 
Front  Door,'  'Half  a  Dozen  Thinking-Caps,'  'The  Candle  and  the 
Cat,'  'The  Spectacle  Man,'  'Mr.  Pat's  Little  Girl,'  'How  the  Two 
Ends  Met,'  'The  Pleasant  Street  Partnership,'  'It  All  Came  True,'  and 
'On  Hyacinth  Hill.'  Most  of  her  writings  have  been  for  children  and 
youth  and  have  been  published  by  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  and  Company, 
New  York. 

LEPOUZE,  CONSTANT.  Poet.  He  published  in  French  'Poe- 
sies Diverses'  (1838),  and  translated  some  of  the  'Odes  of  Horace.' 

LESCARBOT,  MARC.  French  lawyer  and  traveler..  He  wrote 
an  erratic  work  of  much  interest  entitled  'Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle  France' 
(1609). 

LESLIE,  FRANK,  Mrs.  Editor  and  publisher.  She  was  born  in 
New  Orleans,  La.,  in  18S1.  Her  maiden  name  was  Miriam  Florence 
Foline,  and  her  parentage  was  French  Huguenot.  She  enjoyed  su- 
perior educational  advantages,  and  while  still  young  married  Frank 
Leslie,  the  famous  New  York  publisher.  On  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band she  succeeded  to  his  business,  which  was  somewhat  involved, 
by  reason  of  careless  management;  and  such  was  her  intelligent  grasp 
of  the  commercial  helm  that  she  soon  put  the  establishment  upon 
a  paying  basis.  Later,  she  leased  the  business  to  a  syndicate  and 
made  an  extended  European  tour.  By  special  legislative  act  she  took 
the  name  of  Mrs.  Frank  Leslie,  but,  on  retiring  to  private  life,  she 
became  the  Baroness  de  Bazus,  having  derived  this  title  from  her 
forebears.  She  was  for  many  years  both  publisher  and  editor  of 
Frank  Leslie's  Magazine.     She  resides  in  New  York  City. 

LESTER,  J.  C.  Author.  [Tenn.].  Major  Lester  served  in  the 
Confederate  Army,  was  one  of  the  six  original  members  of  the  parent 
chapter  of  the  famous  Ku  Klux  Klan,  which  arose  in  Tennessee  during 
reconstruction,  and  wrote  in  collaboration  with  D.  L.  Wilson,  'The  Ku 
Klux  Klan:  its  Origin,  Growth,  and  Disbandment,'  with  introduction  and 
notes  by  Walter  L.  Fleming,  Ph.D.  (New  York  and  Washington,  The 
Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907). 

LEQUEUX,  H.  D.  Author.  [S.C.].  He  published  a  miscellaneous 
collection  of  both  prose  and  verse  entitled  'Palmetto  Leaves'  (1892, 
paper  edition). 

LE  SUEUR,  M.  French  explorer.  He  wrote  an  interesting 
'Journal  of  a  Voyage  up  the  Mississippi'  (1699). 

LEVEQUE>  JOSEPH  MARK.  Journalist.  He  was  born  in  Louis- 
iana, August  26,  1868,  and  was  educated  at  Collegiate  Institute,  Baton 
Rouge,  also  at  Vanderbilt  University.  He  taught  for  some  time  in 
Texas  and  then  entered  journalism,  becoming  identified  with  the  New 
York  papers;  but  he  afterward  returned  to  Texas  and  later  settled 
in  New  Orleans.  He  is  editor  and  owner  of  The  Harlequin,  and  is 
the  author  of  two  comic  operas,  which  have  proven  quite  popular: 
"The  Swimming  Girl"  and  "King  Capital." 

LE  VERT,  OCTAVIA  WALTON.     See  Biographical  and  Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  Vn,  page  3221. 


256  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

LEVY,  SAMUEL  YATES.  [Ga.].  He  was  born  in  1827  and  pub- 
lished 'The  Italian  Bride,'  a  drama. 

LEWIS,  ESTELLE  ANNA  BLANCHE  ROBINSON,  author,  was 
born  near  Baltimore,  Md.,  of  Anglo-Spanish  parentage,  in  1824,  and  died 
in  London,  England,  November  24,  1880.  She  began  to  write  when  a 
school-girl  and  at  the  age  of  twenty  published  'Records  of  the  Heart,' 
which  contains  some  of  her  best  minor  verses  (New  York,  1844).  While 
in  Italy  she  wrote  'Helemah :  or,  the  Fall  of  Montezuma'  (New  York, 
1864),  a  tragedy  which  was  widely  admired;  but  her  best  dramatic  effort 
was  'Sappho  of  Lesbos'  (London,  1868),  which  reached  seven  editions. 
She  also  wrote  'The  Child  of  the  Sea,  and  Other  Poems'  (New  York 
1848),  'The  Myths  of  the  Minstrel'  (1852),  'Poems'  (London,  1866),  and 
'The  King's  Stratagem,'  a  tragedy  (1869).  Edgar  Allan  Poe  was  her 
first  patron,  and  Lamartine  called  her  "the  female  Petrarch."  She  mar- 
ried Sidney  D.  Lewis  of  Brooklyn,  N.Y. 

LEWIS,  JOHN.  Poet.  He  lived  in  Virginia  and  published  a 
work  entitled :  'Flowers  and  Weeds  of  the  Old  Dominion'  (Frankfort,  Ky., 
1857).  It  contains  some  contributions  from  his  own  pen,  but  is  devoted 
mainly  to  the  poetic  effusions  of  three  Virginia  writers :  Mrs.  Jean  Wood, 
Mrs.  Littleford,  and  John  Moncure  Lewis.  One  of  the  same  name  but 
probably  not  the  same  person  wrote  'Young  Kate;  or,  the  Rescue,'  a  tale 
of  the  Great  Kenawha. 

LEWIS,  JUDD  MORTIMER,  poet,  was  born  in  Fulton,  N.Y.,  Sep- 
tember 13,  1867,  but  the  inspirations  of  _  song  which  have  brought  him 
fame  have  come  from  the  South.  He  is  on  the  staff  of  the  Post,  in 
Houston,  Texas,  and  contributes  both  prose  and  verse  to  the  columns 
of  that  journal.  He  has  published  two  volumes  of  verse:  'Sing  the  South' 
(1905),  and  'Lilts  o'  Love'  (1906).  He  married,  September  24,  1894,  Mary 
Bartley. 

LEWIS,  MARY,  poet,  was  born  in  Augusta  County,  Va.,  in  1828, 
and  died  in  Decatur,  Ga.,  April  14,  1893.  Her  father  was  the  Rev. 
Francis  McFarland,  D.D.,  and  her  mother,  Mary  Ann  Bent.  In  1849  she 
became  the  wife  of  Dr.  William  Wellington  Lewis  of  Roanoke,  Va.  Mrs. 
Lewis  was  a  woman  of  rare  gifts  and  published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled 
'Heart  Echoes'  (Baltimore,  1868).  Her  daughter,  Mrs.  F.  H.  Gaines,  is 
also  gifted  as  a  writer,  and  has  done  some  excellent  dialect  work  in  both 
prose  and  verse. 

LEWIS,  MERIWETHER,  explorer,  was  born  near  Charlottes- 
ville, Va.,  August  18,  1774,  and  died  near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  October  8,  1809. 
Of  an  adventurous  nature  he  was  recommended  by  Jefferson  to  Congress 
for  tlie  command  of  an  expedition  across  the  continent  and  in  association 
with  Captain  William  Clark  he  undertook  the  perilous  enterprise,  travers- 
ing unexplored  regions,  from  the  confluence  of  the  Missouri  and 
Mississippi  rivers  to  the  mouth  of  the  CoUimbia.  By  way  of  reward 
he  was  given  large  grants  of  land  and  made  governor  of  the  territory 
of  Missouri.  From  materials  which  were  furnished  chiefly  by  him, 
Nicholas  Biddle  and  Paul  Allen  wrote  a  memoir  of  the  expedition  in  two 
volumes,  to  which  Thomas  Jefferson  wrote  the  introductory  memoir 
(Philadelphia,  1814).  The  work  was  subsequently  enlarged,  with  addi- 
tions by  Alexander  McVickar  (New  York,  1843).  During  one  of  his 
moods  of  depression  the  explorer  took  his  own  life,  while  en  route  to 
Washington. 

LEWIS,  WILLIAM  TERRELL.  Compiler.  [lyTiss.].  He  was 
born  in  1811  and  died  in  1893.  The  author  resided  at  Perryville,  Miss 
He  published:  'The  Genealogy  of  the  Lewis  Family  in  America'  (Louis- 
ville, 1893). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       257 

LEWISOHN,  LUDWIG,  author  and  lecturer,  was  born  in  Berlin, 
Germany,  May  30,  1882.  At  one  time  he  was  engaged  in  journalism 
in  Charleston,  S.C.  He  wrote  'The  History  of  Literature  in  South  Caro- 
lina,' a  work  which  was  serialized  in  the  Charleston  News  and  Courier, 
June- August,  1903,  and  'The,  Broken  Seal,'  a  novel  (New  York,  B.  ^y. 
Dodge  and  Company),  besides  numerous  poems,  stories  and  essays  in 
current  periodicals.  The  sketches  of  Washington  AUston  and  of  J.  M. 
Legare,  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature,'  were  written  by  Mr. 
Lewisohn.     He  resides  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

LEY,  JOHN  C,  clergyman  and  author,  was  born  in  1822.  Enter- 
ing the  ministry  of  the  M.E.  Church,  South,  he  located  in  Florida  and 
assisted  in  the  establishment  of  Methodism  in  the  Peninsula  State.  In  his 
'Reminiscences  of  Fifty  Years'  he  interestingly  records  his  personal  ob- 
servations and  experiences.  He  died  in  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  August  19, 
1907,  at  the  age  of  eighty-five. 

LEYBURN,  JOHN,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Lexington,  Va.,  April 
25,  1814.  On  completing  his  educational  equipment,  he  entered  the  Pres- 
byterian ministry  and  for  twenty  years  was  pastor  of  a  church  in  Balti- 
more, Md.  He  also  edited  at  one  time  The  Presbyterian,  a  religious  paper 
published  in  Philadelphia.  His  writings  include :  'The  Soldier  of  the 
Cross'  (New  York  and  Edinburgh,  1853),  'Hints  to  Young  Men  from  the 
Parable  of  the  Prodigal  Son,'  and  'Lectures  on  the  Journeyings  of  the 
Children  of  Israel,'  illustrated  from  his  travels.  Hampden-Sidney  gave 
him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

LIEBER,  FRANCIS,  educator,  was  born  in  Berlin,  Germany, 
March  4,  1800,  and  died  in  New  York  City,  October  2,  1872.  He  served 
in  the  Prussian  Army  and  took  part  in  the  Greek  Revolution,  enjoyed  the 
advantages  of  the  best  German  universities,  and  became  one  of  the 
foremost  of  the  world's  scholars.  For  more  than  twenty  years  he  was 
professor  of  political  economy  in  the  University  of  South  Carolina,  after 
which  he  was  called  to  the  same  chair  in  Columbia  College,  New  York. 
While  in  the  South  he  produced  his  most  important  works :  'A  Manual  of 
Political  Ethics,'  in  two  volumes  (Boston,  1838),  'Legal  and  Political 
Hermaneutics'  (1839),  'Great  Events  Described  by  Great  Historians' 
(1847),  'The  West,  and  Other  Poems'  (1848),  and  'Civil  Liberty  and  Self- 
Government,'  in  two  volumes  (Philadelphia,  1852).  He  also  wrote  'Remi- 
niscences of  Niebuhr,'  'Laws  of  Property,'  'The  Origin  and  Development 
of  the  First  Constituents  of  Civilization,'  made  numerous  translations  and 
edited  nine  volumes  of  the  'Encyclopsedia  Americana.'  Lieber's  'Miscel- 
laneous Writings'  were  published  in  two  volumes  (Philadelphia,  1880), 
and  his  correspondence  was  edited  by  Thomas  S.  Perry  (Boston,  1882). 
He  was  a  member  of  numerous  learned  societies  on  both  sides  of  the 
water. 

LI^S,  EUGENE.  Poet.  [La.].  He  published  'The  Preludes,'  a 
collection  of  poems  (1846). 

LINCECUM,  GIDEON,  naturalist,  was  born  in  Hancock  County, 
Ga.,  April  22,  1793,  and  died  in  Brenham,  Tex.,  November  28,  1874.  He 
became  an  eminent  physician,  though  largely  self-educated ;  was  also  at 
one  time  county  judge  in  Lowndas  County,  Miss.,  but  his  most  successful 
work  was  in  the  realm  of  the  natural  sciences.  He  corresponded  with 
men  of  international  note  like  Darwin  and  Humboldt ;_  was  an  intimate 
friend  of  Agassiz;  made  frequent  contributions  to  scientific  journals;  col- 
lected many  rare  specimens  which  he  gave  to  museums  and  institutes,  and 
belonged  to  numerous  learned  societies.  He  left  several  manuscripts,  in- 
cluding a  work  on  'The  Traditions  of  the  Choctaw  Indians,'  among  whom 
he  lived  at  one  time;  a  'Medical  History  of  the  Southern  States,  and  an 


258  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

autobiography,  the  last  being  still  in  the  possession  of  his  daughter.    He 
specialized  for  fourteen  years  in  the  study  of  ants. 

LINCOLN,  ABRAHAM.  President  of  the  United  States  from 
1861  to  1865.  Though  he  cannot  be  strictly  classified  among  the 
makers  of  Southern  literature,  he  was  nevertheless  born  in  Hardin  County, 
Ky.,  February  12,  1809,  of  Southern  parentage.  For  more  complete  infor- 
mation in  regard  to  Mr.  Lincoln,  his  political  addresses,  his  state  papers, 
etc.,  consult  the  standard  biographies  and  encyclopaedias. 

LINCOLN,  REXFORD  J.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  'A  Tale  of 
Pagan  Rome'  (New  Orleans,  1900). 

LIND,  G.  DALLAS.  Physician.  [Mo.].  He  published  'The  Races 
of  Man,'  'The  Religions  of  the  World,'  'Great  Educators,'  'Primseval  Man,' 
and  'The  Human  Body.' 

LINDESAY,  M.  BATTERHAM.  Poet.  [N.C.]  The  author  of  a 
volume  of  verse  entitled  'The  First  Shearing"  (Richmond,  Va.,  Whittet 
and  Shepperson,  1904). 

LINDSAY,  JOHN  SUMMERFIELD,  Protestant  Episcopal 
clergyman,  was  born  of  Scotch  lineage  in  Williamsburg,  Va.,  March  19, 
1842.  For  several  years  he  was  rector  of  a  church  at  Warrenton,  Va., 
after  which  he  was  called  to  Georgetown,  D.C.  In  1887  he  declined  the 
bishopric  of  Easton,  Md.,  and  for  twenty  years  past  he  has  been  rector  of 
St.  Paul's  Church  in  Boston.  He  has  published  'St.  John's  Church,' 
'Hamilton  Parish,'  and  'The  True  American  Citizen,'  besides  numerous 
sermons  and  review  articles.  The  University  of  the  South  gave  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D. 

LINDSAY,  MARGARET  ISABELLA.  Author.  [Va.].  She 
published  'The  Lindsays  of  America'  (1889). 

LINDSEY,  BENJAMIN  BARR,  jurist  and  reformer,  was  born 
in  Jackson,  Madison  County,  Tenn.,  November  25,  1869.  His  father 
was  Landy  T.  Lindsey,  and  his  mother,  Letitia  Ann  Barr.  On  com- 
pleting his  education  he  engaged  successfully  in  the  practice  of  law 
and  in  1900  became  County  Court  judge  and  judge  of  the  Juvenile 
Court  of  Denver,  Colo.  In  connection  with  the  reform  movement 
to  rescue  youthful  offenders,  he  has  earned  an  international  reputa- 
tion. Moreover,  on  account  of  the  persistent  and  effective  warfare 
which  he  has  waged  against  crime  in  general  at  this  gateway  to  the 
Rocky  Mountain  region,  his  life  has  been  repeatedly  threatened.  Both 
openly  and  furtively  the  most  painstaking  efforts  have  been  made  to 
blacken  his  reputation  and  to  weaken  his  power.  Even  traps  have 
been  set  to  ensnare  him  unawares.  But  no  amount  of  intimidation 
has  caused  him  for  one  moment  to  relinquish  his  stubborn  fight. 
Besides  various  pamphlets  and  papers  relating  to  the  subject  of  crime, 
not  only  in  its  legal  but  also  in  its  psychological  and  sociological 
aspects,  he  has  published  'The  Problem  of  the  Children'  (1904)  and 
'The  Beast  and  the  Jungle'  (1909),  both  of  which  deal  powerfully 
with  the  evils  which  menace  American  childhood. 

LINDSEY,  MARIA,  music  teacher  and  writer,  was  born  on  a  farm 
near  Frankfort,  Ky.,  February  18,  1863.  At  leisure  moments  she  has 
exercised  her  literary  gifts  by  writing  some  very  delightful  stories,  one  of 
which,  "The  Lions  at  Pleasureville,"  a  story  of  woman's  club  life,  which 
appeared  in  Leslie's  Monthly  for  April,  1905,  was  widely  copied.  Miss 
Lindsey  resides  in  Frankfort,  Ky. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       259 

LINDSLEY,  JOHN  BEJRRIEN,  college  chancellor,  clergyman, 
and  editor,  was  born  in  Princeton,  N.J.,  October  24,  1822,  and  died  in 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  December  7,  1897.  After  graduating  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Nashville,  he  studied  theology  and  was  ordained  to  the  Presby- 
terian ministry,  but  most  of  his  life  was  devoted  to  educational  work. 
For  twenty  years  he  was  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Nashville,  and 
he  also  occupied  the  chair  of  chemistry  in  the  same  institution.  Later 
he  was  professor  of  materia  medica  in  the  Tennessee  College  of  Phar- 
macy. Besides  editing  the  Nashville  Journal  of  Medicine  and  Surgery, 
he  published  'Our  Ruin;  Its  Causes,  and  Its  Cure'  (1868),  and  'The 
Military  Annals  of  Tennessee,'  giving  a  review  of  military  operations 
during  the  Civil  War,  with  regimental  histories  and  memorial  rolls 
compiled  from  original  and  official  sources  (Nashville,  J.  M.  Lindsley  and 
Company,  1886;  electroplated  and  printed  by  the  M.E.  Publishing  House, 
South),  a  work  of  great  value.  He  married,  February  9,  1857,  Sally 
McGavock.    He  held  the  degree  of  D.D. 

LINDSLEY,  PHILIP,  clergyman,  educator  and  writer,  was  born 
near  Morristown,  N.J.,  December  21,  1786,  and  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn., 
May  25,  1855.  He  was  the  son  of  Isaac  and  Phoebe  Lindsley.  For 
several  years  he  was  president  of  the  University  of  Nashville.  'The 
Works  of  Philip  Lindsley,'  in  three  volumes  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippin- 
cott  and  Company),  constitute  his  literary  memorials.  They  are  divided: 
Vol.  I,  'Educational  Discourses';  Vol.  II,  'Religious  Discourses';  Vol. 
Ill,  'Miscellaneous  Discourses  and  Essays.'  He  is  the  subject  of  an  ex- 
tended notice  in  Sprague's  'Annals  of  the  American  Pulpit,'  from  which 
it  appears  that  he  wielded  an  Immense  influence  upon  the  cause  of  educa- 
tion not  only  in  Tennessee  but  throughout  the  whole  Southwest. 

LINDSLEY,  PHILIP,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born  in  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  August  2,  1842.  His  father  was  N.  L.  Lindsley  and  his  mother, 
Julia  Stevens.  He  married,  April  28,  1869,  Louisa  G.  Dickinson,  the  only 
sister  of  the  present  Secretary  of  War,  J.  M.  Dickinson.  He  possesses  a 
rich  fund  of  anecdote  and  a  keen  sense  of  humor,  and  besides  occasional 
poems  and  sketches,  has  published  'The  Humor  of  the  Court-room'  (1899), 
a  work  of  rare  charm,  which  the  author  has  cast  in  the  mold  of  the  drama 
and  which  has  evoked  the  most  enthusiastic  praise  of  critics,  North  and 
South;  'The  History  of  Greater  Dallas'  (1909),  and  'The  Circuit  Judge' 
(1909). 

LINK,  SAMUEL  ALBERT.  Educator.  He  was  born  near  Leba- 
non, Tenn.,  July  10,  1848,  the  son  of  Williain  B.  and  Amanda  Randolph 
Link,  and  was  educated  at  Ewing  College,  in  Illinois,  also  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Nashville.  He  read  law,  but  never  practiced.  He  married, 
in  1875,  Sallie  A.  Deboe.  He  engaged  in  the  profession  of  teaching 
and  pursued  this  line  of  work  for  several  years  with  distinguished 
success,  but  latterly  has  given  much  of  his  time  to  literary  work. 
Among  his  writings  may  be  mentioned:  a  'Sketch  of  Paul  Hayne'  (Nash- 
ville, Southern  Methodist  Publishing  House),  'Pioneers  of  Southern 
Literature,'  in  two  volumes  (ibid.),  and  numerous  monographs  of  Southern 
poets  and  eminent  Americans.  The  sketch  of  Will  T.  Hale  in  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  He  is  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  Methodist  Quarterly  and  to  the  Christian  Advocate.  He 
resides  in  Thomasville,  Tenn. 

LINN,  E.  A.  fMo.l.  In  association  with  N.  Sargent,  he  wrote  a 
'Life  of  Lewis  Fields  Lind'  (1857). 

LINN,  JOHN  F.,  author,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1798  and  died  in 
Texas  in  1885.  He  published  a  volume  of  personal  reminiscences  entitled : 
'Fifty  Years  in  Texas.' 


260  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

LINN,  LEWIS  FIELDS,  United  States  Senator,  -was  born  near 
Louisville,  Ky.,  November  S,  1795,  and  died  at  Sainte  Genevieve,  Mo., 
October  3,  1843.  He  studied  medicine  and  settled  for  practice  in  Missouri, 
achieving  very  great  distinction,  but  he  also  took  an  interest  in  public 
affairs  and,  on  the  death  of  Alexander  Buchner,  was  appointed  to  fill  the 
unexpired  term  in  the  United  States  Senate  and  was  subsequently  twice 
re-commissioned  by  the  State  Legislature  to  a  seat  in  this  high  forum. 
Some  of  his  speeches  have  been  preserved  in  the  'Debates  of  Congress.' 

LIPSCOMB,  ABNER  SMITH,  jurist,  was  born  near  Abbeville, 
S.C,  February  10,  1789,  and  died  near  Austin,  Texas,  December  3,  1857. 
He  studied  law  under  John  C.  Calhoun  and  achieved  success  at  the  Bar, 
becoming  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Alabama.  Afterward 
he  settled  in  Texas,  where  he  became  Secretary  of  State  under  President 
Lamar,  and  later  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court.  His  decisions 
are  published  in  Minor's,  Stewart's  and  Stewart  and  Porter's  'Alabama 
Reports,'  and  in  the  first  seventeen  volumes  of  the  'Texas  Reports.' 

LIPSCOMB,  ANDREW  ADGATE.  Shakespearean  scholar  and 
educator.  He  was  born  in  Georgetown,  D.C.,  September  6,  1816. 
He  enjoyed  the  best  educational  advantages,  and  entered  the  ministry 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church;  but,  after  filling  numerous 
important  pastorates,  he  left  the  itinerant  ranks  on  account  of  im- 
paired health.  At  one  time  he  was  president  of  Tuskeegee  Female 
College  and  afterward  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Georgia.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  eloquence  and  of  profound  learning,  an  authority 
on  Shakespeare,  and  a  writer  of  excellent  verse,  one  of  his  best  poems 
being  "Chastened  Grief,"  which  was  written  on  the  death  of  his  son. 
Professor  F.  A.  Lipscomb.  In  personal  appearance  Dr.  Lipscomb 
was  a  man  of  unusual  attractiveness,  his  massive  brow,  his  long  curly 
hair  and  his  dignified  demeanor  making  him  an  object  of  universal 
interest.  Dr.  Lipscomb  received  both  the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees. 
He  died  at  Athens,  Ga.,  in  1890. 

LIPSCOMB,  DABNEY,  educator,  was  born  in  Columbus,  Miss., 
March  6,  1859,  a  son  of  Dr.  W.  L.  Lipscomb,  an  eminent  and  influential 
physician.  After  completing  his  studies  at  the  University  of  Mississippi, 
he  taught  for  three  years  in  the  public  schools  and  for  thirteen  years  in 
the  State  Agricultural  and  Military  College.  Still  later  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  English  in  the  University  of  Mississippi.  At  present  he  ably 
fills  the  chair  of  civics  and  economics  In  the  Mississippi  Industrial  Insti- 
tute. He  has  traveled  abroad,  received  frequent  honors  at  the  hands  of 
his  colleagues  in  state  and  national  assemblies,  and  written  numerous 
historical  and  educational  papers.  Especially  notable  have  been  the 
articles  contributed  by  him  to  the  publications  of  the  Mississippi  Historical 
Society.  The  sketch  of  T.  A.  S.  Adams  in'  'The  Library  of  Southern 
Literature'  is  from  Professor  Lipscomb's  pen.  He  has  also  published 
several  addresses.    He  resides  in  Columbus,  Miss. 

LITSEY,  EDWIN  CARLILE,  one  of  the  rising  novelists  of  the 
State  of  Kentucky,  was  born  at  Beechland,  Ky.,  June  3,  1874.  Besides 
'The  Princess  of  Gramfalon,'  in  which  he  first  caught  the  ear  of  the 
public,  he  has  written  'The  Love  Story  of  Abner  Stone'  (New  York,  A.  S. 
Barnes  and  Company,  1906),  and  'The  Race  of  the  Swift'  (Boston,  Little, 
Brown  and  Company,  1908).  He  has  also  published  a  volume  of  essays. 
Since  seventeen  he  has  been  in  the  banking  business.  His  residence  is  in 
Lebanon,  Ky. 

LITTELL,  WILLIAM,  lawyer,  was  born  in  New  Jersey  in  1780 
and  died  in  Frankfort,  Ky.,  in  1835.  He  attained  eminence  at  the  Bar 
of  Kentucky,  and  published  an  entertaining  volume  entitled  'Festoons  of 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       261 

Fancy*  (1820),  which  contains  poems  and  essays,  both  humorous  and 
sentimental.  He  also  published  '^The  Statute  Law  of  Kentucky,'  in  five 
volumes  (1808-1819),  a  'Digest,'  in  two  volumes  (1822),  'Reports  of 
Cases  at  Common  Law  and  in  Chancery,  Decided  by  the  Court  of  Appeals 
of  Kentucky,'  in  four  volumes  (1822-1824),  and  'Selected  Cases'   (1825). 

"LITTLE,  FRANCES."     See  Mrs.  Frances  Caldwell  McCauley. 

LITTLE,  JOHN  BUCKNER.  Author.  [Ala.].  He  wrote  a  'His- 
tory of  Butler  County'  (1885),  and  a  'History  of  Marengo  County' 
(1887). 

LITTLE,  LUCIUS  P.  Author.  [Ky.].  He  wrote  an  interesting 
work  entitled  'Times  and  Contemporaries  of  Ben  Hardin'  (1887) 

LITTLEPAPE,  LEWIS,  diplomat,  was  born  in  Hanover  County, 
Va.,  December  19,  1762,  and  died  in  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  July  19,  1802. 
For  many  years  he  lived  abroad  and  under  Stanislaus,  King  of  Poland, 
was  Ambassador  to  Russia.     Some  of ,  his  writings  have  been  published. 

LITTLETON,  JESSE  TALBOT,  educator,  was  born  in  Ports- 
mouth, Va.,  October  27,  1856.  On  completing  his  academic  studies 
he  devoted  himself  to  teaching.  He  holds  at  present  the  chair  of 
modern  languages  in  Southern  University  at  Greensboro,  Ala.  Be- 
sides numerous  contributions  to  current  periodicals,  including  the 
Quarterly  Review  published  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  he  wrote  in  excel- 
lent verse  "The  Story  of  Captain  Smith  and  Pocahontas"  (1907). 
He  married,  December  26,  1882,  Lulie  Rosser. 

LIVERMORE,  SAMUEL,  lawyer,  was  born  in  1786,  the  place  of 
his  birth  unknown,  and  died  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  in  1833.  He  graduated 
from  Harvard,  studied  law,  and  achieved  high  professional  eminence  at 
the  Bar  of  New  Orleans,  publishing  'A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Principal 
and  Agent  and  of  Sales  by  Auction,'  two  volumes  (Baltimore,  1818),  and 
'Dissertations  on  the  Questions  Which  Arise  from  the  Contrariety  of  the 
Positive  Laws  of  Different  States  and  Nations'  (New  Orleans,  1828). 

LIVINGSTON,  EDWARD,  lawyer,  was  a  son  of  Robert  R. 
Livingston,  the  distinguished  diplomat  and  statesman.  For  many  years 
of  his  life  he  practiced  law  in  New  Orleans,  where  he  published  a  'Sys- 
tem of  Penal  Law  for  the  State  of  Louisiana'  (New  Orleans,  1825),  be- 
sides numerous  other  legal  works.  His  career  was  full  of  dramatic 
interest.  Mr.  Livingston's  second  wife  was  Louise  D'Avezac,  a  New 
Orleans  lady  of  rare  gifts. 

LLOYD,  ANNIE  CREIGHT,  Mrs.  Author.  [Ala.].  She  wrote 
several  novels,  among  them,  'Garnet,'  'Hagar,'  and  'Pearl.' 

LLOYD,  FRANCIS  BARTOW.  Lawyer  and  journalist.  [Ala.]. 
Under  the  pen-name  of  "Ruifus  Saunders,  the  Sage  of  Rocky  Creek,"  he 
published  some  very  characteristic  sketches  of  country  life,  which  were 
edited  and  published  in  book  form  by  his  widow  (1898). 

LLOYD,  WILLA  D.  Poet.  [Texas].  She  was  born  in  1866.  and 
wrote  'Christmas  Chimes,  and  Other  Poems.' 

LOCHRANE,  OSBORNE  AUGUSTUS,  jurist,  was  born  in  Mid- 
dleton,  Ireland,  August  22,  1829,  and  died  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  June  17,  1887. 
He  was  a  youth  of  seventeen  when  he  crossed  the  Atlantic,  and,  studying 
law  under  difficulties,  he  arose  steadily  to  the  front,  becoming  one  of  the 
ablest  practitioners  at  the  Bar.  For  several  years  he  occupied  the  Superior 
Court  Bench,  and  in  1871  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme 


262  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

Court  o£  Georgia.  He  possessed  in  an  eminent  degree  the  gift  of  Irish 
eloquence,  and  some  of  his  flashes  of  oratory  have  been  perserved  in 
Knight's  'Famous  Georgians.' 

LODGE,  LEE  DAVIS.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Montgomery 
County,  Md.,  November  24,  1865,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  James  L.  and  Alice 
Virginia  Warfield  Lodge.  He  enjoyed  superior  educational  advant- 
ages and  was  twice  married.  He  engaged  in  educational  work,  and  in 
1899  became  president  of  Limestone  College,  at  Gaifney,  S.C.  Besides 
numerous  essays  and  reviews,  he  has  written  an  interesting  '  Study  in 
Corneille'  (Baltimore,  John  Murphy  Company)  and  other  works.  Co- 
lumbian University  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

LOEWENSTEIN,  LOUIS  J.  Writer.  [La.].  He  published  a 
'History  of  the  St.  Louis  Cathedral'  (New  Orleans,  1882). 

LOFTON,  GEORGE  A.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Tenn.].  He  pub- 
lished an  entertaining  series  of  'Character  Sketches,'  besides  tracts 
and  sermons. 

LOGAN,  CORNELIUS  AMBROSIUS,  dramatist,  was  born  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  May  4,  1806,  and  died  on  the  Ohio  River,  near  Wheeling, 
W.Va,,  February  23,  18S3.  While  an  actor  by  profession,  he  wrote  a 
number  of  successful  plays,  among  them  "Yankee  Land"  (1834),  "The 
Wag  of  Maine"  (1835),  "The  Wool  Dealer,"  "Removing  the  Deposits," 
"Astarte,"  "A  Hundred  Years  Hence,''  and  "Chloroform."  He  also  wrote 
stories  and  sketches,  besides  a  number  of  poems. 

LOGAN,  GEORGE,  physician,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  Janu- 
ary 4,  1778,  and  died  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  February  13,  1861.  He  received 
his  medical  degree  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  for  more 
than  fifty  years  practiced  his  profession  in  Charleston.  He  published  a 
popular  work  on  'The  Diseases  of  Children.' 

LOGAN,  JOHN  HENRY,  physician  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Abbeville  District,  S.C,  November  5,  1822,  and  died  in  Atlanta,  Ga., 
March  28,  1885.  For  several  years  he  taught  and  practiced  at  Abbeville, 
but  when  the  war  began  he  enlisted  in  a  Confederate  regiment  and  served 
as  a  surgeon.  After  the  war  he  settled  for  a  time  in  Alabama,  but  even- 
tually removed  to  Atlanta,  Ga.,  where  he  became  a  professor  in  the  Atlanta 
Medical  College.  He  wrote  a  'History  of  the  Upper  Country  of  South 
Carolina,'  only  the  first  volume  of  which  was  completed  (Charleston, 
1859),  and  'The  Students'  Manual  of  Chemico-Physics'   (Atlanta,   1879). 

LOGAN,  JOHN  RANDOLPH,  Baptist  clergyman  of  North  Caro- 
lina, was  born  in  1811  and  died  in  1884.  He  published  an  interesting 
historical  account  entitled  'The  Broad  River  and  King's  Mountain  Asso- 
ciation from  1800  to  1882'  (1887). 

LOGAN,  MARGARET  ANN,  poet,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
just  before  the  war  but  she  became  a  resident  of  Vicksburg,  Miss.  In 
addition  to  writing  for  the  papers,  she  published  a  volume  of  verse 
entitled :  'Sweet  Alyssum.' 

LOGAN,  THOMAS  MULDROP,  physician,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  January  31,  1808,  received  his  medical  diploma  from  the 
Charleston  Medical  College,  and  settled  in  California  for  the  practice  of 
his  profession.  Later  he  gave  his  attention  largely  to  meteorological  lines 
of  investigation  and  published  'The  Topography  of  California,'  'The 
Climate  of  California,'  and  'Meteorological  Observations  at  Sacramento,' 
besides  contributing  to  the  'Transactions  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation.' 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       263 

LOMAX,  ELIZABETH  WINTER  PAYNE,  writer,  was  born  in 
Fauquier  County,  Va.,  January  17,  1854.  Besides  numerous  short  stories 
and  sketches  for  magazines  and  articles  for  newspapers,  Mrs.  Lomax  has 
published  'A  Consul  to  China.'  The  sketch  of  Julia  Magruder  in  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  her  pen.  She  married,  Feb- 
ruary 20,  1873,  Lindsay  L.  Lomax,  a  major-general  in  the  Army  of  North- 
ern Virginia.     Her  home  is  at  Gettysburg,  Pa. 

LOMAX,  JOHN  AVERY,  educator  and  writer,  was  born  in 
Goodman,  Miss.,  September  23,  1872.  For  several  years  he  has  occupied 
the  chair  of  English  in  the  Agricultural  and  Military  College  of  Texas. 
Besides  numerous  magazine  articles,  he  has  written  some  excellent  verse 
and  has  just  completed  a  work  which  is  now  in  press  entitled  'The  Songs 
of  the  Cowboys.'  He  wrote  for  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  the 
sketch  of  William  A.  Chittenden. 

LOMAX,  JOHN  TAYLOE,  jurist,  was  born  at  Port  Tobacco,  Va., 

in  1781,  and  died  in  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  October  10,  1862.  For  some 
time  he  was  a  professor  in  the  law  school  of  the  University  of  Virginia, 
and  afterward  for  many  years  an  occupant  of  the  Supreme  Bench  of  the 
State.  He  published  a  'Digest  of  the  Laws  Respecting  Real  Property 
Generally  Adopted  and  in  Use  in  the  United  States,'  in  three  volumes 
(Philadelphia,  1839),  and  a  'Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Executors  and  Ad- 
ministrators Generally  in  Use  in  the  United  States,'  in  two  volumes 
(Richmond,  1856). 

LOMAX,  JUDITH,  poet,  was  born  in  Virginia,  and,  in  1813,  pub- 
lished a  volume  entitled:  'The  Notes  of  an  American  Lyre'  (Richmond). 
It  is  crude  and  simple,  but  the  author  disclaims  any  ambitious  pretentions. 

LONG,  ARMISTEAD  LINDSAY,  soldier,  was  born  in  Campbell 
County,  Va.,  September  23,  1827,  graduated  from  West  Point,  and  entered 
the  United  States  Army;  but,  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  in  1861,  he 
resigned  his  commission,  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  Army,  was  for  some 
time  on  the  stafif  of  General  Lee,  and  in  1863  became  brigadier-general, 
participating  in  most  of  the  Virginia  campaigns.  He  published  an  authori- 
tative volume  dealing  chiefly  with  the  military  record  of  the  South's  great 
commander,  entitled  'Memoirs  of  Robert  E.  Lee'  (New  York,  1886). 

LONG,  CHARLES  CHAILL^,  soldier  and  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Princess  Anne,  Md.,  July  2,  1842.  After  serving  with  the  rank  of  captain 
in  the  Union  Army  during  the  Civil  War,  he  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  the  Egyptian  Army  in  1869,  and  later  became  chief  of  staff  to 
the  commander-in-chief.  General  Gordon.  For  several  years  he  endured 
the  brunt  of  the  African  campaigns  and  encountered  some  of  the  most 
thrilling  adventures.  On  returning  to  America  he  studied  law  and  went 
back  to  Egypt  to  practice  in  the  international  courts ;  but  in  1882  he  settled 
in  Paris.  He  published  several  volumes  of  unique  interest,  among  them, 
'Central  Africa:  Naked  Truths  of  Naked  People'  (New  York,  Harper  and 
Brothers,  1876),  and  'The  Three  Prophets:  Chinese  Gordon,  the  Mahdi, 
and  Aribi  Pasha'   (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company.). 

LONG,  CHARLES  MASSIE.  Educator.  Both  a  student  and  a 
teacher  of  history.  Dr.  Lono;  has  made  an  interesting  contribution  to  the 
literature  of  the  Old  Dominion,  in  a  work  entitled  'Virginia  County  Names' 
(New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1908). 

LONG,  CRAV/FORD  W.,  physician  and  surgeon,  the  discoverer 
of  anaesthesia,  was  born  in  Danielsville,  Ga.,  November  1,  1815,  and  died 
at  Athens,  Ga.,  June  10,  1878.  After  graduation  from  Franklin  College, 
now  the  University  of  Georgia,  he  continued  his  studies  in  the  medical 


264  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  then  located  in  Jeffer- 
son, Ga.,  for  the  practice  of  his' profession.  It  was  in  this  little  town  of 
North  Georgia  that  in  making  certain  laboratory  experiments^  he  discov- 
ered the  peculiar  effects  of  sulphuric  ether  and  performed,  without  pain, 
the  first  surgical  operation  known  to  the  scientific  world,  while  the  patient 
was  in  a  state  of  unconsciousness  produced  by  inhaling  the  gas. 
Investigation  has  fully  established  the  claims  of  the  Georgia  physician. 
He  anticipated  Wells  by  two  years  and  eight  months,  and  Morton  by  not 
less  than  four  years.  The  letters  and  papers  of  Dr.  Long  bearing  upon 
his  discovery  are  among  the  most  important  contributions  to  the  literature 
of  medicine. 

LONG,  ELLEN  CALL,  Mrs.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Talla- 
hassee, Fla.,  September  9,  1825,  and  was  the  daughter  of  Governor  Richard 
Keith  Call.  One  of  the  most  gifted  women  of  the  State,  she  produced 
several  books :  'Florida  Breezes,'  'Jackson  and  Packingham,'  'Silk  Culture 
in  Florida,'  and  a  number  of  historical  papers  and  pamphlets.  She  died 
at  Tallahassee,  December  18,  1905.  Among  her  unpublished  manuscripts 
was  a  complete  'History  of  Florida.' 

LONGSTREET,  AUGUSTUS  BALDWIN.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  VII,  page  3241. 

LONGSTREET,  HELEN  DORTCH.  Author  and  journalist.  She 
is  a  daughter  of  the  late  Colonel  James  S.  Dortch,  a  prominent  member  of 
the  Georgia  Bar,  and  was  born  in  Franklin  County,  Ga.,  on  a  planta- 
tion which  was  ceded  to  one  of  her  ancestors  for  service  in  the 
American  Revolution.  She  was  for  several  years  prominent  in  Georgia 
journalism,  and  also  assistant  State  Librarian  under  Captain  John 
Milledge.  She  married,  September  8,  1897,  Lieutenant-general  James 
Longstreet,  and  wrote  'Lee  and  Longstreet  at  High  Tide'  (1904),  a 
volume  in  which  she  reviews  the  charge  against  her  illustrious  hus- 
band of  disobedience  to  Lee's  orders  at  Gettysburg;  also  an  historical 
novel  entitled  'The  Shadows  of  Our  Skies'  (1909),  and  a  sketch 
entitled  "My  Old  Black  Mammy."  She  has  held  the  office  of  post- 
mistress at  Gainesville,  Ga.,  for  several  years. 

LONGSTREET,  JAMES,  commander  of  the  First  Corps  of  the 
Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  was  born  in  Edgefield,  S.C,  January 
8,  1821,  a  son  of  James  Longstreet,  planter,  and  a  nephew  of  Judge 
Augustus  B.  Longstreet,  the  author  of  'Georgia  Scenes.'  His  pa- 
ternal grandfather,  William  Longstreet,  anticipated  Fulton  in  apply- 
ing steam  to  navigation  but  failed  to  procure  a  patent.  "The  proof 
of  this  priority  of  invention  is  recorded  in  the  Georgia  archives.  After 
graduating  from.  West  Point  in  the  class  of  1842,  James  Longstreet  won 
his  first  military  spurs  in  the  Mexican  War,  being  wounded  in  the  assault 
upon  Chapultepec.  He  entered  the  Confederate  service  with  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general,  participating 
in  some  of  the  most  decisive  engagements  of  the  war  and  sustaining 
severe  wounds  in  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness  from  the  accidental  fire  of 
his  own  men.  On  the  cessation  of  hostilities  he  became  a  Republican  in 
politics,  believing  that  the  welfare  of  the  South  could  be  best  subserved 
by  giving  support  to  the  dominant  party  in  politics.  His  life  was  saddened 
by  the  constant  fire  of  criticism  to  which  he  was  exposed  at  the  hands  of 
his  own  people  for  taking  this  course,  and  by  the  charge  which  was  pre- 
ferred against  him  some  time  after  General  Lee's  death  of  having  dis- 
obeyed orders  at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg.  But  he  lived  to  witness  a 
change  in  the  tide  of  popular  opposition.    He  was  at  one  time  Surveyor 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       265 

of  the  port  at  New  Orleans;  afterward  Minister  to  Turkey;  and 
later  United  States  Marshal  for  the  Northern  District  of  Georgia.  He 
was  twice  married;  first,  March  8,  1848,  to  Marie  Louise  Garland,  and, 
second,  September  8,  1897,  to  Helen  Dortch.  The  eventide  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  writing  his  splendid  work:  'From  Manassas  to  Appomattox' 
(Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company).  He  died  in  Gainesville,  Ga., 
January  2,  1904,  while  holding  the  office  of  postmaster.  General  Long- 
street  bore  the  soubriquet  of  "Lee's  Old  War  Horse." 

LOONEY,  LOUISA  PRESTON.  Author.  She  was  born  in 
Memphis,  Tenn.,  a  daughter  of  Robert  F.  and  Louisa  M.  Looney. 
Her  education  was  obtained  in  the  schools  of  Memphis  and  was  supple- 
mented by  extensive  travel.  Besides  numerous  magazine  articles, 
she  has  written  'Tennessee  Sketches'  (Chicago,  A.  C.  McClurg), 
a  series  of  delightful  pen  pictures  of  life  in  Tennessee.  She  was  for 
three  years  president  of  the  Woman's  Club  of  Memphis. 

LORD,  ALICE,  Mrs.  Writer.  [Md.].  She  published  a  work  en- 
titled 'The  Days  of  Lamb  and  Coleridge'  (1894). 

LORD,  WILLIAM  WILBERFORCE,  Protestant  Episcopal  cler- 
gyman, was  born  in  the  State  of  New  York  in  1819,  but  was  for  many 
years  rector  of  a  church  at  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  and  served  in  the  Confed- 
erate Army  as  chaplain.  He  published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Poems' 
(184S),  which  was  praised  by  Wordsworth  and  criticized  by  Poe.  He 
also  wrote  'Christ  in  Hades'  (18S1),  and  'Andre,  a  Tragedy'  (1856). 

LORIMER,  GEORGE  CLAUD,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  in  1838,  and  died  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  1904,  but 
most  of  his  earlier  life  was  spent  in  the  South.  He  was  educated  at 
Georgetown  College,  in  Kentucky,  and  occupied  several  important  pas- 
torates in  the  Blue  Grass  State,  before  being  called  to  the  North.  He 
filled  the  leading  Baptist  pulpits  of  Chicago,  Boston,  and  New  York.  Be- 
sides editing  'The  People's  Bible  History  Prepared  in  the  Light  of  Recent 
Investigations,'  he  published  'Under  the  Evergreens,'  'The  Great  Conflict,' 
'Studies  in  Social  Life,'  'The  Argument  for  Christianity,'  and  'Messages  of 
To-day  for  the  Men  of  To-morrow.'  Georgetown  College  gave  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D. 

LORIMER,  GEORGE  HORACE,  editor  and  author,  was  born 
in  Louisville,  Ky.,  October  6,  1868.  His  father  was  the  Rev.  George  C. 
Lorimer,  D.D.,  the  distinguished  Baptist  divine,  and  his  mother,  Belle 
Burford.  He  enjoyed  the  finest  educational  advantages,  completing  his 
studies  at  Yale.  In  1893  he  married  Alma  Viola,  daughter  of  Judge 
Alfred  Ennis,  of  Chicago.  For  several  years  he  has  been  the  successful 
and  popular  editor-in-chief  of  the  Saturday  Evening  Post.  His  published 
works  include :  'Letters  from  a  Self-made  Merchant  to  His  Son'  (Boston, 
Small,  Maynard  and  Company),  'Old  Gorgon  Graham'  (New  York, 
Doubleday,  Page  and  Company),  'Jack  Spurlock— Prodigal'  (ibid.),  and 
'The  False  Gods'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company).  His  residence 
is  at  Wyncote,  Pa. 

LOUGHBOROUGH,  MARY  WEBSTER,  Mrs.  Writer.  [Ark.]. 
She  was  born  in  1836  and  died  in  1887.  She  wrote  an  interesting  personal 
narrative  of  war  time  adventure  entitled  'My  Cave  Life  in  Vicksburg* 
(1864),  and  numerous  stories,  among  them,  one  entitled  "For  Better,  for 
Worse." 

LOVEJOY,  WILLIAM  P.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman. 
[Ga.].     He  wrote  'The  Mission  of  the  Church'  (1900). 


266  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

LOVEMAN,  ROBERT.  He  was  born  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  April 
11,  1864,  the  son  of  David  R.  and  Esther  Black  Loveman.  His  academic 
education  was  obtained  at  Dalton,  Ga.,  and  his  collegiate  education 
at  the  University  of  Alabama.  Extensive  travel  abroad  has  given 
him  a  wide  acquaintance  with  men.  His  poems,  which  are  mostly- 
cast  in  diminutive  molds,  are  gems  of  verse,  familiar  to  the  readers 
of  the  best  magazines.  His  tuneful  wares  have  been  gathered 
into  book  form  from  time  to  time  under  the  following  titles:  'Poems' 
(three  separate  volumes,  1889,  1889,  1^897),  'A  Book  of  Verses'  (Phila- 
delphia, J.  B.  Lippincott  Company),  'The  Gates  of  Silence,  With  In- 
terludes of  Song'  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons),  'Songs  From  a 
Georgia  Garden,'  and  'Echoes  From  the  Gates  of  Silence'  (Philadel- 
phia, J.  B.  Lippincott  Company).     He  resides  in  Dalton,  Ga. 

LOVETT,  HOWARD  MERIWEATHER,  Mrs.  Author.  [Ga.]. 
She  wrote  a  number  of  delightful  stories  for  children,  some  of  which 
are  soon  to  be  published  in  a  volume,  entitled  'Grandmother  Stories  from 
the  Land  of  Used-to-Be.'     She  resides  at  Girard,  Ga. 

LOWE,  JOHN,  poet,  was  born  near  New  Galloway,  Scotland, 
in  1750,  and  died  in  Culpeper  County,  Va.,  in  1798.  For  many  years  he 
was  a  tutor  in  the  family  of  George  Washington  and  subsequently  opened 
a  boarding-school  at  Fredericksburg,  Va.  He  possessed  no  little  talent 
for  verse  m.aking.  His  poetical  compositions  were  published  in  Cromek's 
'Remains  of  Nithesdale  and  Galloway,'  with  a  memoir  by  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Gillespie.  Some  few  fragments  may  also  be  found  in  James  Grant  Wil- 
son's 'Poets  and  Poetry  of  Scotland'   (New  York,  1876). 

LOWNDES,  RAWLINS,  statesman,  was  born  in  the  British  West 
Indies  in  1722  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  in  1800.  While  an  associate 
judge,  under  appointment  from  the  Crown,  he  delivered  the  majority 
opinion  of  the  Bench  in  oposition  to  the  chief  justice,  favoring  the  legality 
of  public  proceedings  without  the  employment  of  stamped  paper.  During 
the  Revolution  he  was  president  of  the  province  and  on  the  fall  of 
Charleston  into  the  hands  of  the  British,  was  taken  prisoner.  He  opposed 
the  adoption  of  the  P'ederal  Constitution  because  it  centralized  too  much 
power  in  the  Federal  Government;  and,  in  one  of  his  impassioned  out- 
bursts he  declared :  "I  wish  for  no  other  epitaph  than  this :  'Here  lies 
one  who  opposed  the  Federal  Constitution,  holding  it  to  be  fatal  to  the 
liberties  of  his  country.' "  He  published  nothing  except  an  occasional 
speech  or  letter  addressed  to  the  public. 

LOWNDES,  WILLIAM  JONES,  statesman,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C. February  7,  1782,  and  died  at  sea,  November  22.  1822.  On  com- 
pleting his  education,  he  spent  some  time  in  European  travel,  partly  for 
mental  culture  and  partly  to  improve  his  health,  which  was  none  too 
robust.  He  was  a  man  of  extraordinary  endowment,  and  nothing  save 
his  early  death  prevented  him  from  plucking  the  very  highest  laurels  of 
jtatcsmanship.  From  1811  to  1822  he  served  in  Congress  with  the  most 
brilliant  distinction.  Withdrawing  from  public  life,  he  embarked  for 
England,  hoping  that  a  change  of  scene  might  restore  him  to  his  wonted 
vigor,  but  he  died  on  the  voyage  across  the  Atlantic.  Henry  Clay  declared 
him  to  be  the  wisest  man  in  his  circle  of  acquaintances.  Except  in  the 
'Debates  of  Congress'  few  of  the  speeches  of  Mr.  Lowndes  have  been 
preserved. 

LOWRY,  ROBERT,  governor,  was  born  in  South  Carolina  in 
1830.  He  located  in  Mississippi  for  the  practice  of  law,  attained  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general  in  the  Confederate  Army,  was  twice  wounded, 
and  filled  the  office  of  governor  of  the  State  for  two  terms.  With  William 
H.  McCardle,  he  wrote  a  'History  of  Mississippi,  from  the  Discovery  of 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       267 

the  Great  River  to  the  Death  of  Jefferson  Davis'  (Jackson,  R.  H.  Henry 
and  Company,  1891).  For  school  purposes  an  abridgment  of  this  work 
was  also  published. 

LUCAS,  DANIEL  BEDINGER.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  VII,  page  3267. 

LUCAS,  VIRGINIA.  Poet.  [W.Va.].  She  was  a  sister  of  Daniel 
Bedinger  Lewis.  She  wrote  some  very  charming  verse  and  published 
'The  Maid  of  Northumberland,'  a  drama  of  the  Civil  War,  and  'Ballads 
and  Madrigals,'  both  of  which  are  included  in  her  brother's  work,  'A 
Wreath  of  Eglantine.' 

LUCEY,  THOMAS  ELMORE.  Poet.  Also  an  interpreter  of  char- 
acter, styled  by  his  admirers  "the  poet-entertainer  of  the  Ozarks." 
He  was  born  near  Monroe,  N.C.,  January  IS,  1874,  and  was  educated 
in  country  newspaper  offices.  Afterward  he  took  a  special  course  of 
study  at  the  Perry  School  of  Oratory  and  Dramatic  Art,  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.  He  is  widely  known  by  reason  of  his  work  on  Chautauqua  plat- 
forms and  in  lyceum  lecture  courses.  He  has  written  some  very 
popular  verse.  His  writings  include :  'Etchings  by  an  Optimist,'  'Through 
Prairie  Meadows,'  a  volume  of  poems,  and  'At  the  Altar  of  Atonement,' 
a  drama.     He  resides  in  Hartford,  Ark. 

LUDLOW,  NOAH  MILLER,  actor  and  author,  was  born  in  New 
York,  July  4,  1/95,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  January  9,  1886.  For  years 
he  resided  in  the  South,  was  one  of  the  successful  old-time  comedians  of 
ante-bellum  days,  and  published  'Dramatic  Life,'  with  anecdotes  and 
sketches  of  the  actors  who  have  appeared  on  the  stage  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley  (St.  Louis,  G.  I.  Jones,  1880). 

LUMPKIN,  JOSEPH  HENRY,  jurist,  was  born  in  Oglethorpe 
County,  Ga.,  December  23,  1799,  and  died  in  Athens,  Ga.,  June  4,  1867. 
On  completing  his  studies  at  Princeton,  he  read  law,  became  an  eminent 
advocate  and  won  numerous  legal  victories.  But  impaired  health  made  it 
necessary  for  him  to  relinquish  the  active  practice  for  some  time  and  he 
made  an  extended  tour  of  Europe.  On  returning  home,  he  was  chosen  one 
of  the  first  triumvirate  of  judges  to  occupy  the  Bench  of  the  newly- 
organized  Supreme  Court;  and  from  1845  to  1867  he  wore  the  ermine  of 
this  august  tribunal,  for  the  greater  part  of  this  time  holding  the  rank  of 
chief  justice.  He  was  an  orator  of  the  very  rarest  gifts,  and,  under  the 
old  system  of  procedure,  he  rendered  his  decisions  in  open  court  with  the 
most  dramatic  effect.  The  first  thirty-six  volumes  of  the  'Georgia  Reports' 
contain  the  judicial  productions  of  Judge  Lumpkin. 

LUMPKIN,  WILSON,  statesman,  was  born  in  Pittsylvania 
County,  Va.,  January  14,  1783,  and  died  in  Athens,  Ga.,  December  28,  1870. 
He  studied  law,  became  an  eminent  practitioner,  served  in  Congress  from 
1815  to  1817  and  from  1829  to  1831,  was  governor  of  Georgia  and  filled 
in  the  United  States  Senate  the  unexpired  term  of  John  P.  King.  He 
left  an  autobiography,  in  two  large  volumes  of  manuscript,  containing 
many  important  sidelights  upon  American  politics. 

LUPTON,  NATHANIEL  THOMAS,  educator  and  chemist,  was 
born  in  Frederick  County,  Va.,  December  13,  1830.  For  three  years  he 
was  president  of  the  University  of  Alabama,  afterward  professor  of 
chemistry  in  Vanderbilt  University  and  dean  of  the  School  of  Pharmacy: 
and  still  later  State  chemist  of  Alabama  and  professor  of  chemistry  in 
the  Agricultural  College  of  Alabama.  Besides  minor  contributions  to 
technical  literature,  he  published  'The  Elementary  Principles  of  Scientific 
Agriculture'  (New  York,  1880).  The  University  of  North  Carolina  gave 
him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 


268  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

LUSSAN,  A.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  an  excellent  tragedy  in 
French  entitled  'Les  Martyrs  de  la  Louisiane'  (1839). 

LUTHER,  JOHN  HILL,  Baptist  clergyman,  was  born  in  Rhode 
Island  but  labored  for  many  years  in  Texas.  Besides  a  volume  of  'Ser- 
mons,' he  published  'My  Verses.' 

LYDE,  AUGUSTUS  FOSTER.  Poet.  [N.C.].  The  author  of 
a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Buds  of  Spring.'  He  died  in  1834,  at  the  age 
of  twenty-one.  Some  of  his  work  is  quoted  in  'Wood-notes,'  Vol.  I, 
page  202. 

LYLE,  EUGENE  P.,  Jr.,  author,  was  born  in  Dallas,  Texas,  De- 
cember 31,  1873.  His  father  was  Eugene  P.  Lyle,  Sr.,  and  his  mother, 
Mary  E.  Angers.  On  completing  his  studies,  he  engaged  in  newspaper 
work  but  was  drawn  by  popular  appreciation  into  making  frequent  con- 
tributions to  the  magazines.  He  married  Ethel  Magill,  of  Kansas  City, 
Mo.  Two  volumes  have  come  from  his  pen,  viz. :  'The  Lone  Star'  (New 
York,  Doubleday,  Page  and  Company)  and  'The  Missourian'  (ibid.).  His 
residence  is  at  Evergreen  Farm,  City  Point,  Prince  Edward  County,  Va. 

LYNCH,  JAMES  DANIEL,  lawyer,  author,  poet,  was  born  in 
Mecklenburg  County,  Va.,  January  6,  1836,  received  his  education  at  the 
University  of  North  Carolina,  raised  a  company  of  cavalry  under  General 
Polk,  and  sustained  severe  wounds  in  a  fight  at  Lafayette,  Ga.  He  prac- 
ticed law  for  some  time  at  West  Point,  Miss.,  but  abandoned  the  legal  pro- 
fession for  literary  pursuits.  He  published  'The  Bench  and  Bar  of  Missis- 
sippi,' 'The  Bench  and  Bar  of  Texas,'  and  'The  Industrial  History  of 
Texas,'  besides  numerous  minor  works.  He  also  wrote  poems  of  unusual 
merit,  the  best  known  being  "The  Qock  of  Destiny,"  "The  Star  of  Texas," 
"The  Siege  of  the  Alamo"  and  "Columbia  Saluting  the  Nations,"  the 
last-named  production  being  an  ode  which  was  adopted  as  the  national 
salutation  of  the  Columbian  Exposition.  Few  men  have  possessed  more 
varied  gifts. 

LYNCH,  PATRICK  NIESEN,  Roman  Catholic  bishop,  was  born 
in  Clones,  Ireland,  March  10,  1817,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  February 
26,  1882.  On  account  of  the  reverses  of  war,  it  was  incumbent  upon 
him  during  the  last  years  of  his  life  to  raise  the  sum  of  one  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  dollars  for  the  purpose  of  restoring  the  church  property 
of  his  diocese,  but  he  succeeded  in  accomplishing  the  task,  stupendous 
though  it  was  at  that  time  of  destitution.  He  wrote  numerous  articles 
for  the  reviews  and  edited  Deharbe's  'Series  of  Catechisms.'  His  papers 
on  "The  Vatican  Council"  and  "The  Blood  of  St.  James"  were  afterward 
published  in  book  form. 

LYNCH,  WILLIAM  FRANCIS,  naval  officer,  was  born  in  Nor- 
folk, Va.,  in  1801,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  October  17,  186S.  He  was 
educated  at  Annapolis,  entered  the  United  States  Navy,  planned  an  expedi- 
tion to  explore  the  source  of  the  Jordan,  and  the  bed  of  -the  Dead  Sea, 
and  conducted  the  enterprise  to  success.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War  he  resigned  his  commission  and  entered  the  Confederate  service, 
receiving  the  commission  of  flag  officer  in  command  of  the  defences  of 
North  Carolina.  He  published  a  'Narrative  of  the  United  States  Expedi- 
tion to  the  River  Jordan  and  the  Dead  Sea'  (Philadelphia,  1849),  and 
'Naval  Life;  or,  Observations  Afloat  and  Ashore'  (New  York,  1851). 

LYNDE,  FRANCIS.  Author.  He  was  born  in  Lewiston,  N.Y., 
November  12,  1856,  and  enjoyed  fair  educational  advantages,  supple- 
mented by  home  studies.     For  many  years  he  was   engaged  in  the 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       269 

Railway  Mail  Service,  but  in  1893  took  up  literary  work.  His  inti- 
mate knowledge  of  men  is  delightfully  portrayed  in  his  character 
sketches.  His  contributions  to  the  magazines  have  been  deservedly 
popular ;  and  among  his  stories  are :  'A  Case  in  Equity'  ( Philadelphia, 
J.  B.  Lippincott  Company),  'A  Question  of  Courage'  {ibid.),  'A  Ro- 
mance in  Transit'  (New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons),  'The  Helpers,' 
'A  Private  Chivalry'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company),  'The 
Master  of  Appleby'  (Indianapolis,  Bobbs-Merrill  Company),  'The 
Grafters'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers),  'A  Fool  for  Love' 
(ibid.),  'The  Quickening'  {ibid.),  'The  Empire  Builders'  (jfticf.),  'The 
King  of  Arcadia'  {ibid.),  and  others.  He  resides  at  Lookout  Moun- 
tain, near  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

LYNE,  MONCURE.  Author.  [Texas].  She  wrote  an  entertain- 
ing romance  of  the  Texas  Revolution  entitled  'The  Grito;  or.  From  the 
Alamo  to  San  Jacinto,'  in  which  the  pendulum  swings  between  love  and 
war  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  190S). 

LYNES,  JESSE  COLTON,  educator,  editor,  chemist,  was  born 
on  the  Cooper  river  near  Charleston,  S.C,  October  6,  1844.  His 
father  was  Samuel  Lynes  and  his  mother,  Sarah  Jeanne  Du  Bois. 
He  enjoyed  the  best  educational  advantages,  supplemented  by  foreign 
travel.  From  1889  to  1892  he  was  president  of  the  Georgia  Military 
and  Agricultural  College  at  Milledgeville,  Ga.,  and  from  1900  to  1906 
professor  of  chemistry  and  geology  at  the  South  Carolina  Military 
Academy,  at  Charleston,  S.C.  He  belongs  to  numerous  scientific 
bodies.  His  publications  include  a  'Laboratory  Manual  of  the  Physi- 
cal Sciences'  (1903)  and  a  'Laboratory  Manual  of  Chemical  Experi- 
ments' (1905),  besides  contributions  to  periodicals.  Colonel  Lynes 
resides  on  his  plantation  "Ormewood"  near  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  delivers 
occasional  lectures  before  agricultural  colleges  and  farmers'  insti- 
tutes. He  s'erved  with  gallantry  in  the  Confederate  Army  during  the 
Civil  War.     The  University  of  Paris  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

LYON,  ANNE  BOZEMAN.  Writer.  She  was  born  in  Mobile, 
Ala.,  February  25,  1860,  a  daughter  of  Thomas  T.  A.  and  Mary  Coffee 
Lyon.  She  was  educated  partly  in  Mobile  and  partly  in  New  Orleans. 
Her  earliest  writings  took  the  form  of  verse,  contributed  to  the 
Louisville  Courier- Journal  and  other  newspapers;  but  of  late  her  work 
has  been  chiefly  in  prose.  She  has  made  special  investigations  into 
the  colonial  records  of  Alabama  and  Louisiana,  and  her  researches 
have  borne  fruit  in  numerous  historical  papers.  She  has  also  con- 
tributed many  stories  and  sketches  to  the  periodicals,  her  dialect 
work  being  particularly  admired.  'Early  Missions  of  the  South'  and 
an  interesting  novel  entitled  'No  Saint'  are  also  from  her  pen.  She 
resides  in  Mobile,  Ala. 

McADOO,  MARY  FAITH  FLOYD.  Author.  She  was  born  at 
St.  Mary's,  Ga.  Her  maiden  name  was  Mary  Floyd.  She  married  Will- 
iam Gibbs  McAdoo,  professor  of  English  in  the  University  of  Tennessee, 
now  deceased.  Besides  contributing  the  chapters  on  "Journalism"  and 
"Literature"  in  Goodspeed's  'History  of  Tennessee,'  she  has  written 
several  novels,  among  them  'The  Nereid'  and  'Eagle  Bend.'  She  re- 
sides in  Knoxville,  Tenn. 

McADOO,  WILLIAM  GIBBS,  jurist,  was  born  near  Knoxville, 
Tenn.,  April  4,  1820,  received  his  education  at  the  University  of  East 
Tennessee,  served  in  the  Mexican  War,  was  'lor  some  time  solicitor- 
general  of  the  Knoxville  Circuit,  attained  the  rank  of  a  captain  in  the 
Confederate  Army;  and,  settling  in  Georeia  after  the  close  of  hostilities, 
became  an  occupant  of  the  Bench.     He  published  several  addresses  and,  in 


270  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

association  with  Professor  H.  C.  White,  wrote  'Elementary  Geology  of 
Tennessee.' 

McAFEE,  ROBERT  BRECKINRIDGE,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Mercer  County,  Ky.,  in  1784,  and  died  there  March  12,  1849.  He  served  in 
the  War  of  1812,  studied  law,  became  lieutenant-governor  of  the  State, 
declined  an  election  to  Congress,  and  resided  for  four  years  at  Bogota, 
Colombia  from  1833  to  1837,  in  the  office  of  the  United  States  Charge 
d' Affaires.  He  wrote  a  'History  of  the  War  of  1812'  (Lexington,  Ky., 
1816),  and  was  also  the  author  of  an  unpublished  journal  containing  much 
information  in  regard  to  early  Kentucky  annals. 

McAllister,  JAMES  gray,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Covington,  Va.,  November  21,  1872.  Besides  numerous  mono- 
graphs, he  has  published  several  sermons,  among  them,  "Recognition  in 
Heaven"  (1902),  and  "The  Book  Preeminent."  For  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature'  he  wrote  the  sketch  of  Robert  Lewis  Dabney.  He 
married.  May  18,  1904,  Miss  Meta  E.  Russell.  Dr.  McAllister  was  presi- 
dent of  Hampden-Sidney  College  from  190S  to  1908.  Washington  and 
Jefferson  College  and  Central  University  have  both  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  JD.D.     He  resides  at  Hot  Springs,  Va. 

McAllister,  JOHN  MERIWE-THER,  genealogist  and  author, 
of  Georgia,  published,  in  collaboration  with  Lura  Boulton  Tandy,  a  work 
of  very  great  value  entitled  'Genealogies  of  the  Lewis  and  Kindred  Families' 
(Columbia,  Mo.,  E.  W.  Stephens  Company,  1906).  Mr.  McAllister 
devoted  the  mellow  years  of  his  life  to  this  important  work,  but  died 
before  it  came  from  the  press. 

McAllister,  MATTHEW  hall,  jurist,  was  bom  in  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  November  26,  1800,  and  died  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  December 
19,  1865.  He  was  educated  at  Princeton,  studied  law,  became  prominent 
at  the  Georgia  Bar  and  was  narrowly  defeated  for  governor.  In  1850  he 
settled  in  San  Francisco  and  five  years  later  was  elevated  to  the  Bench 
of  the  first  United  States  Circuit  Court  of  California.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  volume  of  legal  opinions  which  was  published  by  his  son,  and  also 
of  a  'Eulogy  on  Andrew  Jackson.' 

McANALLY,  DAVID  RICE,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Granger 
County,  Tenn.,  February  17,  1810,  studied  for  the  ministry,  and  became 
an  eminent  pioneer  landmark  of  Methodism.  For  several  years  he  was 
president  of  the  East  Tennessee  Female  Institute.  In  1851  he  became 
editor  of  The  Christian  Advocate,  and  superintendent  of  the  Methodist 
Book  Concern,  with  headquarters  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.  He  was  also  long 
associated  with  Horace  Mann  in  efforts  to  improve  the  common  school 
system.  Besides  numerous  tracts  and  sermons,  he  published :  'Life  of 
Martha  Laurens  Ramsey'  (St.  Louis,  1852),  'Life  and  Times  of  the  Rever- 
end William  Fatten'  (1856),  'Life  and  Times  of  the  Reverend  Dr.  Samuel 
Patton'  (1857),  'Life  and  Labors  of  Bishop  Marvine'  (1878),  and  'History 
of  Methodism  in  Missouri'  (1881). 

McANALLY,  DAVID  RICE,  Jr.,  author,  of  Missouri,  published 
in  1886  a  volume  entitled  'Irish  Wonders'  (Boston,  Houghton,  MifHin 
and  Company). 

McBRIDE,  JAMES,  physician,  was  born  in  Williamsburg  County, 
S.C,  in  1784,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  in  1817.  He  was  educated  at 
Yale  and  for  several  years  successfully  practiced  medicine  in  Charleston; 
but  he  was  also  an  ardent  student  of  botany  and  contributed  numerous 
papers  to  the  scientific  periodicals. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       271 

McBRYDE,  JOHN  McLAUREN,  Jr.,  educator,  was  born  near 
Charlottesville,  Va.,  March  18,  1870.  His  father  is  Dr.  J.  M.  McBryde, 
president  emeritus  of  the  Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute,  at  Blacksburg. 
Besides  'A  Study  of  Cowley's  Dardeis,'  he  has  contributed  numerous  arti- 
cles to  educational  and  philological  journals,  and  a  sketch  in  negro  dialect 
to  the  Atlantic  Monthly.  For  'The  Library  of  Southern  literature'  he 
wrote  the  sketch  of  Mary  Greenway  McClelland.  He  is  a  professor  in 
Sweet  Briar  College,  Sweet  Briar,  Va.,  and  holds  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

McCABE,  JAMES  DABNEY,  Jr.,  author,  was  born  in  Richmond, 
Va.,  m  1842,  of  an  old  line  of  Scotch-Irish  progenitors,  reaching  back 
to  the  time  of  the  Crusades.  Before  completing  his  education,  which  was 
obtamed  in  private  schools  and  at  the  Virginia  Military  Institute,  he 
enjoyed  a  reputation  for  successful  authorship,  publishing,  in  1860,  a  work 
entitled:  'Fanaticism  and  Its  Results,  by  a  Southerner.'  Then  followed 
his  "The  Aide-de-Camp,"  a  story  of  the  war,  which  appeared  serially  in 
The  Magnolia  Weekly,  a  periodical  of  Richmond;  and  several  plays;  but 
his  attention  was  turned  to  more  serious  work  by  the  loss  of  "Lee's  Right 
Arm,"  and  his  'Life  of  Lieutenant-general  T.  J.  Jackson,  by  an  Ex-Cadet,' 
appeared  next.  He  also  wrote  'A  Memoir  of  General  Albert  Sidney 
Johnston,'  'The  Life  and  Campaigns  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee,'  'The  Gray 
Jackets,'  a  compilation  of  war-time  humor,  'Paris  by  Gaslight  and  Sun- 
light,' 'Young  Folks  Abroad,'  'Pathways  of  the  Holy  Land,'  'Centennial 
History  of  the  United  States,'  'The  Life  of  Garfield,'  and  a  number  of 
poems,  besides  translating  two  stories  from  the  French.     He  died  in  1883. 

McCABE,  JAMES  DABNEY,  St.,  clergyman  and  editor,  was  born 
in  Richmond,  Va.,  April  15,  1808,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  August  1, 
1875.  He  was  first  a  Methodist,  but  afterward  entered  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  priesthood  and  became  an  eminent  divine,  serving  important 
parishes  and  twice  declining  the  bishopric.  He  edited  The  Olive  Branch 
and  The  Odd  Fellow's  Magazine,  and  published  a  'Masonic  Text-book.' 

McCABE,  JOHN  COLLINS,  clergyman  and  poet,  was  born  in 
Richmond,  Va.,  November  12,  1810,  and  died  in  Chambersburg,  Pa.,  Feb- 
ruary 26,  1875.  At  an  early  age  he  left  school  to  enter  commercial  life, 
but  an  unusual  aptitude  for  composition  induced  him  to  devote  his  odd 
moments  to  authorship  and  he  contributed  a  poem  to  the  first  number  of 
the  Southern  Literary  Messenger.  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  its  editor,  became 
deeply  interested  in  him,  and  this  circumstance  led  to  future  contribu- 
tions. He  also  wrote  for  other  periodicals.  Some  of  his  essays  and 
sketches  attracted  wide  attention.  He  later  entered  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal ministry  and  served  numerous  important  parishes.  For  three  years 
during  the  Civil  War  he  was  chaplain  of  Libby  Prison  in  Richmond. 
The  materials  of  several  years  of  diligent  research  into  the  historical 
antecedents  of  Virginia  were  given  by  him  to  Bishop  Meade  for  his 
well-known  work.  Some  of  his  earlier  poems  were  published  under  the 
modest  title  of  'Scraps'  (Richmond,  1835).  William  and  Mary  College 
gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

McCABE,  W.  GORDON.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  VIII,  page  34S9. 

McCAINE,  ALEXANDER,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Ireland 
about  1775  and  died  in  Montgomery,  Ala.,  June  1,  1856.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  eloquent  of  Methodist  divines.  After  the  adverse  decision 
of  the  general  conference  of  1824,  with  reference  to  lay  representation  in 
the  councils  of  the  church,  he  published  a  treatise  in  support  of  his  views 
entitled  'History  and  Mystery  of  Methodist  Episcopacy'  (Baltimore,  1829), 
whidi  called  forth  Bishop  Emory's  'Defence  of  Our  Fathers.' 


272  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

McCALL,  HUGH,  historian  and  soldier,  was  born  in  South  Caro- 
lina, in  1767.  On  account  of  his  fondness  for  military  life,  he  became  an 
ensign  in  the  United  States  Army  and  remained  in  the  service  until  he 
attained  the  rank  of  major.  During  his  last  years  he  was  military  store- 
keeper, first  at  Savannah  and  afterward  at  Charleston.  He  published  in 
two  volumes  a  'History  of  Georgia'  (Savannah,  Seymour  and  Williams, 
1811,  Vol.  I;  William  T.  Williams,  1816,  Vol.  II).  A.  B.  Caldwell  of 
Atlanta  has  lately  reissued  the  work  (1909).  Major  McCall  died  at 
Savannah,  Ga.,  July  9,  1824. 

"McCALL,  SIDNEY."    See  Mary  McNeill  Fenollosa. 

McCALLA,  WILLIAM  LATTA,  clergyman,  was  born  near  Lex- 
ington, Ky.,  November  2S,  1788,  and  died  in  Louisiana,  October  12,  1859. 
Entering  the  ministry  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  he  filled  important 
charges,  first  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  and  afterward  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.  On 
account  of  ill  health  he  then  went  to  Texas.  Still  later  he  was  called  to 
Missouri,  and  finally  he  settled  in  Alabama.  He  engaged  for  a  tirne  in 
missionary  work  among  the  boatmen  at  St.  Louis.  As  a  controversialist, 
he  possessed  superior  gifts,  and  held  numerous  debates  with  representative 
men  of  varying  views.  Besides  sermons  and  essays,  he  published  'The 
Doctorate  of  Divinity,'  'Adventures  in  Texas,  Chiefly  in  1840,'  and  a 
collection  of  psalms  and  hymns  in  French. 

McCALEB,  THEODORE  HOWARD.  Jurist  and  educator.  He 
was  born  in  Pendleton  District,  S.  C,  February  10,  1810.  By  appoint- 
ment of  President  Polk  he  was  United  States  District  Judge  of  Louisiana 
for  several  years.  He  was  also  professor  of  international  law  in  the 
Louisiana  State  University  for  seventeen  years,  and  became  president 
of  the  institution.  His  oration  on  Henry  Clay,  delivered  in  1852, 
was  a  model  of  eloquent  diction  (see  'The  Louisiana  Book,'  1894). 
He  wrote  numerous  monographs  on  legal  and  educational  subjects. 
His  death  occurred  at  Hermitage  Plantation,  Miss.,  April  29,  1864. 

McCALEB,  THOMAS.  Author  and  compiler.  He  wrote  'Anthony 
Melgrave'  (New  York,  1892)  and  compiled  'The  Louisiana  Book'  (New 
Orleans,  R.  F.  Straughan,  1894). 

McCANTS,  ELLIOTT  CRAYTON.  Author.  [S.C.].  Besides  a 
romance  of  the  Civil  War  entitled  'One  of  the  Gray  Jackets,'  he  has 
published  a  story  of  the  post-bellum  period  entitled  'In  the  Red  Hills'  (New 
York,  Doubleday,  Page  and  Company,  1904),  in  which  he  furnishes  an 
excellent  portrayal  of  South  Carolina  types ;  also  a  volume  of  short  stories. 
He  resides  in  Anderson,  S.C. 

McCARDELL,  ROY  LARCOM,  journalist  and  author,  was  born 
at  Hagerstown,  Md.,  June  30,  1870.  For  some  time  he  was  a  reporter  on 
the  Birmingham  Age-Herald.  Afterward  he  settled  in  New  York,  became 
identified  with  several  of  the  metropolitan  papers,  made  a  reputation  for 
humorous  and  satirical  writings,  and  contributed  both  prose  and  verse  to 
periodicals.  He  is  also  the  author  of  several  volumes,  including  'The 
Wage  Slaves  of  New  York'  (New  York,  G.  W.  Dillingham  and  Company, 
1898),  'Old  Love  and  Lavendei-'  (New  York,  Godfrey  A.  S.  Wieners, 
1900),  'Rise  and  Shine  Stories'  (1903),  'Conversations  of  a  Chorus  Girl' 
(New  York,  Street  and  Smith,  1903),  'Mr.  and  Mrs.  Nagg'  (1906),  'The 
Jarr  Family'  (1907),  and  others.  He  has  also  composed  several  musical 
comedies.     He  resides  in  New  York  City. 

McCarthy,  CARLTON.  Publisher.  He  was  born  in  Richmond, 
Va.,  in  1847.  His  education  was  interrupted  by  the  outbreak  of  the 
war,   and,   enlisting   in   the    famous    Richmond    Howitzers,   he   served 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF   AUTHORS       273 

the  Confederate  cause  until  the  surrender  at  Appomattox.  Subse- 
quent to  the  war,  he  farmed  for  several  years,  and  later  became  a 
publisher  in  Richmond.  He  was  mayor  for  some  time,  holding  the 
office  from  1904  to  1908.  Though  a  man  of  business,  he  has  found  time 
to  garner  in  literary  fields.  His  writings  include:  'Walks  About  Rich- 
mond' (out  of  print),  'Soldier  Life  in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia' 
(Richmond,  B.  F.  Johnson),  and  'Our  Distinguished  Fellow-Citizen' 
(out  of  print).     He  resides  in  Richmond,  Va. 

McCarthy,  harry.  An  actor,  who  composed  the  famous  war 
ballad  entitled  "The  Bonnie  Blue  Flag."  It  was  sung  by  his  sister 
in  one  of  the  variety  theaters  of  New  Orleans.  What  became  of  the 
author  of  this  familiar  song  no  one  seems  to  know. 

McCAULEY.  CHARLES  ADAM  HOKE,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Middletown,  Md.,  July  13,  1847,  was  educated  at  West  Point,  and  entered 
the  United  States  Army;  but,  becoming  interested  in  natural  science,  he 
accompanied  the  Red  River  exploring  expedition  in  the  capacity  of  orni- 
thologist. Captain  McCauley  invented,  in  1871,  the  military  method  of 
signaling  by  means  of  mirrors.  At  the  present  time  he  is  assistant 
quartermaster-general,  with  headquarters  in  Washington,  D.C.  He  has 
published  'Ornithology  of  the  Red  River  Region  of  Texas,'  'The  San  Juan 
Reconnoissance  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,'  and  various  official  reports. 

McCAULEY,  FRANCES  CALDWELL,  Mrs.  ("Frances  Little"). 

Author.  [Ky.].  This  talented  woman  has  recently  caught  the  attention 
of  the  public  with  her  charming  story  entitled  'The  Lady  of  the  Decora- 
tion' (New  York,  The  Century  Company,  1908). 

McCLELLAND,  H.  B.  Author.  [Va.].  He  published  'The  Life 
of  General  J.  E.  B.  Stuart'  (1885). 

McCLELLAND,  MARY  GREENWAY.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  VIII,  page  3477. 

McCLUNG,  JOHN  ALEXANDER,  clergyman  and  lawyer,  was 
born  in  Washington,  Ky.,  September  25,  1804,  and  perished  in  the  Niagara 
River,  August  7,  1859.  He  was  a  nephew  of  Chief  Justice  John  Marshall. 
For  a  while  he  relinquished  the  Presbyterian  ministry  to  practice  law, 
but  he  was  licensed  for  the  second  time  in  1851  and  served  churches  at 
various  points.  He  was  a  man  of  exceptional  gifts.  Besides  frequent 
contributions  to  the  press,  he  wrote  'Sketches  of  Western  Adventure' 
(Philadelphia,  1832).  Some  time  after  his  tragic  death,  his  biography 
appeared  from  the  pen  of  Henry  Waller  (Covington,  Ky.,  1873). 

McCLURG,  JAMES,  physician  and  man  of  letters,  was  born  at 
Hampton,  Va.,  and  graduated  from  William  and  Mary  College  in  the 
class  with  Thomas  Jeflferson.  He  studied  medicine  in  Edinburgh 
and  Paris,  and  became  an  eminent  practitioner.  His  literary  gifts 
were  of  high  order,  but  he  wrote  only  for  the  entertainment  of  his 
friends.  One  of  his  compositions,  an  "Essay  on  Human  Bile,"  which 
was  written  abroad,  is  said  to  have  been  translated  into  several  Eu- 
ropean languages.  In  joint  authorship  with  Judge  St.  George  Tucker 
he  wrote  "The  Belles  of  Williamsburg,"  a  poem. 

McCONNELL,  ANDREW.  Editor.  He  was  born  in  Blount 
County,  Ala.,  in  1873,  received  a  collegiate  education,  and  married, 
m  1898,  Marion  Daniel.  He  inaugurated  the  Alkahest  Lyceum 
system,  a  cooperative  plan  for  furnishing  Southern  towns  with  lec- 
ture entertainments;  and  was  also  the  founder  of  the  McCon- 
nell  Library  Association,  which  supplies  free  lecture  courses  to  public 
libraries.     In  addition  to  lectures  on  "The  Philosophy  of  Life,"  "Open- 


274  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Ings  for  Great  Men,''  and  "The  Larger  Education,"  he  is  the  author 
of  a  volume  of  poems  entitled  'Echoes  From  the*  Heart'  He  resides 
in  Englewood,  near  Chicago,  111. 

McCONNELL,  JOHN  PRESTON,  educator,  was  born  at  Mack, 
Scott  County,  Va.,  February  22,  1866.  On  comoleting  his  studies,  he 
became  a  professor  in  Milligan  College,  Tenn.,  and,  in  1904,  accepted 
the  chair  of  history  and  economics  in  Emory  and  Henry  College,  Va. 
Besides  numerous  historical  and  educational  pamphlets,  he  has  pub- 
lished "Negroes  and  their  Treatment  in  Virginia  from  1865  to  1867" 
(1909),  "Virginia  in  the  New  Nation,  186S-1909,"  for  'The  South  in 
the  Building  of  the  Nation,'  and  the  sketch  of  William  Henry  Har- 
rison in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  The  University  of  Vir- 
ginia gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

McCONNELL,  JOSEPH  MOORE,  educator,  was  born  at  McCon- 
nellsville,  S.C,  November  29,  1875.  His  father  was  Captain  John  D. 
McConnell.  Besides  the  sketch  of  James  K.  Polk  in  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature,'  he  has  published  a  work  of  much  value  on 
'Southern  Oratory'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1909). 
He  married,  August  3,  1905,  Eliza  Howard  Riggs.  He  occupies  the  chair 
of  history  and  economics  in  Davidson  College  and  holds  the  degree 
of  Ph.  D. 

McCONNELL,  MARION  DANIEL.  Writer.  She  was  born  at 
Newnan,  Ga.,  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  F.  M.  Daniel,  and  was  educated 
at  the  Atlanta  Female  Institute.  She  married,  in  1898,  Andrew  M. 
McConnell.  She  was  for  some  time  editor  of  The  Alkahest.  Besides 
frequent  contributions  to  the  periodicals,  in  both  prose  and  verse,  she 
has  published  'The  Life  Beautiful'  and  'Sheaves  of  Song,'  the  latter  a 
volume  of  poems.     She  resides  in  Englewood,  near  Chicago,  111. 

McCORD,  DAVID  JAMES,  lawyer,  was  born  at  Fort  Motte,  S.C, 
in  1797,  and  died  in  Columbia,  S.  C,  May  12,  1855.  He  compiled  and 
edited  the  'Statutes  at  Large  of  South  Carolina,'  a  work  which  had 
been  begun  by  Dr.  Thomas  Cooper;  and,  besides  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  the  magazines  and  reviews,  he  published  'Reports  of  Cases 
Determined  in  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  South  Carolina,' 
four  volumes,  and  'Chancery  Cases  in  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  South 
Carolina,'  two  volumes.  Between  1828  and  1830  he  traveled  in  Eu- 
rope and  witnessed  the  revolution  in  Paris. 

McCORD,  LOUISA  S.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
VIII,  page  3505. 

McCORVEY,  THOMAS  CHALMERS,  educator,  was  born  in 
Monroe  County,  Ala.,  August .  18,  1852.  His  father  was  Murdock 
McCorvey  and  his  mother,  Lydia  Ronaldson.  Since  graduation  he 
has  been  a  member  of  the  faculty  of  the  University  of  Alabama,  his 
alma  mater.  In  1888  he  became  professor  of  history  and  economics, 
a  chair  which  he  still  retains.  Besides  contributing  articles  on  his- 
torical and  literary  subjects  to  various  masfazines  and  reviews,  he  has 
published  'The  Government  of  the  People  of  the  State  of  Alabama'  (Phila- 
delphia, Eldredge  and  Brother,  1895),  "Henry  Tutwiler  and  the  Influence 
of  the  University  of  Virginia  on  Education  in  Alabama,"  in  the  Methodist 
Review,  September-October,  1899;  "The  Mission  of  Francis  Scott  Key  to 
Alabama  in  1833,"  in  the  publications  of  the  Alabama  Historical  Society, 
Vol.  IV:  "The  Masses  and  Classes  in  Southern  Politics,"  in  "The  South  in 
the  Building  of  the  Nation.'  and  the  sketch  of  Samuel  Minturn  Peclf.  in 
'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married,  July  22  T^Jn  Netta 
Tutwiler.    "The  University  of  Alabama  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       275 

McCRADY,  EDWARD.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  VIII,  page  3S31. 

McCULLOH,  JAMES  HAINES,  antiquarian,  was  born  in  Mary- 
land about  1793.  He  received  his  medical  degree  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  but,  after  serving  as  garrison  surgeon  in  the  War  of  1812, 
he  devoted  himself  mainly  to  archaeological  studies.  In  1836  he  succeeded 
his  father  as  collector  of  the  port  of  Baltimore,  and  was  also  at  one  time 
president  of  the  National  Bank  of  Baltimore.  He  published  'Researches 
on  America,  being  an  Attem.pt  to  Settle  Some  Points  Relative  to  the  Aborig- 
ines of  America'  (Baltimore,  1816),  'Researches,  Philosophical  and  Anti- 
quarian, Concerning  the  Aboriginal  History  of  America,'  'Analytical  Inves- 
tigations Concerning  the  Credibility  of  the  Scriptures,'  'An  Important  Ex- 
position of  the  Evidences  and  Doctrines  of  the  Christian  Religion,  Ad- 
dressed to  the  Better  Classes  of  Society,'  and  other  works.  He  was  a 
thinker  of  original  force  and  a  writer  of  exceptional  vigor  of  style. 

McDAVID,  MITTIE  OWEN.  Author.  [Va.].  She  wrote  an  en- 
tertaining little  book  entitled  'Princess  Pocahontas'  (New  York  and  Wash- 
ington, The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907). 

McDonald,  F.  M.,  MIss.  Author.  [Va.].  She  wrote  a  atory 
entitled  'Who  Was  the  Patriot?' 

McDONNOLD,  B.  W.  He  was  the  author  of  an  interesting 
'History  of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church  (Nashville,  Board 
of  Publication  of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church,  1888).  He 
was  given  both  the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees. 

McDowell,  KATE  GOLDSBORO.  Poet.  [Ky.].  She  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Unfolding  Leaves  of  Tender 
Thought'  (1898). 

McDowell,  SILAS,  author,  was  born  in  York  District,  S.C, 
May  10,  1793,  and  died  in  Macon  County,  N.C,  July  14,  1879.  Left  an 
orphan  at  an  early  age,  his  life  was  one  of  hardships,  but  he  acquired  a 
trade  and  incidentally  a  knowledge  of  books.  But  he  was  chiefly  charac- 
terized by  his  ardent  love  of  nature  and  by  his  descriptive  touch  in  por- 
traying the  features  of  his  environment.  One  of  his  sketches,  "Above  the 
Clouds,"  was  extensively  copied  in  the  newspapers  and  was  followed  by 
others,  giving  pen  pictures  of  the  North  Carolina  mountains.  He  also 
wrote  articles  for  publication  on  various  topics  of  industrial  and  scientific 
interest. 

McDUFFIE,  GEORGE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  VIII,  page  3547. 

McEACHIN,  R.  B.,  writer,  was  born  in  Alabama,  but  afterward 
moved  to  Texas.  Besides  occasional  short  stories  and  sketches,  he  wrote 
'Youthful  Days,  and  Other  Poems.' 

McELLIGOTT,  JAMES  NAPOLEON,  educator,  was  born  in 
Richmond,  Va.,  October  3,  1812,  and  died  in  the  city  of  New  York,  October 
22,  1866.  Much  of  his  time  was  spent  in  teaching  and  in  compilmg  text- 
books. In  1849  he  opened  a  private  school  in  New  York  and  conducted 
it  successfully  until  his  death.  He  also  edited  for  some  time  The  Teach- 
ers' Advocate.  Besides  Greek  and  Hebrew  grammars,  he  published  a 
'Manual,  Analytical  and  Synthetical,  of  Orthography  and  Definition'  (New 
York,  184S),  'The  Young  Analyzer,'  'The  Humorous  Speaker,'  and  'The 
American  Debater.' '  He  also  wrote  hymns,  and  left  an  unfinished  Latin 
grammar  in  manuscript.  Harrodsburg  College  gave  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D. 


276  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

McELROY,  LUCY  CLEAVER.  Author.  [Ky.].  Her  father  was 
Dr.  W.  W.  Cleaver,  a  physician  of  Lebanon,  Ky.  She  began  her  literary 
career  by  contributing  racy  sketches  to  the  Louisville  Courier- Journal. 
Her  most  amlDitious  work  is  entitled  'Juletty:  a  Story  of  Old  Kentucky' 
(New  York,  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  and  Company,  1901). 

McFERRIN,  ANDERSON  PURDY,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Rutherford  County,  Tenn.,  February  25,  1818,  was  a  brother  of  Dr.  J.  B. 
McFerrin,  and  published  'Sermons  for  the  Times'  and  'Heavenly  Shadows 
and  Hymns.' 

McFERRIN,  JOHN  BERRY,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Rutherford 
County,  Tenn.,  June  IS,  1807,  and  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  May  10,  1887. 
For  many  years  he  was  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Missions  of  the  M.  E. 
Church,  South.  At  one  time  he  also  edited  The  Christian  Advocate;  and 
he  was  twice  appointed  agent  for  its  books.  He  was  a  man  of  wide 
influence  in  the  councils  of  his  denomination  and  was  a  delegate  to  the 
ecumenical  conference  in  London  in  1881.  Besides  frequent  contributions 
to  religious  and  secular  periodicals,  he  wrote  'The  History  of  Methodism 
in  Tennessee,'  an  authoritative  work  of  great  value,  in  three  volumes 
(Nashville,  M.E.  Publishing  House,  South).  Some  time  after  his  death, 
a  memorial  volume  of  Dr.  McFerrin  appeared  from  the  pen  of  Bishop 
O.  P.  Fitzgerald.    Randolph-Macon  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

McGARY,  ELIZABETH  VISERE.  Author.  [Texas].  She  wrote 
'An  American  Girl  in  Mexico'  (1904). 

McGARVEY,  JOHN  WILLIAM.  Educator  and  divine.  For 
nearly  forty  years  he 'was  president  of  the  College  of  the  Bible,  at 
Lexington,  Ky.,  and  for  an  equal  length  of  time  was  connected  with 
various  religious  newspapers.  He  was  born  in  Hopkinsville,  Ky., 
March  1,  1829,  and  married,  March  23,  1853,  Ottie  Hix,  of  Fayette, 
Mo.  His  writings,  which  are  almost  wholly  religious  include: 
'Commentaries  on  Acts,'  'Commentaries  on  Matthew  and  Mark,' 
'Lands  of  the  Bible,'  'Text  and  Canon  of  the  New  Testament,'  'Credi- 
bility, and  Inspiration  of  the  New  Testament,'  '  Sermons,'  '  Jesus  and 
Jonah'  and  the  '  Authorship  of  Deuteronomy.'  They  were  published 
by  the  Standard  Publishing  Company,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  He  holds  both 
the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D  degrees. 

McGEHEE,  MONTFORD.  Author.  [N.C.].  He  was  born  in 
1822  and  published  a  'Life  of  Governor  William  A.   Graham'    (1877). 

McGHEE,  ZACH,  journalist,  was  born  in  Cokesbury,  S.C,  in  1881. 
For  some  time  past  he  has  been  engaged  in  newspaper  work  in  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  as  correspondent  for  Southern  newspapers,  including  the 
Columbia  State  and  the  Charlotte  Observer.  He  is  the  author  of  a  volume 
entitled  'The  Dark  Corner'  (1908),  besides  minor  writings.  He  married, 
in  1907,  Helen  Irwin,  since  deceased. 

McGILL,  ANNA  BLANCHE,  journalist,  was  born  in  Louisville, 
Ky.,  in  1874.  Her  father  was  Benjamin  Harden  McGill  and  her  m.other, 
Bridget  Corcoran.  For  several  years  she  has  been  a  contributor  to  high- 
class  periodicals.  She  also  wrote  the  sketch  of  Abby  Carter  Goodloe  in 
'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  Miss  McGill  is  assistant  book 
reviewer  on  the  staff  of  the  Louisville  Courier-Journal. 

McGILL,  JOHN,  Roman  Catholic  bishop,  was  born  of  Irish 
parentage,  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  November  4,  1809,  and  died  in  Richmond, 
Va.,  January  14,  1872.  His  early  life  was  spent  in  Kentucky.  On  com- 
pleting his   studies  at  the  College  of  St.  Joseph,  he  practiced  law   for 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF   AUTHORS       277 

several  years,  after  which  he  entered  the  ministry,  and  in  18S0  was  conse- 
crated bishop  of  the  See  of  Richmond.  He  wrote  tWo  able  works  entitled 
'The  True  Church'  and  'Faith  the  Victory.'  He  also  translated  Audin's 
'Life  of  Calvin'  (Louisville,  1847). 

McGIRT,  JAMES  EPHRAIM,  negro  poet,  of  North  Carolina, 
wrote  'Avenging  the  Maine,  and  Other  Poems'  (Raleigh,  1900),  'Some 
Simple  Songs'  (Philadelphia),  'A  Mystery,  and  Other  Poems'  {ibid.),  and 
'For  Your  Sweet  Sake.'  (ibid.). 

McGLOIN,  FRANK.  Jurist  and  editor.  He  was  born  in  Ireland, 
February  22,  1846,  but  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  New  Orleans  in 
early  childhood.  His  education  was  obtained  in  the  public  schools  of 
New  Orleans  and  at  St.  Mary's  College  in  Missouri.  He  served  in 
the  Confederate  Army  toward  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  and  after 
the  cessation  of  hostilities  began  the  study  of  law  in  New  Orleans. 
In  1880  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  New  Or- 
leans, and  was  subsequently  reelected.  For  seven  years  he  edited 
The  Holy  Family,  a  Catholic  periodical  of  New  Orleans.  His  writ- 
ings in  both  prose  and  verse  are  characterized  by  the  emotional  touch 
which  is  peculiar  to  the  Irish  temperament.  They  include  "The  Con- 
quest of  Europe,"  a  poem  (1874),  and  'The  Story  of  Norodom,  King 
of  Cambodia:  a  Romance  of  the  East'  (1882). 

McGRADY,  THOMAS.  Clergyman,  author,  lecturer.  He  was 
born  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  June  6,  1863,  enjoyed  fine  educational  advant- 
ages, and,  after  preparing  for  the  ministry,  was  ordained  Roman 
Catholic  priest,  at  Galveston,  Texas,  in  1887.  He  held  numerous  im- 
portant pastorates.  His  social  and  economic  views  expressed  on  the 
lecture  platform  and  in  the  pulpit  exposed  him  to  severe  criticism 
and  his  case  was  presented  to  the  highest  ecclesiastical  authorities. 
The  result  was  that  he  was  requested  to  retract  some  of  his  more 
radical  statements.  But  he  refused  to  comply  with  this  order,  and 
rather  than  sacrifice  his  convictions  he  preferred  to  sever  his 
church  relations.  Consequently  he  withdrew  from  the  ministry  in  1902 
to  devote  his  time  to  law  and  lecture  work.  His  writings  em- 
brace: 'The  Mistakes  of  Ingersoll,'  'The  Two  Kingdoms,'  'Beyond  the 
Black  Ocean,'  'City  of  Angels,'  'A  Voice  From  England,'  and  'The 
Clerical  Capitalist.'    He  resides  in  Newport,  Ky. 

McGUFFY,  WILLIAM  HOLMES,  educator,  was  born  in  Wash- 
ington County,  Pa.,  September  23,  1800,  and  died  at  Charlottesville,  Va., 
May  4,  1873.  For  nearly  thirty  years  he  occupied  the  chair  of  moral 
philosophy  and  political  economy  in  the  University  of  Virginia.  He  pub- 
lished a  series  of  text-books  including  geographies  and  spellers,  which 
became  standards. 

McGUIRE,  HUNTER  HOLMES,  physician  and  surgeon,  was  born 
in  Winchester,  Va.,  October  11,  183S.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was 
medical  director  of  the  Army  of  the  Shenandoah,  and  when  hostilities 
closed  he  became  professor  of  surgery  in  the  Virginia  Medical  College  at 
Richmond.  Besides  numerous  medical  papers  and  contributions  to  scien- 
tific journals  on  medical  topics,  he  wrote  an  account  of  the  death  of 
Stonewall  Jackson,  reciting  in  detail  the  tragic  circumstances,  of  which 
he  was  an  eye-witness. 

McGUIRE,  JUDITH  WALKER  BROCKENBROUGH,  Mrs., 
author,  was  born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  in  1813,  and  was  the  wife  of  an 
Episcopal  clergyman.  Besides  an  interesting  biography  of  General  Lee, 
she  wrote  'The  Diary  of  a  Southern  Refugee,'  which  gives  an  exact  por- 
traiture of  war  times  in  the  South. 


278  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

McILWAYNE,  RICHARD,  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  educator, 
was  born  in  Petersburg,  Va.,  May  20,  1834.  For  more  than  twenty  years 
he  was  president  of  Hampden-Sidney  College  at  Farmville,  Va.  During 
the  Civil  War  he  was  a  Confederate  chaplain.  Dr.  Mcllwayne  was  a  land- 
mark of  Presbyterianism  and  his  work  entitled  'Memories  of  Three  Score 
Years  and  Ten'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Com- 
pany, 1908),  is  an  interesting  commentary  upon  his  times,  full  of  delightful 
episodes  and  incidents. 

McINTOSH,  ATWELL  CAMPBELL,  lawyer  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Fayetteville,  MC,  November  3,  1859.  On  completing  his  educa- 
tion he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar ;  and  while  still  engaged  in  the  general 
practice  of  his  profession,  is  also  professor  of  law  in  Trinity  College, 
Durham,  N.C.  He  is  the  author  of  an  important  legal  text-book  entitled 
'Selected  Cases  on  the  Law  of  Contracts'  (Raleigh,  N.C,  Edwards  and 
Broughton,  1908).  He  married,  January  13,  1887,  Carrie  Seagle  of  New- 
ton, N.C. 

McINTOSH,  MARIA  JANE,  author,  was  born  in  Sunbury,  Ga.,  in 
1803,  and  died  in  Morristown,  N.J.,  February  25,  1878.  Her  father  was 
the  gallant  Captain  James  McKay  Mcintosh,  of  the  United  States  Navy. 
She  enjoyed  the  best  educational  advantages  of  the  day  and  in  1835 
removed  to  New  York;  but,  having  lost  her  fortune,  she  began  to  devote 
her  unusual  talents  to  authorship.  Under  the  pen-name  of  "Aunt  Kitty," 
she  published  a  juvenile  entitled  'Blind  Alice,'  and  it  proved  to  be  so 
popular  that  it  was  immediately  followed  by  others  of  like  character,  and 
the  series  was  afterward  issued  in  one  volume  of  'Aunt  Kitty's  Tales.' 
At  the  suggestion  of  Macready,  the  famous  English  tragedian,  her  subse- 
quent volumes  were  reprinted  in  England.  They  include:  'Conquest  and 
Self  Conquest'  (1844),  'Praise  and  Principle'  (1845),  'Two  Lives,  to  Seem 
and  to  Be'  (1846),  'Charms  and  Counter  Charms'  (1848),  'Woman  in 
America:  Her  Work  and  Reward'  (1850),  'The  Lofty  and  the  Lowly' 
(1852),  'Evenings  at  Donaldson  Manor'  (1852),  'Emily  Herbert'  (1855), 
'Violet;  or,  the  Cross  and  Crown'  (1856),  'Meta  Gray'  (1858),  and  'Two 
Pictures'  (1863).  The  stories  of  Miss  Mcintosh  attracted  wide  attention 
on  both  sides  of  the  water. 

McKAY,  ANNIE  E.,  Mrs.  Author.  [Va.].  She  published  an 
interesting  novel  entitled  'A  Latter  Day  Saint' 

McKENNEY,  THOMAS  LORRAINE,  author,  was  born  in  Hope- 
well, Md.,  March  21,  1785,  and  died  in  the  city  of  New  York,  February  19, 
1859.  For  some  time  he  was  engaged  in  commercial  life,  but  in  1816  he 
was  appointed  superintendent  of  the  United  States  trade  with  the  Indian 
tribes  and  was  later  put  in  charge  of  the  bureau  of  Indian  affairs.  At 
one  time  he  was  a  special  commissioner  with  Lewis  Cass  to  negotiate  a 
treaty  with  the  Chippewa  Indians  at  Fond  du  Lac.  He  published  'Sketches 
of  a  Tour  to  the  Lakes'  (Baltimore,  1827)  and  in  association  with  James 
Hall  a  'History  of  the  Indian  Tribes,'  in  three  volumes,  illustrated  with 
120  colored  portraits,  a  work  which  commanded  an  enormous  price  in  the 
market  and  which  was  sold  chiefly  to  libraries.  He  also  wrote  'Essays 
on  the  Spirit  of  Jacksonianism,'  dealing  with  the  fight  against  the  bank  of 
the  United  States  (Philadelphia,  1835)  and  'Memoirs,  Official  and  Per- 
sonal, with  Sketches  of  Travel  among  the  Northern  and  Southern  Indians' 
(New  York,  1846). 

McKIM,  RANDOLPH  HARRISON,  clergyman  and  author,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  April  IS,  1842.  and  after  receiving  his  diploma 
from  the  Univer.sity  of  Virginia,  was  in  due  season  admitted  to  orders. 
He  served  in  the  Confederate  Army,  making  an  efficient  soldier.  Dr. 
McKim  has  held  numerous  important  charges  ranging  from  New  York 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       279 

to  New  Orleans,  and  in  1889  became  rector  of  Epiphany  Church  in  Wash- 
ington, p.C.  Later  he  was  also  made  dean  of  the  Theological  Seminary 
of  Virginia.  His  published  works  include:  'A  Vindication  of  Protestant 
Principles'  (New  York,  Thomas  Whittaker,  1879),  'The  Nature  of  the 
Christian  Ministry  (ibid.,  1880),  'Future  Punishment'  {ibid.,  1883),  'Bread 
in  the  Desert,  and  Other  Sermons'  {ibid.,  1887),  'Christ  and  Modern  Un- 
belief {ibid.,  1893),  'Leo  XIII  at  the  Bar  of  History'  (Washington,  1897), 
and  'Present  Day  Problems  of  Christian  Thought'  (New  York,  Thomas 
Whittaker,  1900).  Washington  and  Lee  University  gave  him  the  degree 
of  D.D. 

McKINLEY,  CARLYLE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch. 
Vol.  VIII,  page  3567. 

McKINNEY,  ANNIE  VALENTINE  BOOTH.  Author.  She  was 
born  in  Warren  County,  Miss.,  a  daughter  of  Colonel  S.  S.  and  Anne 
Valentine  Booth,  and  was  educated  at  Hillman  College,  Clinton,  Miss. 
She  married,  February  14,  1878,  Samuel  McKinney,  of  Vicksburg, 
Miss.  She  has  been  president  of  the  Tennessee  Woman's  Press  and 
Author's  Club  and  also  president  of  the  Knoxville  Chapter  of  the 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution.  Besides  numerous  stories 
contributed  to  the  leading  magazines,  she  is  the  author,  in  collabora- 
tion with  Grace  MacGowan  Cooke,  of  'Mistress  Joy,  a  Tale  of  Natchez 
in  1798'  (Cincinnati,  Robert  Clarke  Company).  The  sketch  of  Will  N. 
Harben  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  her  pen.  She 
resides  in  Knoxville,  Tenn. 

McKINNEY,  KATE  SLAUGHTER.  Story-writer  and  poet.  She 
was  born  in  London,  Ky.,  February  6,  1857,  a  daughter  of  James  Love 
Slaughter,  and  was  educated  at  Daughters'  College,  Harrodsburg,  Ky. 
She  married.  May  7,  1878,  James  I.  McKinney,  superintendent  of  the 
Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad.  Under  the  pen-name  of  "Katydid," 
she  wrote  numerous  poems  of  merit  which  were  published  in  book 
form  in  1887.  She  is  also  the  author  of  several  published  songs  and 
a  number  of  excellent  short  stories  contributed  to  the  periodicals. 
She  resides  in  Montgomery,  Ala. 

McKINSEY,  FOLGER,  poet  and  editor,  was  born  in  EUeton,  Md., 
August  29,  1866.  Under  the  pen-name  of  "the  Bentztown  Bard"  he  has 
written  some  of  the  most  exquisite  newspaper  verse  of  the  day.  He  is  on 
the  staff  of  the  Baltimore  Sun,  and  daily,  amid  the  grind  of  the  journalistic 
mill,  produces  a  song,  which  seldom  fails  to  catch  the  ear  of  the  public. 
He  has  published  'A  Rose  of  the  Old  Regime,  and  Other  Poems  of  Home 
Love  and  Childhood'  (Baltimore,  The  Doxey  Book  Shop  Company,  1908). 
He  married,  January  4,  1886,  Frances  H.  Dungan. 

McLaughlin,  J.  Fairfax,  author,  wrote  'The  American  Cy- 
clops, the  Hero  of  New  Orleans  and  the  Spoiler  of  Silver  Spoons,'  dubbed 
LL.D.  by  Pasquino  (Baltimore,  1868).  The  work  is  an  amusing  commen- 
tary upon  General  Butler. 

McLAWS,  (EMILY)  LAFAYETTE.  Author.  She  was  born  in 
Augusta,  Ga.,  April  28,  1874,  a  daughter  of  Major  Huguenin  and  Sarah 
Twiggs  McLaws,  and  a  niece  of  General  LaFayette  McLaws,  an  officer 
of  distinction  in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  She  was  educated  under 
private  tutors  and  at  select  schools  in  Boston  and  speaks  four  modern 
languages,  besides  English.  She  has  contributed  numerous  stories  to 
the  magazines  and  has  published:  'When  the  Land  Was  Young,'  'Jeze- 
bel,' 'Maid  of  Athens,'  and  'The  Welding:,'  all  of  which  are  charm- 
ingly written.    She  resides  in  New  York  City. 


280  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

McLEARY,  J.  H.,  author,  of  Texas,  wrote  a  "History  of  Green's 
Brigade,"  which  has  been  preserved  in  'Wooten's  Comprehensive 
History  of  Texas'   (Dallas,  W.   G.  Scarff,  1898). 

McLEOD,  GEORGIANA  A.  HULSE,  Mrs.,  educator,  of  Florida, 
published  'Sunbeams  and  Shadows'  and  'Ivy  Leaves  from  the  Old  Home- 
stead.' 

McLOUGHLIN,  J.  J.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  an  interesting 
volume  of  fiction  recently  published,  entitled  'A  Creole  Courtship,  and 
Other  Stories.' 

McMAHON,  JOHN  VAN  LEAR,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Maryland 
in  1800,  received  his  educational  equipment  at  Princeton,  studied  law  and 
achieved  eminence  at  the  Maryland  Bar.  On  account  of  his  oratorical 
gifts,  he  wielded  an  influence  of  wide  extent  on  the  political  hustings,  but 
he  never  sought  or  accepted  public  office,  being  more  than  content  with  his 
professional  emoluments.  He  published  'An  Historical  View  of  Mary- 
land,' a  work  of  very  great  value  dealing  with  the  early  colonial  days.  He 
died  in  Cumberland,  Md.,  June  IS,  1871.  St.  John's  College  gave  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D. 

McMillan,  Hamilton.  Writer.  [N.C.].  He  published  'Sir 
Walter  Raleigh's  Lost  Colony'  (1888). 

McNeill,  DUNCAN.  [N.C.].  He  published  'Brief  Selections  of 
Poems  and  Speeches'  (1853). 

McNeill,  JOHN  CHARLES.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  VIII,  page  3583. 

McNUTT,  HUGH  M.  Writer.  [Ala.].  Besides  a  number  of 
sketches,  he  wrote  'The  Old  Treasurer,'  a  drama  in  three  acts  (1893). 

McPHEETERS,  WILLIAM  MARCELLUS,  physician,  was  born 
in  Raleigh,  N.C,  December  3,  1815,  studied  medicine,  located  in  St.  Louis 
for  the  practice  of  his  profession,  and  achieved  distinction.  During  the 
Civil  War  he  was  chief  surgeon  on  the  staff  of  General  Churchill  for 
three  years,  and  also  medical  director  on  the  staff  of  General  Price.  At 
the  close  of  hostilities  he  resumed  the  practice  in  St.  Louis.  Besides 
editing  the  St.  Louis  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  for  nearly  twenty  years, 
he  published  a  'History  of  the  Cholera  Epidemic  in  St.  Louis  in  1849,' 
besides  numerous  papers. 

McPHERSON,  JOHN  HANSON  THOMAS.  Educator.  He 
was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  October  3,  1865,  son  of  John  H.  T. 
and  Sallie  Cooke  McPherson,  and  descendant  of  Robert  and  Janet 
McPherson,  who  came  from  the  Scotch  Highlands  in  1738.  He  was 
educated  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  and  married,  at  Geneva,  Switz- 
erland, June  23,  1892,  Georgia  Adama  Rathbone,  who  died  November  13, 
1893.  He  was  instructor  in  history  for  one  year  in  the  University 
of  Michigan,  and  became  professor  of  history  and  political  science  in 
the  University  of  Georgia  in  1891.  He  is  also  lecturer  on  Roman  law 
in  the  University  of  Georgia  Law  School,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
board  of  judges  of  the  National  Hall  of  Fame.  His  writings  include: 
'The  History  of  Liberia'  (Baltimore,  Johns  Hopkins  Press,  1891), 
'The  Civil  Government  of  Georgia'  (Philadelphia,  Eldredge  and  Brother, 
1898),  and  'The  History  apd  Government  of  Georgia'  (1908).  The  sketch 
of  General  Henry  R.  Jackson  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is 
from  his  pen.  Johns  Hopkins  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
He  resides  at  Athens,  Ga. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF   AUTHORS       281 

McQUEARY,  HOV/ARD.  Clergyman.  [Va.].  He  published 
'Topics  of  the  Times'  (1886)  and  'Evolution  and  Christianity'   (1889). 

McQueen,  ANNE.  Author.  [Fla.].  She  has  published  a  num- 
ber of  excellent  short  stories  in  dialect,  both  negro  and  cracker. 

McREE,  GRIFFITH  JOHN,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Wilmington, 
N.C.,  September  20,  1820,  received  his  education  at  Princeton,  and  became 
an  eminent  member  of  the  Bar.  He  married  Penelope,  daughter  of  Gov- 
ernor, James  Iredell,  and  published,  in  two  volumes,  the  biography  of  his 
father-in-law  (Philadelphia,  1857).  He  died  in  Wilmington,  N.C.,  April 
29,  1872. 

McSHERRY,  JAMES,  author,  was  born  in  Frederick  County,  Md., 
July  29,  1819,  received  his  academic  education  at  St.  Mary's  College, 
located  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  for  the  practice  of  law,  but  eventually  returned 
to  Maryland.  He  was  a  devout  Roman  Catholic  and  contributed  for  years 
to  the  United  States  Catholic  Magazine.  He  also  published  'The  History 
of  Maryland,  1634-1848,'  'Pere  Jean;  or,  the  Jesuit  Missionary,'  and  'WilH- 
toft ;  or,  the  Days  of  James  the  First.'  The  last  named  work  was  subse- 
quently translated  into  German.  He  died  in  Frederick  County,  Md.,  July 
13,  1869. 

McSHERRY,  RICHARD,  physician,  was  born  in  Martinsburg, 
W.Va.,  November  21,  1817,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  October  7,  1885, 
Entering  the  medical  corps  of  the  Army,  he  served  under  General  Zachary 
Taylor  in  the  Seminole  War,  but  resigned  to  become  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  Navy,  and  on  the  United  States  frigate  Constitution -made  a  tour  of 
the  globe.  _  Under  General  Scott,  in  the  Mexican  War,  he  was  surgeon 
to  a  battalion  of  marines.  For  several  years  he  was  a  professor  in  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of  Maryland  and  later  became  the 
first  president  of  the  Baltimore  Academy  of  Medicine.  He  wrote  'El 
Puchero;  or,  a  Mixed  Dish  from  Mexico'  (Philadelphia,  1850),  'Essays' 
(Baltimore,  1869),  and  'Health  and  How  to  Promote  It'  (New  York, 
1883). 

McTYEIRE,  HOLLAND  NIMMONS,  bishop  of  the  M.E. 
Church,  South,  was  born  in  Barnwell  District,  S.C,  in  1824,  and  was 
educated  at  Randolph-Macon  College,  entering  the  itinerant  ranks  of 
Methodism  and  advancing  rapidly  to  the  front  until,  in  1866,  at  the  Gen- 
eral Conference  of  the  M.E.  Church,  South,  in  New  Orleans,  he  was  made 
bishop.  For  more  than  twenty-five  years  he  wore  the  episcopal  honors. 
His  writings  include:  'The  Duties  of  Christian  Masters,'  a  work  written 
in  ante-bellum  days  for  the  benefit  of  slave-holders;  a  'Catechism  of 
Church  Government,'  a  'History  of  Methodist  Discipline,'  a  'History  of 
Methodism,'  'Rules  of  Order,'  and  'Passing  Through  the  Gates,'  a  volume 
of  sermons.  He  was  also  for  some  time  editor  of  The  Christian  Advo- 
cate and  was  trustee  of  the  gift  of  $1,000,000,  which  was  made  by  Commo- 
dore Vanderbilt  to  the  cause  of  education  in  the  South,  and  which  bore 
fruit  in  the  great  university  which  honors  the  name  of  the  generous 
founder. 

McVEA,  EMILY  W.,  educator,  was  born  in  Clinton,  La.,  February 
16,  1867.  She  began  her  life's  work  as  teacher  in  St.  Mary's  School  for 
Girls,  in  Raleigh,  N.C.,  later  for  two  years  she  was  instructor  of  Eng- 
lish in  the  University  of  Tennessee,  and  at  the  present  time  is  assistant 
professor  of  English  and  dean  of  women  in  the  University  of  Cincin- 
nati. She  is  the  author  of  articles  on  Madison,  Marshall,  Poe,  and 
Lanier  in  the  'Encyclopsedia  Americana,'  besides  numerous  monographs 
and  papers  on  educational  and  general  topics.  For  'The  Library  of  South- 
ern Literature'  she  wrote  the  sketch  of  Susan  Dabney  Smedes. 


282  SOUTHERN  LITERATURE 

MACGOWAN,  ALICE.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Perrysburg, 
Ohio,  December  10,  1858,  a  daughter  of  Colonel  John  E.  and  Malvina 
Johnson  MacGowan,  and  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Chat- 
tanooga, Tenn.,  also  under  the  direction  of  her  father  at  home.  Full 
of  the  spirit  of  adventure,  she  rode  alone  through  the  Black  Mountain 
region,  a  distance  of  one  thousand  miles,  from  Western  North  Caro- 
lina to  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  in  1900,  making  the  journey  in  eight 
weeks.  Included  among  her  stories,  which  are  all  pervaded  by  an 
atmosphere  of  outdoor  life,  are:  'The  Last  Word'  (Boston,  L.  C.  Page 
and  Company),  'Return'  {ibid.),  'Hulda'  (Indianapolis,  Bobbs-Merrill 
Company),  and  'The  Wiving  of  Lance  Cleaverage.'  Nearly  all  of 
her  books  have  been  written  in  collaboration  with  her  sister,  Grace 
MacGowan  Cooke.     She  resides  in  Nashville,  Tenn. 

MACHEN,  MINNIE  GRESHAM,  Mrs.,  author,  was  born  in 
Georgia,  a  daughter  of  Honorable  John  J.  Gresham,  a  lawyer  of  distinction. 
Since  her  marriage  she  has  resided  in  Baltimore,  Md.  Mrs.  Machen 
has  published  an  interesting  work  entitled  'The  Bible  in  Browning'  (1903). 

MACK,  FLORA  LATHAM,  Mrs.  Poet.  She  wrote  an  historical 
poem  called  "Old  Jamestown,"  which  revives  in  ballad  measure  the 
days  of  the  first  permanent  English  settlement  in  North  America. 

MACKAY,  FRANKLIN  H.  Poet.  [S.C.].  He  published  'Laus 
Infantium,  and  Other  Poems.' 

MACKEY,  ALBERT  GALLATIN,  physician  and  author,  was 
born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  March  12,  1807,  and  died  at  Fortress  Monroe, 
Va.,  June  20,  1881.  For  several  years  he  taught  and  practiced  medicine  in 
Charleston,  but  in  1844  he  relinquished  medicine  for  literature.  The  sub- 
ject of  Freemasonry  was  the  inspiration  of  most  of  his  labors  in  this 
line,  and  he  not  only  edited  papers  but  published  books  in  the  interest 
of  the  craft.  Almost  unaided  he  acquired  the  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
guages in  order  to  open  the  mysterious  treasure  house  of  knowledge;  and 
he  frequently  appeared  upon  the  lecture  platform.  His  publications  in- 
clude: 'A  Lexicon  of  Freemasonry'  (New  York,  1845),  'The  Mystic  Tie' 
(Charleston,  1849),  'Book  of  the  Chapter'  (New  York,  1858),  'A  History 
of  Freemasonry  in  South  Carolina,'  'A  Manual  of  the  Lodge,'  'Cryptic 
Masonry,'  'Masonic  Ritualist,'  'Symbolism  of  Freemasonry,'  'A  Text-book 
of  Masonic  Jurisprudence,'  'Masonic  Parliamentary  Law,'  and  'The  Ency- 
clopaedia of  Freemasonry,'  the  latter  being  his  most  important  and  compre- 
hensive work.  On  both  sides  of  the  water,  he  is  an  authority  of  the  very 
highest  rank. 

MACKEY,  JOHN,  physician  and  editor,  was  born  in  Charleston, 
S.C,  in  1765,  and  for  several  years  engaged  successfully  in  the  practice 
of  medicine.  Afterward  he  embarked  in  editorial  work  and  the  latter  part 
of  his  life  was  spent  in  teaching.  He  published  'The  American  Teacher's 
Assistant  and  Self  Instructor's  Guide'  (Charleston,  1820),  the  most  com- 
prehensive work  on  arithmetic  which  had  appeared  up  to  this  time.  He 
died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  December  14,  1831. 

MACKEY,  ROBERT.  Clergyman.  fTenn.].  He  published  a 
volume  of  verse  entitled  'Kyle  Stuart,  and  Other  Poems'  (1834). 

MACLEAN,  CLARA  DARGAN,  novelist  and  poet,  was  born  on 
a  plantation  near  Winnsboro,  S.C,  October  11,  1841.  Her  father  was  Dr. 
Kemp  Strother  Dargan.  She  was  educated  in  the  home  schools  and  at 
Salem,  N.C  For  several  years  she  engaged  in  educational  work,  and  a* 
leisure  intervals  exercised  an  unusual  literary  gift  by  contributing  to  tin- 
periodicals  sometimes  a  poem,  sometimes  a  story,  but  always  something 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       283 

bright.  She  has  published  several  novels:  'Riverlands'  (1864'),  'Light  o' 
Love'  (1890),  'Helen  Howard,'  and  others.  She  visually  spends  the  winter 
in  Florida.  In  1871  she  married  Judge  Joseph  A.  Maclean.  Her  son, 
Stuart  Maclean,  a  journalist  of  Minneapolis,  has  written  a  number  of 
poems  and  essays  of  merit. 

MACON,  JOHN  ALFRED.  Journalist.  [Ala.].  Born  in  1851. 
He  published  'Uncle  Gabe  Tucker,'  'Christmas  at  the  Quarters,'  and  other 
poems  in  dialect. 

MACON,  NATHANIEL,  statesman,  was  born  in  Warren  County, 
N.C.,  December  17,  1757.  Before  completing  his  education  at  Princeton, 
he  shouldered  his  musket  and  participated  in  the  struggle  for  independence. 
He  was  elected  to  the  State  senate  while  he  was  in  the  field  and  it  was 
not  until  he  was  urged  by  General  Greene  to  accept  this  post  of  honor  that 
he  yielded.  When  the  United  States  Constitution  was  first  submitted  to 
the  vote  of  North  Carolina  he  opposed  it  because  it  conferred  too  much 
power  upon  the  general  Government.  From  1791  to  1815  he  served  in 
Congress,  wielding  for  six  years  the  gavel  of  speaker;  and  from  1815  to 
1828  he  was  United  States  Senator.  He  refused  to  accept  any  office  which 
was  not  the  immediate  gift  of  the  people  and  he  opposed  every  legislative 
impulse  toward  centralization  of  power.  He  adhered  to  the  very  highest 
standard  of  rectitude  and  in  the  opinion  of  John  Randolph  was  the  purest 
and  wisest  man  of  Kis  time.  He  spoke  with  telling  effect  but  seldom_  at 
great  length.  Benton  said  of  his  last  moments  that  they  lacked  nothing 
except  the  hemlock  to  make  them  suggest  the  deathbed  of  Socrates.  He 
died  at  the  old  homestead  in  Warren  County,  N.C.,  June  29,  1837.  'The 
Life  of  Nathaniel  Macon'  (Baltimore,  1840),  was  written  by  Edward  R. 
Gotten,  but  the  work  is  very  inferior. 

MADDEN,  EVA  A.  Author.  Though  now  a  resident  of  Italy, 
she  was  born  and  reared  in  the  State  of  Kentucky,  which  is  still  the  home 
of  her  sister,  Mrs.  George  Madden  Martin.  Several  charming  historical 
books  for  children  have  come  from  her  pen,  among  them,  'Two  Royal 
Foes.' 

MADISON,  DOROTHY,  the  most  famous  "Mistress  of  the  White 
House,"  was  born  in  North  Carolina,  May  20,  1768,  and  was  the  daughter 
of  John  Payne,  a  Virginia  Quaker,  who  subsequently  removed  to  Philadel- 
phia. Her  first  husband  was  John  Todd;  but,  being  left  a  widow,  she 
gave  her  hand  to  James  Madison.  When  the  latter  became  Secretary 
of  State  she  accompanied  him  to  Washington  and  frequently  presided  at 
the  White  House  for  President  Jefferson;  then  followed  eight  years  of 
social  sway  in  her  own  right.  On  account  of  her  many  fascinating  charms, 
she  has  ever  since  been  the  model  of  the  executive  queens.  She  left 
interesting  materials  which  afterward  took  the  form  of  'Memoirs  and 
Letters  of  Dolly  Madison'  (Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Company), 
edited  by  her  grandniece.     She  died  July  12,  1849. 

MADISON,  JAMES,  first  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop  of  Virginia, 
was  born  near  Port  Republic,  Va.,  August  27,  1749,  and  died  in  Williams- 
burg, Va.,  March  5,  1812.  For  several  years  he  held  a  professorship  in 
William  and  Mary  College ;  and,  leave  of  absence  having  been  given  him 
for  the  purpose,  he  went  to  England,  where  he  was  ordained  to  the  priest- 
hood in  the  chapel  of  Fulham  Palace  by  the  bishop  of  London.  On  his 
return  home  to  resume  his  professorship,  he  was  made  president  of  the 
institution,  an  office  which  he  continued  to  hold  until  his  death.  He  pre- 
sided over  the  first  convention  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Virginia  and 
was  also  the  first  bishop  of  the  diocese.  Besides  several  sermons,  he  pub- 
lished a  'Eulogy  on  Washington'  and  papers  in  Barton's  Journal.  William 
and  Mary  College,  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 


284  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

MADISON,  JAMES.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
VIII,  page  3283. 

MAFFITT,  EMMA  MARTIN,  author,  was  the  wife  of  Captain 
John  Newland  Maffitt,  Jr.,  and  published  an  interesting  biography  of  her 
husband  entitled  'The  Life  and  Services  of  John  Newland  Maffitt'  (New 
York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  190S).  The  latter 
was  for  some  time  an  officer  in  the  United  States  Army,  and  afterward 
in  command  of  blockade  runners  transporting  supplies  to  the  Confederate 
Armies. 

MAFFITT,  JOHN  NEWLAND,  clergyman  and  author,  was  born 
in  Dublin,  Ireland,  December  28,  1795,  but,  emigrating  to  America,  he 
became  a  minister  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  preached  to 
large  congregations.  For  a  while  he  edited  the  Western  Methodist,  at 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  and  was  also  professor  of  elocution  at  LaGrange  Female 
College  (Ga.).  He  wielded  a  pen  of  unusual  versatility  and  published: 
'Literary  and  Religious  Sketches'  (New  York,  1832),  'Pulpit  Sketches' 
(Boston,  1828),  "Ireland,"  a  poem  (Louisville,  1839),  and  'Poems'  (Louis- 
ville, 1839).    He  died  in  Mobile,  Ala.,  May  28,  1850. 

MAGILL,  MARY  TUDOR.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  VIII,  page  3305. 

MAGNESS,  EDGAR.  Banker.  [Ala.].  He  published  'Tramp 
Tales  of  Europe'  (1895). 

MAGRUDER,  ALLAN  B.  Author.  [Va.].  He  published  a  "Life 
of  John  Marshall,"  in  the  'American  Statesman  Series'  (Boston,  Houghton, 
Mifflin  and  Company,  1895). 

MAGRUDER,  ALLAN  BOWIE,  United  States  Senator,  was  born 
in  Kentucky,  about  1775,  and  died  in  Opelousas,  La.,  April  16,  1822.  He 
studied  law  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  but  removed  to  Louisiana  to  practice. 
From  the  start  he  met  with  success,  and  the  climax  to  his  career  was 
reached  in  his  appointment  to  the  United  States  Senate  in  1812.  He 
published  'Reflections  on  the  Cession  of  Louisiana,'  and  'The  Character 
of  Mr.  Jeflferson,'  besides  leaving  in  manuscript  an  unfinished  history  of 
the  North'  American  Indians. 

MAGRUDER,  HARRIET  FUQUA.  Educator.  Her  maiden 
name  was  Harriet  Fuqua.  She  was  born  in  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  of  Scotch- 
Irish  and  French  Huguenot  stock  and  married  Heman  Bangs  Magruder. 
She  wrote  a  'Child's  History  of  Louisiana'  (Boston,  D.  C.  Heath  and 
Company,  1909),  which  has  been  adopted  by  the  State  Board  of  Education. 
Mrs.  Magruder  is  teacher  in  history  in  the  Baton  Rouge  High  School. 

MAGRUDER,  JULIA.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
Vin,  page  3321. 

MAHAN,  MILO,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Suffolk,  Va.,  May  24, 
1819,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  September  3,  1870.  For  several  years 
he  was  professor  of  church  history  in  a  theological  seminary  in  New 
York,  and  afterward  became  rector  of  St.  Paul's  Church  in  Baltimore. 
He  published  'The  Exercise  of  Faith'  (Philadelphia,  1851),  'The  History 
of  the  Church  During  the  First  Three  Centuries,'  (New  York,  1860),  and 
several  other  volumes.  His  works  were  published  collectively  after  his 
death,  with  a  'Memoir'  by  Rev.  John  J.  Hopkins,  Jr.,  (New  York,  1872- 
1875).    William  and  Mary  College  made  him  a  D.D. 

MAJORS,  ALEXANDER,  author,  lived  in  Missouri  and  published 
in  1893  an  interesting  work  entitled:  'Seventy  Years  on  the  Frontier' 
(Chicago,  Rand,  McNally  and  Company). 


BIOGRAPHICAL    DICTIONARY    OF   AUTHORS        285 

MALLARD,  ROBERT  QUARTERMAN,  Presbyterian  clergyman, 
was  born  in  Liberty  County,  Ga.,  in  1830.  For  years  he  was  pastor  of 
the  Napoleon  Avenvie  Presbyterian  Church  of  New  Orleans,  and  besides 
editing  the  Southmestern  Presbyterian,  he  published  'Plantation  Life 
before  Emancipation'  (1892). 

MALLARY,  CHARLES  DUTTON,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Poultney,  Vt.,  January  23,  1801,  and  died  near  Albany,  Ga.,  July  31,  1864. 
He  achieved  distinction  in  the  Baptist  ministry,  and,  during  the  greater 
part  of  his  life,  labored  in  Georgia,  where  he  filled  numerous  important 
pastorates.  He  published  'The  Life  of  Edmund  Botsford'  (Charleston, 
1832),  'Memoir  of  Jesse  Mercer'  (Philadelphia,  1844),  and  'Soul  Pros- 
perity' (Charleston,  1860). 

MALLARY,  MARY  JEANIE  DAGG,  Mrs.  Author.  [Ga.].  Sho 
published  several  works  of  fiction,  among  them,  'Horace  Wilde,'  'Elsie 
Lee,'  'Rosalie  Wynnton,'  'Jack,'  'Picciola;  or,  the  Power  of  Conscience,' 
'Aunt  Clara's  School,'  and  'Won  by  a  Boy.' 

MALLORY,  STEPHEN  RUSSELL,  statesman,  was  born  in 
Trinidad,  in  the  West  Indies,  in  1813,  and  died  in  Pensacola,  Fla.,  Novem- 
ber 9,  1873.  He  achieved  distinction  at  the  Bar,  became  a  member  of  the 
Bench,  served  in  the  operations  against  the  Seminole  Indians,  and  from 
18S1  to  1861  held  the  commission  of  United  States  Senator,  resigning  his 
seat  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities.  In  the  Cabinet  of  President  Davis,  he 
held  the  Secretaryship  of  the  Navy  from  the  organization  till  the  over- 
throw of  the  Confederate  Government.  When  he  entered  upon  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties  there  was  not  a  ship  to  defend  the  cause  or  to  bear 
the  fl:ag  of  the  young  nation.  The  work  of  building  a  navy  devolved 
upon  him ;  but  he  undertook  the  task  in  hand  with  an  intelligent  grasp  of 
the  situation  and  the  history  of 'this  important  branch  of  the  service  bears 
testimony  to  his  genius  for  administration.  On  May  20,  1865,  he  was 
arrested  at  LaGrange,  Ga.,  in  company  with  Benjamin  H.  Hill,  and  im- 
prisoned for  several  months  in  Fort  LaFayette,  in  New  York  Harbor,  until 
released  on  parole.  In  the  'Debates  of  Congress'  several  of  his  speeches 
have  been  preserved. 

MALONE,  WALTER.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
VIII,  page  3343. 

MANGUM,  ADOLPHUS  WILLIAMSON.  Methodist  Episcopal 
clergyman  and  educator,  [N.  C.].  He  was  born  in  1834  and  died  in  1890. 
He  published  'Morven  and  Linda,'  a  collection  of  verse  (1864),  and 
'Myrtle  Leaves,'  a  volume  of  miscellany   (1858). 

MANGUM,  WILLIE  PERSON,  United  States  Senator,  was  born 
in  Orange  County,  N.C.,  in  1792  and  died  at  Red  Mountain,  N.C.,  Sep- 
tember 14, 1861.  He  received  his  education  at  the  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina, studied  law,  became  a  judge  of  the  superior  court,  served  in  Con- 
gress for  several  terms,  and  twice  represented  North  Carolina  in  the  Uni- 
ted States  Senate.  He  wielded  a  powerful  influence  not  only  in  state  but  in 
national  affairs  and  in  the  campaign  of  1837  received  the  electoral  vote  of 
South  Carolina  for  president.  His  death  was  the  result  of  nervous  de- 
pression caused  by  the  loss  of  his'  only  son  in  the  first  battle  of  Manassas. 

MANLY,  BASIL,  Sr.,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in  Chat- 
ham County,  N.C.,  January  28,  1/98  and  died  in  Greenville,  S.C,  Decem- 
ber 21,  1868.  He  became  an  eminent  Baptist  educator  and  divine.  For 
eighteen  years  he  was  president  of  the  University  of  Alabama.  He  led  in 
the  movement  which  resulted  in  the  organization  of  the  Southern  Baptist 
convention  in  184S  and  also  in  the  effort  to  establish  the  Southern  Baptist 


286  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Theological  Seminary,  which  was  opened  at  Greenville,  S.C.  in  1850.  He 
published  occasional  sermons  and  addresses,  made  frequent  contributions 
to  periodicals,  and,  with  his  son  Basil,  compiled  'The  Baptist  Psalmody' 
(Charleston,  18S0).  From  the  pen  of  Dr.  J.  P.  Boyce  appeared  his  'Memoir' 
in  1869.     He  received  the  degree  of  D.D. 

MANLY,  BASIL,  Jr.,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in_  Edge- 
field County,  S.C,  December  19,  1825,  graduated  from  the  University 
of  Alabama  and  pursued  his  theological  studies  at  Princeton.  For  some 
time  he  was  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church,  of  Richmond,  Va.  After- 
ward he  became  president  of  the  Richmond  Female  Institute;  and  on  the 
organization  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Theological  Seminary,  at  Greenville, 
S.C.,  he  became  one  of  the  professors.  Still  later,  he  was  for  eight  years 
president  of  Georgetown  College,  in  Kentucky;  and  also  at  different  times 
he  edited  religious  periodicals.  Besides  sermons  .and  addresses,  he  pub- 
lished 'The  Bible  Doctrine  of  Inspiration,'  'A  Call  to  the  Ministry,'  'A  Sun- 
day School  Catechism'  and  'The  Baptist  Psalmody*  in  association  with  his 
father.  He  died  in  1892.  The  University  of  Alabama  gave  him  the  de- 
gree of  D.D.,  and  the  Agricultural  College  at  Auburn,  the  degree  of  LL.D, 

MANLY,  JOHN  MATTHEWS,  educator  and  editor,  was  born  in 
Sumter  County,  Ala.,  September  2,  1865.  After  graduation  from  Furman 
University,  he  studied  at  Harvard.  For  seven  years  he  was  professor  of 
English  in  Brown  University  and  since  1898  he  has  filled  the  same  chair  in 
the  University  of  Chicago.  He  has  edited  'Macbeth'  (New  York,  Longmans 
Greene  &  Company,  1896),  'Specimens  of  the  Pre-Shakesperean  Drama 
(Boston,  Ginn  &  Company,  1897),  and  'English  Poetry'   {ibid.,  1907). 

MANLY,  LOUISE,  author,  was  born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  July  10, 
1857.  Her  father  was  Rev.  Basil  Manly,  Jr.,  D.D.,  and  her  mother,  Char- 
lotte Whitfield.  On  completing  her  education  in  this  country,  she  spent 
two  years  abroad ;  and,  for  several  years  after  her  return,  she  taught  school 
in  various  parts  of  the  South.  In  1895  she  published  her  'Southern  Litera- 
ture' (Richmond:  B.  F.  Johnson  Company),  a  work  which  has  been  of 
very  great  value  both  in  arousing  public  interest  and  in  supplying  impor- 
tant information.  She  also  wrote  a  'History  of  Alabama  for  Children'  and 
a  'History  of  Judson  Institute,'  and  assisted  in  editing  'English  Poets.' 
The  sketch  of  Augusta  Evans  Wilson  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Lit- 
erature' is  also  from  her  pen.     She  resides  at  Fairhope,  Ala. 

MANN,  AMBROSE  DUDLEY,  diplomat,  was  born  at  Hanover 
Court  House,  Va.,  April  26,  1801,  and  educated  at  West  Point  but  resigned 
before  graduation.  For  many  years  he  was  in  the  diplomatic  service  of 
*he  governrnent,  holding  first  the  office  of  consul  at  Bremen  and  later  be- 
coming minister  to  Switzerland.  On  his  return  home  he  was  made  assis- 
tant Secretary  of  State,  under  President  Pierce.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
was  one  of  the  special  commissioners  sent  by  the  Confederate  Government 
to  Europe.  The  last  years  of  his  life  were  devoted  to  the  writing  of  his 
'Memoirs'  (1888). 

MANNING,  ESTELLE  H.,  author,  of  Kentucky,  has  achieved  some 
note  in  Washington  journalism,  and  written  a  story  entitled  'Hafiz.' 

MANNING,  THOMAS  COURTLAND,  diplomat  and  jurist,  was 
born  in  Edenlon,  N.C.,  in  1831  and  died  in  New  York  City,  October  11,  1887-. 
He  received  his  education  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  chose  the 
profession  of  law,  and  attained  high  honors  on  the  Bench.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Confederate  Army,  was  three  times  a  member  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Louisiana,  was  commissioned  to  the  United  States 
Senate  in  1880  but  was  not  allowed  to  take  his  seat,  and  in  1886  received 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       287 

from  President  Cleveland  the  appointment  of  Minister  to  Mexico.    His 
decisions  are  preserved  in  the  'Louisiana  Reports.' 

MANSFIELD,  BLANCHE  McMANUS,  writer  and  illustrator, 
was  born  in  Louisiana  and  was  educated  partly  in  New  Orleans  and  partly 
in  Paris.  Her  stories  for  young  people  are  exceedingly  clever.  They  in- 
clude :  'The  True  Mother  Goose,'  'Childhood  Songs  of  Long  Ago,'  'Colonial 
Monographs,'  'Told  in  the  Twilight'  and  'Bachelor  Ballads.'  As  an  illustra- 
tor of  books  and  periodicals  she  also  takes  high  rank.  Twelve  illustra- 
tions in  color  were  made  by  her  for  Kipling's  'Ballads  and  Ditties.'  She 
married  in  1898,  M.  F.  Mansfield.     Her  home  is  in  New  York  City. 

MANSHIP,  ANDREW,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Caroline  County, 
Md.,  June  23,  1824.  Entering  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Church,  he 
became  an  influential  divine,  and  labored  for  the  greater  part  of  his 
time  in  Philadelphia,  chiefly  in  the  work  of  missions.  He  published  'Thir- 
teen Years  in  the  Itineracy'  (Philadelphia,  18S6),  'Cherished  Memories,' 
'Reminiscences  from  the  Saddle-Bags  of  a  Methodist  Preacher,'  'History 
of  Gospel  Tents  and  Experience'  and  'Forty  Years  in  the  Wilderness,' 
besides  compiling  'The  Patriot's  Hymn  Book'  and  'National  Jewels.' 

MANSHIP,  LUTHER,  former  lieutenant-governor  of  Mississippi, 
lecturer  and  writer,  was  born  in  Jackson,  Miss.,  April  16,  1856.  On 
the  lecture  platform  he  is  one  of  the  popular  favorites,  ranking  with 
George  R.  Wendling  and  Bob  Taylor.  As  an  interpreter  of  the  ante- 
bellum negro  he  is  without  a  superior.  Among  his  principal  themes 
are  'Song  and  Story,'  'The  Dialects  of  the  Nations,'  'Lights  and  Shad- 
ows of  Slavery  Days'  and  'From  the  Big  House  to  the  Cabin.'  He 
married,  in  1881,  Belmont  Phelps.    He  resides  in  Jackson,  Miss. 

MARCHMONT,  JOHN.  Author.  He  wrote  'Thirty-four  Years: 
a  Story  of  Southern  Life'  (1877). 

MARE  AN,  BEATRICE,  author,  was  born  in  Iowa,  but  since  her 
marriage  to  Dr.  W.  H.  Marean,  of  Memphis,  Tenn.,  she  has  made  her 
home  in  the  South.  At  first  she  wrote  merely  for  diversion  but  her  stories 
and  sketches  proved  so  popular  that  she  was  encouraged  to  undertake  more 
serious  work.  Pier  first  boo'k  'The  Tragedies  of  Oakhurst'  (1891)  was 
translated  into  French  and  German;  others  rapidly  followed,  including 
'Won  at  Last,'  'Judge  Mortimer's  Crime,'  'When  a  Woman  Loves,'  'Her 
Shadowed  Life,'  'The  Firemen's  Heart,'  'Cherry,'  'The  Sign  of  the  Cross,' 
'Camella,'  and  several  others.  The  writings  of  Mrs.  Marean  abound  in 
dramatic  situations  and  are  characterized  by  a  style  which  is  most  intense- 
ly realistic. 

MARIGNY,  BERNARD  DE.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  in 
French  'Reflexions  sur  la  Politique  des  Etats-Unis'  (1854),  'Statistique  de 
I'Espagne'  and  other  works. 

MARKELL,  CATHERINE  SUE,  writer,  was  born  in  Frederick 
County,  Md.,  February  28,  1828  and  wrote  'Barbara  Frietchie's  Town'  (Bal- 
timore, 1893).     She  was  the  mother  of  Charles  F.  Markell,  the  author. 

MARKELL,  CHARLES  FREDERICK.  Author.  He  was  born 
in  Frederick,  Md.,  October  16,  1855,  the  son  of  Frederick  and  Cath- 
erine Sue  Markell,  and  received  an  excellent  education,  including  a 
course  of  law  in  Columbia  University.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
and  served  in  the  Maryland  Legislature.  Afterward  he  was  Secretary  of 
Legation  to  Brazil  and  later  Charge  d'Affaires.  He  induced  the  Govern- 
ment of  Brazil  to  remove  an  excessive  tax  on  wheat  flour  from  the 
United  States.  He  married,  January  28,  1902,  Sue  Markell  Rogan. 
His   writings   are   in   both   prose   and   verse,    and   include:     'Chamodine, 


288  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

and  Other  Poems,'  'The  Chaskell  Papers,'  and  'Ypiranga:  a  Love 
Tale  of  the  Brazils.'    He  resides  in  Birmingham,  Ala. 

MARKS,  ELIAS,  physician  and  educator,  was  born  in  Charleston, 
S.C,  December  2,  1790  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  in  1886.  He  re- 
ceived his  medical  diploma  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
in  New  York  and,  after  practicing  his  profession  for  some  time  in  the  me- 
tropolis, he  returned  to  South  Carolina,  became  president  of  Columbia 
Female  College  and  later  founded  Barhamsville  Collegiate  Institute,  near 
Columbia.  Besides  writing  many  fugitive  poems,  he  translated  'The  Aphor- 
isms of  Hippocrates'  and  'Elfrede  of  Guldal,  a  Scandinavian  Legend,'  an  1 
left  a  treatise  on  philosophy  and  an  unfinished  novel. 

MARQUIS,  DON  ROBERT  PERRY,  editor,  was  born  in  Walnut, 
111.,  July  29,  1878.    For  several  years  he  has  been  engaged  in  journalistic 

v/ork  in  the  South,  writing  over  the  signature  of  Don  Marquis.  At  the 
present  time  he  is  associate  editor  of  the  Uncle  Remus  Magazine,  published 
m  Atlanta,  Ga.  Whether  in  the  realm  of  verse  or  of  prose,  his  touch  is 
artistic,  his  imagination  tropical,  and  his  work  popular.  Besides  editorials, 
he  has  written  numerous  short  stories  and  sketches  which  vie  with  his 
fragments  of  song  in  subtleness  of  appeal.  He  married,  June  8,  1909,  Rei- 
na  Melcher. 

MARR,  FRANCES  HARRISON,  poet,  was  born  in  Warrenton, 
Va.,  of  French  and  Scotch  parentage,  in  1835.  For  several  years  after  the 
war  she  taught  school  and  incidentally  began  to  write  more  for  amusement 
than  with  any  serious  desire  to  enter  the  ranks  of  authorship,  but  she  won 
a  prize  offered  by  a  Georgia  paper  and  this  encouragement  stimulated  her 
genius  to  such  an  extent  that  two  volumes  of  verse  were  in  time  published, 
^eart  Life  in  Song'  and  'Virginia,  and  Other  Poems.' 

MARR,  JANE  BARRON  HOPK  Writer.  [Va.].  She  published 
'Stories  and  Papers,'  a  volume  of  fiction  dealing  with  the  days  of  Governor 
Spottswood. 

MARSHALL,  ALEXANDER  KEITH,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Fau- 
quier County,  Va.,  in  1770  and  died  in  Mason  County,  Ky.,  February  7, 
1825.  He  chose  the  profession  of  law,  located  in  Kentucky,  became  one  of 
the  ablest  pioneer  lawyers  of  his  day,  was  for  years  clerk  and  afterward 
reporter  of  the  court  of  appeals  and  edited,  in  three  volumes,  'Decisions  of 
the  Court  of  Appeals  of  Kentucky,  1817-1821.' 

MARSHALL,  ANNIE  WARREN,  Mrs.,  poet,  was  born  in  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  some  time  before  the  war,  but  afterward  located  in  New 
Mexico.  Her  poem,  "A  Magnolia  Blossom,"  preserved  in  'Songs  of  the 
South,'  reveals  an  artistic  touch.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  she  did  not 
write  more. 

MARSHALL,  CHARLES,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Warrenton,  Va.. 
October  3,  1830,  received  his  education  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  and 
taught  mathematics  for  several  years  at  the  University  of  Indiana.  Later 
he  practiced  law  in  Baltimore.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was  an  aide  on 
the  staff  of  his  kinsman,  Robert  E.  Lee,  and  was  charged  with  the  duty 
of  preparing  the  official  reports  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  After 
the  surrender  at  Appomattox,  he  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  Baltimore. 
He  occasionally  appeared  on  the  lecture  platform,  and  also  contributed 
articles  to  the  magazines.     He  died  in  1902. 

MARSHALL,  HUMPHREY,  statesman,  was  born  in  Westmore- 
land County,  Va.,  in  17S6,  and  died  near  Frankfort,  Ky.,  July  1,  1841. 
After  serving  in  the  Revolution  with  the  rank  of  captain,  he  located  in 
Kentucky,  married  his  cousin,  by  whom  he  was  taught  to  read,  became 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       289 

an  active  factor  in  the  early  political  affairs  of  the  Blue  Grass  State,  and 
from  1795  to  1801  held  the  commission  of  United  States  Senator.  In  a 
series  of  published  letters  he  forced  the  resignation  of  Judge  Sebastian 
from  the  Bench  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  by  establishing  the  fact  that 
for  years  he  had  been  the  paid  pensioner  of  Spain,  and  he  also  took  a 
conspicuous  part  in  thwarting  the  plans  of  Aaron  Burr.  In  1809,  he 
fought  a  duel  with  Henry  Clay,  in  which  the  latter  was  wounded.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  'History  of  Kentucky,'  in  two  volumes  (Frankfort, 
1824),  but  the  work  deals  largely  with  the  events  of  his  own  period. 

MARSHALL,  JOHN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
VIII,  page  3369. 

MARSHALL,  JOHN  JAY,  jurist,  was  born  in  Woodford  County, 
Ky.,  August  4,  1785,  and  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  1846.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Princeton,  chose  the  profession  of  law,  was 
for  several  years  reporter  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  and  from  1836 
till  his  death  was  judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Louisville.  In  the 
financial  crisis  of  1837  he  lost  his  property  by  reason  of  the  gen- 
erous support  which  he  gave  to  embarrassed  friends.  He  published  'Re- 
ports of  Cases  at  Law  and  Equity  in  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  Kentucky' 
in  seven  volumes  (Frankfort,  1831-1834). 

MARSHALL,  NELLY  NICHOL,  author,  was  born  in  Louisville, 
Ky.,  May  8,  1845,  and  began  to  write  for  periodicals  during  the  Civil  War. 
She  afterward  married  Colonel  John  J.  McAfee.  Some  of  her  stories 
were  exceedingly  popular,  and  she  also  wrote  occasional  poems  of  unusual 
merit.  Among  her  novels  may  be  included  'Eleanor  Morton,  or.  Life  in 
Dixie'  (New  York,  1865),  'Sodom  Apples,'  'Fireside  Gleanings'  (Chicago, 
1866),  'As  by  Fire'  (New  York,  1869),  'Wearing  the  Cross'  (Cincinnati, 
1868),  'Passion;  or.  Bartered  and  Sold'  (Louisville,  1876),  and  'A  Crim- 
inal Through  Love.' 

MARSHALL,  THOMAS  ALEXANDER,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Augusta  County,  Ky.,  March  _  29,  1812,  settled  in  Mississippi,  achieved 
eminence  at  the  Bar,  became  judge  of  the  Vicksburg  Circuit  Court,  and 
edited  Swede's  and  Marshall's  'Reports  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Missis- 
sippi'  (Vicksburg,  1857). 

MARSHALL,  THOMAS  FRANCIS.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  VlII,  page  3395. 

MARTIN,  D]gSIR^E,  Mile.  Author.  [La.].  She  published  in 
French  'Les  Veilles  d'une  Soeur'  (New  Orleans,  1877). 

MARTIN,  ELLEN.  Author.  She  resided  at  Vicksburg,  Miss., 
and  published  'The  Feet  of  Clay,'  a  novel  (New  York,  1881). 

MARTIN,  FERNANDO  WOOD.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
Volga,  W.Va.,  May  5,  1863,  a  son  of  Washington  and  Matilda  Cool 
Martin,  and  was  educated  in  this  country  and  at  Leipsic.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1889,  Emma  Herron.  He  occupies  the  chair  of  chemistry  in 
Randolph-Macon  College,  and  is  the  author  of  'Qualitative  Analysis 
with  the  Blow  Pipe,'  also  of  a  'Text-Book  on  Inorganic  Chemistry.'  He 
resides  at  College  Park,  Va.  Syracuse  University  gave  him  the  degree 
of  Ph.D. 

MARTIN,  FRANCOIS-XAVIER.  Jurist  and  historian.  He  was 
born  in  Marseilles,  France,  March  17,  1762,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen 
he  emigrated  to  Martinique;  but,  after  a  sojourn  of  several  years  on 
the  island,  he  came  to  Newbern,  N.C.  He  became  in  time  an  eminent 
member  of  the  Barj  translated  and  compiled  many  important  law- 


290  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

books,  and  wrote  an  excellent  'History  of  North  Carolina.'  In  1809 
President  Madison  appointed  him  Judge  of  the  Territory  of  Missis- 
sippi, but  he  was  subsequently  transferred  to  the  Bench  of  the  City 
Court  of  the  Territory  of  Orleans.  Later  he  became  attorney-gen- 
eral of  Louisiana  and  Cfhief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  that  State, 
retiring  to  private  life  in  1845.  He  also  wrote  an  interesting  'History  of 
New  Orleans.'  It  is  devoid  of  ornamentation  but  replete  with  interest. 
He  died  in  1846. 

MARTIN,  GEORGE  MADDEN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  VIII,  page  3413. 

MARTIN,  JOSEPH  HAMILTON,  clergyman  and  poet,  was  born 
in  Dandridge,  Jefferson  County,  Tenn.,  August  11,  1825,  the  son  of 
Hugh  and  Sarah  Russell  Martin.  For  many  years  he  was  pastor  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Atlanta.  Hewas  the  author  of  some  very 
beautiful  hymns  and  poems,  his  best  production  in  verse  being  "The  Dove," 
written  in  the  style  of  Poe's  "Raven,"  but  intended  to  answer  the  doubts 
of  this  morbid  masterpiece.  He  also  wrote  an  historical  po€m  called 
"Smith  and  Pocahontas"  (Richmond,  1862),  and  an  interesting  account 
of  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independence  (New  York,  1876),  is 
also  from  his  pen.     He  died  at  Georgetown,  Ky.,  January  7,  1887. 

MARTIN,  L.  A.  Lawyer.  [Mo.].  He  published  'Hallowe'en,  and 
Other  Poems.' 

MARTIN,  LUTHER,  lawyer,  was  born  in  New  Brunswick,  N.J., 
February  9,  1748,  and  died  in  New  York  City  July  10,  1826.  For  the 
practice  of  law  he  located  in  Maryland  and  became  one  of  the  foremost 
advocates  of  his  time.  He  defended  Samuel  Chase  against  the  charge  of 
impeachment  before  the  United  States  Senate  and  Aaron  Burr  against 
the  charge  of  treason  at  Richmond.  He  published  a  'Defence  of  Captain 
Cresap,'  whose  daughter  he  married,  a  series  of  pamphlets  on  'Modern 
Gratitude'  and  a  number  of  'Speeches.'  He  spent  his  last  days  in  New 
York   City,   the  guest  of   Aaron   Burr. 

MARTIN,  MARGARET  MAXWELL,  author,  was  born  in  Dum- 
fries, Scotland,  July  12,  1807,  but  was  brought  to  the  United  States  in 
early  childhood  by  her  parents,  who  settled  in  Columbia,  S.C,  and  in 
1836  she  married  Rev.  William  Martin.  For  seventeen  years  she  taught 
in  a  girls'  seminary  at  Columbia,  and,  at  leisure  intervals,  wrote  for 
publication.  Her  writings  include :  'Day-Spring ;  or.  Light  to  Them  That 
Sit  in  Darkness'  (Nashville,  1854),  'Sabbath-school  Offering,'  a  collec- 
tion of  poems  and  tales,  'Christianity  in  Earnest,'  'Heroines  of  Early 
Methodism,'  written  in  association  vnth  her  husband  (Nashville,  1858), 
'Religious  Poems,'  'Flowers  and  Fruits;  or,  Poems  for  Young  People,' 
and  'Scenes  and  Scenery  of  South  Carolina.' 

MARTIN,  SALLIE  M.  DAVIS.  Writer.  [S.C.].  She  published 
'Lalla  de  Vere'  and  'The  Women  of  France.' 

MARTIN,  THOMAS  RICAUD.  Author.  He  published  a  work 
of  much  interest  to  historical  students  entitled  'The  Great  Parliamentary 
Battle  and  Farewell  Addresses  of  the  Southern  Senators  on  the  Eve  of 
the  Civil  War'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Com- 
pany, 1904). 

MARTIN,  WALTER  DRANE,  writer,  was  born  at  Waverly,  near 
Columbus,  Miss.,  March  15,  1870,  and  is  a  grandson  of  Mortimer  A.  Mar- 
tin, for  seventeen  years  circuit  court  judj^e  in  Tennessee  and  of  Gustavius 
A.  Henry,  an  ex-Confederate  States  Senr.tor  and  orator  of  distinction. 
Mr.  Martin  has  published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Lenora  and  other 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       291 

Poems'  (Nashville,  Smith  and  Lamar,  illustrated,  1909).    He  is  engaged 
in  business  in  Clarksville,  Tenn. 

MARTIN,  WILLIAM  MAXWELL,  educator  and  poet,  was  born 
in  Columbia,  S.C,  June  4,  1837.  After  graduating  from  Wofford  Col- 
lege, he  taught  school  in  Columbia  until  the  outbreak  of  the  war.  He 
was  a  man  of  rare  talent,  a  writer  of  excellent  verse  and  a  speaker  of 
unusual  graces.  Under  the  title  of  'Lyrics  and  Sketches'  (1861),  a 
volume  of  his  miscellaneous  writings  appeared  soon  after  his  death,  which 
occurred  in  Columbia,  S.C,  February  21,  1861,  the  result  of  exposure  on 
the  field  of  battle.  During  the  whole  of  an  inclement  night  he  stood  by 
his  gun  and  contracted  a  chill  which  developed  into  typhoid  fever. 

MARVIN,  ENOCH  MATHER,  Methodist  Episcopal  bishop,  was 
born  in  Warren  County,  Mo.,  June  12,  1823,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
December  3,  1877.  Only  a  few  months  before  his  death  he  was  sent  to 
the  Orient  to  ordain  native  preachers.  Bishop  Marvin  wrote  'To  the 
East  by  the_  West'  (1877),  an  interesting  account  of  his  travels,  and 
several  treatises  including  'The  Work  of  Christ'  He  received  the  D.D. 
and  the  LL.D.  degrees. 

MARX,  DAVID,  rabbi,  was  born  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  April  29, 
1872.  Besides  being  an  associate  editor  of  the  Jewish  American,  he  has 
published  an  interesting  series  of  articles  on  'The  Women  of  Israel,' 
several  sermons  and  numerous  contributions  to  periodicals.  He  married, 
October  IS,  1901,  EleanoT  Rosenfeld.  Dr.  Marx  is  a  man  of  unusual 
acquirements  and  of  broad  sympathies.     He  resides  in  Atlanta,  Ga. 

MASDEVALL,  JOSEPH.  Physician.  [La.].  He  published  in 
French  the  first  bound  volume  to  be  printed  in  the  territory  of  Louisiana, 
entitled  'Medicamentg  et  Precis  de  la  Methode  de  M.  Masdevall,  docteur  de 
Medecine  du  Roi  d'Espagne  Charles  IV  (New  Orleans,  1796). 

MASON,  EMILY  VIRGINIA.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Lex- 
ington, Ky.,  October  IS,  181S,  a  daughter  of  John  T.  and  Eliza  Mason. 
Her  brother,  S.  T.  Mason,  was  the  first  Governor  of  the  State  of 
Michigan.  She  was  educated  at  Troy,  N.Y.,  and  served  during  the 
war  in  the  Confederate  hospitals,  nursing  the  wounded  soldiers. 
After  the  war  she  resided  in  Paris  for  fifteen  years,  being  assistant 
principal  of  an  American  school  for  girls.  Her  writings  include : 
'The  Life  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee'  (1871)  and  'Memories  of  a  Hospital 
Matron.'  Besides,  she  edited  'Southern  Poems  of  the  War'  and  'The 
Journal  of  a  Young  Lady  of  Virginia  in  1798.'  She  is  living,  at  the 
advanced  age  of  ninety-four,  in  Georgetown,  D.C. 

MASON,  GEORGE,  statesman,  was  born  in  Stafford  County,  Va., 
in  172S,  and  died  near  his  birthplace  October  7,  1792.  He  espoused  the 
patriotic  cause,  drafted  the  declaration  of  rights  and  the  constitution  of 
Virginia  in  1775,  opposed  the  importation  of  additional  slaves,  served  in 
Congress,  became  a  member  of  the  convention  that  framed  the  Constitu- 
tion," and'  with  Patrick  Henry,  fought  the  ratification  of  the  document. 
In  the  opinion  of  James  Madison  he  was  the  ablest  debater  of  the  day. 
When  the  Upper  House  was  created  he  was  elected  the  first  United  States 
Senator  from  Virginia,  but  declined  the  honor.  Some  of  his  writings 
are  preserved  in  a  volume  of  'Speeches  and  State  Papers.' 

MASON,  ISABEL  S.  Poet.  Mrs.  Mason  comes  of  aristocratic 
stock,  being  a  descendant  of  the  Fitz-Randolphs.  Her  father  was  Charles 
F.  Baker  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  and  her  mother  Annie  E.  Clark,  a  writer  of 
excellent  verse.  She  married  Dr.  Charles  T.  Mason.  The  maternal  gift 
has  been  inherited  in  an  eminent  degree  by  the  daughter.     Besides   fre- 


292  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

quent  contributions  to  high-class  periodicals,  she  has  published  an  artistic 
little  volume  entitled  'Songs  by  the  Way'  (1909).  She  resides  at  Clear 
Spring,  Md. 

MASON,  JAMES  MURRAY,  statesman,  was  born  in  Fairfax 
County,  Va.,  November  3,  1798,  and  died  near  Alexandria,  Va.,  April  28, 
1871.  After  graduating  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  he  read 
law,  became  successful  in  the  practice,  served  one  term  in  Congress  and 
declined  a  reelection.  Later  he  accepted  an  appointment  to  the  United 
States  Senate,  and  was  subsequently  twice  returned.  He  advocated 
states  rights  with  great  warmth.  During  the  war  period  he  was  one  of 
the  commissioners  sent  by  the  Confederate  Government  to  Europe.  'The 
Public  Life  and  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  James  M.  Mason'  has 
been  published  by  his  daughter,  Virginia  Mason. 

MASON,  VIRGINIA.    Author.     [Va.].     She  was  a  daughter  of 

James  M.  Mason,  United  States  Senator  and  Confederate  States  Com- 
missioner. She  published  an  interesting  biography  of  her  father  entitled 
'The  Public  Life  and  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  James  M.  Mason' 
(New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1903). 

MASSIE,  ROBERT  KINLOCH,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  at  Charlottesville,  Va.,  February  4,  1864.  His  father  was  Nathaniel 
Harden  Massie  and  his  mother,  Eliza  Nelson.  He  occupies  the  chair  of 
church  history  in  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  near 
Alexandria,  Va.  Besides  the  sketch  of  Mason  L.  Weems  in  'The  Library 
of  Southern  Literature'  he  has  published  occasional  sermons  and  ad- 
dresses.    He  holds  the  degree  of  D.D. 

MASSEY,  JOHN  E.  Baptist  clergyman  and  lieutenant-governor. 
For  years  he  was  an  impressive  figure  in  the  public  life  of  Virginia  and 
his  'Autobiography'  is  a  work  of  much  interest  (New  York  and  Wash- 
ington, The  Neale  Publishing  Company,   1909). 

MASSEY,  ROBERT  JEHU,  physician  and  writer,  was  born  in 
Morgan  County,  Ga.,  October  16,  1828,  and  received  his  diploma  in  medi- 
cine from  the  Medical  College  of  Georgia.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
was  instrumental  in  saving  the  state  library  from  destruction  at  the  hands 
of  General  Sherman.  Dr.  Massey  has  published  nothing  in  book  form, 
but  for  fifty  years  he  has  contributed  to  popular  magazines  and  news- 
papers; and  worthy  of  special  note  have  been  his  reminiscences  of  ante- 
bellum days.  Besides  more  than  one  hundred  sketches  written  for  'Men 
of  Mark  in  Georgia,'  he  has  contributed  to  other  works.  At  frequent  in- 
tervals he  also  writes  for  the  Uncle  Remus  Magazine.  He  married,  June 
16,  1850,  Sarah  Elizabeth  Copeland.     He  resides  in  Atlanta,  Ga. 

MATHES,  J.  HARVEY.  Author.  He  wrote  a  'Life  of  General 
N.  B.  Forrest'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company,  1902). 

MATTHEWS,  (JAMES)  BRANDER,  educator  and  author,  was 
born  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  February  21,  1852.  After  graduating  from 
Columbia  College  he  studied  law,  but  literature  proved  to  be  more  at- 
tractive to  his  talents.  In  1892  he  became  professor  of  dramatic  liter- 
ature at  Columbia,  a  chair  which  he  still  holds.  He  has  attained  high 
rank  in  the  realm  of  letters  by  reason  of  his  critical  and  imaginative 
work.  Among  his  numerous  writings  are  included  'French  Dramatists  of 
1k\t  Nineteenth  Century,'  'The  Last  Meeting,'  a  story,  'A  Secret  of  the 
Sea  and  Other  Stories,'  'A  Family  Tree,  and  Other  Stories,'  'American- 
isms and  Briticisms,'  'Vignettes  of  Manhattan,'  'Tales  of  Phantasy  and 
Fact,'  'Peter  Stuyvesant,'  a  comedy  (with  Bronson  Howard),. 'The  His- 
torical  Novel,'   'The  Action   and   the   Word,'   'The   Development   of   the 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       293 

Drama,'  and  'Recreations  of  an  Anthologist.'  He  holds  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  Columbia,  the  degree  of  Litt.D.  from  Yale  and  the  degree 
of  D.C.L.  from  the  University  of  the  South. 

MATTHEWS,  JOHN,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in  Guil- 
ford County,  N.C.,  January  19,  1792,  and  died  in  New  Albany,  Ind.,  May 
19,  lS48.  He  held  numerous  important  pulpits  in  the  South  and  in  1836 
became  president  of  the  Presbyterian  Theological  Seminary,  at  Hanover, 
Ind.  Besides  numerous  sermons,  he  published  'Divine  Purpose  Displayed 
in  the  Works  of  Providence  and  Grace'  and  'The  Influence  of  the  Bible.' 
Washington  College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

MATTHEWS,  MARK  ALLISON,  clergyman,  was  born  at  Cal- 
houn, Ga.,  September  24,  1867.  He  received  the  best  educational  advan- 
tages, entered  the  Presbyterian  ministry  and  after  filling  important  pulpits 
in  the  South,  he  was  called  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Seattle, 
Wash.,  where  he  preaches  to  the  largest  and  wealthiest  congregation  on 
the  Pacific  Coast.  As  an  orator  he  possesses  in  the  rarest  degree  both 
personal  magnetism  and  dramatic  power,  and  his  sermonic  literature  be- 
sides exhibiting  the  oratorical  graces  which  are  natural  to  one  of  such 
gifts,  evinces  also  an  independence  of  thought  which  proves  him  to  be  a 
man  who  does  not  lack  in  any  sense  of  the  word  the  courage  of  his  con- 
victions.   He  married,  August  24,  1904,  Grace  Owen  Jones. 

MAURY,  ANN,  author,  a  cousin  of  Matthew  F.  Maury,  was 
born  in  Liverpool,  England,  in  1803,  and  died  in  New  York  City,  in  1876. 
She  published  'The  Memoirs  of  a  Huguenot  Family'  (New  York,  1856), 
a  work  which  sets  forth  the  autobiography  of  her  ancestor,  the  Rev. 
James  Fontaine,  and  a  journal  of  travels  in  America.  The  appendix  to 
the  work  contains  a  translation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  and  other  his- 
torical documents  of  interest. 

MAURY,  DABNEY  HERNDON,  soldier,  was  born  in  Fredericks- 
burg, Va.,  May  21,  1822,  received  his  education  at  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia and  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy,  served  in  the  Mexican 
War,  was  severely  wounded  at  Cerro  Gordo,  and  in  recognition  of  his 
gallantry  was  presented  with  a  sword  by  the  citizens  of  Fredericksburg 
and  the  Legislature  of  Virginia.  Later  he  taught  at  West  Point.  When 
Virginia  seceded  in  1861,  he  espoused  the  fortunes  of  the  Confederacy 
and  attained  the  rank  of  major-general.  He  organized  the  Southern 
Historical  Society  in  1868  and,  during  President  Cleveland's  first  ad- 
ministration, was  United  States  Minister  to  Colombia.  He  published 
a  military  text-book  entitled  'Skirmish  Drill  for  Mounted  Troops.'  He 
died  in  1900. 

MAURY,  MATTHEW  FONTAINE.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  VIII,  page  3435. 

MAURY,  SARAH  MYTTON,  author,  was  born  in  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land, November  1,  1803,  and  died  in  Virginia  in  1849.  Her  maiden  name 
was  Hughes,  and  she  married  William,  the  eldest  son  of  James  Maury. 
On  the  trip  to  America,  an  epidemic  of  smallpox  broke  out  among  the 
steerage  passengers,  a  circumstance  which  caused  her  to  inaugurate  a 
crusade   on  both  sides  of  the   water   for  better   sanitary  regulations   on 

MAXCY,  JONATHAN,  educator,  was  born  in  Attleborough,  Mass., 
September  2,  1768,  and  died  in  Columbia,  S.C,  June  4,  1820.  He  was 
the  first  president  of  South  Carolina  College,  occupying  the  executive 
chair  for  sixteen  years.  'The  Literary  Remains  of  the  Rev.  Jonathan 
Maxcy,  D.B.,  with  a  Memoir  of  his  Life  by  Romeo  Ehon,  D.D.'  (New 
York,  1844). 


294  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

emigrant  vessels.  She  published  'Etchings  from  the  Caracci'  (Liverpool, 
1842),  'The  Englishwoman  in  America,'  'The  Statesmen  of  America  in 
1846,'  and  'The  Progress  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  America.' 

MAXEY,  EDWIN.  Educator  and  lawyer.  He  was  born  in 
Royal,  Pa.,  October  26,  1869,  a  son  of  Thonias  and  Ann  Price 
Maxey,  and  received  an  excellent  education,  including  a  course 
at  the  Chicago  Law  School.  In  1903  he  became  professor  of  constitutional 
and  international  law  at  the  West  Virginia  University.  He  has  published 
numerous  monographs  on  political  and  legal  subjects,  in  addition 
to  the  following  works:  'Some  Questions  of  Larger  Politics'  (New 
York,  The  Abbey  Press,  1901),  'Triumphs  of  American  Diplomacy'  (New 
York,  Brentano's,  1905),  'International  Law*  (St.  Louis,  F.  H.  Thomas 
Law  Book  Company,  190i5),  and  'Suffrage  Extension  in  Rhode  Island.'  He 
holds  the  dregrees  of  D.C.L.  and  of  LL.D. 

MAXEY,  SAMUEL  BELL,  United  States  Senator,  soldier  and 
lawyer,  was  born  in  Tompkinsville,  Ky.,  March  30,  1825,  of  Huguenot 
ancestry,  and  was  educated  at  West  Point.  During  the  Mexican  War 
he  was  breveted  first  lieutenant  for  gallantry;  but  soon  after  the  close 
of  hostilities  he  resigned  from  the  United  States  Army  and  settled 
in  Paris,  Texas  for  the  practice  of  law.  At  the  outbreak  of  hostilities 
in  1861,  he  organized  the  Ninth  Texas  Infantry,  went  to  the  front,  and 
attained  the  rank  of  major-general.  From  1875  to  1881  he  served  in 
the  United  States  Senate.  General  Maxey  contributed  to  'Wooten's 
Comprehensive  History  of  Texas'  (Dallas,  Wm.  G.  Scarff,  1898),  two 
very  important  chapters  on  "The  Annexation  of  Texas  to  the  United 
States"  and  "The  Mexican  War,  1845-1848."  He  was  engaged  in 
writing  another  chapter  on  "The  Natural  Growth  and  Material  De- 
velopment of  the  State"  when  death  arrested  his  pen. 

MAXWELL,  AUGUSTUS  EMMET,  jurist,  was  born  in  Elberton, 
Ga.,  September  21,  1820,  received  his  education  at  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia, studied  law,  settled  in  Florida  for  the  practice  of  his  profession, 
and  served  in  Congress  from  1853  to  1857.  During  the  greater  part  of  the 
Civil  War  period  he  was  a  Confederate  Senator.  He  was  afterward 
elevated  to  the  Supreme  Bench  of  the  State.  Still  later  he  became  judge 
of  the  first  circuit  of  Florida,  and  he  closed  his  splendid  career  in  the 
ermine  of  the  chief  justiceship.  Some  of  his  speeches  have  been  pre- 
served in  the  records  of  the  Federal  and  Confederate  Houses  of  Con- 
gress; while  some  of  his  decisions  are  contained  in  the  'Florida  Reports.' 

MAXWELL,  GEORGE  TROUP,  physician,  was  born  in  Bryan 
County,  Ga.,  August  6,  1827,  studied  medicine,  became  an  eminent  practi- 
tioner, first  in  Florida  and  afterward  in  Georgia,  commanded  a  brigade 
of  Confederate  troops  during  the  Civil  War,  settled  in  Delaware  at  the 
close  of  hostilities,  invented  the  laryngoscope,  and  published  'An  Expo- 
sition of  the  Liability  of  the  Negro  Race  to  Yellow  Fever,'  besides  nu- 
merous contributions  to  periodicals. 

MAXWELL,  H.  V.  Author.  [Tenn.].  He  wrote  'ChUhowee:  a 
Legend  of  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains'  (1897). 

MAXWELL,  HU.  This  author  was  a  product  of  West  Virginia; 
but  into  his  volume  entitled  'Idyls  of  the  Golden  Shore'  (New  York, 
1889),  he  has  woven  the  scenery  of  the  far-distant  slope  of  the  Pacific. 
Even  to  the  most  casual  reader  it  is  evident  that  the  poet  belongs  to 
an  exceptional  group;  and  the  work  is  considerably  above  the  average 
in  merit. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       295 

MAXWELL,  THOMAS,  merchant,  was  born  in  England,  but 
afterward  lived  in  Alabama  and  published  'The  King  Bee's  Dream,'  a 
poem. 

MAXWELL,  WILLIAM,  educator  and  poet,  was  born  in  Norfolk, 
Va.,  in  1784  and  died  near  Williamsburg,  Va.,  in  1857.  For  several  years 
he  practiced  law  with  success,  after  graduating  from  Yale;  but  he  relin- 
quished his  profession  to  become  president  of  Hampden-Sidney  College. 
He  published  a  volume  of  'Poems'  (Philadelphia,  1812),  which  passed 
into  two  editions;  and  also  became  interested  in  the  antiquities  of  the 
state,  establishing,  in  1848,  the  Virginia  Historical  Register  and  editing  the 
first  six  volumes.  The  best  of  his  poems  is  "A  Naval  Song,"  inspired  by 
the  War  of  1812.    Hampden-Sidney  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

MAYER,  ALFRED  MARSHALL,  physicist,  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  November  13,  1836,  received  his  education  at  St,  Mary's  College, 
and  became  an  eminent  authority  in  various  branches  of  science,  especially 
in  physics.  At  different  times  he  was  identified  with  some  of  the  leading 
colleges  and  universities,  but  the  most  fruitful  years  of  his  life  were  given 
to  the  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology,  at  Hoboken,  N.J.  In  the  realm  of 
original  research  he  made  many  useful  and  important  discoveries,  con- 
tributed at  frequent  intervals  to  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  wrote 
numerous  articles  for  encyclopaedias,  and  published  'Lecture  Notes  on 
Physics,'  'The  Earth  a  Great  Magnet,'  'Light,'  in  association  with  Charles 
Barnard,  'Sound,'  and  'Sport  with  Gun  and  Rod  in  American  Woods  and 
Rivers.'  He  died  in  1897.  Pennsylvania  College  gave  him  the  degree  of 
Ph.D. 

MAYER,  BRANTZ,  author,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Septem- 
ber 27,  1809.  On  completing  his  studies  at  St.  Mary's  College,  he  made  an 
extended  tour  of  the  Old  World,  began  the  practice  of  law  on  his  return 
home,  became  Secretary  of  Legation  in  Mexico,  in  1843,  and  afterward 
organized  the  Historical  Society  of  Maryland.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
espoused  the  Union  cause  and  held  the  office  of  paymaster,  which 
he  retained  for  several  years  after  the  close  of  hostilities.  He  published 
'Mexico  as  It  Was  and  as  It  Is'  (Philadelphia,  1844),  'Mexico:  Aztec, 
Spanish,  and  Republican,'  in  two  volumes  (Hartford,  1861),  'Captain 
Canot;  or,  Twenty  Years  of  an  African  Slaver,'  founded  on  fact  (New 
York,  1854).  "Observations  on  American  History  and  Archaeology,"  in 
'Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge'  (Washington,  1856),  'Mexican 
Antiquities'  (Philadelphia,  1858),  'Memoir  of  Jared  Sparks,'  and  'Balti- 
more.' He  also  contributed  to  the  Historical  Society  "The  Journal  of 
Charles  Carroll  during  his  Mission  to  Canada,"  and  other  interesting  papers. 
He  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  March  21,  1879. 

MAYES,  EDWARD.  Lawyer  and  educator.  He  was  born  in 
Hines  County,  Miss.,  December  IS,  1846,  a  son  of  Daniel  Mayes, 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Mississippi,  and  afterward  took  the  law 
course  in  the  same  institution.  He  married.  May  11,  1869,  Frances  Eliza 
Lamar,  daughter  of  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar.  He  served  in  the  Confederate  Army, 
and  later  was  for  many  years  professor  of  law  in  the  University  of  Missis- 
sippi, and  chancellor  from  1889  to  1892,  subsequently  professor  of  law  in 
Millsaps  College.  Besides  a  'History  of  Education  in  Mississippi,'  he  has 
written  an  exhaustive  biography  of  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  portraying  his  times 
and  including  his  speeches  (Nashville,  Methodist  Episcopal  Publishing 
House,  South,  1895).  Mississippi  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
He  resides  in  Jackson,  Miss. 

MAYNARD  SALLIE  B.  HILLYER,  Mrs.,  author,  was  born  in 
Georgia  in  1841  and  died  in  Texas  in  1882.  She  wrote  'The  Two 
Heroines ;  or,  the  Valley  Farm,'  besides  several  poems. 


296  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

MAYO,  JOSEPH.  Author.  [Va.].  He  published  a  novel  of 
Southern  life  entitled  'Woodburne,'  the  scenes  of  which  are  laid  on  both 
sides  of  the  Potomac. 

MAYO,  ROBERT,  author,  was  born  in  Powhatan  County,  Va., 
April  25,  1784,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  October  31,  1864.  After 
graduating  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  he  practiced  medicine 
in  Richmond,  Va.,  for  several  years,  and  then  entered  the  Civil  Service  at 
Washington.  Free  access  to  the  Government  files  furnished  him  ample 
material  for  authorship,  and  he  published  a  number  of  books,  including  a 
'View  of  Ancient  Geography  and  History*  (Philadelphia,  1813),  a  'New 
System  of  Mythology,'  in  four  volumes  (1815-1819),  'Pension  Laws  of  the 
United  States,  1776-1833'  (Washington,  1833),  a  'Synopsis  of  the  Revenue 
System  of  the  United  States,'  in  two  volumes  (1847),  and  'The  Treasury 
Department:  Its  Origin,  Organization,  and  Operation'  (1847). 

MEAD,  EDWARD  CAMPBELL.  Author.  He  was  born  in 
Newton,  Mass.,  January  12,  1837,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Zachariah  Mead, 
and  was  educated  at  Ridgeway  Academy  in  Virginia.  He  married 
and  engaged  in  business,  but  afterward  took  up  farming  on  account 
of  impaired  health  and  made  an  extended  voyage  in  early  life  to 
Australia  and  the  East  Indies.  He  is  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
periodicals,  writing  in  both  prose  and  verse.  Especially  important 
are  his  researches  into  Virginia  antecedents.  Included  among  his 
works  are:  'Genealogical  History  of  the  Lee  Family  of  Virginia  and 
Maryland'  (New  York  University  Publishing  Company,  1866),  'Biographical 
Sketch  of  Anna  M.  Chalmers,'  and  'Historic  Homes  of  the  Southwest 
Mountains  of  Virginia,'  in  two  volumes.     He  resides  in  Keswick,  Va. 

MEAD,  F.  Writer.  [La.].  He  published  a  volume  of  verse  en- 
titled 'Leaves  of  Thought'  (1868). 

MEADE,  WILLIAM,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop,  was  born  near 
Millwood,  Va.,  November  11,  1789,  and  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  March  14, 
1862.  After  receiving  his  diploma  from  Princeton,  he  studied  theology 
and  in  due  time  was  ordained  to  the  priesthood.  The  gifts  which  he 
brought  to  the  ministerial  office  were  of  the  very  highest  order;  his  rise 
was  therefore  rapid;  and,  on  his  return  from  Europe,  in  1841,  after  an 
extended  visit,  he  was  made  bishop  of  the  diocese.  Conscientious  scruples 
against  slavery  induced  him  to  emancipate  his  negroes,  but  the  experiment 
proved  so  disastrous  to  the  blacks  that  he  ceased  to  recommend  this  course 
to  others.  Included  among  his  published  works  are  'Old  Churches,  Minis- 
ters and  Families  of  Virginia,'  in  two  volumes  (Philadelphia,  1857),  a 
work  of  rare  value  to  the  student  of  Virginia  antiquities  'Lectures  on 
the  Pastoral  Office,'  'Reasons  for  Loving  the  Episcopal  Church,'  'The 
Bible  and  the  Classics,'  'Pastoral  Letters  on  the  Duty  of  Afifording  Re- 
ligious Instruction  to  Those  in  Bondage,'  'Companion  to  the  Font  and 
the  Pulpit,'  'Family  Prayer,'  and  others.  From  the  pen  of  the  Rev.  John 
Johns,  D.D.,  appeared  an  interesting  'Memorial  of  Bishop  Meade.'  William 
and  Mary  College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

MEANS,  ALEXANDER.  Clergyman,  educator,  poet,  physician. 
He  was  born  in  Statesville,  N.C.,  February  6,  1801.  Possessing 
one  of  the  keenest  intellects  of  his  time,  he  foresaw  the  triumphs 
of  electricity  and  predicted  the  motor  car  and  the  telegraph 
years  in  advance  of  the  announcement  of  either  invention.  His 
eloquence  was  of  the  rarest  type,  and  he  not  only  filled  many  im- 
portant pulpits  but  also  took  part  in  public  affairs.  He  was  a  delegate 
to  the  Secession  Convention  in  Georgia,  and  spoke  against  the 
policy  of  separating  from  the  Union.  He  was  the  fourth  president 
of   Emory   College   and  the   first    State   Chemist  of   Georgia,   receiving 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       297 

this  latter  appointment  from  the  governor.  He  held  important 
chairs  from  time  to  time  in  both  literary  and  medical  institutions, 
wrote  learnedly  upon  many  subjects,  and  published,  in  addition  to 
numerous  sermons  and  tracts,  'A  Cluster  of  Poems  for  the  Home 
and  Heart.'  He  died  in  1883.  Besides  the  M.D.  degree,  he  also  held  the 
D.D.  and  the  LL.D. 

MEANS,  CELINA  E.,  Mrs.  Author.  [S.C.].  Besides  an  interest- 
ing novel  entitled  'Thirty-four  Years,'  she  wrote  'Palmetto  Stories,'  an 
entertaining  collection  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1908).  Mrs. 
Means  died  in  Columbia,  S.C,  in  1909. 

MEEK,  ALEXANDER  BEAUFORT.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  VIH,  page  3599. 

MEEKINS,  LYNN  ROBY,  journalist  and  author,  was  born  in 
Salem,  Md.,  November  14,  1862.  For  seventeen  years  he  was  literary 
editor  of  the  Baltimore  American;  for  two  years  managing  editor  of  the 
Saturday  Evening  Post,  and  for  four  years  editor-in-chief  of  the  Balti- 
more Herald.  Besides  numerous  stories  and  sketches  contributed  to  maga- 
zines, he  has  published  'The  Robb's  Island  Wreck'  (New  York,  Stone  and 
Kimball,  1894),  'Some  of  Our  People'  (1898),  and  'Adam  Rush'  (Philadel- 
phia, J.  B.  Lippincott  Company,  1902).  He  married,  November  5,  1891, 
Kate  Owings. 

MEIGS,  RETURN  JONATHAN,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Clark 
County,  Ky.,  April  14,  1801,  achieved  eminence  at  the  Bar,  became  United 
States  Attorney  for  the  middle  district  of  Tennessee  and  afterward  clerk 
of  the  Supreme  Court.  He  published  'Reports  of  Cases  in  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Tennessee,'  'Digest  of  the  Decisions  of  the  Former  Superior 
Courts  of  Law  and  Equity  and  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Errors  and 
Appeals  in  the  State  of  Tennessee,'  and  'The  Code  of  Tennessee,'  compiled 
in  association  with  William  F.  Cooper. 

MELL,  PATRICK  HUES,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Walthourville,  Ga.,  July  19,  1814,  and  was  the  son  of  Major  Benjamin  Mell 
and  Cynthia  Sumner.  Most  of  his  life  was  devoted  to  educational  work; 
and  for  many  years  he  was  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Georgia.  As 
a  parliamentarian  he  was  without  a  peer  in  the  South;  and,  covering  a 
period  of  more  than  three  decades,  he  moderated  the  assemblies  of  his 
Baptist  brethren.  He  was  twice  married;  first,  to  Lurene  Howard  Cooper, 
in  1840,  and,  second,  to  Eliza  E.  Cooper,  in  1861.  His  published  works 
include :  'Baptism,'  'Corrective  Church  Discipline,'  'Parliamentary  Practice,' 
'Slavery,'  'Calvinism,'  'Predestination,'  'God's  Providential  Government,' 
'Philosophy  of  Prayer,'  'Church  Polity,'  'College  Government,'  'Dormitory 
System,'  'Keeping  the  Sabbath,'  and  'Coming  to  Christ.'  He  died  at 
Athens,  Ga.,  January  26,  1888.  Dr.  Mell  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
the  University  of  Georgia  and  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Howard. 

MELL,  PATRICK  HUES,  educator,  was  born  in  Penfield,  Ga., 
May  24,  1850.  His  father  was  Patrick  Hues  Mell,  the  distinguished 
parliamentarian  and  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Georgia,  and 
his  mother  was  Lurene  Howard  Cooper.  He  was  educated  at  the 
University  of  Georgia,  at  Athens.  For  fourteen  years  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  geology  and  botany  at  the  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute, 
and  later  for  seven  years  was  president  of  the  South  Carolina  Agricul- 
tural and  Mechanical  College,  at  Clemson,  S.C.  On  June  15,  1875,  he 
married  Annie  R.  White.  Besides  numerous  papers  and  pamphlets 
bearing  upon  scientific  subjects,  he  is  the  author  of  an  interesting 
'Life  of  Patrick  Hues  Mell'  (Louisville  Baptist  Book  Concern,  1895),  and 
a  volume    entitled  'Biological  Laboratory  Methods'  (New  York,  The 


298  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Macmillan  Company,  1896).  He  has  also  revised  'Mell's  Parliamentary 
Practice'  (Louisville,  Baptist  Book  Concern),  and  'White's  Garden- 
ing for  the  South'  (Richmond,  B.  F.  Johnson  Company).  The  University 
of  South  Carolina  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

MELLEN,  GEORGE  FREDERICK,  educator  and  writer,  was 
born  at  Pierce's  Springs,  Miss.,  June  27,  1859.  On  completing  his  course 
at  the  University  of  Alabama,  he  studied  at  Leipsic  (Ph.D.).  In  1891 
he  became  professor  of  Greek  and  French  in  the  University  of  Tennessee, 
a  chair  which  he  filled  for  several  years.  Besides  numerous  contributions 
to  magazines  and  newspapers,  he  contributed  important  chapters  to  Rule's 
'History  of  Knoxville'  and  to  'The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation.' 
The  sketch  of  J.  G.  Baldwin  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is 
also  from  his  pen. 

MELTON,  WIGHTMAN  FLETCHER,  educator,  was  born  at 
Ripley,  Tenn.,  September  26,  1867.  His  father  was  the  Rev.  Isaac  Q. 
Melton,  and  his  mother,  Frances  Louisa  Ellis.  He  occupies  the  chair  of 
English  at  Emory  College,  Oxford,  Ga.  Besides  numerous  stories  and 
sketches  for  periodicals,  both  religious  and  secular,  he  has  published  "The 
Preacher's  Son'  (Nashville,  M.E.  Publishing  House,  South)  and  'The 
Rhetoric  of  John  Donne's  Verse'  (Baltimore,  1906).  He  has  also  edited 
Ruskin's  'Crown  of  Wild  Olive'  and  'Queen  of  the  Air'  (New  York,  The 
Macmillan  Company,  1909).  The  sketch  of  Edward  Coote  Pinkney  in 
'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen.  He  received  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.  from  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

MEMMINGER,  CHARLES  GUSTAVUS,  financier  and  statesman, 
was  born  in  Wurtemburg,  Germany,  January  9,  1803,  and  died  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  March  7,  1888.  He  was  brought  to  America  when  an  infant, 
received  his  education  at  South  Carolina  College,  chose  the  profession  of 
law,  was  for  nearly  twenty  years  chairman  of  the  finance  committee  of  the 
South  Carolina  House  of  Representatives,  and  from  1861  to  1864  held  the 
Treasury  portfolio  in  the  Confederate  Cabinet.  He  opposed  nullification 
and  wrote  a  work,  satirizing  the  advocates  of  the  doctrine  entitled  'The 
Book  of  Nullification'  (Charleston,  1832). 

MEMMINGER,  ROBERT  WITHERS.  Protestant  Episcopal 
clergyman.  [S.C].  He  published  'What  is  Religion?'  'Present  Issues' 
(1873),  and  'Reflections  of  a  Recluse'  (1878). 

MENKEN,  ADAH  ISAACS,  actress  and  poet,  was  born  near  New 
Orleans,  La.,  June  IS,  1835,  and  died  in  Paris,  France,  August  10,  1868. 
Her  father  was  a  Spanish  Jew  and  her  mother  a  native  of  Bordeaux. 
She  married  Alexander  Menken,  a  musician,  from  whom  she  was  subse- 
quently divorced;  and  later  in  life  she  married,  first,  John  C.  Heenan, 
and  Robert  H.  Newell,  from  both  of  whom  she  was  likewise  separated. 
On  the  stage  she  attained  some  note ;  and  after  retiring  she  published  over 
the  signature  of  "Indigena"  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Memories.'  When 
she  died,  at  the  age  of  thirty-three,  she  was  Mrs.  James  Barclay. 

MERCER,  CHARLES  FENTON,  lawyer  and  soldier,  was  born  in 
Fredericksburg,  Va.,  June  6,  1778.  and  died  near  Alexandria,  Va.,  May 
4,  1858.  During  the  War  of  1812  he  commanded  the  defences  at  Norfolk, 
with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  He  also  served  in  Congress  for 
twenty-four  years  and  was  the  first  president  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
Canal.  Opposed  to  slavery,  General  Mercer  conferred  with  eminent  men 
of  several  countries  in  the  interest  of  abolition.  He  published  'The  Weak- 
ness and  Inefficiency  of  the  United  States  Government'  (1863). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF   AUTHORS        299 

MERCER,  JESSE,  one  of  the  pioneer  Baptist  divines  and  philan- 
thropists of  Georgia,  was  born  in  Halifax  County,  N.C,  December  16,  1769, 
and  died  in  Washington,  Ga.,  September  6,  1841.  For  fifty  years  he 
preached  the  gospel  with  wonderful  power.  Possessed  of  large  means,  he 
gave  liberally  to  Mercer  University,  an  institution  which  was  named  in  his 
honor,  and  he  also  purchased  and  edited  The  Christian  Index,  which  he 
afterward  presented  to  the  Georgia  Baptists.  For  eighteen  years  in  suc- 
cession he  was  president  of  the  State  convention.  Perhaps  no  man  of  his 
day  was  more  influential  in  molding  religious  opinion,  whether  in  the  pulpit 
or  in  the  editorial  sanctum.     He  received  the  degree  of  D.D. 

MERCER,  MARGARET,  educator,  was  born  in  Annapolis,  Md., 
in  1792,  and  died  in  Virginia  in  1846.  On  account  of  deep-seated  convic- 
tions, she  voluntarily  reduced  herself  from  affluence  to  poverty  by  re- 
leasing her  slaves.  For  twenty  years  she  taught  school  in  Virginia  and 
prepared  two  volumes  for  her  pupils:  'Studies  for  Bible  Classes'  and 
'Ethics:  a  Series  of  Lectures  to  Young  Ladies.'  Caspar  Morris  published 
her  'Memoir'  (Philadelphia,  1848). 

MERCIER,  ALFRED.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch.  Vol. 
VHI,  page  3629. 

MERIWETHER,  ELIZABETH  AVERY.  Author.  She  was 
born  in  Bolivar,  Tenn.,  in  1832,  married  Minor  Meriwether,  and 
is  the  mother  of  the  well-known  author,  Lee  Meriwether.  Some  very 
excellent  stories  have  come  from  her  pen,  among  them :  'The  Master 
of  Red  Leaf,'  'Black  and  White,'  'The  Ku  Klux  Klan,'  and  'My  First 
and  Last  Love.'     She  resides  in   St.   Louis,   Mo. 

MERIWETHER,  LEE.  Lawyer  and  author.  He  was  born  in 
Columbus,  Miss.,  December  25,  1862,  a  son  of  Minor  and  Elizabeth 
Avery  Meriwether,  and  was  educated  in  Memphis,  Tenn.,  but  settled 
in  St.  Louis  for  the  practice  of  law.  Some  time  during  the  'eighties, 
he  took  an  extended  trip  abroad,  "roughing  it"  from  Gibraltar  to  the 
Bosphorus.  He  was  afterward  appointed  by  the  United  States  Secretary  of 
the  Interior  to  prepare  a  report  on  the  condition  of  European  labor- 
ers. At  another  time  he  was  special  agent  for  the  Department  of  the 
Interior  and  collected  data  in  regard  to  labor  in  the  United  States 
and  in  the  Philippines.  Subsequently  he  was  made  Commissioner 
of  Labor  in  Missouri.  Several  books  have  come  from  his  busy  pen, 
among  them :  'A  Tramp  Trip,  or  How  to  See  Europe  on  Fifty  Cents 
a  Day'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers,  1887),  'The  Tramp  at 
Home'  {ibid.,  1890),  Afloat  and  Ashore  on  the  Mediterranean,'  (New  York, 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1892),  'Miss  Chunk'  (1899),  and  'A  Lord's  Court- 
ship' (Boston,  Laird  and  Lee,  1900).    He  resides  in  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

MERIWETHER,  LIDE  SMITH,  Mrs.,  poet,  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia, in  1829,  but  most  of  her  life  was  spent  in  Memphis,  Tenn.  In  asso- 
ciation with  her  sister,  Virginia  French,  she  published  a  volume  of  verse 
entitled  'One  or  Two.' 

MERRICK,  CAROLINE  E.  Author.  [La.].  She  wrote  an  inter- 
esting volume  entitled  'Old  Times  in  Dixie  Land'  (New  York,  1901). 

MERRICK,  E.  T.,  Jr.  Lawyer.  [La.].  He  published  sev- 
eral works,  including  'The  Louisiana  Civil  Code,  Annotated'  (1902),  'Roger 
B.  Taney'  (1903),  and  'The  Louisiana  Purchase'  (1904). 

MERRIMON,  MAUD  L.  Writer.  [N.C.].  She  wrote  a  memoir 
of  her  father,  Judge  A.  S.  Merrimon  (1895). 


300  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE' 

MERY,  GASTON  ETIENNE,  explorer,  was  born  in  Baton  Rouge, 
La.,  in  1793,  and  died  in  France  in  1844.  He  fought  under  General  Jackson 
at  New  Orleans  and  published  'La  Legende,du  Corsair  La  Fitte'  (Tours 
1841),  'Observations  sur  le  Commerce,  des  Etats-Unis'  (Paris,  1842),  and 
'La  Politique  Americaine  et  les  Indiens'   (1843). 

MESSENGER,  LILLIAN  ROZELL,  author,  was  born  in  Ken- 
tucky, a  daughter  of  Dr.  P.  O.  Rozell,  and  was  educated  at  Forest  Hill 
Institute,  near  Memphis,  Tenn.  She  married,  in  1868,  North  A.  Messen- 
ger, an  editor  of  Tuscumbia,  Ala.,  and,  after  the  death  of  her  husband, 
she  settled  in  Washington,  D.C.,  where  she  engaged  in  journalistic  and 
literary  work.  She  published  several  delightful  volumes,  including 
'Threads  of  Fate,'  'Fragments  from  an  Old  Inn,'  'The  Vision  of  Gold,' 
'The  Southern  Cross,'  and  'In  the  Heart  of  America.' 

METCALF,  JOHN  CALVIN,  educator,  was  born  in  Christian 
County,  Ky.,  August  7,  1865.  His  father  was  John  C.  Metcalf  and  his 
mother,  Victoria  Willis.  He  holds  the  chair  of  English  in  Richmond 
College,  and  at  leisure  intervals  devotes  his  pen  to  literary  activities. 
Besides  contributing  to  encyclopaedias,  he  has  published  'Literature  and  the 
Moral  Law,  and  Other  Essays,'  "The  English  in  the  South,"  a  chapter 
written  for  'The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,'  and  several  lectures 
and  addresses.  He  also  wrote  the  sketch  of  George  C.  Eggleston  in  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature.'    He  married  Ruth  C.  Sharp. 

METCALF,  SAMUEL  L.,  physician,  was  born  near  Winchester, 
Va.,  September  21,  1798,  and  died  at  Cape  May,  N.J.,  July  17,  1856.  He 
was  educated  in  Kentucky  and  practiced  first  in  Mississippi  and  afterward 
in  Tennessee,  but  removed  eventually  to  New  York.  He  gave  much 
attention  to  scientific  research,  made  two  extended  visits  to  England,  and 
published  'Narratives  of  Indian  Warfare  in  the  West'  (Lexington,  1821), 
'New  Theory  of  Terrestrial  Magnetism'  (New  York,  1833),  and  'Caloric; 
Its  Agencies  in  the  Phenomena  of  Nature,'  in  two  volumes  (London,  1843 ; 
New  York,  1853).  He  was  almost  equally  well  known  on  both  sides  of 
the  Atlantic. 

MEZES,  SIDNEY  EDWARD,  educator,  was  born  in  the  State  of 
California,  September  23,  1863,  and  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
California  and  at  Harvard.  He  became  associate  professor  of  philosophy 
in  the  University  of  Texas  in  1897,  professor  of  this  department  and  dean 
of  the  College  of  Arts  in  1900,  and,  on  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Houston 
in  1908,  president,  an  honor  which  he  received  unexpectedly  while  travel- 
ing abroad.  He  has  published  an  important  text-book  on  'Ethics,  De- 
scriptive and  Explanatory'  (1901),  besides  his  co-authorship  interest  in  an- 
other work  entitled  'The  Conception  of  God'  (1897).  Harvard  gave 
him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

MICHARD,  J.  Educator  and  poet.  In  1860  there  appeared  in 
Richmond  a  volume  entitled  'Religio  Poetse:  a  Trilogy,  by  J.  Michard, 
Professor  of  Modern  Languages.'  It  is  too  mystical  and  deep  to  win 
popular  favor,  but  it  contains  some  fine  passages,  showing  that  the  aufhor 
possessed  in  an  unusual  degree  the  poetic  gift. 

MICHEL,  WILLIAM  MIDDLETON,  physician  and  scientist,  was 
born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  January  22,  1822.  He  attained  high  professional 
rank,  edited  the  Confederate  States  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  taught 
in  South  Carolina  Medical  College,  and  published  the  result  of  his  re- 
searches 'On  the  Development  of  the  Opossum,'  which  brought  him  into 
controversy  with  Agassiz. 

MIDDLETON,  ARTHUR,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence, was  born  at  Middleton  Place,  S.C,  on  the  Ashley  River,  June  26, 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       301 

1742,  and  died  at  Goose  Creek,  S.C,  January  1,  1787.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  England,  and  spent  two  years  in  traveling  abroad.  He 
espoused  the  patriotic  cause,  succeeded  his  father,  Henry  Middleton,  in 
the  Continental  Congress,  signed  the  immortal  scroll  of  freedom,  declined 
the  governorship  of  South  Carolina,  on  the  fall  of  Charleston  was  made 
a  political  prisoner  and  after  being  exchanged,  resumed  his  seat  at  Phila- 
delphia. Subsequent  to  the  war  he  served  in  the  State  Senate.  Over  the 
signature  of  "Andrew  Marvel"  he  wrote  several  effective  political  essays; 
and  having  acquired  the  stenographic  art,  he  also  reported  the  debates  in 
which  he  participated.  He  is  said  to  have  owned  fifty  thousand  acres  and 
eight  hundred  slaves. 

MIDDLETON,  HENRY,  author,  was  born  in  Paris,  France,  but 
of  South  Carolina  parentage,  March  16,  1797,  and  died  in  Washir^gton, 
D.C.,  March  15,  1876.  His  father  was  Henry  Middleton,  an  American 
diplomat,  and  his  grandfather,  Arthur  Middleton,  the  signer.  He  was 
educated  at  West  Point ;  but  relinquishing  army  life  after  a  time,  he  chose 
the  legal  profession,  and  became  a  writer  of  distinction  upon  economic 
topics.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  advocate  of  free  trade;  and  this  important 
issue  inspired  numerous  articles  from  his  pen.  In  an, essay  on  "Prospects 
of  Disunion"  he  strongly  opposed  nullification.  He  also  wrote :  'The  Gov- 
ernment and  the  Currency'  (New  York,  18S0),  'Economical  Causes  of 
Slavery  in  the  United  States  and  Obstacles  to  Abolition'  (London,  18S7), 
'The  Government  of  India,'  and  'Universal  Suffrage.' 

MIDDLETON,  JOHN  IZARD,  author,  was  born  at  Middleton 
Place,  S.C,  in  1785,  and  died  in  Paris,  France,  in  1849.  He  was  educated 
at  Cambridge,  England,  married  the  daughter  of  M.  Falconet,  a  banker  of 
Naples,  resided  first  in  Italy  and  then  in  France,  and  published  'Grecian 
Remains  in  Italy,'  the  first  contribution  made  by  an  American  to  the  litera- 
ture of  classic  antiquities  (London,  1812). 

MILBURN,  W.  H.,  Mrs.  Poet.  [Va.].  She  wrote  'Poems  of 
Faith  and  Affection. ' 

MILBURN,  WILLIAM  HENRY.  The  blind  chaplain  of  Con- 
gress. Though  born  in  Philadelphia,  he  resided  for  several  years  in  the 
South,  where  he  occupied  Methodist  pulpits.  Mobile  and  Montgomery 
supplying  his  principal  fields.  He  published  'Rifle,  Axe  and  Saddle-Bags, 
the  Symbols  of  Western  Character  and  Civilization'  (New  York,  1856), 
"Ten  Years  of  a  Preacher's  Life;  Chapters  from  an  Autobiography'  (New 
York,  1859),  and  'The  Pioneers,  Preachers  and  People  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley'  (New  York,  1860). 

MILES,  GEORGE  HENRY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  VIII,  page  3641. 

MILES,  JAMES  WARLEY,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Charleston, 
S.C,  November  24,  1818.  He  was  an  accomplished  divine  and  scholar  of 
the  Episcopal  Church,  who  wrote  'Philosophic  Theology;  or.  Ultimate 
Grounds  of  all  Religious  Belief  Based  on  Reason'  (Charleston,  1849).  He 
also  published  occasional  poems.  Besides  the  classic  and  sacred  tongues, 
he  also  mastered  Turkish  and  Persian.  He  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  in 
187S. 

MILFORT,  LE  CLERC,  French  traveler  and  writer,  was  born  in 
17S0  and  died  in  1817  in  France.  For  some  time  he  sojourned  in  the 
Territory  of  Alabama,  and  wrote  'Memoire,  ou  Coup  d'CEil  Rapide  sur 
mes  Differents  Voyages  et  mon  Sejour  dans  la  Nation  Creek'  (1802). 

MILLAR,  ALEXANDER  COPELAND.  Educator.  He  was 
born   in   McKeesport,   Pa.,   May   17,    1861,   the   son   of  W.  J.   and  Ellen 


302  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Millar.  He  removed  to  Missouri  in  childhood,  and  graduated  from  Cen- 
tral College.  He  married,  June  27,  1887,  Elizabeth  Harwood.  His  life 
has  been  largely  devoted  to  educational  work;  and  for  fifteen  years  he  was 
president  of  Central  Collegiate  Institute.  At  present  his  labors  are  given 
chiefly  to  the  great  educational  commission  of  the  Methodist  Church, 
South.  As  an  advocate  of  good  roads,  he  led  the  movement  that  resulted 
in  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  Arkansas,  authorizing  counties  to 
levy  a  road  tax.  He  edits  the  Arkansas  Methodist,  and  he  is  also  a 
minister  of  the  gospel.  Besides  a  work  entitled  'Twentieth  Century  Edu- 
cational Problems'  (Philadelphia,  Hinds  and  Noble)  he  is  the  author  of  a 
poem  called  "Together,  Yes,  Together,"  written  in  answer  to  the  English 
Laureate's  poem  of  the  same  title.    He  resides  in  Little  Rock,  Ark. 

MILLARD,  JUNIUS  WILLIAM.  Clergyman.  He  was  born  in 
Sampson  County,  N.C.,  January  23,  1870,  was  educated  at  Wake 
Forest  College  and  at  Southern  Baptist  Theological  Seminary  and 
married,  November  4,  1870,  Mary  Frances  Weakley.  He  was  for  nine 
years  pastor  of  Eutaw  Place  Baptist  Church,  Baltimore,  Md.,  and 
became  pastor  of  the  Ponce  De  Leon  Avenue  Baptist  Church  in  1905. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  volume  entitled  'Life's  To-morrows,'  published 
in  1908.     He  has  received  the  degree  of  D.D. 

MILLER,  ALEXANDER  McVEIGH,  Mrs.  Author.  Her  maiden 
name  was  Mittie  F.  C.  Points.  She  was  born  in  West  Virginia  in  1858. 
Her  writings  are  characterized  by  vivid  imagination  and  by  rapid  move- 
ment of  plot.  She  became  one  of  the  most  popular  contributors  of  the 
day  to  New  York  periodicals,  most  of  her  stories  appearing  in  serial 
form.  She  wrote  'Laurel  Vane,'  'Lancaster's  Choice,'  'Lady  Gray's  Pride,' 
'The  Senator's  Bride,'  'The  Senator's  Favorite,'  'Nina's  Peril,'  'A  Little 
Southern  Beauty,'  'A  Golden  Barrier,'  'Little  Sweetheart,'  'Rosamond,' 
'Sworn  to  Silence,'  and  several  others,  besides  also  a  number  of  uncollected 
poems. 

MILLER,  ANDREW  JAMES.  Journalist  and  author.  He  was 
born  in  La  Grange,  September  4,  1855,  the  son  of  Thomas  C.  and 
Elizabeth  Miller,  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Georgia,  and 
married  in  1881,  Ella  Stephens.  He  edited  for  three  years  The 
Tribune  at  Evansville,  Ind.,  headed  the  scientific  exploration  party  to 
Central  America  in  1889,  and  several  years  later  joined  the  news- 
paper syndicate  expedition  to  South  America.  His  style  as  a  writer  is 
graphic  and  fluent.  Besides  numerous  short  stories  and  sketches  con- 
tributed to  the  magazines,  he  has  published :  'Old  School  Days,'  'The 
Making  of  a  Pirate,'  and  'The  Toastmaster.'    He  resides  in  Llano,  Texas. 

MILLER,  ELVIRA,  SYDNOR,  Miss,  poet,  was  born  in  Virginia 
during  the  Civil  War,  but  subsequently  became  a  resident  of  Louisville, 
Ky.,  and  a  favorite  writer  on  the  Louisville  Times.  She  published  a 
volume  of  verse  entitled  'Songs  of  the  Heart.' 

MILLER,  GUSTAVUS  HINDMAN.  Merchant  and  author.  He 
was  born  on  a  ranch  in  Texas,  September  4,  1857,  the  son  of  Franklin 
L.  and  Emily  _McGee  Miller,  and  was  educated  in  the  common  schools. 
He  married,  in  1878,  Tennessee  Jameson.  His  busy  mercantile  life 
has  not  kept  him^  from  devoting  his  evenings  to  literary  pursuits;  and 
from  his  pen  have  come  some  very  bright  stories,  among  them:  'Lucy 
Dalton,'  'Is  Marriage  a  Failure?'  and  'What's  in  a  Dream?'  He  resides 
in  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

MILLER,  HOMER  VIRGIL  MILTON,  physician  and  senator, 
was  born  in  South  Carolina  in  1814,  and  died  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  in  1897.  He 
began  his  career  at  Cassville,  Ga.,  and  taking  an  active  interest  in  politics, 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       303 

he  won  by  his  dynamic  oratory  on  the  stump  the  soubriquet  of  "the  De- 
mosthenes of  the  Mountains."  During  the  Civil  War  he  served  the  Con- 
federacy as  a  surgeon.  He  taught  in  medical  colleges,  attended  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  of  1868,  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  in 
1870,  and  delivered  numerous  public  addresses.  He  also  contributed  to 
medical  magazines.  Dr.  Miller  was  one  of  the  best  informed  men  of  his 
day  in  the  South. 

MILLER,  L.  D.  Educator  and  author.  For  years  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  public  schools  of  Alabama  and  published  a  'History  of 
Alabama,'  which  is  both  authoritative  and  exhaustive,  beginning  with  the 
expedition  of  De  Soto  (Birmingham,  Ala.,  Roberts  and  Son,  1902). 

MILLER,  MARY  AYER.  Author.  [N.C.].  Her  maiden  name 
was  Mary  Ayer.  Besides  several  books  for  Sunday-schools,  she  wrote 
occasional  poems,  and  published  a  collection  of  verse  entitled  'Wood-notes.' 

MILLER,  M.  C,  Mrs.  Author.  [La.].  She  wrote  'Severed  at 
Gettysburg'   and  'Love   and   Rebellion.' 

MILLER,  SAMUEL  FREEMAN.  Jurist.  [Ky.].  He  was  born 
in  1816  and  died  in  1890.  Judge  Miller  wrote  'The  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States,'  a  series  of  interesting  biographies. 

MILLER,  STEPHEN  FRANKS,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born 
in  North  Carolina,  in  1810,  and  died  in  Oglethorpe,  Ga.,  in  1867.  For  some 
time  he  successfully  practiced  law,  but  a  bronchial  affection  compelled  him 
to  engage  in  other  pursuits;  and  in  various  places  he  edited  newspapers 
and  periodicals.  He  also  published  several  volumes,  among  them,  'The 
Bench  and  Bar  of  Georgia'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  and  Company), 
in  two  volumes,  'Wilkins  Wilder ;  or,  the  Successful  Man,'  and  'Memoir  of 
General  Blackshear.' 

MILLER,  WALTER,  educator,  was  born  in  Ashland  County, 
Ohio,  May  5,  1864.  After  completing  his  studies  at  the  University  of 
Michigan,  he  studied  abroad.  Since  1902  he  has  been  professor  of  Greek 
at  Tulane  University,  New  Orleans.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to 
magazines  and  reviews,  he  has  published  a  'Latin  Prose  Composition  for 
College  Use'  (Boston,  B.  H.  Sanborn  and  Company,  1890),  a  'History  of 
the  Akropolis  at  Athens'  (1893),  'The  Old  and  the  New'  (Palo  Alto,  Cal., 
The  Stanford  University  Press,  1898),  and  'Stella's  Sea  Beasts'  (Washmg- 
ton,  D.C.,  The  Government  Press,  1899).  He  wrote  for  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature'  the  sketch  of  William  B.  Smith. 

MILLIGAN,  ROBERT,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in 
County  Tyrone,  Ireland,  July  25,  1814,  and  died  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  March 
20,  18/S.  Most  of  his  life  was  devoted  to  educational  work.  He  entered 
the  ministry  of  the  Disciples  of  Christ,  became  associate  editor  of  the 
Millennial  Harbinger,  of  which  Alexander  Campbell  was  the  founder  and 
editor-in-chief,  taught  in  Kentucky  University,  and  published  several  theo- 
logical works;  among  them,  'Prayer*  (1863),  'Reason  and  Revelation' 
(1867),  'The  Scheme  of  Redemption'  (1868),  'The  Great  Commission 
(1871),  an  'Analysis  of  the  New  Testament'  (1874),  and  a  'Commentary 
on  the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews'  (1875). 

MILLS,  ROBERT,  architect,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  August 
12,  1781,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  March  3,  1855.  He  studied  archi- 
tecture under  Benjamin  H.  Latrobe,  became  an  eminent  architect,  designed 
the  fireproof  wings  of  Independence  Hall,  the  single  arch  bridge  across 
the  Schuylkill,  and  the  Washington  monument,  the  latter  being  the  tallest 
memorial  structure  in  the  world.  For  many  years  he  was  United  States 
architect  and  supervised  the  construction  of  many  of  the  public  buildings 


304  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

in  Washington.  He  published  'Statistics  of  South  Carolina,'  with  an  atlas 
of  the  State,  'The  American  Pharos;  or.  Light-house  Guide,'  and  'Guide 
to  the  National  Executive  Offices.' 

MILLS,  ROGER  QUARLES,  statesman,  was  born  in  Todd 
County,  Ky.,  March  30,  1832.  On  completing  his  education  he  located  in 
Texas  for  the  practice  of  law  and  became  distinguished  as  an  advocate. 
He  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  Army  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War, 
commanded  a  brigade  and  received  a  number  of  wounds.  For  nearly 
twenty  years  he  served  in  the  National  House.  In  1892  he  was  appointed 
to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  John  H.  Reagan  in  the  United  States  Senate, 
and  was  subsequently  elected  for  another  full  term.  He  married,  January 
7,  1858,  Caroline  R.  Jones.  In  the  legislative  councils  at  Washington, 
Senator  Mills  was  an  acknowledged  leader.  His  speeches  are  masterpieces 
of  thought  and  logic. 

MILNER,  JOHN  TURNER.  Civil  engineer.  He  was  born  in 
1826  and  died  in  1898.  He  was  at  one  time  in  the  State  Senate  of 
Alabama,  and  was  the  author  of  a  book  entitled  'Alabama  as  It  Was, 
as  It  Is,  and  as  It  Will  Be,'  besides  numerous  monographs  on  in- 
dustrial and  economic  subjects. 

MILTON,  GEORGE  FORT,  editor  and  publisher,  was  born  in 
Macon,  Ga.,  July  16,  1869.  For  several  years  he  has  been  principal  owner 
of  two  of  the  South's  leading  newspapers,  the  Knoxville  Sentinel  and  the 
Chattanooga  News,  and  has  also  been  an  active  factor  in  politics.  Twice 
he  was  a  delegate  to  national  Democratic  conventions.  Besides  con- 
tributing to  current  periodicals  like  the  North  American  Review  and  the 
American  Journal  of  Politics,  he  has  published  two  important  pamphlets, 
viz. :  'The  Constitution  of  Tennessee  Considered  with  Reference  to  the 
Constitutions  of  Other  States'  (1897),  and  'Compulsory  Education 
in  the  Southern  States'  (1908).  He  married,  i&Tst,  February  3,  1893, 
Caroline-  McCall ;  and,  second,  September  19,  1904,  Abby  Crawford. 

MIMS,  EDWIN,  educator,  was  born  in  Richmond,  Ark.,  May  27, 
1872,  being  the  son  of  Andrew  J.  and  Cornelia  Mims,  and  was  educated  ■ 
at  Vanderbilt.  From  1894  to  1909  he  occupied  the  chair  of  English  at 
Trinity  College,  Durham,  N.C.,  resigning  to  head  the  same  department 
at  the  State  University,  Chapel  Hill,  N.C.  In  1902  he  became  editor  of  the 
South  Atlantic  Quarterly,  and  besides  editing  Carlyle's  "Essay  on  Burns" 
for  the  'Gateway  Series  of  English  Classics'  (New  York,  The  American 
Book  Company)  and  'Selections  from  Henry  Van  Dyke'  (New  York, 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons),  he  is  the  author  of  an  excellent  'Life  of  Sidney 
Lanier'  (Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Company),  the  sketch  of  Thomas 
Nelson  Page  in  Baskerville's  'Southern  Writers,'  Vol.  II,  and  the  sketch  of 
Paul  H.  Hayne  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  From  time  to 
time  he  has  also  written  for  the  various  periodicals.  He  received  his 
Ph.D.  from  Cornell. 

MINES,  FLAVEL  SCOTT,  clergyman  was  born  in  Leesburg,  Va., 
December  31,  1811,  and  died  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  in  18S2.  He  was  at 
one  time  pastor  of  a  Presbyterian  church  in  the  city  of  New  York,  but 
experienced  a  change  of  religious  faith,  resigned,  took  orders  in  the  Epis- 
copal ministry  and  organized  the  first  church  of  his  denomination  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  He  wrote  'A  Presbyterian  Clergjonan  Looking  for  the 
Church'  (New  York,  18S0). 

MINIFIE,  WILLIAM,  author,  was  born  in  Devonshire,  England, 
August  14,  1805,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  October  24,  1880.  He  was 
an  architect  by  profession  and  a  bookseller  by  trade.  Afterward  he  became 
a  professor  in  the  Maryland  School  of  Art.  He  published  a  'T?Xt-book 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       305 

of  Mechanical  Drawing'  (Baltimore,  1849),  a  'Text-book  of  Geometrical 
Drawing"  (1853),  "Essay  on  the  Theory  and  Application  of  Color"  (1854), 
and  'Lectures  on  Drawing  and  Design'  (1854). 

MINNEGERODE,  CHARLES  G.,  Protestant  Episcopal  clergy- 
rnan,  was  born  in  Germany  in  1814  and  died  in  Virginia  in  1894.  He  pub- 
lished 'Sermons.' 

MINOR,  BENJAMIN  BLAKE,  lawyer  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Essex  County,  Va.,  in  1818,  and  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  in  1904.  For 
years  Dr.  Minor  owned  and  edited  The  Southern  Literary  Messenger, 
to  which  some  of  the  foremost  ante-bellum  writers  were  contributors; 
and  his  work  entitled  'The  Southern  Literary  Messenger,  1834-1864' 
(New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1900), 
is  full  of  fascinating  interest  to  lovers  of  literature.  He  also 
edited  'Wythe's  Chancery  Reports,'  with  a  memoir,  lectured  on  astronom- 
ical and  Biblical  subjects,  and  contributed  to  periodicals.  He  married. 
May  26,  1842,  Virginia  Maury,  daughter  of  Bishop  Otey  o\  Tennessee. 
The  University  of  Missouri  gave  him  the  degree  of  LLD. 

MINOR,  JOHN  BARBEE,  lawyer  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Louisa  County,  Va.,  June  2,  1813,  became  a  law  professor  of  very  wide 
reputation  in  the  University  of  Virginia,  with  which  institution  he  was 
connected  for  many  years,  and  published  'The  Virginia  Reports  of  1799- 
1900,'  'Synopsis  of  the  Law  of  Crimes  and  Punishments,'  and  'The  Insti- 
tutes of  Common  and  Statute  Law.' 

MINOR,  LUCIAN,  educator  and  lawyer,  was  born  in  Louisa 
County,  Va.,  in  1802,  and  died  in  Williamsburg,  Va.,  in  1858.  For  twenty- 
four  years  he  was  commonwealth  attorney,  and  from  1856  till  his  death 
he  was  professor  of  law  in  William  and  Mary  College.  Besides  con- 
tributing to  periodicals,  he  wrote  part  of  John  A.  G.  Davis's  'Guide  to 
Justices,'  added  notes  to  Call's  'Virginia  Reports,'  condensed  the  four 
volumes  of  Hening  and  Mumford's  'Reports'  into  one,  adding  subsequent 
decisions  and  enactments,  'Reasons  for  Abolishing  the  Liquor  Traffic,' 
pamphlet,  and  "Notes  of  Travel  in  New  England,"  which  were  published 
after  his  death  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  under  the  supervision  of  James 
Russell  Lowell. 

MINOR,  RALEIGH  COLSTON,  educator  and  lawyer,  was  born 
near  Charlottesville,  Va.,  January  24,  1869.  His  father  was  John  B. 
Minor,  for  many  years  connected  with  the  law  department  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia.  On  completing  his  education,  he  studied  law,  was  called 
to  teach  in  the  law  department  of  his  alma  mater  in  the  capacity  of  assist- 
ant, and  since  1899  has  been  professor  of  law.  His  publications  include 
'Law  of  Tax  Titles  in  Virginia'  and  'Conflict  of  Laws'  (Boston,  Little, 
Brown  and  Company). 

MINOR,  VIRGINIA  L.  Author.  [Va.].  She  published  'Histori- 
cal and  Biographical  Sketches.' 

MITCHELL,  EDWARD  COFFEE,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Savannah, 
Ga.,  July  24,  1836,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  January  25,  1887.  He 
achieved  distinction  at  the  Northern  Bar,  and  was  for  many  years  con- 
nected with  the  legal  department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
Besides  editing  'Tudor's  Leading  Cases,'  he  published  'Separate  Use  in 
Pennsylvania,'  'Contracts  for  the  Sale  of  Land  in  Pennsylvania'  and  'The 
Equitable  Relation  of  the  Buyer  and  Seller  of  Land  under  Contract  and 
before  Conveyance.'    Hobart  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

MITCHELL,  ELISHA,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Washington,  Conn.,  August  19,  1793,  and  died  on  Black  Mountain,  N.C., 


306  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

June  27,  1857.  For  more  thavi  twenty-five  years  he  was  connected  with 
the  scientific  department  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  He  lost 
his  life  in  a  snow-storm  while  endeavoring  to  ascertain  the  height  of 
Black  Dome ;  but  his  body  was  recovered  from  the  pool  into  which  it  fell, 
and  entombed  on  the  highest  peak  of  the  mountain,  which  is  to-day  called 
by  the  name  of  the  ill-fated  explorer.  He  published  'Elements  of  Geology, 
with  an  Outline  of  the  Geology  of  North  Carolina,'  and  numerous  reports. 
The  University  of  Alabama  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

MITCHELL,  FRANCES  LETCHER.  Author.  [Ga.].  She  pub- 
lished 'Georgia  Land  and  People,'  an  interesting  story  of  the  State  (At- 
lanta, The  Franklin  Printing  Company,  1893).  Miss  Mitchell  resides  in 
Athens,  Ga. 

MITCHELL,  JAMES  C,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Mecklenburg  County. 
N.C.,  about  1790,  and  died  near  Jackson,  Miss.,  August  7,  1843.  He  prac- 
ticed law  for  several  years  in  Tennessee  and  served  for  two  years  in 
Congress,  after  which  he  became  judge  of  the  Circuit  Court.  In  1837  he 
located  in  Mississippi.    He  published  'Mitchell's  Justice.' 

MITCHELL,  JOHN  KEARSLEY,  physician  and  author,  was  born 
of  Scotch  parentage  at  Shepherdstown,  Va.,  May  12,  1798,  and  died  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  April  4,  1858.  After  receiving  his  medical  diploma  he 
became  a  ship-surgeon,  and  made  three  voyages  to  the  Orient.  He  then 
located  in  Philadelphia,  becoming  an  eminent  practitioner  and  professor. 
He  also  edited  periodicals  and  delivered  popular  scientific  lectures.  His 
literary  gifts  were  of  very  high  order.  He  wrote  both  prose  and  verse 
and  published  "St.  Helena,  a  Poem  by  a  Yankee"  (1821),  'Indecision:  a 
Tale  of  the  Far  West,  and  Other  Poems'  (Philadelphia,  1831),  'On  the 
Wisdom,  Goodness  and  Power  of  God,  Illustrated  in  tlie  Properties  of 
Water'  (1834),  'On  the  Cryptogamous  (Drigin  of  Malarious  and  Epidemic 
Fevers,'  and  'Five  Essays  on  Various  Chemical  and  Medical  Subjects' 
(1858).  His  son.  Dr.  Silas  Weir  Mitchell,  is  one  of  the  most  noted  of 
living  surgeons  and  authors. 

MITCHELL,  ORMSBY  MACKNIGHT,  astronomer,  was  born  in 
Morganfield,  Ky.,  July  28,  1809,  and  died  in  Beaufort,  S.C,  October  30,  1862. 
He  was  educated  at  West  Point  in  the  class  with  Robert  E.  Lee  and  Joseph 
E.  Johnston,  but  resigned  from  the  Army  and  became  an  eminent  writer 
and  teacher  in  the  astronomical  branches,  inventing  the  chronograph. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  attained  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  on  the 
Union  side.  He  was  a  member  of  scientific  societies  of  both  Europe  and 
America,  and  published  'The  Planetary  and  Siderial  Worlds'  (New  York, 
1848),  'The  Orbs  of  Heaven'  (1851),  'A  Concise  Elementary  Treatise  of 
the  Sun,  Planets,  Satellites,  and  Comets'  (1860),  and 'The  Astronomy  of  the 
Bible'  (1863).  His  son,  Frederick  A.  Mitchell,  wrote  his  memoir  (Boston, 
1887).    Washington  University  made  him  an  LL.D.  and  Harvard  an  AM. 

MITCHELL,  WILL  WARD.  Poet.  [Mo.].  He  published  'Joel, 
and  Other  Poems'  (1903)  and  'A  Wreath  of  Autumn'  (1905). 

MOHR,  CARL  THEODOR.  Scientist.  He  was  born  in  Ger- 
many, in  1824,  but  came  to  this  country  on  completing  his  education. 
He  was  one  of  the  argonauts  who  crossed  the  great  plains  in  1849; 
later  he  accompanied  Kappler  on  an  exploring  expedition  to  Dutch 
Guiana;  and  for  the  Tenth  United  States  Census  he  explored  the 
forests  of  the  Gulf  States.  He  was  for  several  years  botanist  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Alabama  and  agent  of  the  Forestry  Division 
of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  Besides  many  im- 
portant papers  bearing  upon  the  botanical  products  of  this  section, 
he   wrote:    'The   Timber    Pines    of    the    Southern   United    States'   and 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       307 

'Plant  Life  of  Alabama,'  both  of  which  were  published  by  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  at  Washington,  D.C.  His  intimate 
knowledge  of  the  Southern  forests  has  yielded  some  very  important 
results.    He  died  in  1901. 

MOisE,  PENINA.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
VIII,  page  3663. 

MONETTE,  JOHN  WESLEY,  physician,  was  born  in  Ohio,  April 
3,  1803,  died  in  Madison  Parish,  La.,  March  1,  1851.  After  gradu- 
ating from  the  Kentucky  Medical  College,  he  located  in  Mississippi,  became 
a  practitioner  of  note  and  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  and  wrote  a 
'History  of  the  Discovery  and  Settlement  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,'  in 
two  volumes  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers,  1848).  At  his  death  he 
left  the  manuscript  of  an  important  work  on  'Rivers  of  the  Southwest' 

MONEY,  HERNANDO  DE  SOTO,  United  States  Senator,  was 
born  in  Holmes  County,  Miss.,  August  26,  1839.  Soon  after  completing 
his  studies  at  the  University  of  Mississippi,  hostilities  began,  and  he  en- 
tered the  Confederate  ranks.  When  peace  was  restored,  he  began  the 
practice  of  law,  represented  his  district  in  Congress  for  fourteen  years, 
and,  on  the  death  of  James  Z.  George,  was  appointed  to  fill  the  unexpired 
term  in_  the  United  States  Senate.  Later  he  was  twice  commissioned  by 
the  Legislature  to  occupy  the  same  high  seat,  and  in  1909  became  minority 
leader.  On  most  of  the  public  questions  of  the  day  he  has  spoken  with 
great  power  and  earnestness. 

MONROE,  JAMES.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
VIII,  page  3675. 

MONTAGUE,  ANDREW  JACKSON,  governor,  lawyer  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  in  Campbell  County,  Va.,  October  3,  1862.  His  father  was 
Robert  Latane  Montague,  and  his  mother,  Cordelia  Gay  Eubank.  He 
chose  the  legal  profession,  filled  the  office  of  attorney-general  four  years, 
and  in  1902  became  governor  of  Virginia.  Since  retiring  from  the  execu- 
tive chair,  in  1906,  he  has  been  dean  of  the  law  school  of  Richmond 
College.  Besides  occasional  articles  and  addresses,  he  is  the  author  of  the 
sketch  of  John  Marshall,  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He 
married,  December  11,  1889,  Elizabeth  Hoskins.  Brown  University  gave 
him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

MONTAGUE,  ANDREW  PHILIP,  educator,  was  born  in  Essex 
County,  Va.,  September  27,  1854.  His  father  was  Howard  W.  Montague 
and  his  mother,  Mildred  C.  Broaddus.  After  graduation  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia,  he  devoted  himself  to  educational  work.  Since  1902  he 
has  been  president  of  Howard  College  at  East  Lake,  Ala.  He  has  edited 
'Selected  Letters  of  Cicero'  (Philadelphia,  Eldredge  and  Brother,  1890), 
and  'Selected  Letters  of  Pliny'  (ibid.,  1893).  The  University  of  Virginia 
gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D.,  and  Columbian  University,  the  degree  of 
LL.D. 

MONTAGUE,  MARGARET  PRESCOTT,  author,  was  born  at 
White  Sulphur  Springs,  W.Va.,  November  26,  1878.  Her  father  was  Rus- 
sell W.  Montague.  She  was  educated  at  home  and  in  private  schools. 
Her  published  works  include  'The  Poet,  Miss  Kate,  and  I'  (New  York, 
The  Baker  and  Taylor  Company,  1905),  and  'The  Sowing  of  Alderson 
Cree'  (ibid.,  1907). 

MONTGOMERY,  SIR  ROBERT,  colonist,  was  born  in  Ayr, 
Scotland,  about  1680  and  died  in  Ireland  in  1731.  He  designed  to  plant 
a  colony  in  what  is  now  the  State  of  Georgia,  giving  it  the  name  of  the 
"Margravate  of  Azalia."    The  climate  he  declared  to  be  the  most  salu- 


308  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

brious  under  the  sun.  Sir  Robert's  dream  failed  to  materialize,  but  the 
splendid  project  is  embalmed  in  his  'Discourse  Concerning  the  Designed 
Establishment  of  a  New  Colony  to  the  South  of  South  Carolina,  in  the 
Most  Delightful  Country  of  the  Universe'   (London,  1717). 

MOODY,  EDWIN  F.  Author.  [Miss.].  He  wrote  'Bob  Ruther- 
ford and  His  Wife'  (1888)  and  'Helen  Vernon'  (1890). 

MOODY,  HENRY  A.  Physician.  [Ala.].  He  wrote  a  novel  en- 
titled 'A  City  without  a  Name'  (1897). 

MOOMAW,  BENJAMIN  C.  Horticulturist  and  poet.  At  the 
opening  of  the  Jamestown  Exposition,  on  May  13,  1907,  the  tercentenary 
poem  was  read  by  this  talented  Virginian,  to  whom  was  entrusted  the 
honor  of  signalizing  the  event  in  song.  Both  in  scope  of  thought  and  in 
power  of  expression  the  ode  which  he  composed  was  worthy  of  the  his- 
toric occasion.  Entitled  "Freedom's  Empire,"  it  pictured  the  outgrowth  of 
the  first  English  colony,  which,  in  1607,  was  planted  at  the  mouth  of  the 
James,  and  portrayed  the  influence  of  this  pioneer  settlement  upon  civiliza- 
tion. Mr.  Moomaw  is  also  the  author  of  a  collection  of  poems  in  pamph- 
let form,  which  appeared  in  1900,  entitled :  'Songs  in  the  Night,'  but  he  has 
recently  withdrawn  the  work  from  publication  and  is  preparing  to  bring 
out  another  volume  which  will  contain  his  best  productions  up  to  date. 
He  was  born  in  Botetourt  County,  Va.,  December  23,  1852.  His  home 
is  at  Ben,  in  Allegheny  County,  of  the  same  state,  and  his  chief  occupa- 
tion and  enjoyment  is  in  the  cultivation  of  plants  and  flowers.  He 
married  Margaret  Ellen  Bowman. 

MOORE,  EDWARD  A.  Author.  [Va.].  He  published  an  ex- 
ceedingly graphic  narrative  of  personal  adventures  entitled  'The  Story  of  a 
Cannoneer  under  Stonewall  Jackson,'  to  which  Captain  Robert  E.  Lee,  Jr., 
and  the  Honorable  Henry  St.  George  Tucker  furnished  introductions 
(New  York  and  Washington,  The  NeaJe  Publishing  Company,  1900). 

MOORE,  FRANK.  He  compiled  and  edited  'Songs  and  Ballads 
of  the  Southern  People,  1861-1865'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company, 
1886). 

MOORE,  FREDERICK  WIGHTMAN.  Educator.  He  was 
born  in  Lyme,  Conn.,  October  18,  1863,  graduated  from  Yale  University 
and  became  professor  of  history  and  economics  in  Vanderbilt  University 
and  dean  of  the  academic  faculty  of  that  institution.  Besides  translating 
'Outlines  of  Sociology,'  by  Dr.  Ludwig  Gumplowitz,  he  has  also  written 
two  papers  of  rare  historical  interest  and  value  entitled  "Representation 
in  the  National  Congress  from  the  Seceding  States"  and  "The  Course  of 
Louisiana  Politics  from  1862  to  1866."  The  sketch  of  Andrew  Jackson  in 
'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen.  Yale  gave  him  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.     He  resides  in  Nashville,  Tenn. 

MOORE,  HIGHT  C,  Baptist  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born 
in  Globe,  Caldwell  County,  N.C.,  January  28,  1871.  The  published  works 
of  Dr.  Moore  include:  'Seaside  Sermons'  (Morehead  City,  N.C.,  1891), 
'Select  Poetry  of  North  Carolina'  (Raleigh,  N.C.,  Edwards  and  Brough- 
ton,  1894),  'Books  of  the  Bible'  (Nashville,  Tenn.,  Baptist  Sunday-school 
Board,  1902),  and  a  'Bibliography  of  the  Poetic  Literature  of  North  Caro- 
lina (Chapel  Hill,  N.C.,  1907).  The  sketch  of  Theophilus  H.  Hill  in  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  He  resides  in 
Raleigh,  N.C.,  where  he  edits  the  Biblical  Recorder,  the  official  organ  of 
North  Carolina  Baptists.    He  married,  May  2,  1893,  Laura  Peterson. 

MOORE,  IDORA  PLOWMAN  ("Betsy  Hamilton"),  author,  was 
born  near  Talladega,  Ala.,  in  1843,  and  was  the  daughter  of  General 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       309 

William  B.  McClellan,  a  Scotchman  of  the  line  of  William  Wallace.  At 
an  early  age  she  became  the  wife  of  Albert  W.  Plowman,  a  lawyer  of 
her  native  town ;  and,  being  left  a  widow  soon  thereafter,  she  began  to 
write  stories  and  sketches  in  "cracker"  dialect  for  the  local  papers,  her 
first  effort  being  entitled:  "Betsy's  Trip  to  Town."  She  won  instant 
success;  and,  under  the  name  of  "Betsy  Hamilton,"  she  became  one  of 
the  favorite  contributors  to  the  current  periodicals.  Later  she  married 
Captain  M.  V.  Moore  and  moved  to  Auburn,  Ala.  She  was  equally 
unique  in  impersonating  the  characters  which  she  described  with  her  pen; 
and  for  years  she  delighted  the  public  with  her  dramatic  readings. 

MOORE,  JOHN  C.  Soldier  and  author.  [Mo.].  He  commanded 
a  regiment  during  the  Civil  War  and  wrote  the  volume  on  "Missouri"  in 
'The  Confederate  Military  History'  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  The  Confederate  Pub- 
lishing Company,  1899),  besides  numerous  ably  written  historical  papers. 

MOORE,  JOHN  TROTWOOD.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  VIII,  page  3693. 

MOORE,  JOHN  WHEELER.  Author.  [N.C.].  Born  in  1833. 
He  wrote  a  'History  of  North  Carolina.' 

MOORE,  JOSIAH  STAUNTON.  Merchant  and  capitalist.  He 
was  born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  June  18,  1843,  the  son  of  James  Robert 
and  Maria  Louisa  Higgins  Moore.  His  education  was  interrupted 
by  the  outbreak  of  the  war;  and,  entering  the  Confederate  Army,  he 
served  in  Pickett's  immortal  division.  He  was  captured  at  Five 
Forks,  the  last  pitched  battle  of  the  war,  and  was  held  a  prisoner  at 
Point  Lookout  until  June  16,  1865,  more  than  two  months  after  Gen- 
eral Lee  surrendered.  He  married  Jennie  E.  Owens,  and  became 
one  of  the  leading  merchants  of  Richmond,  engaging  in  the  wholesale 
grocery  business.  He  held  numerous  positions  of  trust  and  honor, 
but  found  time  for  Hterary  diversions.  His  writings  include :  'A  Trans- 
Atlantic  Itinerary,'  'Reminiscences,  Letters,  and  Miscellanies,'  and 
'History  of  Henrico  Parish  and  Old  St.  John's  Church,'  besides  fre- 
quent contributions  to  the  press.     He  resides  in  Richmond,  Va. 

MOORE,  M.  A.,  Sr.  He  was  an  eminent  physician  who  wrote 
'The  Life  of  General  Edward  Lacy,  with  a  List  of  Battles  and  Skir- 
mishes in  South  Carolina  during  the  Revolution.'  The  book  was 
published  in  Spartanburg,  S.C,  in  1859. 

MOORE,  MARTIN  V.  Educator.  He  wrote  'The  Rhyme  of  the 
Southern  Rivers,'  with  notes,  historical,  traditional,  geographical  and  ety- 
mological (Nashville,  The  M.E.  Publishing  House,  South,  1897),  'The  Re- 
collections of  a  Gray  Jacket,'  and  numerous  contributions  to  newspapers 
and  magazines.  For  some  time  Captain  Moore  was  a  professor  in  the 
college  at  Auburn,  Ala. 

MOORE,  MATHEW  HENRY.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman. 
FN.C.].  He  was  born  in  1857.  He  wrote  'Pioneers  of  Methodism  in 
North  Carolina  and  Virginia'  (Nashville,  Tenn.,  The  M.E.  Publishing 
House,  South,  1884). 

MOORE,  MAURICE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
VIII,  page  3707. 

MOORE,  MINNIE  WILSON,  Mrs.  Author.  For  many  years 
she  has  resided  at  Kissimmee,  Fla.,  and  her  study  of  Indian  life  and 
character  has  borne  fruit  in  an  entertaining  work  entitled  'TheSeminoles 
of  Florida,'  which  gives  an  account  of  the  Indians  now  living  in  the 
Everglades. 


310  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

MOORE,  THOMAS  VERNON,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Newville, 
Pa.,  February  1,  1818,  and  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  August  5,  1871.  For 
several  years  he  was  pastor  of  a  church  in  Richmond,  Va.,  and  afterward 
accepted  a  call  to  Nashville.  With  Dr.  Moses  D.  Hodge,  he  edited  the 
Central  Presbyterian.  Besides  contributing  to  current  periodicals,  he  pub- 
lished 'Commentaries  on  Haggai,  Zachariah,  and  Malachi'  (Philadelphia, 
1856),  'Last  Words  of  Jesus'  (1859),  'God's  University;  or,  the  Family  a 
School,  a  Government  and  a  Church'  (Richmond,  1864),  and  'The  Culdee 
Church.'     He  was  a  graduate  of  Princeton.      , 

MOORE,  W.  H.  Poet.  [N.C.].  The  author  of 'Virginia  Dare:  a 
Story  of  Colonial  Days,'  written  in  verse  (Raleigh,  1904),  a  work  of  merit. 

MOORE,  WALTER  WILLIAM.  Clergyman  and  educator.  He 
was  born  in  Charlotte,  N.C,  June  14,  1857,  a  son  of  Isaac  Hudson 
and  Martha  Parks  Moore.  He  graduated  from  Davidson  College,  N.C, 
and  from  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Va.,  and  married,  May  18,  1886, 
Loula  S.  Fries.  He  became  professor  of  Hebrew  in  Union  Theological 
Seminary  in  1883  and  president  of  the  institution  in  1904.  Besides  numer- 
ous contributions  to  religious  reviews  and  periodicals,  he  has  written  a 
volume  of  wide  popularity  entitled  'A  Year  in  Europe'  (Richmond,  Pres- 
byterian Committee  of  Publication,  1904).  The  sketch  of  Moses  D.  Hoge 
in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  Central 
University  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  and  Davidson  College  the  de- 
gree of  LL.D.     He  resides  in  Richmond,  Va. 

MOORE,  WILLIAM  THOMAS,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Henry  County,  Ky.,  August  27,  1832.  After  graduation  from 
Bethany  College  he  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Disciples  of  Christ.  For  ten 
years  he  was  pastor  of  a  church  in  London,  Eng.,  and  edited  the  Christian 
Comrnionwealth.  He  was  also  at  one  time  a  professor  in  Kentucky  Uni- 
versity and  later  dean  of  the  Columbia  Bible  College.  Besides  editing 
'Lectures  on  the  Pentateuch,'  by  Alexander  Campbell,  he  published  'Views 
of  Life,'  'Conversations  of  the  Unity  Club'  (London,  18818),  'The  Funda- 
mental Error  of  Christendom,'  'The  Life  of  Timothy  Coop'  (London, 
1889),  'Man  Preparing  for  Other  Worlds'  (St.  Louis,  Christian  Publishing 
Company),  'Preacher  Problems'  (New  York,  Fleming  H.  Revell  Company), 
and  'At  Seventy-five,  and  Other  Poems'  (St.  Louis,  Christian  Publishing 
Company).     Butler  University  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

MOORMAN,  R.  B.  Writer.  [Va.].  He  published  'Sketches  of 
Travel  in  Europe.' 

MORAN,  JANE  W.  BLACKBURN,  Mrs.  Author.  [Va.].  She 
was  born  in  1842  and  wrote  'Miss  Washington  of  Virginia.' 

MORAN,  WILLIAM  HENRY  WADSWORTH.  Editor.  [Va.]. 
He  published  'From  Schoolroom  to  Bar'  (1892),  and  'Face  to  Face,'  a 
volume  of  poems  (1893). 

MORDECAI,  ALFRED,  soldier,  was  born  in  Warrentown,  N.C, 
January  3,  1804,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  October  23,  1887.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  West  Point,  graduating  -first  in  his  class,  attained  the  rank  of 
major  in  the  Mexican  War,  resigned  in  1861,  and  later  accepted  an  engi- 
neering offer  from  Mexico.  For  twenty  years  he  was  treasurer  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Canal  Company,  with  headquarters  in  Philadelphia.  He 
published :  'Digest  of  Military  Laws,'  'Ordnance  Manual  for  the  Use  of 
Officers  in  the  United  States  Army,'  'Reports  of  Experiments  on  Gunpow- 
der,' and  'Artillery  for  the  United  States  Land  Service,  as  Devised  and 
Arranged  by  the  Ordnance  Board,'  illustrated  with  plates. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       311 

MORDECAI,  SAMUEL  FOX,  lawyer  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Richmond,  Va.,  December  12,  1852.  At  the  present  time  he  is  professor 
of  law  in  Trinity  College,  Durham,  N.C.  His  writings  embrace  several 
legal  works  of  standard  value,  viz.:  'Mechanics'  Liens'  (1897),  'Lex 
Scripta'  (190S),  'Mordecai's  Law  Lectures'  (1907),  and  'Notes  to  the  Nego- 
tiable Instruments  Law  of  North  Carolina'  (1897).  He  married,  Novem- 
ber 10,  1875,  Betty  Grimes. 

MORE,  PAUL  ELMER,  author,  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
December  12,  1864,  and  was  educated  at  Washington  and  Harvard  Univer- 
sities. For  two  years  he  taught  Sanscrit  at  Bryn  Mawr.  His  published 
works  include:  'The  Great  Refusal'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers), 
'A  Century  of  Indian  Epigrams'  (ibid.),  'The  Judgment  of  Socrates' 
(j'fejd.),  a  translation  of  'Prometheus  Bound'  (ibid.),  and  a  'Life  of  Benja- 
min Franklin,'  besides  numerous  articles  on  classic  and  oriental  literatures. 
He  resides  at  East  Orange,  N.J. 

MOREHEAD,  CHARLES  SLAUGHTER,  Congressman  and  gov- 
ernor, was  born  in  Nelson  County,  Ky.,  July  7,  1802,  and  died  near  Green- 
ville, Miss.,  December  23,  1868.  For  several  years  he  was  attorney-general 
of  Kentucky,  served  in  Congress  from  1847  to  1851,  and  occupied  the  office 
of  governor  from  1855  to  1859.  His  endeavors  to  bring  about  the  seces- 
sion of  Kentucky  occasioned  his  arrest  in  1861,  but  after  imprisonment 
for  some  time  in  Fort  Lafayette  his  friends  secured  his  release  and  he 
went  to  England.  On  returning  to  the  United  States  he  settled  upon  a 
plantation  near  Greenville,  Miss.,  where  he  spent  his  few  remaining  days. 
In  association  with  Judge  Mason  Brown,  he  published  a  'Digest  of  the 
State  Laws  of  Kentucky  to  1834.' 

MOREHEAD,  JAMES  TURNER,  United  States  Senator  and 
governor,  was  born  in  Bullitt  County,  Ky.,  May  24,  1797,  and  died  in 
Covington,  Ky.,  December  28,  18S4.  On  completing  his  studies  at  college, 
he  chose  the  legal  profession,  achieved  eminence  at  the  Bar,  became  gov- 
ernor of  Kentucky,  and  from  1841  to  1847  served  in  the  United  States 
Senate.  He  published  'An  Address  Commemorative  of  the  First  Settlers 
of  Kentucky  at  Boonesborough'  (Frankfort,  1840),  and  'Practice  and 
Procedure  of  Law  in  Kentucky'  (1846). 

MOREHEAD,  JOSEPH  M.  [N.C.].  He  published  in  verse  an 
'Address  to  Battle-Ground  Oak'   (Greensboro,  N.C,  1904,  paper  edition). 

MORFIT,  CAMPBELL,  chemist,  was  born  in  Herculaneum,  Mo., 
November  19,  1820.  After  graduating  from  Columbian  College,  he  took 
up  the  study  of  chemistry,  made  himself  proficient  in  this  branch,  became 
professor  of  chemistry  in  the  University  of  Maryland,  and  in  1861  removed 
to  London.  Besides  numerous  scientific  papers,  he  published  'Chemistry 
as  Applied  to  the  Manufacture  of  Soaps  and  Candles'  (Philadelphia,  1847), 
'Progress  of  Chemical  Arts,'  with  Dr.  James  C.  Booth  (Washington,  1851), 
'The  Arts  of  Tanning  and  Currying'  (Philadelphia,  1852),  'Oleic  Soaps' 
(London,  1871),  and  'Chemical  and  Pharmaceutical  Manipulations.' 

MORGAN,  JAMES  BRAINERD,  poet,  was  born  in  Berkeley 
County,  Va.  Two  volumes  of  verse  have  come  from  his  pen :  'Song  Ser- 
mons, and  Other  Poems'  (Richmond,  1892)  and  'Strollings  in  Song-land' 
(Richmond,  1893). 

MORGAN,  JOHN  TYLER.  Statesman.  He  was  born  in  Athens, 
Tenn.,  in  1824,  but  in  early  life  he  crossed  into  Alabama  and  became 
an  important  factor  in  the  political  affairs  of  his  adopted  State.  As  a 
lawyer  he  early  took  front  rank.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Secession  Con- 
vention,   and    in    the    field    service    of    the    Confederacy    became     a 


312  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

brigadier-general.  After  the  war  he  practiced  law  for  several  years,  at 
Selma,  Ala.;  and,  from  1877  to  1907,  he  represented  Alabama  in  the 
Senate  of  the  United  States.  He  was  one  of  the  ablest  debaters  in 
that  body,  familiar  with  every  phase  of  national  legislation  and 
ready  to  discuss  with  illuminating  argument  any  public  issue.  His 
senatorial  speeches  have  been  preserved  in  the  Congressional  Record. 
Though  he  favored  the  Nicaraguan  route  which  was  rejected  by  the 
Administration,  he  is  recognized  as  the  originator  of  the  Isthmian  Canal 
project,  this  having  been  his  favorite  theme  for  years.  He  died  in  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  in  1907. 

MORGAN,  THOMAS  G.  Lawyer.  [La.].  He  compiled  a  'Civa 
Code  of  the  State  of  Louisiana'  (New  Orleans,  1857). 

MORGAN,  TOM  P.  Humorist.  He  was  born  in  East  Lyme, 
Conn.,  December  1,  1864,  a  son  of  Joseph  P.  and  Mary  A.  Morgan. 
He  enjoyed  very  fair  educational  advantages  and  moved  to  Kansas 
in  early  life;  afterward  to  Arkansas.  He  has  contributed  to  most  of  the 
leading  periodicals  of  the  day,  including  Puck,  The  Smart  Set,  and 
Town  Topics.  His  sketches  and  portraitures  are  characterized  by 
pungent  humor.     He  resides  in  Rogers,  Ark. 

MORGAN,  WILLIAM,  mason,  was  born  in  Culpeper  County,  Va., 
about  1775,  and  served  under  General  Jackson  at  New  Orleans.  The  re- 
port was  circulated  in  1826  that  he  was  on  the  eve  of  exposing  the  secrets 
of  masonry  and  not  long  thereafter  he  strangely  and  suddenly  disappeared. 
Efforts  to  find  him  were  fruitless.  Thereupon  a  war  against  masonry 
was  inaugurated,  political  organizations  were  effected,  and  what  purported 
to  be  Morgan's  book  was  published  under  the  title  of  'Illustrations  of 
Freemasonry  by  One  of  the  Fraternity  Who  Has  Devoted  Thirty  Years 
to  the  Subject,'  with  an  account  of  the  kidnapping  of  the  author.  Later  it 
was  published  under  the  title  of  'Freemasonry  Exposed  and  Explained.' 
But  the  excitement  over  the  affair  eventually  subsided.  As  an  episode  it 
was  full  of  sensational  and  dramatic  interest  and  various  works  have 
appeared  upon  the  subject;  among  them,  'The  Broken  Seal;  or,  the  Mor- 
gan Abduction  and  Murder,'  by  S.  D.  Greene  (New  York,  1870),  a  'History 
of  the  Morgan  Affair,'  by  Robert  Morris  (New  York,  1852),  and  'Ameri- 
can Political  Anti-Masonry'  (New  York,  1879). 

MORINIERE,  EMMANUEL  DE  LA.  An  eloquent  Jesuit  priest. 
He  was  born  at  Basse-Terre,  Guadeloupe,  April  17,  1856,  but  was 
educated  in  New  Orleans.  On  account  of  his  rare  gifts  as  an  orator 
his  rise  to  distinction  was  rapid,  and  soon  after  his  ordination  he 
took  front  rank  in  the  Roman  Catholic  pulpit.  His  lecture  on  "Chiv- 
alry" is  preserved  in  'The  Louisiana  Book'  (1894).  He  now  resides  in 
Mobile,  Ala. 

MORRIS,  GEORGE  VAN  DERVEER,  clergyman  and  author, 
was  born  in  Bridgeton,  N.J.,  December  5,  1867,  a  son  of  Dr.  George  K. 
Morris,  a  distinguished  minister.  On  completing  his  studies,  he  was 
licensed  to  preach  by  the  M.E.  Church,  North,  but  for  several  years  Ken- 
tucky has  been  the  field  of  his  labors.  Instead  of  devoting  his  pen  to 
grave  theological  problems,  he  has  written  several  entertaining  works  of 
fiction:  'A  Man  for  a'  That'  (Chicago,  The  Western  Methodist  Publishing 
House,  1904),  'A  Fairy  Tale  of  Love'  (Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing 
Company,  1906),  and  'Polly'  {ibid.,  1907).  He  has  received  the  D.D.  and 
the  LL.D.  degrees. 

MORRIS,  JOHN,  educator,  was  born  in  Goochland  County,  Va., 
June  23,  1863.  His  father  was  Major  Charles  Morris,  for  many  years  his 
predecessor  in  the  chair  of  English  at  the  University  of  Georgia.    Besides 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       313 

articles  in  philological  journals,  he  has  published  'The  Organic  History  of 
English  Words'  (1909).  The  sketch  of  "Bill  Arp"  in  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  He  married,  June  23,  1904. 
Gretchen  McC.  Gallagher. 

MORRIS,  JOHN  GOTTLIEB.  Clergyman.  Dr.  Morris  founded 
Trinity  English  Lutheran  Church,  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  served  it  as 
pastor  for  more  than  thirty  years.  He  was  an  extensive  traveler  and  an 
eminent  theologian  and  scholar.  _  His  published  works  are  numerous. 
They  include:  'A  Popular  Exposition  of  the  Gospels,'  in  two  volumes 
(1840^,  'The  Blind  Girl  of  Wittenberg'  (1856),  a  'Life  of  John  Arndt' 
(1853),  a  'Life  of  Catharine  de  Bora'  (1856),  'Fifty  Years  in  the  Lutheran 
Ministry'  (1878),  and  several  others,  besides  also  a  number  of  translations. 
He  died  in  1895,  at  the  age  of  ninety-two. 

MORRIS,  ROBERT,  author,  was  born  in  Massachusetts,  August 
31,  1818,  and  died  in  LaGrange,  Ky.,  July  31,  1888.  For  the  greater  part 
of  his  life  he  resided  in  the  South.  He  was  an  active  freemason  and 
wrote  and  lectured  on  the  subject  of  freemasonry.  At  one  time  he  was 
also  president  of  Oldham  College,  at  LaGrange,  Ky.,  where  he  resided 
for  many  years.  He  published  'Lights  and  Shadows  of  Freemasonry* 
(Louisville,  1852),  'History  of  the  Morgan  Affair'  (New  York,  1852), 
'Code  of  Masonic  Law'  (Louisville,  1855),  'History  of  Freemasonry  in 
Kentucky'  (Frankfort,  1859),  'Freemasonry  in  the  Holy  Land'  (New  York, 
1882),  and  'The  Poetry  of  Freemasonry.' 

MORRIS,  ROBERT  HUGH,  clergyman,  poet,  lecturer,  was  born 
in  Bluffton,  Ga.,  August  9,  1876,  a  son  of  Rev.  W.  J.  Morris,  and  received 
his  education  partly  at  Emory  College,  Oxford,  Ga.,  and  partly  at  Prince- 
ton, where  he  attended  both  the  University  and  the  Seminary,  obtaining 
his  M.A.  degree  in  1905.  Dr.  Morris  is  at  present  pastor  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Evanston,  111.,  to  which  charge  he  was  recently 
called  from  the  pastorate  of  Oak  Lane  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.  As  an  orator  he  has  perhaps  no  superior  of  his  age  in  the  pulpit.  On 
the  lecture  platform  he  has  also  acquired  distinction ;  and  from  time  to 
time  he  contributes  an  occasional  poem  to  current  periodicals.  He  has 
written  most  charmingly  of  his  travels  abroad.  Northwestern  University 
conferred  upon  him,  in  1909,  the  degree  of  D.D. 

MORRIS,  THOMAS  ASBURY,  Methodist  Episcopal  bishop,  was 
born  near  Shepherdstown,  Va.,  April  28,  1794,  and  died  in  Springfield, 
Ohio,  September  2,  1874.  For  some  years  he  was  a  skeptic,  but  in  1813 
he  experienced  conversion,  joined  the  Ohio  Conference  of  the  Methodist 
Church,  became  one  of  the  most  effective  pioneer  preachers  of  the  Middle 
West,  and  in  1836  was  ordained  to  the  office  of  bishop.  At  one  time  he 
edited  The  Western  Christian  Advocate,  in  Cincinnati.  His  published 
works  include  a  volume  of  sermons,  'Church  Polity,'  'Essays,  Biographical 
Sketches,  and  Notes  of  Travel,'  and  'Sketches  of  Western  Methodism.' 
McKenzie  College  gave  him  his  D.D.   degree. 

MORRISON,  HENRY  CLAY,  bishop  of  the  M.E.  Church,  South, 
was  born  in  Montgomery  County,  Tenn.,  May  30,  1842.  On  completing 
his  studies,  he  taught  school  for  several  years,  entered  the  ministry  of 
the  M.E.  Church,  South,  occupied  the  most  important  pulpits  within  the 
bounds  of  the  Louisville  Conference,  after  which  he  was  transferred  to 
the  Atlanta  Conference,  became  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Missions,  lifted 
an  indebtedness  of  $140,000,  and,  in  1898,  was  called  to  the  office  of  bishop. 
He  is  one  of  the  most  eloquent  divines  of  his  denomination.  Besides 
occasional  sermons  and  addresses,  he  has  published  a  volume  entitled 
'Arrows  From  Two  Quivers,'  and  contributed  to  religious  and  secular 
periodicals.    He  holds  the  degree  of  D.D. 


314  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

MORROW,  THOMAS  VAUGHN,  physician,  was  born  in  Ken- 
tucky, in  1804,  and  died  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  July  16,  18S0.  Under  the 
patronage  of  Bishop  Philander  Chase,  he  founded  at  Worthington,  Ohio, 
a  reformed  school  of  medicine,  which  was  afterward  transferred  to  Cin- 
cinnati and  reorganized  under  the  name  of  the  American  Eclectic  Medi- 
cal Institute,  in  which  he  taught  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  pub- 
lished 'The  Practice  of  Medicine'  (18S2). 

MORSE,  ALEXANDER  PORTER,  Lawyer.  [La.].  He  was 
born  in  1842,  and  wrote  'Citizenship  by  Birth  and  Naturalization.' 

MORTON,  JENNIE  C,  Mrs.  Secretary  and  treasurer  of  the 
Kentucky  State  Historical  Society,  editor  and  poet.  Mrs.  Morton  is  the 
recognized  founder  of  the  organization  with  which  she  has  for  years  been 
identified,  and  her  contributions  to  the  historical  literature  of  Kentucky 
have  been  both  numerous  and  important.  Besides  editing  the  Register, 
she  is  constantly  engaged  in  writing  historical  essays  and  sketches.  She 
is  also  a  poet  of  rare  mental  and  spiritual  endowment;  and  from  her  ode 
to  the  memory  of  Governor  Goebel  were  taken  the  lines  which  have  been 
inscribed  upon  his  monument.  She  has  recently  published  in  verse  a 
work  which  the  critics  have  praised  in  very  high  terms,  entitled  'Her 
Dearest  Friend'  (1909),  an  epic  of  love  and  religion.  She  resides  in 
Lexington,  Ky. 

MOSBY,  ELLA  F.  Author.  [Va.].  She  was  born  in  1846  and 
wrote  'The  Ideal  Life'  (1877),  numerous  short  stories  and  sketches,  and 
occasional  poems. 

MOSBY,  JOHN  SINGLETON,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Powhatan 
County,  Va.,  December  6,  1833.  He  was  educated^  at  the  University 
of  Virginia,  and  chose  the  profession  of  law.  During  the  Civil  War, 
he  was  colonel  of  the  famous  band  of  partisan  rangers,  an  indepen- 
dent cavalry  command,  which  bore  his  name  and  which  inflicted 
great  damage  upon  the  foe  by  intercepting  communications  and 
destroying  supply  trains  in  the  rear  of  the  Federal  Army.  He  prac- 
ticed law  in  Virginia  for  several  years  after  the  war,  became  a 
Republican,  and  supported  Grant  for  President  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  Consul  at  Hongkong  from  1878  to  1885;  and  on  returning  to 
this  country  settled  in  San  Francisco.  He  is  the  author  of  an  ex- 
ceedingly interesting  volume  entitled  'War  Reminiscences'  (New 
York,  Dodd,  Mead  and  Company,  1887),  which  gives  an  account  of  his 
exploits. 

MOSBY,  MARY  WEBSTER,  author,  was  born  in  Henrico  County, 
Va.,  in  1791,  and  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  November  19,  1844.  Her  maiden 
name  was  Webster.  She  was  adopted  by  her  grandfather,  Robert  Pleas- 
ants, a  Quaker  planter,  who  freed  more  than  a  hundred  of  his  slaves. 
She  married  John  Garland  Mosby.  Under  the  pen-name  of  "M.  M. 
Webster,"  she  made  frequent  Contributions  to  current  literature,  and  pub- 
lished a  volume  entitled  'Pocahontas'  (Philadelphia,  1840)  which  treats 
of  the  legend  of  the  Indian  heroine,  from'  whom,  through  her  maternal 
grandfather,  Thomas  Mann  Randolph,  she  traced  descent. 

MOSS,  LEMUEL,  educator  and  divine,  was  born  near  Burlington, 
Ky.,  December  27,  1829.  Entering  the  Baptist  ministry,  he  became  an 
eminent  minister  of  this  denomination,  held  numerous  theological  pro- 
fessorships, was  for  a  time  president  of  the  University  of  Chicago  and 
afterward,  from  1875  to  1884,  president  of  the  University  of  Indiana.  He 
edited  several  church  papers  and  published  'Annals  of  the  United  States 
Christian  Commission'  (Philadelphia,  1866).  Rochester  University  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degrees  of  D.D.  and  LL.D. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS        315 

MOULTRIE,  WILLIAM,  patriot  and  soldier  of  the  Revolution, 
was  born  in  England  in  1731,  and  died  in  Charleston,  .S.C,  September  27, 
180S.  Though  several  of  his  family  remained  loyal  to  the  Crown,  he 
espoused  the  colonial  cause,  became  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  figures 
in  the  military  operations,  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  fall  of  Charleston, 
and,  on  being  released,  was  made  major-general  by  act  of  Congress.  He 
was  twice  governor  of  South  Carolina;  and,  after  retiring  to  private  life, 
he  devoted  the  remainder  of  his  days  to  the  preparation  of  his  'Memoirs 
of  the  American  Revolution,'  a  work  of  two  volumes,  dealing  with  the 
campaigns  in  North  and  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  (New  York,  1802). 

MOUNT,  MARY  W.,  Mrs.  Writer.  [La.].  She  published  'Nota- 
bles of  New  Orleans  in  Art,  Music,  Poetry,  Sculpture  and  the  Drama' 
(1896). 

MUDD,  NETTIE.  Author.  [Va.].  She  published  a  biography  of 
her  distinguished  father  entitled :  'The  Life  of  Dr.  Samuel  A.  Mudd' 
(New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1900). 
From  start  to  finish  this  work  is  replete  with  interest.  It  tells  the  story 
of  one  who  was  unjustly  implicated  in  the  assassination  of  Abraham 
Lincoln  and  throws  fresh  light  upon  one  of  the  most  thrilling  of  historic 
chapters.    The  author  has  performed  her  labor  of  love  exceedingly  well. 

MUENCH,  FRANCIS,  educator,  was  born  in  Germany  in  1836. 
For  several  years  he  taught  in  South  Carolina.  Besides  translating  Bry- 
ant's works  into  German,  he  published  'Palmetto  Lyrics'  (1896),  and 
'Luther  Lyrics'  (1898). 

MUIR,  JAMES,  Presbyterian  clergyman,  was  born  in  Scotland,  in 
1757,  and  died  in  Virginia,  in  1820.  He  published  an  'Examination  of 
Paine's  Age  of  Reason.' 

MULLANEY,  PATRICK  FRANCIS  (Brother  Azarias),  educator, 
was  born  in  Ireland,  June  29,  1847,  but  brought  to  the  United  States  when 
a  child,  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  he  joined  the  Brothers  of  the  Christian 
Schools.  For  many  years  he  was  president  of  Rock  Hill  College,  at  EUicott 
City,  Md.  Besides  lectures  on  Dante  and  Aristotle,  which  he  read  before 
the  Concord  School  of  Philosophy,  he  published  a  volume  of  essays  entitled 
'Phases  of  Thought  and  Criticism'  (Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Com- 
pany).    He  died,  August  20,  1893. 

MULLER,  ALBERT  A.,  clergyman  and  poet,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  about  the  year  1800,  entered  the  ministry  on  completing  his  edu- 
cation and  moved  to  the  West.  He  was  a  minor  poet;  and,  before  leaving 
his  native  town,  he  published  a  volume  of  verse.  One  of  the  fragments 
of  his  genius  was  the  introductory  piece  in  the  American  edition  of 
Moore's  'Sacred  Melodies.' 

MULLINS,  EDGAR  YOUNG,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born 
in  Franklin  County,  Miss.,  January  S,  1860.  On  completing  his  educational 
equipment  he  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  and  was  for  several  years 
pastor  of  the  Lee  Street  Baptist  Church -of  Baltimore.  He  also  edited 
The  Evangel.  In  1899  he  became  president  of  the  Southern  Baptist 
Theological  Seminary  at  Louisville,  Ky.  Dr.  Mullins  is  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  theologians  and  divines  of  his  denomination,  the  author  of 
an  important  work,  'Is  Christianity  True?'  (1905),  and  one  of  the  advisory 
council  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  His  wife  is  also  the 
author  of  a  work  entitled  'Face  to  Face;  or,  the  Story  of  a  Child.'  He 
has  received  both  the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees. 

MUNFORD,  B.  B.  Author.  [Va.].  He  wrote  'Virginia's  Attitude 
Toward  Slavery  and  Secession'  (New  York,  Longmans,  Green  and 
Company,  1909),  an  important  contribution  to  the  apologetic  literature 
of  the  war  between  the  states. 


316  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

MUNFORD,  ROBERT.  Soldier  and  dramatist.  He  was  an  officer 
in  tlie  Revolution  and,  in  addition  to  several  poems,  wrote  two  plays :  'The 
Candidates'  and  'The  Patriots,'  which  deal  in  a  vein  of  satire  with  the 
foibles  of  his  time  and  are  full  of  the  grandiloquent  forms  of  speech 
which  are  characteristic  of  the  Eighteenth  Century  molds.  His  works 
were  not  published  until  after  his  death.  They  appeared  in  1798  under  the 
title,  'A  Collection  of  Poems  and  Plays,  by  the  late  Colonel  Robert 
Munford.' 

MUNFORD,  WILLIAM,  lawyer  and  poet,  was  born  in  Mecklen- 
burg County,  Va.,  in  1775,  and  was  the  son  of  Robert  Munford,  the 
dramatist.  After  receiving  his  education  at  William  and  Mary  College,  he 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar  and  soon  became  prominent  in  the  politics  of 
the  State.  It  is  said  that  his  classical  tastes  were  developed  under  the 
eminent  George  Wythe,  who  was  his  instructor  in  law.  Besides  a  work 
entitled:  'Poems  and  Compositions  in  Prose'  (Richmond,  1798),  in  which 
there  are  some  delicate  touches  of  thought,  he  also  made  an  excellent 
translation  in  verse  of  Homer's  'Iliad,'  which  was  published  in  two 
volumes  by  a  Boston  firm.    He  died  in  1825.- 

MUNROE,  KIRK.  Author  of  books  chiefly  for  boys.  He  was 
born  near  Prairie  du  Chien,  Wis.,  September  15,  1856,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Harvard  University.  Much  of  the  material  which  he  wove  into 
his  earlier  stories  was  gathered  while  a  civil  engineer  in  the  employ  of 
the  Northern  Pacific  and  the  Southern  Pacific  railways.  He  was  the 
first  editor  of  Harper's  'Round  Table.'  On  May  21,  1880,  he  married 
Mary,  daughter  of  Amelia  Barr,  the  novelist;  and  soon  afterward 
established  his  residence  in  southern  Florida.  Most  of  his  later 
stories  reflect  the  local  color  of  his  subtropical  surroundings.  Be- 
sides editing  'Eminent  Men  of  Our  Time,'  he  is  the  author  of  a  multi- 
tude of  books,  some  of  the  best  known  being  found  in  the  following 
list:  'The  Golden  Days  of  '49,'  'The  White  Conquerors,'  'At  War  With 
Pontiac,'  'Through  Swamp  and  Glade,'  'The  Coral  Ship,'  'In  Pirate 
Waters,'  'Forward,  March,'  'Under  the  Great  Bear,'  'Children  of  the 
Coast.'  'A  Sun  of  Satsuma,'  'The  Blue  Dragon,'  "The  Outcast  War- 
rior' (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company),  and  many  others.  He 
resides  in  Cocoanut  Grove,  Dade  County,  Fla. 

MUNSON,  JOHN  W.  One  of  Mosby's  men.  He  published  'Remi- 
niscences of  a  Mosby  Guerilla'  (New  York,  Mofiit,  Yard  and  Company, 
1906). 

MURAT,   CHARLES  LOUIS  NAPOLEON   ACHILLE,  son  of 

the  King  of  Naples,  Joachim  Murat,  was  bom  in  Paris,  France,  January 
21,  1801,  and  died  near  Tallahassee,  Fla.,  April  15,  1847.  For  some  time 
after  the  overthrow  of  the  Napoleonic  power,  he  resided  in  Austria,  but  on 
reaching  his  majority,  he  came  to  the  United  States,  toured  the  principal 
cities,  and  finally  purchased  near  Tallahassee,  an  extensive  plantation,  on 
which  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  When  Lafayette  visited  this 
country  he  met  him  in  Baltimore  and  accompanied  him  to  Virginia;  and 
while  on  this  trip  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  beautiful  Virginia 
woman  who  afterward  became  his  wife,  Catharina  Dudley,  a  grandniece 
of  Washington.  For  several  years  he  practiced  law  in  Tallahassee ;  but 
most  of  his  time  was  given  to  his  splendid  estate,  which  he  beautified  and 
improved.  He  served  in  a  campaign  against  the  Seminoles,  took  an 
unobtrusive  but  deep  interest^  in  public  affairs  and  published  'Lettres 
dAun  Citoyen  des  Etas-Unis  a  ses  Amis^  d'Europe'  (Paris,  1830)  and 
'Esquisses  Morales  et  Politiques  sur  les  Etats-Unis  d'Amerique'  (Paris, 
1838),  the  latter  of  which  was  in  two  volumes.  Both  works  were  widely 
read.  Murat  was  a  man  of  engaging  manners  and  of  rare  accomplish- 
ments.   He  died  childless,  leaving  a  fortune  to  his  widow;  but  his  vast 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       317 

estate  was  destroyed  during  the  Civil  War.  However,  she  received  an 
annuity  of  20,000  francs  from  Napoleon  III,  and  when  she  visited  France 
was  greeted  with  great  cordiality  at  the  Imperial  Court. 

MURFEE,  HOPS  ON  OWEN,  educator,  was  born  in  Marion,  Ala., 
December  11,  1875.  After  completing  his  studies  at  the  University  of 
Virginia,  he  adopted  the  profession  of  teaching.  Besides  occasional  arti- 
cles for  the  press,  he  is  the  author  of  the  sketch  of  William  G.  Brown  in 
'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married,  June  26,  1901,  Mary 
McQueen  Smith.  He  resides  in  Marion,  Ala.,  where  he  is  superintendent 
of  schools. 

MURFREE,  FANNIE  D.,  author,  a  sister  of  Mary  Noailles  Mur- 
free,  otherwise  known  as  "Charles  Egbert  Craddock."  [Tenn.].  She  pub- 
lished 'Felicia,'  an  interesting  novel. 

MURFREE,  MARY  NOAILLES.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  VIII,  page  3721. 

MURPHEY,  ARCHIBALD  DE  BOW.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  IX,  page  3747. 

MURPHEY,  EDGAR  GARDNER,  clergyman,  author,  educator, 
was  born  near  Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  August  31,  1869  and  was  educated 
at  the  University  of  the  South,  where,  after  completing  his  collegiate 
studies,  he  took  a  course  in  theology.  Later  he  attended  lectures 
at  Columbia  University.  He  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  at  San  Antonio,  Texas,  in  1890  and 
served  parishes  in  San  Antonio  and  Laredo,  Texas,  Chillicothe,  Ohio, 
Kingston,  N.Y.,  and  Montgomery,  Ala.  On  account  of  ill  health,  he 
withdrew  from  active  pastoral  work  in  1902,  but  continued  to  give 
much  thought  to  economic  and  reform  movements.  The  wide  scope 
of  his  usefulness  is  attested  by  the  most  casual  survey  of  his  phen- 
omenal activities.  He  organized  the  Southern  society  for  the  con- 
sideration of  the  race  problem  and  became  the  executive  secretary 
of  this  body  which  met  in  National  Conference  in  ^Montgomery  in 
1900.  As  the  first  chairman  of  the  Alabama  Child  Labor  Committee 
he  initiated  the  movement  which  resulted  in  the  National  Child  Labor 
Committee,  of  which  he  became  the  first  secretary;  but  when  this 
organization  endorsed  the  "Beveridge  Bill"  he  withdrew.  Later  he 
became  identified  with  the  Southern  Education  Board  to  which  he 
gave  his  most  enthusiastic  and  loyal  support.  By  special  act  of  the 
Carnegie  Foundation  he  was  granted  a  pension  in  1908  in  recognition 
of  his  distinguished  service  to  education.  His  writings  include: 
'Words  for  the  Church'  (1896),  'The  Larger  Life'  (1896),  'The 
Christian's  Life'  (1899),  'The  Present  South;  a  Discussion  of  Cer- 
tain Industrial,  Educational  and  Political  Issues'  (1904),  'The  Basis 
of  Ascendancy;  a  Discussion  of  Certain  Principles  of  Public  Policy 
Involved  in  the  Development  of  the  Southern  States'  (1909)  and  'Is- 
sues, Southern  and  National'  (1910),  besides  numerous  contributions 
to  periodicals. 

MURPHY,  JEANNETTE  ROBINSON,  dramatic  soprano  and 
lecturer,  was  born  in  Jefferson,  Ky.,  but  resides  in  New  York,  spend- 
ing her  winters  usually  in  Florida.  On  the  lecture  platform  she  has  been 
quite  successful.  She  is  the  author  of  some  excellent  dialect  work  both 
in  prose  and  in  verse  and  has  recently  published  a  volume  entitled  'Southern 
Thoughts  for  Northern  Thinkers,  and  African  Music  in  America.' 

MURPHY,  JOHN  ALBERT,  author,  was  a  native  of  North  Caro- 
lina, but  moved  to  the  West  prior  to  the  war,  locating  first  in  Missouri  and 


318  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

afterward  in  Texas.  He  published  'The  First  Fallen  Soldier  of  1861,'  the 
same  'being  an  account  of  Henry  Wyatt  of  North  Carolina,  and  'Cosmo- 
storia,'  a  work  of  verse  most  favorably  mentioned  in  'Poets  and  Poetry  of 
Texas.' 

MURPHY,  ROSALIE  MILLER,  author,  was  born  in  South  Caro- 
lina but  afterward  lived  in  Alabama,  and  finally  removed  to  New  York. 
She  wrote  'Destiny;  or.  Life  As  It  Is,'  'Mistrust,'  and  a  volume  of  verse 
entitled  'Waifs.' 

MURRAH,  WILLIAM  BELTON.  Educator  and  divine,  presi- 
dent of  Millsaps  College,  Miss.  He  was  born  in  Pickensville,  Ala., 
in  1852,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  William  Murrah,  D.D.,  and  received  excel- 
lent educational  advantages.  He  married,  in  1861,  Beulah  Fitzhugh, 
and  joined  the  Mississippi  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South,  in  1876.  He  held  numerous  important  pastorates  prior 
to  assuming  educational  work  and  attended  the  Ecumenical  Confer- 
ence in  London  in  1901.  Besides  contributing  to  the  religious  press, 
he  has  delivered  many  popular  lectures  and  addresses.  He  resides 
in  Jackson,  Miss.  Centenary  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  and 
Wofford  College  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

MURRAY,  CHARLES  THEODORE.  Journalist.  He  was  born 
in  Goshen,  Ind.,  March  30,  1843,  the  son  of  Charles  L.  and  Ann  E. 
Murray.  He  was  educated  at  the  Indiana  University  and  at 
the  Columbian  Law  School,  and  married.  May  25,  1871,  Ada  M.  Nealy. 
He  served  in  the  Union  Army  and  was  wounded  at  Stone  River  in 
1862.  During  the  famous  Tilden  campaign  of  1876,  he  was  shot 
through  the  lungs.  For  twenty  years  he  was  Washington  correspond- 
ent, and  for  ten  years  was  syndicate  and  special  writer  in  New  York. 
He  was  in  Paris  at  the  time  of  the  celebrated  Dreyfus  riots.  His  life 
being  so  full  of  dramatic  episodes,  his  writings  have  been  naturally 
spiced  and  tinctured  by  his  adventures.  Included  among  his  best 
known  novels  are:  'Sub  Rosa'  (1880),  'Summer  Girls'  (1885),  'A  Modern 
Gipsy'  (1897),  and  'Mademoiselle  Fouchette'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippin- 
cott  Company,  1902).  He  has  also  contributed  numerous  short  stories  and 
sketches  to  the  periodicals.    He  resides  in  Wardensville,  W.  Va. 

MURRAY,  JAMES  ORMSBEE,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born 
in  Camden,  S.C.  On  completing  his  education  he  entered  the  ministry 
of  the  Congregational  Church  and  held  many  important  pastorates  at  the 
North;  but  in  1875  he  was  made  professor  of  English  literature  at  Prince- 
ton, a  place  which  he  held  for  several  years,  becoming  later  also  dean. 
He  wrote  'Francis  Wayland'  (Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Company), 
and  papers  and  sketches. 

MUSICK,  JOHN  ROY,  author,  was  born  in  St.  Louis  County,  Mo., 
February  28,  1849.  He  studied  law  but  abandoned  the  legal  profession 
to  engage  in  literary  pursuits.  He  wrote  a  number  of  delightful  stories 
of  fiction,  some  of  them  based  upon  historical  episodes.  The  list  includes : 
'The  Banker  of  Bedford,'  'Brother  Against  Brother,'  'Calamity  Row,'  'A 
Century  Too  Soon,'  'A  Story  of  Bacon's  Rebellion,'  'The  Witch  of  Salem,' 
'Hawaii,'  'Cuba  Libre,'  and  'Lights  and  Shadows  of  Our  War  with  Spain' 
(New  York,  1898).  Besides,  he  published  the  'Columbian  Historical 
Novels,'  covering  the  whole  period  of  American  history  in  twelve  dramatic 
tales. 

MYERS,  E.  H.,  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman,  wrote  an  interest- 
ing historical  work  entitled  'The  Disruption  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church'  (Nashville,  M.K  Publishing  House,  South). 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       319 

MYERS,  KATIE  BRUCE.  Author.  [Ga.].  She  published  'Hope 
Deferred,'  a  novel  (1904). 

MYERS,  MINNIE  WALTER.  Author.  She  published  'Romance 
and  Realism  of  the  Southern  Gulf  Coast'  (Cincinnati,  The  Robert  Clarke 
Company,  1898). 

NADAL,  BERNARD  HARRISON,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Talbot  County,  Md.,  March  27,  1812,  and  died  in  Madison,  N.J., 
June  20,  1870.  For  many  years  he  labored  in  the  South.  He  occupied 
several  important  Methodist  pulpits  and  taught  for  some  time  in  Drew 
Theological  Seminary,  becoming  president  on  the  death  of  Dr.  McChintock. 
Dickinson  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  He  published  'Essays 
on  Church  History,'  and  in  1873  a  volume  of  his  sermons  entitled  'New 
Life  Dawning"  was  edited  by  Professor  Henry  A.  Butts,  with  a  memoir 
(New  York). 

NADAL,  EHRMAN  SYME,  author,  was  born  in  Lewisburg, 
W.Va.,  February  13,  1843.  At  different  periods  he  was  Secretary  of 
Legation  at  London,  and  was  also  for  several  years  on  the  editorial  staff 
of  the  New  York  Evening  Post.  He  wrote  'Impressions  of  London  Social 
Life,'  'Essays  at  Home  and  Elsewhere,'  and  'Zweibach;  or,  Notes  of  a 
Professional  Exile.' 

NAGLE,  J.  E.  Physician.  [La.].  He  published  a  number  of 
poems,  one  of  which  was  entitled  'A  Home  that  I  Love.' 

NAVARRO,  MARY  ANDERSON  DE.  Retired  actress.  Though 
born  in  Sacramento,  Cal.,  July  28,  1859,  she  spent  her  girlhood  days  in 
Louisville,  Ky.,  and  received  her  education  at  the  Ursuline  Convent.  She 
became  the  foremost  actress  on  the  American  stage,  famed  for  her  beauty 
not  only  of  person  but  of  character.  She  married,  in  1889,  Antonio  de 
Navarro,  relinquished  her  dramatic  career,  and  made  her  home  in  England. 
Her  only  volume  is  entitled  'A  Few  Memories.' 

NEALE,  WALTER,  publisher,  author,  editor,  was  born  in  East- 
ville,  Va.,  January  21,  1873,  and  is  president  of  the  Neale  Publishing 
Company  of  Washington  and  New  York.  In  collaboration  with  Elizabeth 
H.  Hancock,  he  wrote  'The  Betrayal,'  an  historico-political  novel  (1910), 
besides  editing  two  important  works:  'A  Southern  Anthology'  (1910),  and 
'Masterpieces  of  Southern  Poetry'  (1910).  He  married,  June  9,  1897, 
Margaret  Ella  Stuart  of  Charleston,  S.C. 

NEESE,  GEORGE  M.  Author.  [Va.].  Mr.  Neese  was  a  gunner 
under  General  J.  E.  B.  Stuart  in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  He 
wrote  an  interesting  work  entitled  'Three  Years  in  the  Confederate  Horse 
Artillery'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company, 
1909).    The  introduction  was  written  by  Senator  John  W.  Daniel. 

NELSON,  KATHLEEN  GRAY.  Author.  She  was  born  in  At- 
lanta, Ga.,  the  daughter  of  John  A.  and  Katherine  Gray  Smith  and 
married,  December  3,  1891,  Levi  D.  Nelson.  For  three  years  she  was 
on  the  staff  of  the  New  York  World.  Besides  many  short  stories  and 
sketches  for  current  magazines,  she  published  in  1898  a  volume  of  in- 
tense interest,  entitled  'Tuen,  Slave  and  Empress,'  an  account  of  the 
extraordinary  rise  to  power  of  the  late  Empress  Dowager  of  China.  On 
a  recent  trip  abroad  she  gathered  the  material  for  an  Egyptian  romance  on 
which  she  is  now  engaged.     She  resides  in  New  York  City. 

NEVILLE,  L.,  author,  of  Virginia,  wrote  'Edith  Allen,'  a  story  of 
life  in  Virginia. 


320  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

NEWBERRY,  SAMUEL  HENDERSON.  Poet,  of  Bland,  Va.  The 
volume  of  426  pages  which  has  come  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Newberry  is 
entitled:  'Eagle  Oak,  and  Other  Poems.'  It  reflects  the  picturesque 
scenery  of  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State. 

NEWMAN,  ALBERT  HENRY.  Clergyman  and  educator.  Since 
1881  Dr.  Newman  has  filled  the  chair  of  church  history  in  McMaster 
University,  Toronto,  Canada.  He  was  born  in  Edgefield  County,  S.C., 
August  25,  1852,  and  was  educated  at  Mercer  University  at  Macon,  Ga. 
He  married,  in  1873,  Mary  Augusta  Ware,  of  Scale,  Ala.  His  published 
works  include :  'The  Baptist  Churches  of  the  United  States'  (New  York, 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1894),  a  'History  of  Anti-Pedo  Baptism  to  A.D. 
1609'  (Philadelphia,  The  American  Baptist  Publication  Society,  1897),  a 
'Manual  of  Church  History,'  in  two  volumes'  (ibid.,  1900-1901),  and  'A 
Century  of  Baptist  Achievement'  {ibid.,  1901),  besides  numerous  transla- 
tions and  contributions  to  encyclopaedias  and  reviews. 

NEWMAN,  CAROL  MONTGOMERY,  educator,  was  born  in 
Wytheville,  Va.,  October  29,  1879.  He  occupies  a  chair  in  the  Virginia 
Polytechnic  Institute  and  holds  the  Ph.D.  degree.  He  has  published  'Vir- 
ginia Literature'  (1903),  and  edited  'DeQuincey's  Essays'  (1905).  The 
sketch  of  Henry  Norwood  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also 
from  his  pen.    He  married,  in  1902,  Carrie  A.  Fain. 

NEWMAN,  EUGENE  WILLIAM,  newspaper  writer,  was  born 
in  Barren  County,  Ky.,  May  3,  1845.  Under  the  pen-name  of  "Savoyard," 
he  has  written  some  of  the  best  political  essays  and  monographs  upon 
public  men  and  events  which  have  appeared  in  newspaper  columns  since 
the  war.  The  writer's  style  is  vigorous  and  trenchant.  He  is  a  well- 
spring  of  delightful  reminiscences  of  the  American  capital,  a  critic  both 
kind  and  severe,  and  a  student  of  broad  range  and  thorough  research. 
He  has  published  only  one  volume,  'Savoyard's  Essays'  (New  York  and 
Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1904).  For  some  time  he 
was  connected  with  the  Louisville  Courier-Journal,  but  of  late  years  he 
has  been  on  the  staff  of  the  Washington  Post.  He  married,  first,  in 
1865,  Emily  Clark;  and,  second,  in  1885,  Florence  Newman. 

NEWTON,  VIRGINIUS.  fVa.].  He  published  several  historical 
sketches  including  'The  Confederate  Navy'  and  'The  Ram  Merrimac' 

NICHOLAS,  SAMUEL  SMITH,  jurist,  was  born  in  Lexington, 
Ky.,  in  1796,  and  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  November  27,  1869.  For  several 
years  he  was  a  merchant  in  New  Orleans,  but  he  afterward  studied  law, 
settled  in  Kentucky,  became  a  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  assisted  in 
compiling  the  revised  code  of  Kentucky,  and  wrote  a  volume  of  'Essays 
on  Constitutional  Law'  (Louisville,  1857). 

NICHOLS,  EDWARD  WEST.  Educator.  fVa.].  He  published 
several  text-books  on  mathematics. 

NICHOLS,  JOSEPHINE  HAMILTON.  Author.  [La.].  She 
wrote  'Bayou  Triste:  a  Story  of  Louisiana'  (New  York,  1902). 

NICHOLSON,  ALFRED  OSBORN  POPE,  United  States  Senator 
and  jurist,  was  born  in  Williamson  County,  Tenn.,  August  31,  1808,  and 
died  in  Columbia,  Tenn.,  March  23,  1876.  For  several  years  he  edited 
newspapers  with  great  vigor,  in  addition  to  meeting  the  demands  of  an 
active  law  practice.  He  also  became  an  important  factor  in  political 
affairs,  declined  a  Cabinet  portfolio  under  President  Pierce,  and  held  a 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        321 

commission  in  the  United  States  Senate  from  18S7  to  1861.  Twice  during 
the  Civil_War  he  was  arrested  at  Columbia  and  imprisoned.  At  the  close 
of  hostilities  he  was  made  chief  justice  of  the  State.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  document  addressed  to  aspirants  for  the  Presidency  in  1848,  which 
became  famous  under  the  name  of  "The  Nicholson  Letter." 

NICHOLSON,  ELIZA  JANE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  IX,  page  3767. 

NICHOLSON,  J.  W.  Educator.  [La.].  He  published  text-books 
on  mathematics. 

NICHOLSON,  WILLIAM  RUFUS.  Clergyman.  [Miss.].  He 
was  born  in  1822  and  published  a  work  on  eschatology  entitled  'The 
Blessedness  of  Heaven.' 

NICOLASSEN,  GEORGE  FREDERICK,  educator,  was  born  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  December  IS,  1857.  He  is  vice-chancellor  and  professor 
of  Greek  in  the  Southwestern  Presbyterian  University  a-t  Clarksville, 
Tenn.,  and  the  author  of  'Notes  on  Latin  and  Greek'  (Baltimore,  1890) 
and  'Greek  Notes— Revised'  (Baltimore,  1896).  The  sketch  of  Will  T. 
Hale  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  He 
holds  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  Johns  Hopkins. 

NILES,  HEZEKIAH.  Editor.  For  twenty-iive  years  he  edited 
in  Baltimore,  Md.,  a  periodical  called  Niles  Register,  which  was  found 
to  be  so  important  as  a  source  of  information  concerning  American  his- 
tory that  thirty-two  volumes  were  reprinted.  Besides  'Quill  Driving,'  a 
series  of  humorous  essays,  he  published  'Principles  and  Acts  of  the 
Revolution'  (1822). 

NISBET,  EUGENIUS  ARISTIDES,  jurist  and  orator,  was  born 
near  Union  Point,  in  Greene  County,  Ga.,  December  7,  1803,  and  died 
in  Macon,  Ga.,  March  18,  1871.  He  received  his  collegiate  education  at 
the  University  of  Georgia,  after  which  he  studied  law  in  the  office  of 
Judge  Clayton,  at  Athens,  Ga.,  and  under  Judge  Gould,  at  Litchfield,  Conn. 
From  1839  to  1843  he  served  in  Congress.  Judge  Nisbet  was  a  Whig 
until  the  final  dissolution  of  this  famous  old  party,  when  he  became  a 
Democrat.  On  the  organization  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Georgia,  in  1845, 
he  became  one  of  the  noted  triumvirate  which  included  Joseph  Henry 
Lumpkin  and  Hiram  Warner,  but  he  left  the  Bench  in  1853  and  resumed 
the  active  practice  of  his  profession.  He  was  a  member  of  the  secession 
convention  of  1861  and  drafted  the  ordinance  which  separated  Georgia 
from  the  Union.  The  judicial  decisions  of  Judge  Nisbet  are  embraced  in 
the  first  fourteen  volumes  of  'Georgia  Reports'  (1845-1853).  They  are 
characterized  not  only  by  profound  legal  scholarship  but  also  by  wide 
familiarity  with  general  literature.  He  was  a  man  of  rare  intellectual 
and  moral  culture,  an  able  jurist,  and  an  orator  of  few  equals  at  the 
Bar  of  his  native  commonwealth. 

NIXON,  RICHARD.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in  Edinburgh,  Scot- 
land, March  21,  1860.  For  several  years  he  was  the  Washington  cor- 
respondent of  the  New  Orleans  Times-Democrat.  He  afterward  set- 
tled in  Portland,  Ore.,  for  the  practice  of  law.  He  is  the  author  of 
some  fine  sonnets,  three  of  which  are  preserved  in  'The  Louisiana 
Book,'  (1894). 

NOBLE,  MARY  ELLA.     Writer.     [Ga.].     Poems.     She  became 

Mrs.  Allen. 


322  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

NOLL,  ARTHUR  HOWARD.  Clergyman  and  author.  He 
was  born  in  Caldwell,  NJ.,  February  4,  18SS,  a  son  of  Arthur  B.,  and 
Mary  Hamilton  Noll,  was  well  educated  in  schools  taught  by  his 
father,  and  practiced  law  in  New  Jersey  until  1882.  He  engaged  in 
railroading  in  Mexico  and  became  cashier  of  the  Mexican  Central 
Railway,  in  the  City  of  Mexico.  Afterward  he  entered  the  ministry  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  and  was  ordained  in  1888.  He  has 
held  numerous  important  parishes;  but  since  1902  has  been  registrar 
and  lecturer  on  medical  jurisprudence  in  the  University  of  the  South. 
Ke  married,  October  26,  1887,  Florence,  daughter  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Dunn  English,  of  Newark,  N.J.  His  writings  include:  'A  Short  His- 
tory of  Mexico'  (Chicago,  A.  C.  McClurg,  1890),  'From  Empire  to  Re- 
public' (ibid.,  1903)  ;  'History  of  the  Church  in  the  Diocese  of  Tennes- 
see' (1900);  'Confirmation',  three  lectures  (1903);  'The  Peruvians' 
(1905);  and,  in  association  with  Dr.  B.  J.  Ramage,  'A  History  of  the 
Northern  States  Subsequent  to  the  War'  (1905).  He  has  also  edited 
'The  Little  Giant,  and  Other  Wonder  Tales,'  by  Thomas  Dunn  Eng- 
lish, and  'Dr.  Quintard,  Chaplain  C.S.A.  and  Second  Bishop  of  Ten- 
nessee,' besides  numerous  magazine  articles.  He  resides  in  Sewanee, 
Tenn. 

NOLTE,  VINCENT.  Author.  For  many  years  he  was  a  resident 
of  New  Orleans,  La.,  and  published  an  interesting  account  of  travel  en- 
titled 'Fifty  Years  in  Both  Hemispheres.' 

NORMAN,  BENJAMIN  MOORE,  author,  was  born  in  Hudson, 
N.Y.,  December  22,  1809,  and  died  near  Summit,  Miss.,  February  1,  1900. 
For  a  number  of  years  he  resided  in  New  Orleans,  La.  He  wrote  'Ram- 
bles in  Yucatan'  (New  York,  1843),  'New  Orleans  and  Its  Environs' 
(New  Orleans,  1845),  and  'Rambles  by  Land  and  Water'  (New  York, 
1845). 

NORMAN,  HARRY.  In  collaboration  with  W.  R.  Hollister  he 
wrote  'Five  Famous  Missourians'  (Kansas  City,  Hudson-Kimberly  Pub- 
lishing Company). 

NORRIS,  THADDEUS,  author,  was  born  in  Warrenton,  Va., 
August  15,  1811,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  April  10,  1877.  He  was 
an  ardent  lover  of  angling  and  wrote  "The  American  Anglers'  Book' 
(Philadelphia,  1864)  and  'American  Fish  Culture'  (1868).  He  became  a 
manufacturer  in  Philadelphia. 

NORTHEN,  WILLIAM  J.,  governor,  educator,  planter,  editor, 
was  born  in  Jones  County,  Ga.,  July  9,  1835,  a  son  of  Peter  and  Louisa 
Northen,  graduated  from  Mercer  University  at  Macon,  Ga.,  and  was 
for  many  years  principal  of  the  famous  academy  at  Mount  Zion.  He 
married,  December  19,  1860,  Mattie  M.  Neel.  He  served  as  a  private 
in  the  Confederate  ranks  for  four  years,  and  after  the  war  resumed 
teaching,  but  soon  gave  it  up  because  of  impaired  health  and  began  to 
farm.  He  became  president  of  the  State  Agricultural  Society  and 
governor  of  Georgia,  holding  the  latter  positioi)  from  1890  to  1894. 
Afterward  he  was  made  manager  of  the  Georgia  Immigration  and 
Investment  Bureau.  He  wrote  the  chapter  on  "Georgia's  Industrial 
Resources"  in  'Memoirs  of  Georgia'  (1895),  and  also  edited  'Men  of 
Mark  in  Georgia,'  (Atlanta,  A.  B.  Caldwell),  a  work  of  several  vol- 
umes. Mercer  University  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  resides 
in  Atlanta,  Ga. 

NORTON,  GEORGE  HATLEY,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Ontario 
County,  N.Y.,  of  Virginia  parentage,  in  1824,  and  was  a  brother  of  the 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       323 

Rev.  John  Nicholas  Norton,  D.D.  He  was  for  twelve  years  rector  of 
St.  James's  Church  at  Warrenton,  Va.,  and  in  1859  was  called  to  St. 
Paul's  Church,  Alexandria,  Va.,  where  he  remained  for  more  than  thirty 
years.  He  contributed  to  various  periodicals  and  published  an  'Inquiry 
into  the  Nature  and  Extent  of  the  Holy  Catholic  Church'  (Philadelphia, 
1853).    William  and  Mary  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

NORTON,  JOHN  NICHOLAS,  clergyman  and  author,  was  born 
in  Waterloo,  N.Y.,  of  Virginia  parentage,  in  1820,  and  died  in  Louisville, 
Ky.,  January  18,  1881,  For  twenty-four  years  he  was  rector  of  the  Church 
of  the  Ascension,  at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  after  which  he  accepted  a  call  to 
Louisville,  where  he  spent  his  last  days.  He  published  'The  Boy  Who 
Was  Trained  to  be  a  Clergyman'  (Philadelphia,  1854),  'Full  Proof  of  the 
Ministry'  (New  York,  1855),  'Lives  of  the  Bishops  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church'  (1857-1859).  a  'Life  of  George  Washington'  (1860), 
a  'Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin'  (1861),  a  'Life  of  Archbishop  Cranmer' 
(1863),  a  'Life  of  Archbishop  Laud'  (1864),  "Short  Sermons'  (1868), 
'Sketches  Literary  and  Theological'  (1872),  and  two  volumes  of  sermons 
entitled  'The  King's  Ferry-boat'  (1876),  and  'The  Old  Paths'  (1880). 
Several  institutions  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  He  wielded  a  pen  of 
unusual  grace. 

NORWOOD,  HENRY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  IX,  page  3781. 

NORWOOD.  THOMAS  MANSON.  Jurist  and  author.  He  was 
born  in  Talbot  County,  Ga.,  April  26,  1830,  graduated  from 
Emory  College,  Oxford,  Ga.,  and  married,  June  2,  1853,  Anna  M.  Hen- 
dree.  Later  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was 
a  private  in  the  Confederate  Army.  From  1871  to  1877,  he  represented 
Georgia  in  the  United  States  Senate,  and  in  1880,  was  the  unsuccess- 
ful candidate  of  the  minority  faction  of  the  Democratic  party  for 
governor  of  Georgia  against  Alfred  H.  Colquitt.  He  became  judge 
of  the  City  Court  of  Savannah  in  1896.  As  a  writer  the  style  of 
Judge  Norwood  is  caustic  and  brilliant.  His  works  include:  'Plutoc- 
racy, or  American  White  Slavery',  a  politico-social  novel  (1888),  'Mother 
Goose  Carved  bjr  a  Commentator'  (1900),  and  'Patriotism — Democracy  or 
Empire?'  a  satirical  production   (1900).     He  resides  in  Savannah.  Ga. 

NOTT,  ARTHUR  HOWARD,  educator,  was  born  in  Tennessee, 
but  now  resides  in  New  Jersey.     He  wrote  a  'Short  History  of  Mexico.' 

NOTT.  HENRY  JUNIUS.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  IX,  page  3797. 

NOTT,  JOSIAH  CLARK,  physician  and  ethnologist,  was  born  in 
Columbia,  S.C,  March  24,  1804,  and  died  in  Mobile,  Ala..  March  31,  1873. 
After  receiving  his  medical  diploma  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
he  remained  in  the  institution  for  two  years  as  demonstrator  of  anatomy 
under  Dr.  Philip  S.  Physic,  and  then  studied  abroad.  Later  he  estab- 
lished at  Mobile,  Ala.,  a  medical  college  which  the  State  endowed  and 
made  a  part  of  the  university  system.  He  became  an  eminent  authority 
in  the  realm  of  antiquarian  research.  Besides  numerous  articles  to 
scientific  journals,  he  published  'Two  Lectures  on  the  Connection  between 
the  Biblical  and  the  Physical  History  of  Man'  (New  York,  1849),  'The 
Physical  History  of  the  Jewish  Race'  (Charleston,  1850),  'Types  of  Man- 
kind,' in  association  with  G.  R.  Gliddon  (Philadelphia,  1854),  and  'Indig- 
enous Races  of  the  Earth.' 

NOURSE,  JAMES  DUNCAN,  author,  was  born  in  Bardstown, 
Ky.,  September  26,  1817,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  June  1,  1854.    For 


324  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

journalism  he  relinquished  both  law  and  medicine,  edited  various  news- 
papers, including  the  St.  Louis  Intelligencer,  contributed  to  magazines, 
and  wrote  two  novels,  'The  Forest  Knight'  and  'Leavenworth :  a  Story  of 
the  Mississippi,'  besides  a  series  of  lectures  which  he  published  under  the 
title  of  'God  in  History;  or,  the  Past  and  Its  Legacies'  (Louisville,  1852). 

NOURSE,  JOSEPH  EVERETT,  educator,  was  born  in  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  April  17,  1819.  For  thirty  years  he  was  a  professor  in  the 
Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis.  He  was  .  also  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
Presbyterian  Church,  and  frequently  occupied  pulpits  in  the  district,  and 
sometimes  in  Virginia.  He  published  "The  Maritime  Canal  of  Suez' 
(Washington,  1869;  extended,  1884),  'Memoir  of  the  Founding  and 
Progress  of  the  United  States  Naval  Observator/  (1873),  Medals 
Awarded  to  American  Arctic  Explorers  by  Foreign  Societies'  (1876), 
'Narrative  of  the  Second  Arctic  Exploration  by  Charles  F.  Hall'  (1879), 
'American  Explorations  in  the  Ice  Zones,  Prepared  from  Official  Sources' 
(Boston,  1884),  and  other  works. 

NOYES,  JAMES  OSCAR,  author,  was  born  in  Cayuga  County, 
N.Y.,  June  14,  1829,  and  died  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  September  11,  1872. 
After  completing  his  education  he  spent  some  time  abroad,  chiefly  as 
correspondent  for  American  newspapers.  On  his  return  home  he  became 
proprietor  of  the  Knickerbocker  Magazine,  which  he  edited  for  several 
years.  The  latter  part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  New  Orleans.  He  pub- 
lished 'Roumania'  (1857)  and  'The  Gypsies'  (1858). 

GATES,  WILLIAM  CALVIN.  Soldier  and  lawyer.  He  was 
born  in  Pike  County,  Ala.,  December  1,  1835,  a  son  of  William  O.  and 
Sarah  Oates,  and  received  fair  educational  advantages.  He  enlisted 
in  the  Confederate  Army,  fighting  in  twenty-seven  battles,  and  losing 
his  right  arm.  He  married,  in  1882,  Sallie  Toney,  of  Eufaula,  Ala., 
was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Conventions  of  1875  and  1901, 
a  Representative  in  Congress  from  the  Third  Alabama  District  for 
many  years  and  governor  of  the  State;  but  was  defeated  for  the 
United  State  Senate  because  he  opposed  the  free  coinage  of  silver. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish-American  War,  in  1898,  he  was  ap- 
pointed brigadier-general  of  United  States  volunteers.  He  is  the  author 
of  a  volume  entitled:  'The  War  Between  the  Union  and  the  Confederacy, 
and  Its  Lost  Opportunities'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Pub- 
lishing Company,  1900).    He  resides  in  Montgomery,  Ala. 

O'BRIEN,  JOHN,  Roman  Catholic  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1841  and  died  in  Emmetsburg,  Md.,  in  1879.  Besides 
minor  works,  he  wrote  a  'History  of  the  Mass,'  which  has  passed  through 
fourteen  editions. 

OCKENDEN,  INA  MARIE  PORTER.  Author.  She  was  born 
in  Alabama,  a  daughter  of  Judge  B.  F.  Porter,  was  educated  at 
South  Alabama  Female  College  and  married,  first,  in  1868,  G.  L. 
Henry  and,  second,  in  1888,  Albion  Ockenden.  She  taught  for  several 
years,  but  after  1878  devoted  herself  entirely  to  literary  work.  She  is 
the  author  of  numerous  poems  of  merit  which  have  appeared  from 
time  to  time  in  the  magazines  and  periodicals,  and  also  of  many  ex- 
cellent short  stories.  Her  best  known  poem  is  entitled  "Southria." 
It  appeared  in  1875.  She  was  for  some  time  the  correspondent  of 
several  English  and  Scotch  papers.  Mrs.  Ockenden  has  received  a 
number  of  prizes  for  literary  work.    She  resides  in  Montgomery,  Ala. 

O'CONNELL,  JEREMIAH  JOSEPH,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
the  County  of  Cork,  Ireland,  November  21,   1821,  came  to  America  in 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       325 

early  life,  locating  at  Charleston,  became  an  eminent  Catholic  priest,  estab- 
lished missions,  organized  colleges,  delivered  lectures,  and  published 
'Catholicity  in  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia'  (New  York,  L878). 

O'CONNOR,  FLORENCE  J.  Author.  fLa-L  She  wrote  'The 
Heroine  of  the  Confederacy:  Louisiana'   (London,  date  not  given). 

ODUM,  MARY  HUNT  McCALEB  ("L'EcIair"),  author,  was 
born  in  Kentucky,  but  afterward  removed  first  to  Mississippi  and  then 
to  Texas.  She  wrote  occasional  verses  and  published  'Hood's  Last  Charge, 
and  Other  Poems.' 

O'FERRALL,  CHARLES  TRIPLETT,  Congressman  and  govern- 
or, was  born  in  Frederick  County,  Va.,  October  21,  1840,  and  died  in 
Richmond,  Va.,  September  22,  190S.  He  attained  the  rank  of  colonel 
in  the  Confederate  Army  and  received  a  number  of  wounds,  one  through 
the  lungs.  After  the  war  he  studied  law  and  became  a  judge  of  the 
County  Court  for  six  years,  a  member  of  Congress  for  twelve  years,  and 
governor  of  Virginia.  He  was  twice  married;  first,  in  1862,  to  Annie 
McLain,  and  second,  in  1881,  to  Jennie  Knight  Danforth.  He  published 
an  interesting  commentary  upon  his  times  entitled  'Forty  Years  of  Active 
Service — Autobiographical'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Pub- 
lishing Company,  1904),  besides  numerous  political  essays  and  speeches. 
He  was  a  Democrat  of  life-long  allegiance,  but  refused  to  support  Bryan 
on  a  free  silver  platform. 

OGDEN,  OTTO  N.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  'Halimah,  a 
Legend  of  the  Tangipahoa'  (1891),  and  'Dominic  Yon,'  a  volume  of 
poems. 

OGDEN,  ROBERT  NASH.  Jurist  and  poet.  He  was  born  in 
Baton  Rouge,  La.,  May  5,  1839,  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Confederate  Army,  and  became  prominent  in  Louisiana  politics.  In 
1886  be  was  appointed  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  New  Orleans. 
Besides  a  novel,  entitled  'Who  Did  It?'  published  in  1880,  he  is  the 
author  of  some  excellent  verse,  including  a  poem  entitled  "Recollec- 
tions of  the  Past." 

OGLESBY,  THADDEUS  KOSCIUSKO,  author,  was  born  near 
Booneville,  Mo.,  of  Georgia  parentage,  in  1847.  He  was  one  of  the 
youngest  soldiers  in  the  Confederate  service,  and  when  paroled  at  Greens- 
boro, N.C.,  was  under  eighteen.  For  several  years  he  was  private  secre- 
tary to  Alexander  H.  Stephens.  He  relinquished  law  for  literature  and 
wrote  'Same  Truths  of  History:  a  Vindication  of  the  South'  (1903,  revised 
and  enlarged,  1909),  which  has  received  enthusiastic  praise  from  the 
highest  critics.  Besides  contributing  to  current  periodicals,  he  also  fur- 
nished several  articles  to  tlie  'New  International  Encyclopaedia'  (New  York, 
Dodd,  Mead  and  Company). 

OGLETHORPE,  JAMES  EDWARD,  founder  of  the  colony  of 
Georgia,  philanthropist  and  soldier,  was  born  in  London,  England, 
December  21,  1698,  and  died  at  Cranham  Hall,  Essex,  England,  January 
30,  1785.  He  was  of  noble  blood,  his  father  being  Sir  Theophilus  Ogle- 
thorpe. The  martial  instinct  impelled  him  toward  the  army,  and  on  the 
Continent  he  served  under  Prince  Eugene  and  the  Duke  of  Marlborough. 
For  thirty-two  years  he  was  a  Member  of  Parliament.  One  of  his  first 
legislative  efforts  was  to  devise  plans  for  the  relief  of  indigent  but  honest 
debtors  in  the  prisons  of  England,  and  the  colony  of  Georgia  in  the  new 
world  was  largely  the  offspring  of  this  benevolent  enterprise.    Besides 


326  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

pledging  his  own  immense  fortune  to  the  project,  he  also  interested  other 
men  of  wealth  and  character;  accompanied  the  expedition  to  America, 
conducted  the  military  operations  against  the  Spaniards,  and  shared  for 
years  the  vicissitudes  of  the  colonists.  In  1775  he  declined  the  command 
of  the  English  forces  in  America,  due  partly  to  his  extreme  age  and 
partly  to  his  reluctance  to  take  up  arms  against  the  colony  he  had  planted. 
He  was  a  man  of  culture,  an  intimate  associate  of  Samuel  Johnson  and 
Alexander  Pope,  and  a  writer  of  force.  In  the  collections  of  the 
Georgia  Historical  Society  are  preserved  his  "New  and  Accurate  Account 
of  the  Colonies  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,"  his  lettersto  the  trustees 
Of  the  colony,  and  his  memoirs  of  the  St.  Augustine  campaign.  The  most 
complete  life  of  General  Oglethorpe  was  written  by  Robert  Wright  (Lon- 
don, 1867). 

O'HARA.  THEODORE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  IX,  page  3827. 

OHL,  MAUDE  ("Annulet  Andrews").  Author.  Over  the  pen- 
name  of  "Annulet  Andrews"  this  gifted  woman  has  contributed  both 
prose  and  verse  to  the  leading  magazines.  She  is  also  the  author  of  an 
exceptionally  interesting  work  of  fiction  entitled  'The  Wife  of  Narcissus.' 
Born  at  Washington,  Ga.,  she  comes  of  one  of  Georgia's  best  families. 
For  a  number  of  years  she  edited  the  society  page  of  the  Atlanta  Consti- 
tution; and  in  the  early  nineties  she  married  Josiah  Kingsley  Ohl,  who 
was  then  city  editor  of  the  paper,  but  who  is  now  manager  of  the  New 
York  Herald's  Oriental  Bureau. 

"OLD  FIELD  TEACHER."  [N.C.].  The  author's  identity  is 
unknown.  But  he  published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Attempts  at 
Rhyming,'  a  work  of  much  interest  (Raleigh,  Thomas  J.  Lemay,  1839). 

OLIPHANT,  BLOSSOM  D.  Author.  [Tenn.].  She  wrote  'Mrs. 
Lemon's  Neighbors.' 

OLIVE,  JOHNSON.  Baptist  clergyman.  [N.C.].  He  was  born 
in  1816  and  died  in  1885.     He  published  an  'Autobiography.' 

OLIVER,  JAMES  McCARTY.  Author.  He  wrote  'The  Battle 
of  Franklin,'  'The  Little  Girl  at  the  Fort,'  and  other  works.  In  the 
preface  to  a  volume  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company),  dated 
September  23,  1869,  his  address  is  given  as  "Lake,  Mississippi." 

OLIVER,  THADDEUS,  lawyer  and  poet,  was  born  in  Jeflferson- 
ville,  Twiggs  County,  Ga.,  December  25,  1826,  and  died  in  a  hospital  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  August  21,  1864,  the  result  of  a  wound  received  in  battle. 
During  the  administration  of  Herschel  V.  Johnson  he  held  the  oflSce  of 
solicitor-general  of  the  Chattahoochee  Circuit.  He  was  an  eloquent  advo- 
cate before  the  jury,  a  man  of  culture  and  a  poet  of  singular  power. 
There  is  abundant  evidence  for  his  claim  to  the  authorship  of  the  famous 
war  lyric,  "All's  Quiet  Along  the  Potomac  To-night,"  despite  the  fact 
that  two  other  claimants  contest  the  honor,  Lamar  Fontaine  and  Ethel 
Lynn  Beers.  Several  other  fugitive  poems  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Oliver 
betray  the  same  delicate  and  rhythmic  touch.  They  include  "Rain  in  the 
Heart"  and  "My  Soul  Is  Dark  as  Starless  Night."  He  married,  in  1849, 
Sarah  Penelope,  daughter  of  Hugh  Lawson. 

OLMSTED,  ALEXANDER  FISHER,  educator  and  chemist,  was 
born  at  Chapel  Hill,  N.C,  December  20,  182^  and  diefl  i*>  New  Haven, 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       327 

Conn.,  May  S,_  18S3.  He  was  educated  at  Yale,  filled  for  a  while  the  chair 
of  chemistry  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  and  published  'Elements 
of  Chemistry'  (New  Haven,  1851). 

OLMSTED,  FRANCIS  ALLYN,  physician,  was  born  in  Chapel 
Hill,  N.C.,  July  14,  1819,  and  died  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  July  19,  1844. 
He  was  educated  at  Yale,  took  a  sea  voyage  to  the  Sandwich  Islands  for 
his  health,  became  a  practitioner  of  medicine,  and  published  'Incidents  of 
a  Whaling  Voyage'  (New  York,  1841). 

O'MALLEY,  CHARLES  J.,  lawyer,  editor,  poet,  was  born  near 
Waverly,  Ala.,  February  9,  1857.  On  his  father's  side  he  comes  of  the 
famous  O'Malley  family  of  Ireland;  on  his  mother's  side  he  is  English 
and  Spanish.  For  twenty  years  he  has  been  engaged  in  editorial  lines 
of  work.  He  is  a  writer  of  exquisite  grace  and  polish,  and  from  time 
to  time  has  produced  verse  which  has  been  widely  copied.  His  books 
include:  'Out  of  the  White  Mist,'  a  volume  of  poems  (1875),  'Out  of 
Arcady,'  a  volume  of  poems,  'The  Building  of  the  Moon,  and  Other  Poems' 
(Evansviile,  Ind.,  Keller  Publishing  Company,  1894),  'Songs  of  Southern 
Kentucky'  (Cincinnati,  Pratt  Publishing  Company,  1903),  'The  White 
Shepherd,'  a  sketch  (Chicago,  J.  S.  Hyland  and  Company,  1904),  'Thistle- 
drift,'  poems  and  epigrams  (Chicago,  The  New  World  Company,  1908), 
'Songs  of  Dawn'  (Chicago,  J.  S.  Hyland  and  Company,  1909),  and  three 
serial  stories,  "Kentucky  People,"  "Drouth,"  and  "Deluded."  Mr.  O'Malley 's 
work,  which  is  typically  Southern,  has  appeared  in  most  of  the  high-class 
magazines.  He  married,  October  16,  1882,  Sallie  M.  Hill.  He  is  at 
present  editor  of  the  New  World,  a  paper  published  in  Chicago,  111.  The 
degree  of  Litt.D.  has  been  conferred  upon  him  in  recognition  of  his 
literary  attainments. 

O'MALLEY,  SALLIE  M.  Educator  and  novelist.  Her  maiden 
name  was  Sallie  M.  Hill.  She  was  born  in  Centerville,  Ind.,  of 
Southern  parentage.  Her  father  was  a  cousin  of  General  A.  P.  Hill,  the 
famous  Confederate  leader,  and  her  mother  a  Miss  Wilson  of  Lexing- 
ton, Va.  She  enjoyed  the  best  educational  advantages  and  for  several 
years  engaged  in  teaching,  but  the  popular  encouragement  which  her 
first  excurrions  into  authorship  evoked  finally  persuaded  her  to 
adopt  literature  as  her  profession,  and  she  has  since  written  many 
delightful  volumes  of  fiction.  They  include :  'The  Story  of  Seven  Swans' 
(Mount  Vernon,  Ind.,  The  Advocate  Company,  1893),  'An  Heir  of  Dreams' 
(New  York,  Benziger  Brothers,  1898),  'On  the  Frontier'  {ibid.,  1902),  'The 
White  Flame'  (Chicago,  The  Nazareth  Company,  1905),  'Tales  of  the 
Old  Bonne  Femme'  (Boston,  Bouquet  Publishing  Company,  1906),  and 
'Beyond  the  Purple  Hills'  (Chicago,  The  Extension,  1907),  besides  other 
stories  in  manuscript.  Her  work  is  characterized  by  creative  force  and 
by  artistic  charm.  She  married,  October  16,  1882,  Charles  J.  O'Malley. 
Her  home  is  in  Chicago,  111. 

O'NEALL,  JOHN  BELTON,  jurist,  was  born  on  Bush  River, 
S.C,  April  10,  1793,  and  died  near  Newberry,  S.C,  September  27,  1863. 
He  was  educated  at  South  Carolina  College,  chose  the  legal  profession, 
became  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  and  major-general  of  the  State 
militia,  advocated  temperance  reform  with  great  eloquence  and  power, 
and  published  'The  Bench  and  Bar  of  South  Carolina,'  in  two  volumes 
(Charleston,  1859),  a  'Digest  of  the  Negro  Law'  (1848),  and  'Annals  of 
Newberry'  (1858). 

ONDERDONK,   HENRY   A.    Author.      [Md.].     He  published   a 

'History  of  Maryland'  (1878). 


328  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

OPIE,  JOHN  N.  Lawyer.  [Va.].  He  was  born  in  1845  and  pub- 
lished an  interesting  personal  narrative  entitled  'A  Rebel  Cavalryman  with 
Lee,  Stuart  and  Jackson'   (1899). 

ORGAIN,  KATE  ALMA,  Mrs.  Author.  [Texas].  Mrs.  Orgain 
has  published  a  work  of  much  interest  designed  with  special  reference 
to  school  use,  entitled  'Southern  Authors  in  Poetry  and  Prose'  (New 
York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Comany,  1907),  a  collection 
of  biographical  and  critical  essays,  supplemented  by  numerous  selections. 

ORME,  RICHARD  McALLISTER,  Jr.,  editor,  was  born  in 
Georgia,  about  1830.  For  several  years  he  edited  at  Milledgeville,  Ga., 
the  Southern  Recorder,  a  paper  once  edited  by  his  distinguished  father. 
Later  he  removed  to  Savannah.  Besides  numerous  political  essays  and 
editorials,  he  wrote  'Dr.  Devine  and  the  Devil'   (Savannah,  1894). 

ORR,  JAMES  LAWRENCE,  statesman,  was  born  near  Ander- 
son, S.C.,  May  12,  1822,  and  died  in  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  May  S,  1873. 
He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  studied  law,  established 
and  edited  the  Gazette,  at  Anderson,  S.C,  opposed  nullification,  became 
prominent  in  politics  and  at  the  Bar,  and  served  in  Congress  for  five 
consecutive  terms.  He  recognized  the  right  but  opposed  the  policy  of 
secession.  Nevertheless,  he  espoused  the  Confederate  side  in  the  struggle 
which  ensued,  commanded  a  regiment  in  the  field  for  several  months, 
and  sat  in  the  Confederate  Senate  from  1862  to  186S.  At  the  close  of 
hostilities  he  became  governor  of  South  Carolina,  under  President  John- 
son's plan  of  reconstruction,  supported  the  Republican  policies,  became 
Circuit  Court  judge,  and  received  in  1872,  from  President  Grant,  the 
appointment  of  United  States  Minister  to  Russia.  Some  of  his  speeches 
have  been  preserved  in  the  'Debates  of  Congress,'  and  in  the  'Proceedings 
of  the  Confederate  Senate.' 

ORRICK,  JESSE  LEWIS,  merchant,  was  born  in  Cumberland, 
Md.,  October  21,  1874.  For  some  time  he  was  engaged  in  journalistic 
work,  but  is  now  credit  manager  of  one  of  the  wholesale  establish- 
ments of  Cumberland.  He  has  contributed  some  very  delightful  articles 
to  magazines  and  newspapers  and  has  written  the  sketch  of  John  Pendle- 
ton Kennedy  for  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married, 
October  24,  1900,  Nannie  Oliver  Bentley.  He  resides  in  Cumberland, 
Md. 

OSBORNE,  Mrs.  Author.  [N.C.I.  She  wrote  a  novel  entitled 
'Under  Golden  Skies'  (1878). 

OTEY,  JAMES  HERVEY,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop,  was  born 
in  Liberty,  Va.,  January  27,  1800,  and  died  in  Memphis,  Tenn.,  April  23, 
1863.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  after  which 
he  studied  theology,  received  his  ordination  to  the  priesthood,  and  became 
eventually  bishop  of  Tennessee.  He  published  a  volume  entitled  'Unity 
of  the  Church,  and  Other  Discourses'  (Vicksburg,  1852). 

OTTS,  JOHN  MARTIN  PHILIP,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Union, 
S.C,  in  1838;  and,  after  graduating  from  Davidson  College,  he  prepared 
himself  for  the  ministry  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Columbia  Theolog- 
ical Seminary.  Before  his  ordination  he  married  Miss  Leila  McCrary,  of 
Greensboro,  Ala.  For  several  years  the  South  furnished  his  field  of 
work,  but  he  afterward  took  charge  of  important  pastorates  in  the 
North.  He  visited  Palestine  and  Egypt,  and  on  his  return  lectured  on 
'Explorations  in  Bible  Lands.'  Among  his  published  works  are  included : 
'Nicodemus  with  Jesus,'  'Light  and  Life  for  a  Dead  World,'  'The  South- 
ern   Pen   and   Pulpit,'    'Interdenominational   Literature,'    'The    Gospel    of 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        329 

Honesty,'  'Laconisms,'  'The  Fifth  Gospel,'  'Unsettled  Questions,'  'At 
Mother's  Knee,'  and  'Christ  and  the  Cherubim.'  He  died  in  1901.  Dr. 
Otts  held  the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees. 

OUSLEY,  CLARENCE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  IX,  page  3837. 

OVERALL,  JOHN  WILFORD.  Editor  and  poet.  He  was  born 
in  the  farnous  Shenandoah  Valley  of  Virginia,  September  25,  1822, 
but  early  in  life  settled  in  New  Orleans  and  became  prominent  in 
journalism.  Later  he  undertook  editorial  work  for  papers  in  other 
cities,  going  finally  to  New  York  to  edit  The  Mercury.  He  wrote  'A 
Catechism  of  the  Constitution,'  in  which  he  maintained  that  delegated 
power  was  a  trust.  He  possessed  the  poetic  instinct  well  developed,  and 
left  some  charming  leaflets  of  song.  One  of  the  best  is  entitled  "To  a 
■Miniature." 

OVERTON,  JOHN,  jurist,  was  born  in  Louisa  County,  Va.,  April 
9,  1766,  and  died  near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  April  13,  1833.  He  studied  lav.' 
and  began  to  practice  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  association  with  Andrew 
Jackson,  whom  he  afterward  succeeded  on  the  Circuit  Bench,  became  an 
authority  of  the  law  pertaining  to  land  titles,  and  was  for  several  years 
an  occupant  of  the  Supreme  Bench  of  the  State.  He  wrote  'Overton's 
Reports,'  an  important  series  of  volumes  covering  the  period  from  1791 
to  1817  and  dealing  with  rights  and  titles  to  land  in  the  State  of  Tennessee. 

OWEN,  GARONWY,  clergyman  and  poet,  was  born  in  North 
Wales,  January  13,  1722,  and  died  in  St.  Andrew's  Parish,  Va.,  between 
1770  and  1780.  He  was  a  scholar  of  ripe  attainments,  a  minister  of  the 
Church  of  England,  and  a  poet  of  delicate  sensibilities.  He  came  to 
America  in  1757,  taught .  for  three  years  in  William  and  Mary  College, 
and  then  resumed  pastoral  labors.  'The  Poetical  Works  of  Rev.  Garonwy 
Owen,  with  His  Life  and  Correspondence,'  was  edited  by  Rev.  Robert 
Jones  (London,  1876).  Some  of  his  countrymen  in  1831  erected  a  tablet 
to  his  memory  in  the  cathedral  church  at  Bangor. 

OWEN,  MARIE  BANKHEAD,  short  story  writer  and  play- 
wright, was  born  in  Mississippi  in  1869.  For  several  years  past  she  has 
contributed  to  leading  Southern  periodicals  like  the  Taylor-Trotwood  and 
the  Uncle  Remus  magazines,  and  has  also  written  in  collaboration  with 
Margaret  Mayo  a  play  entitled  'The  Transgression.'  Her  style  is  piquant 
and  bright.  On  April  12,  1893  she  became  the  wife  of  Thomas  M.  Owen, 
the  distinguished  archaeologist  of  Montgomery,  Ala. 

OWEN,  MARY  ALICIA.  Author.  She  was  born  in  St.  Joseph, 
Mo.,  January  29,  1858,  a  daughter  of  the  Hon.  James  A.  Owen,  and  was 
educated  in  private  schools  and  at  Vassar.  She  is  credited  with 
having  made  some  important  discoveries  in  "voodoo"  magic,  while 
engaged  in  making  folk-lore  researches.  She  also  enjoys  the  some- 
what unusual  distinction  of  having  been  admitted  to  tribal  member- 
ship with  the  Indians;  and  from  the  intimate  knowledge  which  she 
gained  in  their  secret  councils  she  has  written  interestingly  concern- 
ing their  habits  and  customs.  Later  in  life  she  turned  her  attention 
to  the  gypsies.  Her  writings,  which  possess  very  great  interest  both 
to  the  general  reader  and  to  the  scientific  student,  include:  'Ole  Rab- 
bit's Plantation  Stories,'  'Voodoo  Tales,'  'The  Daughter  of  Alouette,' 
'An  Ozark  Gypsy,'  'Folk-Lore  of  the  Musquakie  Indians,'  and 
'Oracles  and  Witches.'    She  resides  in  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

OWEN,  THOMAS  McADORY,  lawyer,  historian  and  director  of 
the  Alabama  State  Department  of  Archives  and  History,  was  born 


330  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

in  Jonesboro,  Ala.,  December  IS,  1866.  On  completing  his  studies  at 
the  University  of  Alabama  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  Birmingham, 
and  practiced  his  profession  successfully  for  fourteen  years,  when  he 
retired  to  engage  in  literary  pursuits.  From  early  youth  he  was  possessed 
of  a  passion  for  historical  research,  and  after  graduation  he  began  to 
give  definite  shape  and  direction  to  his  interest  in  antiquities,  especially 
in  the  Southern  field,  and  in  ten  years  was  the  owner  of  one  of  the 
largest  and  richest  collections  of  Southern  Americana  known,  including 
manuscripts,  newspaper  files  and  pamphlets.  Through  his  active  and 
constructive  leadership  the  Alabama  State  Department  of  Archives  and 
History  was  established  by  legislative  act,  February  27,  1901,  the  first 
organization  of  the  kind  in  existence;  and  he  was  called  to  the  head  of 
this  important  bureau.  In  1902  Mississippi  copied  the  plan  without  altera- 
tion, and  in  substantial  form  it  is  now  employed  in  West  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina  and  Arkansas,  while  in  other  states  efforts 
have  been  made  for  similar  legislation.  It  has  likewise  received  the 
endorsement  of  the  most  eminent  authorities.  Dr.  Owen  has  been  secre- 
tary of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution  in  Alabama  and  of  the  Alabama 
Historical  Society,  since  the  date  of  organization;  he  was  also  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Southern  History  Association  in  Washington, 
D.C.,  and  was  for  two  years  commander-in-chief  of  the  United  Sons 
of  Confederate  Veterans.  He  was  married,  April  12,  1893,  to  Marie, 
daughter  of  John  H.  Bankhead,  now  senior  United  States  Senator  from 
Alabama.  His  literary  work  is  extensive.  Besides  editing  the  publica- 
tions of  his  department,  the  'Transactions  of  the  Alabama  Historical 
Society'  (Vols.  I-IV,  1898-1903),  and  the  'Report  of  the  Alabama  History 
Commission'  (1901),  he  has  published  a  'City  Code  of  Bessemer'  (1888), 
a  'Bibliography  of  Alabama'  (1897),  a  'Bibliography  of  Mississippi'  (1900), 
'Annals  of  Alabama,  1819-1900,'  an  addendum  to  Pickett's  'History  of  Ala- 
bama' (1900),  separate  genealogies  of  the  Lester,  Strother,  Eaton,  Stansel, 
Lacey,  Kelly,  Fisher  and  Ross  families,  a  'History  of  the  Great  Seal  of 
Alabama,'  sketch  of  Ephraim  Kirby,  the  first  Superior  Court  judge  in  what 
is  now  Alabama,  and  numerous  short  papers.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Gulf  States  Historical  Magazine,  which  he  edited,  1902- 
1903.    The  University  of  Alabama  in  1904  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

OWEN,  WILLIAM  MILLER.  Author.  He  was  born  in  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  January  10,  1862,  but  he  lived  in  the  South  long  enough 
prior  to  the  war  to  become  an  ardent  champion  of  the  cause  of  Dixie; 
and  when  hostilities  began,  he  went  to  Virginia  with  the  Washington 
Artillery,  serving  with  gallantry  until  the  surrender  of  Lee.  His  work 
entitled  'In  Camp  and  Battle  with  the  Washing-ton  Artillery'  is  thor- 
oughly pervaded  by  the  martial  spirit.  He  contributed  to  some  of  the 
leading  magazines  of  the  day,  including  Scribncr's  Maga::inc  and  the 
Century  Magazine;  and  also  assisted  Mrs.  Jefferson  Davis  in  prepa'-ing 
the  military  chapters  of  her  'Memoirs.'  He  died  hi  New  Orleans, 
January  10,  1893,  on  the  anniversary  of  his  birth. 

PAGE,    CURTIS    HIDDEN,    educator    and    editor,    was    born    in 

Greenwood,  Mo.,  April  4,  1870.  After  graduation  from  Harvard  he 
studied  at  the  University  of  Paris,  and  later  became  adjunct  professor 
of  Romance  languages  in  Columbia  University,  New  York.  He  has  trans- 
lated 'Cyrano  de  Bergerac's  Voyage  to  the  Moon'  (New  York,  Doubleday, 
Page  and  Company,  1899),  'Songs  and  Sonnets  of  Ronsard'  (Boston, 
Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Company,  1903),  and  'The  Best  Plavs  of  Moliere,' 
in  two  volumes  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  1907).  He  has-edited 
'The  British  Poets  of  the  Nineteenth  Century'  (Boston,  B.  H.  Sanborn 
and  Company,  1904),  'Rabelais'  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  1905), 
'The  Chief  American  Poets'  (Boston,  Houghton,  MifHin  and  Company, 
1905),  and  'The  Golden  Treasury  of  American  Songs  and  Lyrics'   (New 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       331 

York,   The   Macmillan    Company,    1907).     Besides    occasional    poems,    he 
also  contributes  stories  and  essays  to  high-class  periodicals. 

PAGE,  JAMES  M.  Author.  Mr.  Page,  a  Pennsylvanian  oy  oirth, 
was  second  lieutenant  in  Company  A,  Michigan  Cavalry;  but  he 
deserves  a  place  in  Southern  literature  because  of  a  work  which  he  pub- 
lished entitled  'The  True  Story  of  Andersonville ;  a  Defence  of  Major 
Henry  Wirz'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Com- 
pany, 1907).  He  spent  seven  months  in  Andersonville,  and  with  the  ample 
opportunities  for  observation  furnished  by  this  protracted  sojourn  behind 
the  walls,  he  says  that  Secretary  Stanton  is  the  man  to  blame  for  the 
13,000  graves  at  this  famous  prison. 

PAGE,  JOHN,  governor,  was  born  in  Rosewell,  Va.,  April  17,  1744, 
and  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  October  11,  1808.  He  was  educated  at  William 
and  Mary  College,  studied  law,  served  three  terms  in  Congress,  following 
the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  and  in  the  office  of  governor  of 
Virginia  succeeded  James  Monroe.  Though  partial  to  theological  studies, 
he  declined  to  take  orders.  He  published  'Addresses  to  the  People' 
(1796-1900),  and  left  at  his  death  the  materials  for  a  memoir  of  his  times, 
besides  letters  from  Revolutionary  leaders ;  but  most  of  this  matter  was 
unfortunately  lost. 

PAGE,  RICHARD  CHANNING  MOORE,  physician,  was  born  at 
Turkey  Hill,  Va.,  January  2,  1841,  left  the  University  of  Virginia  before 
completing  his  studies  to  enter  the  Confederate  Army  and  was  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg;  studied  medicine  after  the  war  and  in  1885 
became  a  professor  in  the  New  York  Polyclinic  Institute.  Besides  con- 
tributing to  various  medical  journals,  he  published  a  'Genealogy  of  the 
Page  Family  in  Virginia,'  (New  York,  1882),  a  'Sketch  of  Page's 
Battery,'  and  a  'Chart  of  Physical   Diagnosis.' 

PAGE,  ROSEWELL,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Hanover  County,  Va., 
November  21  1858.  His  father  was  Major  John  Page  and  his  mother, 
Elizabeth  Burwell  Nelson.  At  leisure  intervals,  he  has  exercised  his 
talent  for  authorship  by  writing  articles  on  current  topics,  occasional 
poems,  and  short  stories  and  sketches.  Some  of  his  most  delightful  bits 
of  fiction  are  "Zeke  Waxcomb's  Will,"  "Hackit's  Bail  Bond,"  "The  Parson's 
Grip,"  "Fiddler  Rake's  Fiddle"  and  "How  Rich  Joined  the  Army,"  all 
of  which  have  appeared  in  popular  magazines.  The  sketch  of  Ellen 
Glass;ov.r  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen. 
He  married,  February  16,   1898,   Ruth  Nelson. 

PAGE,  THOMAS  JEFFERSON,  naval  officer,  was  born  in  Shelly, 
Va.,  January  4,  1808.  Entering  the  United  States  Navy,  he  attained  the 
rank  of  commodore.  In  1853  he  was  put  in  charge  of  an  expedition  to 
explore  the  tributaries  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  a  commission  which  he 
successfully  accomplished  after  an  absence  of  three  years  and  four 
months.  When  Virginia  seceded  in  1861,  he  resigned  his  commission  and 
entered  the  service  of  the  Confederate  Government,  declining  from  the 
Italian  Ministry  of  Marine  the  post  of  admiral.  At  the  close  of  hostilities 
he  located  in  the  Argentine  Republic.  He  published  'La  Plata:  the 
Argentine  Confederation  and  Paraguay,'  a  work  in  which  he  gave  a  de- 
scriptive account  of  his  explorations  covering  several  thousand  miles. 
(New  York,  1859.) 

PAGE,  THOMAS  NELSON.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  IX,  page  3849. 

PAGE,  WALTER  HINES,  editor,  was  born  in  Cary,  N.C.,  August 
IS,  1855,  the  son  of  A.  F,  Page,  and  was  educated  at  Bingham  School 


332  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

and  at  Randolph-Macon  Gsllege,  completing  his  studies  at  Johns  Hop- 
kins. From  1890  to  1895  he  was  editor  of  the  Forum;  afterward, 
for  several  years,  he  was  literary  adviser  to  Houghton,  Mifflin  and 
Company  and  also  editor  of  the  Atlantic;  but  since  the  establishment 
of  the  World's  Work  he  has  been  the  editor  of  this  publication.  He  is 
also  a  member  of  the  publishing  firm  of  Doubleday,  Page  and  Company, 
New  York.  His  work  entitled:  'The  Rebuilding  of  Old  Commonwealths' 
is  an  important  contribution  to  serious  letters.  He  married  Alice,  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  William  Wilson,  of  Michigan.     His  home  is  at  Englewood, 

PAGE,  WILLIAM.  Naval  officer.  [Va.].  He  published  an  'Ex- 
ploration of  the  Valley  of  the  Amazon.' 

PAGE,  WILLIAM  A.  Writer.  [Va.].  He  published  an  ante- 
bellum portraiture  entitled  'Uncle  Robin  in  His  Cabin  in  Virginia' 
(1853). 

PAINE,  ROBERT,  bishop  of  the  M.E.  Church,  South,  was  born 
in  Pearson  County,  N.C.,  November  12,  1799  and  died  in  Aberdeen,  Miss., 
October  20,  1882.  For  sixteen  years  he  was  president  of  LaGrange  Col- 
lege, Ala.  He  attended  the  general  conference  of  1844  and  participated 
in  the  debate  which  preceded  the  division  of  the  church.  On  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  seceding  branch,  he  was  elected  bishop.  He  published,  in 
two  volumes,  'The  Life  of  Bishop  McKendree,'  a  work  which  deals  in- 
terestingly with  an  important  period  in  the  history  of  Methodism. 

PAINTER,  F.  V.  N.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
IX,  page  3889. 

PALLEN,  CONDE  BENOIST,  journalist  and  author,  was  born 
in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  December  5,  1858,  and  was  engaged  for  several  years  in 
active  journalism.  Besides  editing  various  Catholic  publications  he  has 
contributed  to  current  literature  and  published  in  book  form  the  following 
works:  'The  Philosophy  of  Literature'  (St.  Louis,  1897),  'Epochs  of  Litera- 
ture' (,ihid.,  1898),  'What  is  Liberalism'  {ibid.,  1899),  "The  New  Rubiayat," 
a  poem,  {ibid.,  1899),  'The  feast  of  Thalarchus,'  a  dramatic  composition, 
(Boston,  Small,  Maynard  and  Company,  1901),  'The  Death  of  Sir  Lance- 
lot, and  Other  Poems'  {ibid.,  1902),  and  'The  Meaning  of  the  Idyls  of 
the  King'  (New  York,  The  American  Book  Company,  1904).  He  resides 
in  New  York.    Georgetown  University  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

PALMER,  BENJAMIN  MORGAN.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  IX,  page  3907. 

PALMER,  BENJAMIN  MORGAN,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  September  25,  1781,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  October 
9,  1847.  He  became  an  eminent  Presbyterian  divine,  was  for  several 
years  pastor  of  a  church  in  Beaufort,  and,  from  1817  to  1835,  pastor  of 
a  church  in  Charleston.  Dr.  B.  M.  Palmer,  of  New  Orleans,  was  his 
nephew.  In  addition  to  numerous  sermons,  he  published  'The  Family 
Companion'  (Charleston,  1835).  South  Carolina  College  gave  him  his  de- 
gree of  D.D. 

PALMER,  HENRIETTA  LEE,  author,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  February  6,  1834.  Her  maiden  name  was  Henrietta  Lee.  She  was 
educated  at  Patapsco  Institute,  Md.,  and  in  1855  became  the  wife  of  Dr. 
John  Williamson  Palmer.  The  gift  of  expression  inclined  her  toward 
literature ;  and,  besides  contributing  to  numerous  periodicals,  she  translated 
'The  Lady  Tartuffe'  for  Rachel,  the  actress,  and  wrote  'The  Stratford 
Gallery,  or  the  Shakespeare  Sisterhood'  (New  York,  1858)  and  'Home 
Life  in  the  Bible'   (Boston,  1882). 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       333 

PALMER,  JOHN  WILLIAMSON,  physician  and  poet,  best  known 
through  his  famous  war  lyric  entitled:  'Stonewall  Jackson's  Way,'  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1825,  the  son  of  Dr.  James  C.  Palmer. 
He  studied  medicine  at  the  University  of  Maryland;  and,  crossing  the, 
continent  in  the  days  of  the  gold  fever,  he  became  the  first  city  physician 
of  San  Francisco.  He  married,  in  18SS,  Henrietta  Lee,  a  well  known 
writer.  During  the  Burmese  War  he  was  surgeon  on  one  of  the  ships 
of  the  East  India  Company;  and  it  was  at  this  time  that  his  literary 
career  began  with  contributions  to  the  leading  American  magazines. 
Soon  after  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  between  the  North  and  the  South, 
he  became  staff  correspondent  of  The  New  York  Tribune.  His  pen- 
name  was  "John  Coventry."  As  a  writer  he  was  graphic  and  fluent  but 
his  fame  rests  chiefly  upon  his  verse.  Besides  several  volumes  of  his 
poems,  he  published :  'Beauties  and  Curiosities  of  Engraving,'  'A  Port- 
folio of  Autograph  Etchings,'  and  a  novel,  'After  His  Kind.'  He  died 
in   1906. 

PALMER,  MARY  STANLEY  BUNCE,  author,  was  born  in  Beau- 
fort, S.C,  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Benjamin  M.  Palmer,  D.D.,  an  eminent 
Presbyterian  divine;  and  she  was  tutored,  in  Charleston,  by  the  Mis- 
ses Ramsay,  daughters  of  the  distinguished  historian,  David  Ramsay. 
In  1835,  she  married  Charles  E.  Dana,  of  New  York;  but  the  early 
death  of  her  husband  brought  her  back  to  Charleston  and  she  afterward 
married  Rev.  Robert  D.  Shindler,  D.D.,  an  Episcopalian  clergyman,  by 
whom  her  leanings  toward  Unitarianism  are  said  to  have  been  over- 
come. She  was  the  author  of  some  exquisite  poems  and  several  novels, 
the  former  of  which  were  called  forth  by  her  domestic  bereavements. 
Her  works  include:  'The  Southern  Harp,'  'The  Northern  Harp,'  'The 
Parted  Family,  and  Other  Poems,'  'Charles  Morton,  or.  The  Young 
Patriot,'  'Letters  to  Relatives  and  Friends,'  written  to  explain  her  doubts 
in  regard  to  the  Trinity;  'Forecastle  Tom'  and  others.  Her  best  known 
poem  is  entitled  "Pass  Under  the  Rod." 

PARIS,  JOHN.  Methodist  Protestant  clergyman.  [N.C.].  He 
published  a  'History  of  the  Methodist  Protestant  Church'  (Baltimore, 
Sherwood  and  Company,   1849),   besides  minor  works. 

PARISH,  SAMUEL  CLAIBORNE.  Author.  [Ark.].  He  wrote 
an  interesting  volume  of  personal  memories  entitled  'Reminiscences  and 
Sketches.' 

PARK,  ROBERT  EMORY,  former  State  Treasurer  of  Georgia, 
planter  and  educator,  was  born  in  LaGrange,  Ga.,  January  13,  1843  and 
died  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  May  7,  1909.  He  wrote  an  important  historical 
sketch  of  'The  Twelfth  Alabama  Regiment'  (Richmond,  William  Ellis 
Jones,  1906).  It  was  compiled  largely  from  the  author's  "War  and  Prison 
Diary"  which  appeared  as  a  serial  in  the  Southern  Historical  Society  Papers 
(1876-1877).  An  earlier  portion  of  the  diary  was  lost  on  the  field  of 
battle  but  was  recovered  in  1888  and  appeared  in  Vol.  XXVI  of  the  same 
publication.  Captain  Park  was  three  times  married.  His  last  wife,  who 
survived  him,  was  Mrs.  Emily  Hendree  Stuart,  a  lady  of  rare  personal 
and  intellectual  charm, 

PARKER,  EDWARD  FROST.  Physician  and  surgeon.  [S.C.]. 
He  published  a  'History  of  Surgery  in  South  Carolina.' 

PARKER,  NATHAN  H.  Writer.  [Mo.].  He  published  a 
'Missouri  Hand  BooV  (1865),  a  'Geological  Map  of  Missouri'  (1865),  and 
'Missouri  as  It  Is'  (1867). 

PARKER,  WILLIAM  HARWAR.  Naval  officer.  For  twenty 
years  he  served  with  distinction  in  the  United  States  Navy  and  partici- 


334  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

pated  in  the  War  with  Mexico.  At  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  in  1861  he 
resigned  his  commission  and  gave  his.  services  to  the  South.  For  several 
years  he  was  president  of  the  Maryland  Agricultural  College  and,  during 
President  Cleveland's  second  administration  he  was  United  States  Minister 
to  Korea.  Besides  'Talks  on  Astronomy,'  Lieutenant  Parker  wrote  'Recol- 
lections of  a  Naval  Officer'  (1883),  and  a  "History  of  the  Confederate 
States  Navy,"  for  'The  Confederate  Military  History'  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  The 
Confederate  Publishing  Company,  1899).  The  last  mentioned  work. was 
completed  just  before  his  death. 

PARKER,  W.  W.  Physician.  [Va.].  He  published  'The  Rise  and 
Decline  of  Homeopathy'  and  'Forty  Years  a  Doctor.' 

PARKINSON,  WILLIAM,  clergyman  and  historian,  was  born  its 
Frederick  County,  Md.,  November  8,  1774,  and  died  in  New  York  City, 
March  10,  1848.  For  thirty-five  years  he  was  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist 
Church,  of  New  York,  resigning  in  1841  on  account  of  charges  which 
impaired  his  usefulness  in  the  pulpit  but  of  which  he  was  found  to  be 
innocent  upon  legal  investigation.  He  published  'Ecclesiastical  History' 
(New  York,  1813),  'Public  Ministry  of  the  World'  (1818),  and  'Sermons 
on  Deuteronomy  XXXII,'  in  two  volumes,  (1831). 

PARRISH,  JOHN,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Novem- 
ber 7,  1729,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  October  21,  1807.  He  belonged 
to  the  Society  of  Friends  and  succeeded  Anthony  Benezet  in  pleading 
the  cause  of  the  African  race.  He  published  'Remarks  on  the  Slavery 
of  the  Black  People'   (Philadelphia,  1806). 

PARSONS,  H.  C.  Poet  and  man  of  affairs.  For  several  years  he 
was  the  owner  of  the  famous  Natural  Bridge  and  much  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  developing  the  material  resources  of  his  state ;  but  he  also  moved 
in  the  higher  realm  of  thought.  He  published  a  volume  entitled:  'The 
Reaper,  and  Other  Poems'  (New  York,  1884),  the  title  member  of  which 
group  is  dedicated  to  Cyrus  H.  McCormick,  the  celebrated  inventor. 

PASCHALL,  EDWIN,  educator  and  editor,  was  born  in  Mecklen- 
burg County,  Va.,  in  1799  and  died  in  Nolenville,  Tenn.,  June  S,  1869. 
He  taught  in  various  Tennessee  schools,  was  editor  of  several  papers,  and 
pubHshed  'Old  Times;  or,  Tennessee  History'   (1869). 

PASCHALL,  GEORGE  WASHINGTON,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Greene  County,  Ga.,  November  23,  1812,  and  died  in  Washington,  D  C 
February  16,  1878.  He  married  Sarah,  the  only  daughter  of  the  Cherokee 
chief,  John  Ridge,  and  moved  to  Arkansas,  where  he  became  justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court.  Afterward  he  moved  to  Texas  and  still  later  to 
Washington,  D.C.,  where  he  was  instrumental  in  founding  the  law  depart- 
ment of  (Georgetown  University  and  became  the  first  professor  of  juris- 
prudence. Judge  Paschall  published  an  'Annotated  Digest  of  the  Laws 
of  Texas'  (1866,  revised  1872),  an  'Annotated  Constitution  of  the  United 
States'  (1868,  revised  1876),  'The  Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Texas,  m  five  volumes,  (1869-1871),  besides  numerous  addresses  He 
also  wrote  for  Harper's  Magazine  a  "Sketch  of  the  Last  Days  of  Sam 
Houston"  (1866). 

PATE,  HENRY  CLAY.  [Va.].  He  published  'Sketches  of  Vir- 
gmia. 

PATE,   J.  THOMAS.     Methodist    Episcopal    clergyman.      fS  C  ] 
He  published  'Father  Ryan  and  his  Poems,'  'Life  in  the  Shadow  of  Sin 
and  Want,'  'Early  Christianity,'  'The  History  of   Sunday  Schools,'  'Ser- 
mons,' and  'Lectures.' 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       335 

PATTEN,  FRANK.  Clergyman.  He  wrote  "Reminiscences  of 
the  Chickasaw  Indians,"  which  appeared  in  the  Electra   (1884-1885). 

PATTERSON,  JAMES  KENNEDY.  Educator.  He  was  born 
in  Glasgow,  Scotland,  March  26,  1833,  a  son  of  Andrew  and  Janet 
Kennedy  Patterson.  _  His  elementary  education  was  obtained  in  Scot- 
land and  his  collegiate  education  at  Hanover  College,  in  Indiana. 
He  married,  December  27,  1857,  Lucelia,  daughter  of  Captain  Charles 
F.  Wing,  of  Greenville,  Ky.  He  held  numerous  important  professor- 
ships in  leading  colleges,  and  in  1869  became  president  of  the  State 
Codege  of  Kentucky.  He  has  represented  this  country  in  many 
scientific  gatherings  abroad,  and  in  the  early  eighties  he  success- 
fully led  a  fight  in  Kentucky  to  sustain  the  constitutionality  of  an 
act  levying  a  tax  for  the  support  of  the  State  University.  He  is  a  Fellow 
both  of  the  Royal  Historical  Society  of  Great  Britain  and  of  the 
Scotch  Society  of  Antiquities.  Besides  numerous  lectures  and  papers, 
he  is  the  author  of  an  important  report  of  the  International  Congress 
of  Geographical  Sciences  at  Paris,  in  1875,  and  of  other  contributions 
of  value  to  the  scientific  thought  ar^d  information  of  the  day.  Hanover 
and  Lafayette  colleges  gave  him  the  degree  of  LLD.  He  resides  in 
Lexington,  Ky. 

PATTERSON,  JOHN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  IX,  page  3935. 

PATTIE,  JAMES  OHIO,  explorer,  was  born  in  Bracken  County, 
Ky.,  accompanied  his  father  on  an  expedition  into  New  Mexico,  escaped 
the  tragic  death  which  befell  his  parent  at  the  hands  of  the  Indians,  and, 
returning  home,  brought  his  journal  of  the  adventurous  enterprise  which 
was  edited  by  Timothy  Flint  and  published  under  the  title  of  'The 
Personal  Narrative  of  James  O.  Pattie'   (Cincinnati,  1833). 

PATTON,  JOHN  M.  Clergyman.  [Va.].  He  published  'The 
Death  of  Death.' 

PATTON,  JOHN  SHELTON,  librarian,  was  born  in  Augusta 
County,  Va.,  January  10,  1857.  His  father  was  Alfred  Taylor  Patton 
and  his  mother,  Virginia  Harris.  He  has  published  'The  University  of 
Virginia;  Glimpses  of  its  Past  and  Present,'  in  joint  authorship  with 
Sallie  J.  Doswell  (1900),  and  'Jefferson,  Cabell  and  the  University  of 
Virginia'  (Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1906).  He  mar- 
ried, June  10,  1881,  Beatrice  Faber.  He  is  librarian  of  the  University  of 
Virginia. 

PAXTON,  ALEXANDER  S.  Author.  [Va.].  He  wrote  an  in- 
teresting volume  of  reminiscences  in  which  many  delightful  incidents 
of  life  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  of  Virginia  fifty  years  ago  are  re- 
called. The  work  is  entitled  'Memory  Days'  (New  York  and  Washing- 
ton, The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907). 

PAXTON,  JOHN  GALLATIN.  He  published  an  interesting  col- 
lection of  letters  written  from  field  and  camp  by  his  father.  Brigadier- 
general  Elisha  Franklin  Paxton,  who  was  killed  while  leading  his  brigade 
at  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville.  The  collection  is  prefaced  by  a  memoir 
(New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale   Publishing  Company,  1907). 

PAXTON,  WILLIAM  M.  [Mo.].  He  published  a  volume  of 
genealogical  data  on  'The  Marshall  Family'  (1875). 

PAYNE,  ODESSA  STRICKLAND,  author,  was  born  in  Marietta, 
Ga.,  September  7,  18S7.  Her  maiden  name  was  Odessa  Strickland.  Under 
the'  pen-name  of  "Faith  Mills,"  her  first  literary  work  was  published  in 


336  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

The  Sunny  South.  She  has  written  'P'syche'  (1885),  'Esther  Ferrall's  Ex- 
periment' (1909),  and  'The  Mission  Girl'  (1908),  three  interesting  stories, 
the  latter  in  association  with  her  son,  Lamar  S.  Srickland,  with  whom 
also  she  conducts  the  story  department  of  The  Golden  Age.  Besides,  she 
is  the  author  of  several  minor  works.  Mrs.  Payne  resides  at  Smyrna,  Ga. 
She  married,  December  24,  1879,  Benjamin  ]•".  Payne,  a  lawyer. 

PAYNE,  RAPHAEL  SEMMES,  banker,  was  born  in  Warrenton, 
Va.,  June  3,  1860.  His  father  was  Major  Rice  W.  Payne  and  his  mother, 
America  S.;mmes.  Besides  a  series  of  sketches  of  the  post-bellum  period 
in  Virginia  for  the  Baltimore  Sun,  he  is  the  author  of  the  sketch  of 
Raphael  Semmes  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married, 
June  6,  1905,  Mary  Dunlop  Thomas.  He  is  engaged  in  business  in 
Baltimore,  and  resides  at  "Mecca,"  Pikesville,  Md. 

PEACOCK,  J.  S.  Physician  and  author.  [La.].  He  wrote  'The 
Creole  Orphans,'  a  novel  (New  Orleans,  1855). 

PEACOCK,  THOMAS  BROWER.  Author.  He  was  born  in 
Cambridge,  Ohio,  April  16,  1866,  a  son  of  Thomas  William  and  Naomi 
Carson  Peacock,  and  was  educated  at  Zanesville,  Ohio.  He  is  the 
inventor  and  patentee  of  numerous  devices,  including  a  fire-escape  and 
a  railroad  switch,  is  successful  as  a  lecturer,  and  his  writings  in 
both  prose  and  verse  betray  the  touch  of  true  genius.  He  wrote  the 
"Columbian  Ode"  for  the  opening  of  the  World's  Fair  at  Chicago. 
His  poems  have  been  published  in  book  form  from  time  to  time  and 
embrace  the  following  volumes:  'Poems,'  a  collection  which  appeared 
in  1872  when  he  was  only  sixteen  years  old;  'The  Vendetta,  and  Other 
Poems,'  The  Rhyme  of  the  Border  War,'  and  'Poems  of  the  Plains  and 
Songs  of  the  Solitudes.'  Besides,  he  has  written  several  plays.  He 
resides  in  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

PEARSON,  ABEL.  Clergyman.  [Tenn.].  He  published  a  work 
on  'The  Principles  of  the  Divine  Government'  (1833). 

PEARSON,    JAMES    LARKIN.     Poet.      [N.C.].      He    published 

'Early  Poems'  (Moravian  Falls,  N.  C,  1903,  paper  edition),  'A  Pilgrimage 
to  Mount  Vernon'  (ibid.,  1903,  paper  edition),  and  'Pearson's  Poems' 
(ibid.,  1906,  paper  edition). 

PECK,  JOHN  MASON.  Baptist  clergyman.  Though  of  North- 
ern birth,  he  labored  for  several  years  in  Kentucky,  where  he  established 
a  school  of  theology  at  Covington.  He  published  a  'Life  of  Daniel 
Boone,'  an  'Emigrant's  Guide  to  the  West'  (Boston,  1836)  and  'Father 
Clark,  or,  the  Pioneer  Preacher"  (New  York,  1855),  besides  editing 
'Annals  of  the  West'  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  left  important  manu- 
scripts, which  were  edited  by  the  Rev.  Rufus  Babcock  under  the  title 
of  'Forty  Years  of  Pioneer  Life :  a  Memoir  of  John  Mason  Peck,  Edited 
from  his  Journal  and  Correspondence'   (Philadelphia,  1864). 

PECK,  SAMUEL  MINTURN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  IX,  page  3951. 

PECK,  SARAH  ELIZABETH.  Author.  [Ala.].  Besides  a  num- 
ber of  short  stories  and  sketches,  she  published  a  'Dictionary  of  Similes 
and  Figures.' 

PECK,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  educator  and  author,  was  born  in 
Augusta,  Ga.,  December  30,  1830  and  died  in  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  February 
4,  1892.  After  graduation  from  Harvard,  he  located  in  New  Orleans  for 
several  years  and  became  professor  of  bellcs-lrffres  in  the  University  of 
Louisiana.     Later  he  went  to  New  York  but  finally  returned  to  Georgia, 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       337 

where  he  devoted  the  remainder  of  his  days  to  literary  pursuits,  barring 
short  intervals  when  he  was  president  of  the  Masonic  Female  College, 
and  professor  in  the  Le  Vert  Female  College,  both  Georgia  institutions. 
For  the  greater  part  of  the  time  he  resided  in  Atlanta.  Professor  Peck 
was  one  of  the  most  popular  serial  story  writers  of  his  day  and  was 
paid  by  the  New  York  Ledger  as  high  as  five  thousand  dollars  for  single 
productions.  Most  of  his  work  was  projected  along  historical  lines.  He 
wrote  'The  McDonalds,'  'The  Stone-cutter  of  Lisbon,'  'The  Queen's 
Secret,'  'The  Miller  of  Marseilles,'  'The  Flower  Girl  of  London,'  'The 
King's  Messenger,'  'The  Conspirators  of  New  Orleans,'  and  numerous 
other  novels. 

PEEK,  COMER  L.  Author.  [Ga.].  He  wrote  an  entertaining 
story  of  the  Civil  War  entitled  'Lorna  Carswell'  (New  York  and  Wash- 
ington, The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1906).  The  author  was  born 
on  a  plantation  in  Georgia. 

PEELE,  WILLIAM  J.  [N.C.].  He  edited  'Lives  of  Distinguished 
North  Carolinians'  (1899). 

PEERS,  BENJAMIN  ORRS,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born 
in  Loudon  County,  Va.,  in  1800  and  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  August  20, 
1842.  He  was  first  a  Presbyterian  and  afterward  an  Episcopalian  in  re- 
ligious views.  He  became  an  educator  of  note,  originated  the  system 
of  common  school  education  in  Kentucky,  and  published  'American  Edu- 
cation,' with  an  introduction  by  Francis  Lister  Hawks  (New  York,  1838). 

PELL,  EDWARD  LEIGH.  Clergyman  and  editor.  He  was 
born  in  Raleigh,  N.C,  September  7,  1861,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  William 
E.  Pell,  and  was  educated  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina; 
but  before  graduation  he  accepted  an  offer  of  editorial  work.  He 
married,  December  21,  1881,  Lucy  Hardison.  He  entered  the  ministry 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  but  withdrew  from  the 
active  ranks  after  ten  years  of  pastoral  work.  Later  he  became  a  lec- 
turer on  biblical  subjects  and  editor  of  The  Bible  Reader,  and  finally 
president  of  the  Robert  Harding  Company  (Inc.)  and  the  B.  F.  John- 
son Publishing  Company,  of  Richmond,  Va.  His  writings  include: 
'The  Art  of  Enjoying  the  Bible',  'Life  of  Dwight  L.  Moody,'  (Rich- 
mond, B.  F.  Johnson),  'The  Bright  Side  of  Humanity,'  'Life  of  McKin- 
ley,'  'Commentary  on  the  Sunday-school  Lessons'  (1899-190S),  'Super- 
intendent's Book  of  Prayer,'  'Letters  to  a  Sunday-school  Teacher,' 
'The  Life  Worth  While,'  and  'Little  Guide-Posts  in  the  Way  of  Life.' 
Emory  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.    He  resides  in  Richmond,  Va. 

PELT  ON,  MABELL  SHIPPIE  CLARKE.  Author.  She  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  November  14,  1864,  a  daughter  of  Augustus 
May  and  Frances  Dexter  Clarke.  She  was  educated  in  Boston,  but 
received  the  degree  of  A.M.,  from  the  University  of  North  Carolina. 
She  married,  October  17,  1884,  F.  A.  Pelton,  since  deceased.  She  is 
the  author  of  an  interesting  story  of  her  adopted  State  entitled  'A 
Tar-Heel  Baron,'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company).  She  re- 
sides in  Arden,  N.C. 

PENDLETON,  EDMUND,  patriot  and  statesman  was  born  in 
Caroline  County,  Va.,  September  9,  1721,  and  died  in  Richmond,  Va., 
October  23,  1803.  With  few  educational  advantages,  he  rose  to  high 
distinction  at  the  Bar  and  in  politics.  Elected  to  the  House  of  Burgesses, 
he  took  the  view  that  the  Stamp  Act  did  not  bind  the  inhabitants  of 
Virginia.  Afterward  he  sat  in  the  Continental  Congress.  As  president 
of  the  convention,  he  was  virtually  at  the  head  of  governmental  affairs 
till  the  adoption  of  the  State  Constitution.     He  also  drafted  the  resolu- 


338  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

tions  by  which  the  delegates  from  Virginia  were  instructed  to  propose  a 
declaration  of  independence  in  Congress.  As  the  representative  of  the 
cavalier  or  planter  class,  he  was  the  opponent  of  Patrick  Henry  on  numer- 
ous public  issues.  Under  the  State  Government,  he  was  twice  Speaker  of 
the  House  of  Representatives;  when  the  Court  of  Chancery  was  organ- 
ized, he  was  chosen  to  preside;  and  later,  on  the  establishment  of  the 
Court  of  Appeals,  he  became  president  of  this  tribunal  also.  Jefferson 
said  of  Pendleton  that  he  was  the  ablest  man  he  ever  met  in  debate. 

PENDLETON,  EDMUND  MONROE,  chemist  and  physician, 
was  born  in  Eatonton,  Ga.,  March  19,  1815,  and  died  in  Atlanta,  Ga., 
January  26,  1884.  After  practicing  medicine  for  several  years  he  turned 
his  attention  to  agriculture,  originated  the  formulas  for  making  fertilizers 
which  bear  his  name,  and  was  the  first  to  employ  animal  matter  and 
cotton-seed  in  the  manufacture  of  fertilizers.  For  some  time  he  held 
the  chair  of  agriculture  at  the  University  of  Georgia.  He  wrote  in  both 
prose  and  verse,  contributing;  to  various  periodicals,  and  published  'Scien- 
tific Agriculture'  (New  York,  1874). 

PENDLETON,  JAMES  MADISON,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Spottsylvania  County,  Va.,  November  29,  1811,  entered  the  ministry  of 
the  Baptist  Church,  occupied  a  pastorate  for  twenty  years  at  Bowling 
Green,  Ky.,  and  taught  theology  for  a  time  in  Union  University  at  Mur- 
freesboro,  Tenn. ;  but  he  was  an  avowed  opponent  of  slavery  and  in  1862 
settled  in  Pennsylvania.  He  published :  'Three  Reasons  Why  I  Am  a 
Baptist,'  (Cincinnati,  1853),  a  work  which  passed  into  numerous  editions; 
'Sermons'  (Nashville,  1859),  'Church  Manual'  (Philadelphia,  1868),  'Chris- 
tian Doctrines,'  'Distinctive  Principles  of  Baptists,'  'Brief  Notes  on  the 
New  Testament,'  with  Rev.  George  W.  Clark,  D.D.,  'The  Atonement  of 
Christ,'  and  'Old  Landmarks  Reset.'  Denison  University  gave  him  the 
degree  of  D.D. 

PENDLETON,  LOUIS  [BEAUREGARD],  author,  was  born  in 
Ware  County,  Ga.,  of  Revolutionary  stock,  April  21,  1861,  his  father 
being  Philip  C.  Pendleton,  an  editor  of  distinction,  who  established  at  Macon, 
in  1840,  the  Southern  Lady's  Book.  After  completing  his  education  at  the 
North,  he  contributed  to  The  Sunny  South  under  the  pseudonym  of 
"Richard  Penfield"  an  imaginative  serial  entitled  "Louelle,"  which  was 
written  when  he  was  only  nineteen.  It  opened  wide  the  gates  of  authorship 
and  he  has  since  written  a  number  of  successful  volumes  of  fiction,  among 
them  'Bewitched,'  a  novel  of  South  Georgia  life ;  'In  the  V/ire  Grass'  (New 
York,  D.  Appleton  and  Companj',  1889),  'King  Tom  and  the  Runaways.' 
a  story  of  adventure  in  the  Georgia  swamp  {ibid.,  1890),  'The  Sons  of 
Mam,'  a  study  of  the  race  problem  in  narrative  form  (Boston,  Roberts 
Brothers,  1895),  'The  Wedding  Garment'  {ibid.,  1894\  'In  the  Okefinokee' 
{ibid.),  'Curita,'  a  Cuban  romance  (Boston,  Lamson,  Wolffe  and  Company), 
'Corona  of  the  Nanlahalas,'  a  tale  of  the  North  Carolina  mountains  (Lon- 
don, Sampson,  Low  and  Company),  'Lost  Kinsr  Ammon,'  'In  Assyrian 
Tents,'  'A  Forest  Drama,'  (Philadelphia,  Henry  T.  Coates  and  Company), 
and  'In  the  Camp  of  the  Creeks,'  a  story  of  the  Indian  uprising  in  Georgia 
in  1835.  The  latest  production  of  his  pen  is  'The  Life  of  Alexander  H. 
Stephens'  (Philadelphia,  George  W.  Jacobs  and  Company),  an  excellent 
portrayal  of  the  great  commoner  and  sage  of  Liberty  Hall.  For  several 
years  he  has  resided  at  Bryn  Athyn,  Pa. 

PENDLETON,  WILLIAM  NELSON,  soldier  and  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  December  26,  1809,  and  died  in  Lexmgton,  Va., 
January  15,  1883.  He  was  educated  at  West  Point  and  became  assistap*' 
professor  of  mathematics  in  the  militarv  academy  but  resigned  to  ac- 
cept the  chair  of  mathematics  in  Bristol  College,  Tenn.  Later  he  was 
ordained  to  the  Episcopal  priesthood,  and  in   1853  became  rector  of  the 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        339 

church  in  Lexington.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  joined  the 
Confederate  Army  as  captain  of  artillery,  became  commander  of  the 
artillery  of  the  Army  of  Northern  "Virginia,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general,  and  participated  in  nearly  every  engagement  from  Manassas  to 
Appomattox.  At  the  close  of  hostilities  he  returned  to  the  church  at 
Lexington.  General  Lee  was  one  of  his  parishioners.  Dr.  Pendleton 
published  'Science  a  Witness  for  the  Bible'  (London,  1860).  Alexandria 
Theological   Seminary  gave  him  his  degree  of  D.D. 

PENICK,  CHARLES  CLIFTON,  Protestant  Episcopal  mission- 
ary bishop,  was  born  in  Charlotte  County,  Va.,  December  9,  1843.  On 
completing  his  collegiate  studies,  he  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  Army 
and  served  in  Pickett's  immortal  division.  After  the  war  he  began 
his  equipment  for  the  ministry  at  the  Alexandria  Seminary;  and  was 
ordained  to  the  priesthood  in  1870.  Seven  years  later  he  was  consecrated 
bishop  to  Cape  Palmas,  West  Africa.  He  married  Mary  Hoge.  In- 
cluded among  his  published  works  are:  'More  Than  a  Prophet,'  'Advice 
to  the  Church  in  Africa,'  'Hopes,  Perils  and  Struggles  of  the  Negro 
in  America,'  'What  Can  the  Church  Do  for  the  Negro  in  the  United 
States,'  'Everlasting  Life,'  'The  Dead  Memories :  Lessons  and  Duties 
of  the  Confederacy,'  'The  Science  of  Missions,'  'The  So'cial  Side  of 
Christ's  Life'  and  'The  Conquest  of  the  World  by  Christianity.' 

PENNY,  KATE  SPEAKE,  author,  was  born  in  Alabama  and  re- 
sided for  many  years  at  Huntsville,  where  her  childhood  and  youth  were 
largely  spent,  but  her  present  home  is  in  Birmingham.  Her  father  was 
Judge  Henry  Clay  Speake,  for  twenty-seven  years  an  occupant  of  the 
Bench  of  the  Eighth  Judicial  Circuit,  and  her  mother,  Carolyn  Mayhew, 
a  native  of  Oxford,  Ohio,  and  the  author  of  a  volume  of  poems  entitled 
'Home  Echoes.'  Mrs.  Penny's  chief  claim  to  literary  distinction  rests  upon 
a  work  of  fiction  entitled  'A  Woman's  Problem.'  It  was  widely  popular, 
not  only  in  the  United  States  but  also  in  Canada,  and  was  largely  instru- 
mental in  furthering  the  cause  of  temperance  reform. 

PENNY,  VIRGINIA,  author,  was  born  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  January 
18,  1826,  received  her  education  at  the  girls'  seminary  in  Steubenville, 
Ohio,  taught  for  several  years  along  the  sectional  border,  and  became  an 
eloquent  champion  of  her  sex,  advocating  the  enlargement  of  woman's 
sphere  of  industrial  activities.  She  published  'The  Employment  of  Women' 
(Boston,  1863),  'Five  Hundred  Occupations  Adapted  to  Women'  (Phila- 
delphia, 1868)  and  'Think  and  Act.' 

PENNYPACKER,  ANNA  J.  HARDWICKE,  Mrs.,  educator,  w^s 
born  in  Virginia  in  1861,  but  afterward  removed  to  Texas,  where  she 
engaged  in  educational  work  and  wrote  a  'History  of  Texas'  (1888,  re- 
vised and  enlarged,  1895). 

PERCY,  GEORGE,  colonial  governor  of  Virginia,  was  born  in 
Northumberland  County,  England,  in  1586,  and  died  in  England  in  1632.  He 
succeeded  Captain  John  Smith  as  governor  of  the  Colony  of  Virginia  and 
published  a  work  on  the  'Plantations  of  the  Southerne  Colonic  in  Virgmia 
by  the  English'  (London,  1606),  a  work  of  much  interest  which  gives  m 
detail  the  "incidents  of  the  first  voyage  and  the  early  movements  of  the 
Jamestown  colonists. 

PERCY,  WILLIAM,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Bedworth,  England, 
September  IS,  1744,  and  died  in  London,  England,  July  13,  1819.  He  was 
sent  by  Lady  Huntington  to  take  charge  of  Bethesda  Orphanage,  near 
Savannah  the  famous  institution  established  by  Whitefield.  He  espoused 
the  patriotic  cause,  officiated  at  St.  Michael's  Church,  m  Charleston,  S.C. 
from   1777  to   1780,  went  back  to   England  for   a  stay  of  twenty  years, 


340  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

returned  to  Charleston  in  1804  for  a  sojourn  of  twelve  years,  and  finally 
went  back  for  the  last  time  to  England.  He  published  an  apologetic 
work  on  the  Episcopal  Church  and  several  religious  and  devotional  books. 
South  Carolina  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

PERRIN,  W.  H.  Journalist.  He  compiled  a  work  of  very  great 
value  entitled  'The  Pioneer  Press  of  Kentucky,'  which  narrates  the  story 
of  newspaper  enterprise  in  the  Blue  Grass  State  from  1787  to  1830.  It 
was  published  by  the  Filson  Club  of  Louisville  and  illustrated  with  fac- 
simile reproductions  of  some  of  the  old  prints. 

PERRY,  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Pendle- 
ton District,  S.C,  November  20,  1805,  and  died  in  Greenville,  S.C,  Decem- 
ber 3,  1886.  He  chose  the  legal  profession,  but  for  several  years  edited 
newspapers  and  opposed  nullification  and  secession.  He  espoused  the 
Confederate  cause  when  the  sentiment  of  his  State  was  registered,  and 
held  judicial  office  under  the  Confederate  Government.  Later  he  was  made 
provisional  governor  and  was  also  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate 
but  was  not  seated.  He  published  'Reminiscences  of  Public  Men'  (Phila- 
delphia, 1883;  revised  in  1889  by  his  son),  and  left  in  manuscript  several 
sketches  of  eminent  Americans  which  were  subsequently  edited  by  his 
wife,  entitled  'Sketches  of  Eminent  American  Statesmen,  with  Speeches 
and  Letters  of  Governor  Perry,  Prefaced  by  an  Outline  of  the  Author's 
Life'   CPhiladelphia,  1887). 

PETER,  ROBERT.  Physician.  [Ky.].  He  wrote  a  'History  of 
Transylvania  University,'  assisted  by  his  daughter  (1896). 

PETERKIN,  GEORGE  WILLIAM.  First  Protestant  Episcopal 
bishop  of  West  Virginia.  He  was  born  in  Washington  County,  Md., 
March  21,  1841,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Joshua  Peterkin,  D.D.  He  was  twice 
married,  was  consecrated  bishop  of  West  Virginia  in  1878  and  ed- 
ited 'Records  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of  Virginia  and 
West  Virginia,'  1903.  Kenyon  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  and 
Washington  and  Lee  University  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  resides  in 
Parkersburg,  W.  Va. 

PETERSON,  MATTIE  J.  Author.  [N.C.].  She  published  in 
one  volume  'Little  Pansy:  a  Novel,  and  Miscellaneous  Poetry'  (Wil- 
mington, N.C,  1890). 

PETIGRU,  JAMES  LEWIS,  statesman,  was  born  in  Abbeville 
District,  S.C,  March  10,  1789,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  March  3, 
1863.  He  was  of  Scotch-Irish  lineage  on  the  one  side  and  of  Huguenot 
on  the  other.  He  achieved  eminence  at  the  Bar,  succeeding  Robert  Y. 
Hayne  in  the  office  of  Attorney-general.  Among  the  men  of  wealth  and 
position  in  the  State,  he  was  almost  alone  in  opposing  nullification,  and 
it  made  him  unpopular,  but  he  remained  unrivaled  at  the  Bar.  He  also 
opposed  secession,  but  was  too  advanced  in  years  to  participate  actively 
in  the  discussion.  The  great  work  of  his  life  was  the  codification  of  the 
laws  of  South  Carolina  (Charleston,  1862).  But  he  also  published  'A 
Semi-Centennial  Oration,  delivered  at  the  College  of  South  Carolina' 
(Columbia,  18SS)  and  'An  Address  before  the  South  Carolina  Historical 
Society'  (Charleston,  1858).  William  J.  Grayson  published  his  biography 
in  1866. 

PETRIE,  GEORGE,  educator,  was  born  in  Montgomery,  Ala., 
April  10,  1866.  His  father  was  George  L.  Petrie  and  his  mother,  Mary 
Cooper.  He  holds  the  chair  of  Latin  and  history  in  the  Alabama  Poly- 
technic Institute,  a  position  to  which  he  was  called  in  1891.  He  has 
executed  some  very  important  work  in  the  line  of  archKological  research. 


Congressional  Library,  Public  Reading  Roou 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       341 

including  "Montgomery,''  In  'Historic  Towns  of  the  Southern  States.'  "W. 
F.  Samford"  and  "The  Final  Estimate  of  Yancey,"  in  the  "Transactions  of 
the  Historical  Society  of  Alabama' :  'The  Doctrine  of  Secession  Historically 
Traced'  and  "Alabama,  1819-186S,"  in  'The  South  in  the  Building  of  the 
l>fation,'  and  the  sketch  of  William  L.  Yancey  in  'The  Library  of  Southern 
Literature,'  besides  numerous  historical  papers.  He  has  also  edited  two 
volumes  of  'Studies  in  Southern  History'  by  advanced  students  of  the 
Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute.  Johns  Hopkins  gave  him  the  degree 
of  Ph.D. 

PETTIGREW,  JAMES  JOHNSTON.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  IX,  page  3981. 

PETTUS,  EDMUND  WINSTON,  United  States  Senator,  was  born 
in  Limestone  County,  Ala.,  July  6,  1821.  After  graduating  from  Clinton 
College,  Tenn.,  he  studied  law,  became  a  lieutenant  in  the  Mexican  War 
and  a  brigadier-general  in  the  war  between  the  States.  He  took  no  part 
in  politics  until  his  election  to  the  United  States  Senate,  in  1900,  and, 
on  the  floor  of  the  Upper  Chamber  was  distinguished  for  his  sound 
judgment  and  his  wide  legal  information.  On  one  occasion  he  paid  his  re- 
spects to  the  oratorical  propensities  of  Senator  Beveridge  in  a  speech 
which  made  him  famous.  He  was  twice  reelected,  but  died  in  1907  before 
entering  upon  his  third  term. 

PETTUS,  MAIA.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Elkmont,  Ala.,  in 
1873,  a  daughter  of  Dr.  J.  A.  Pettus,  and  graduated  from  Cox  College, 
Atlanta,  Ga.  Besides  being  a  contributor  to  various  magazines,  she  is  the 
author  of  a  charming  novel  entitled  'The  Princess  of  Glendale.'  The 
story  is  descriptive  of  home  life  on  an  ante-bellum  Southern  plantation ; 
but  it  also  conducts  the  reader  into  the  turbulent  war  period  and  sketches 
General  Forrest,  the  great  cavalry  leader,  and  Sam  Davis,  the  typical 
Southern  hero.  Another  novel  is  entitled  'Meta's  Heritage.'  The  Neale 
Publishing  Company,  Washington,  D.C.,  are  her  publishers. 

PEYTON,  JESSE  ENLOWS,  merchant,  was  born  in  Maysville, 
Ky.,  November  1,  1815,  and  died  in  Haddonfield,  N.J.,  April  28,  1897. 
He  settled  in  Philadelphia,  achieved  success  in  the  business  world, 
raised  forty  thousand  dollars  to  save  the  home  of  Henry  Clay,  and  was 
one  of  the  earliest  promoters  of  the  Centennial  Exposition  of  1876. 
He  published  'Reminiscences  of  Philadelphia  during  the  Past  Fifty  Years' 
(Philadelphia,  1888). 

PEYTON,  JOHN  LEWIS,  author,  was  born  in  Staunton,  Va., 
September  IS,  1824,  received  his  law  diploma  from  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  settled  in  Chicago.  During  the  Civil  War  he  became  an  agent 
for  the  Confederate  Government  in  Europe,  and  later  ran  the  blockade 
at  Charleston,  S.C.  His  publications  include :  'Pacific  Railway  Communi- 
cation and  the  Trade  of  China,'  'The  American  Crisis'  (London,  1866), 
'Over  the  Alleghanies  and  Across  the  Prairies,'  'The  Adventures  of  my 
Grandfather,'  'Memoir  of  William  M.  Peyton,'  'Memorials  of  Nature  and 
Art'    and   'History   of   Augusta   County,   Va.'    (Staunton,    1882). 

PHELAN,  JAMES,  Congressman,  was  born  in  Aberdeen,  Miss., 
December  7,  1856.  After  leaving  the  Kentucky  Military  Institute,  he 
studied  at  Leipsic  (Ph.D.).  He  settled  in  Memphis  for  the  practice  of 
law,  owned  and  edited  The  Avalanche,  and  represented  his  district  in 
Congress.  He  wrote  'Philip  Massinger  and  his  Plays'  (Leipsic,  1878),  and 
'Tennessee;  the  Making  of  a  State'   (Boston, 


PHBLPS,  ALBERT  CARRUTHERS,  journalist,  was  born  in  New 
Orleans,  La.,  December  29,  1875.    His  father  was  Albert  Gallatin  Phelps 


342  SOUTHERN  LITERATURE 

and  his  mother,  Annie  Carruthers.  While  a  freshman  in  Tulane  University 
he  began  to  write  for  the  Evening  Post  of  New  York.  At  present  he  is 
an  editorial  writer  on  the  New  Orleans  Item.  Besides  numerous  articles 
for  leading  magazines  and  newspapers,  he  is  the  author  of  'Louisiana,  a 
Record  of  Expansion'  (Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Company,  1905). 
The  sketch  of  Grace  King  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also 
from  his  pen. 

PHELPS,  ALMIRA  HART  LINCOLN,  Mrs.,  educator,  author, 
scientist,  was  born  in  Berlin,  Conn.,  July  13,  1793,  and  died  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  July  15,  1884.  Her  fatker  was  Samuel  Hart.  On  completing  her 
education  she  began  to  teach  school,  but  in  1817  she  married  Simeon  Lin- 
coln and  it  was  not  until  his  death  in  1823  that  she  resumed  her  profession. 
Eight  years  later  she  married  Judge  John  Phelps;  and  in  1841,  in  associa- 
tion with  her  husband,  she  took  charge  of  Patapsco  Institute  near  Balti- 
more; and  after  her  husband's  death,  which  occurred  in  1849,  she  con- 
ducted the  school  alone  for  several  years,  when  she  finally  retired.  Mrs. 
Phelps  took  deep  interest  in  scientific  studies,  became  a  member  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  and  produced  a 
number  of  text-books,  which  are  marked  by  an  exceptionally  luminous 
style  of  treatment.  They  include:  'Familiar  Lectures  in  Botany*  (1829), 
a  'Dictionary  of  Chemistry'  (1830),  a  'Botany  for  Beginners'  (1831),  a 
'Geology  for  Beginners'  (1832),  'The  L'emale  Student  or  Fireside  Friend' 
(1833),  a  'Chemistry  for  Beginners'  (1834),  'Lectures  on  Natural  Philos- 
ophy' (1835),  'Lectures  on  Chemistry'  (1837),  and  'Hours  with  My  Pupils' 
(1869).  She  also  edited  at  one  time  a  periodical  entitled  Our  Country, 
and  wrote  several  interesting  stories,  among  them,  'Caroline  Westerly^ 
(1833),  'Ida  Norman'  (1850),  and  'Christian  Households'  (1860).  Mrs. 
Phelps  was  a  lineal  descendant  of  Thomas  Hooker,  one  of  the  founders 
of  Hartford,  Conn. 

PHIFER,  C.  L.  Writer.  [Mo.].  He  published  'Annals  of  the 
Earth,'  'Weather  Wisdom,'  'Love  and  Law,'  a  collection  of  sonnets,  and 
numerous  poems. 

PHILIPS,  SAMUEL,  clergyman,  was  born  near  Hagerstown,  Md., 
June  14,  1823,  became  an  eminent  Presbyterian  divine  and  educator, 
holding  professorships  at  Dickinson  and  Muhlenberg,  and  published  'Geth- 
semane  and  the  Cross'  (Boonesborough,  Md.,  1851),  'The  Christian  Home' 
(Springfield,  Mass.,  1861),  and  'The  Voice  o!  Blood'  (Philadelphia,  1863). 

PHILLIPS,  JOHN  H.  Author.  [Ky.].  He  was  born  in  1853  and 
published  'Old  Tales  and  Modern  Ideals.' 

PHILLIPS,  S.  K.     [Tenn.].    He  published  'Immortelles.* 

PHILLIPS,  ULRICH  B.,  educator,  was  born  in  LaGrange,  Ga., 
November  4,  1877.  After  completing  his  studies  at  the  University  of 
Georgia,  he  took  post-graduate  work  at  Columbia  University  for  his  Ph.D. 
degree.  At  the  present  time  he  is  professor  of  history  at  Tulane  Universi- 
ty, New  Orleans,  La.  Besides  numerous  articles  on  Southern  economic, 
social  and  political  history  for  current  reviews  he  has  published  'Georgia 
and  State  Rif3;hts'  (1902),  'History  of  Transportation  in  the  Eastern 
Cotton  Belt'  (1908),  and  'Plantation  and  Frontier  Documents'  in  two  vol- 
umes (Cleveland,  Ohio,  A.  H.  Clark  Company,  1909.  Dr.  Phillips 
is  a  member  of  the  Historical  Manuscript  Commission  of  the  American 
Historical  Society  and  adjunct  member  for  Georgia  of  the  Public  Archives 
Commission. 

PIATT,  SARAH  MORGAN  BRYAN.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  IX,  page  4003. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       343 

PICKARD,  WILLIAM  LOWNDES.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Ga.]. 
He  was  born  in  1861.  He  wrote  a  novel  entitled  'Under  the  War  Flags' 
(189S). 

PICKENS,  FRANCIS  WILKINSON,  statesman,  was  born  in  St. 
Paul's  Parish,  S.C,  April  7,  1805,  and  died  in  Edgefield,  S.  C,  January  25, 
1869.  He  chose  the  profession  of  law,  became  prominent  in  the  politics 
of  the  State,  advocating  the  doctrine  of  nullification,  served  in  Congress 
from.  1834  to  1843,  represented  the  United  States  Government  at  the 
Court  of  St.  Petersburg,  and  on  his  return  home  became  governor  of 
South  Carolina.  He  was  an  orator  of  unusual  gifts,  and  delivered  fre- 
quent addresses  on  literary  top^ics,  besides  political  speeches  on  the 
hustings  and  in  the  forum. 

PICKETT,  ALBERT  J.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  IX,  page  4017. 

PICKETT.  LA  SALLE  CORBELL,  author,  was  born  in  Chucka- 
tuck,  Va.,  May  16,  1848,  a  daughter  of  John  D.  and  Elizabeth  Corbell. 
Soon  after  completing  her  education  at  Lynchburg  College,  she  became 
the  wife  of  Major-general  George  Edward  Pickett.  It  was  on  September 
IS,  1863,  that  the  marriage  was  celebrated,  barely  two  months  after  the 
immortal  charge  which  he  led  at  Gettysburg.  She  began  to  contribute 
to  the  press  in  early  girlhood.  Besides  numerous  short  poems  and 
sketches,  she  is  the  author  of  the  following  books :  'Pickett  and  His 
Men,'  (Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1899),  'Kunnoo 
Spirits,'  'Yule  Log,'  'Ebil  Eye,'  'Jinny,'  'Digging  Through  to  Manila,' 
and  monographs  of.  some  of  the  great  figures  of  the  Civil  War.  In  dialect 
work  she  is  at  her  best.  On  the  lecture  platform  she  has  also  gained 
some  note,  her  favorite  theme  being  the  folk-lore  of  the  South.  For 
some  time  past  she  has  made  her  home  in  Washington,  D.C. 

PICKETT,  L.  L.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman.  [Texas].  He 
published  'A  Shot  at  the  Foe,'  'Leaves  from  the  Tree  of  Life,'  and  'The 
Sabbath  Day.' 

PICKETT,  THOMAS  EDWARD,  physician  and  surgeon,  was 
born  near  Maysville,  Ky.,  January  11,  1841.  On  completing  his  medical 
equipment  he  engaged  at  once  in  the  practice  and  rose  to  the  very  front 
of  his  profession.  At  intervals  of  leisure,  he  has  brought  the  resources 
of  an  unusual  mind  to  bear  upon  some  of  the  most  interesting  problems 
of  scholarship.  His  most  important  work  is  entitled  'The  Quest  of  a 
Lost  Race,'  which  was  recently  published  by  the  Filson  Club,  of  Louis- 
ville. It  is  based  upon  the  theory  of  Paul  Du  Chaillu  to  the  effect 
that  the  English  are  descended  from  the  Scandinavians  rather  than 
from  the  Teutons.  His  earlier  writings  include :  'The  Testimony  of  the 
Mounds,'  which  was  published  originally  in  the  'History  of  Kentucky,' 
by  Collins;  'The  Hypothetical  Migration  of  Morbus  Americanus'  (Lon- 
don, Cassell,  1889),  and  'A  Soldier  of  the  Civil  War.'  The  last  named 
volume  presents  an  interesting  portraiture  of  the  hero  of  Gettysburg, 
George  E.  Pickett.  He  married,  June  18,  1878,  Abby,  daughter  of 
Hamilton  Gray.     Dr.   Pickett  holds  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

PIERCE,  GEORGE  FOSTER.  Bishop  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  South,  clergyman  and  educator.  Because  of  his  superb 
eloquence  he  was  styled  "the  Demosthenes  of  Southern  Methodism." 
His  father  was  the  famous  Dr.  Lovick  Pierce,  who  was  scarcely  less 
distinguished  as  an  orator.  He  was  born  in  Green  County,  Ga., 
February  3,  1811,  and  died  in  Sparta,  Ga.,  September  3,  1884.  He 
was  the  first  president  of  Wesleyan  Female  College,  which  claims 
the  distinction  of  being  the  first  chartered  institution  in  the  world  for 


344  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

the  higher  education  of  woman;  and  he  was  also  the  third  president 
of  Emory  College.  For  more  than  thirty  years  he  adorned  the  Epis- 
copal Bench.  Some  of  his  best  efforts  have  been  published  in  a  volume 
entitled  'Sermons  and  Addresses'  (Nashville,  Publishing  House  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South);  and  Dr.  George  G.  Smith, 
in  a  work  entitled,  'The  Life  and  Times  of  Bishop  Pierce,'  has  pre- 
served a  number  of  additional  extracts.  Robert  Toombs  regarded 
Bishop  Pierce  as  the  most  symmetrical  man  he  ever  knew:  "the  hand- 
somest in  person,  the  most  gifted  in  intellect,  and  the  purest  in  life." 
He  held  the  degrees  of  D.D.  and  of  LL.D. 

PIERCE,  HENRY  NILES,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Pawtucket, 
R.L,  in  1820;  and,  after  finishing  his  preparations  for  the  ministry 
of  the  Episcopal  Church,  he  settled  in  Texas.  Later  he  became  rector 
of  Trinity  Church,  in  New  Orleans,  and  of  St.  John's,  in  Mobile.  He 
sometimes  dipped  into  verse;  and  his  published  works  include  a  volume 
entitled :  'The  Agnostic,  and  Other  Poems.'  He  also  published  a  volume 
of  'Addresses'  and  a  volume  of  'Sermons.'  His  wife  was  Nannie  Hayward 
Sheppard,  of  Matagorda,  Texas.  He  died  in  1899.  William  and  Mary 
College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL,D.  and  the  University  of  Alabama 
the  degree  of  D.D. 

PIERCE,  WILLIAM,  statesman,  was  born  in  Georgia  about  1740 
and  died  about  1806.  During  the  Revolution  he  was  an  aide  on  the  staff 
of  General  Nathanael  Greene,  and  in  recognition  of  his  gallantry  was 
presented  with  a  sword  by  the  Continental  Congress,  in  which  body  he 
afterward  served.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  convention  that  framed 
the  Constitution  but,  being  opposed  to  the  plan  of  federation,  he  with- 
drew without  signing  the  instrument.  He  published  in  one  of  the 
newspapers  of  Savannah  his  impressions  of  the  membership  of  the  con- 
vention, and  they  are  preserved  in  the  Force  collection  of  the  library  of 
Congress. 

PIKE,  ALBERT.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  IX, 
page  4037. 

PILLING,  JAMES  CONSTANTINE,  ethnologist,  was  born  in 
Washington,  D.C.,  November  16,  1846.  While  connected  with  the 
geological  survey  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  he  began  to  tabulate  the 
vocabularies  of  the  various  Indian  dialects.  Later  he  became  chief  clerk  in 
the  Ethnological  Bureau.  He  published  a  'Bibliography  of  the  Languages 
of  the  North  American  Indians'  (Washington,  188S),  'Bibliography  of  the 
Eskimoan  Languages'  (1887),  'Bibliography  of  the  Siouan  Languages' 
(1887),  besides  various  memoirs  on  ethnological  subjects. 

PILSBURY,  CHARLES  A.  Writer.  [La.].  He  was  born  in 
1839.    He  published  'Pepita  and  I,'  a  volume  of  poems. 

PINCKNEY,  CHARLES,  statesman,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
in  1758,  studied  law,  was  made  a  prisoner  at  the  fall  of  Charleston,  in 
1780,  took  part  in  the  proceedings  of  the  convention  that  framed  the 
Federal  Constitution,  and  became  governor  of  South  Carolina,  United 
States  Senator,  United  States  Minister  to  Spain  and  Member  of  Congress. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  old  Republican  or  Democratic  party  in 
South  Carolina,  advocated  free  schools,  and  over  the  signature  of 
"Republican,"  wrote  many  strong  political  articles  which  were  instrumental 
in  Jefferson's  election.  He  was  a  cousin  of  Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney, 
with  whom  he   disagreed  in  politics.     Princeton  made  him  an  LL.D. 


mat, 


PINCKNEY,  CHARLES  COTESWORTH    statesman  and  diplo- 
:,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  February  25,  1746,  obtained  his  educa- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       345 

tion  in  England,  studied  law,  served  with  distinction  in  the  Revolution, 
and  was  made  a  prisoner  at  the  fall  of  Charleston  in  1780.  He  represented 
South  Carolina  in  the  convention  that  framed  the  Federal  Constitution, 
wrote  the  clause  which  forbids  any  religious  test  as  a  qualification  for  office 
and  when  the  instrument  was  adopted,  became  in  politics  an  ardent 
Federalist.  He  declined  two  Cabinet  oiifers  but  accepted  the  mission  to 
France  and  while  at  Court  made  the  famous  reply  to  Talleyrand :  "Millions 
for  defence,  but  not  one  cent  for  tribute."  On  his  return  home  he  re- 
ceived from  Washington  a  major-general's  commission.  He  was  the 
third  president-general  of  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati.  The  Federalists 
twice  nominated  him  for  President  of  the  United  States.  He  died  in 
Charleston,   S.C,  August   16,   1825. 

PINCKNEY,  ELIZA  LUCAS.  [S.C.].  She  was  born  in  1721 
and  died  in  1792i  She  kept  an  interesting  journal  of  events,  extending 
from  1739  to  1761,  which  was  published  together  with  some  of  her 
letters  (18S0). 

PINCKNEY,  GUSTAVUS  MEMMINGER,  aiithor,  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  July  29,  1872,  of  distinguished  Southern  stock.  On 
completing  his  education  he  chose  a  literary  career,  for  which  he  was 
qualified  by  unusual  talents,  and  he  has  already  attained  high  rank  among 
writers.  He  has  published  a  'Life  of  John  C.  Calhoun'  (Charleston, 
Walker,  Evans  and  Cogswell,  1903),  'The  Coming  Crisis  and  Three 
Ideas'  (ibid.,  1905),  and  'Fruits  and  Specimens  from  my  Acre'  (ibid.,  1907), 
besides  an  edition  of  McKinley's  'Appeal  to  Pharaoh.'  He  married, 
September  17,  1907,  Mary  W.  Middleton.     He  resides  in  Charleston,  S.C. 

PINCKNEY,  HENRY  LAURENS,  lawyer  and  editor,  was  born 
in  Charleston,  S.C,  September  24,  1794,  received  his  education  at  South 
Carolina  College,  and  chose  the  profession  of  law  but  never  practiced. 
He  was  three  times  mayor  of  Charleston,  served  one  term  in  Congress, 
under  the  administration  of  President  Pierce,  was  collector  of  the  Port 
of  Charleston,  and  for  eighteen  years  was  tax-collector  of- the  parishes 
of  St.  Philip  and  St.  Michael.  He  founded  and  edited  for  fifteen  years 
the  Charleston  Mercury,  an  organ  of  State  rights,  and,  besides  numerous 
public,  addresses,  he  wrote  memoirs  of  Jonathan  Maxcv,  Robert  Y.  Hayne, 
and  Andrew  Jackson.    He  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  February  3,  1863. 

PINCKNEY,  MARIA.  Author.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Charles 
Cotesworth  Pinckney  and  a  niece  of  Arthur  Middleton,  a  signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  She  was  a  woman  of  unusual  force  of  mind 
and  a  student  of  public  questions.  Besides  numerous  letters,  she  wrote 
a  work  in  defence  of  nullification. 

PINCKNEY,  THOMAS,  diplomat,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
October  23,  1750,  accompanied  his  brother,  Charles  Cotesworth,  to  Eng- 
land to  receive  his  education,  served  in  the  Revolution,  became  governor 
of  South  Carolina,  United  States  Minister  to  England,  and  Member  of 
Congress,  and  was  also  sent  upon  an  important  mission  to  Spain.  He 
received  the  nomination  of  the  Federalists  for  Vice-president  of  the 
United  States  in  1796;  and  President  Madison  during  the  War  of  1812 
advanced  him'  to  the  rank  of  major-general.  He  succeeded  his  brother 
as  president-general  of  the  Cincirmati.  His  death  occurred  in  Charleston, 
S.C,  November  2,  1828. 

PINER,  H.  L.,  author,  was  born  in  Kentucky  in  1858,  but  after- 
ward removed  to  Texas.  He  wrote  'Ruth,  a  Romance  of  the  Civil 
War,'  'The   Great   Sherman  Tornado'    (1896),  and  a  number  of  poems. 

PINKNEY,  EDWARD  COOTE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,   Vol.   IX,  page  4063. 


346  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

PINKNEY,  FREDERICK,  poet  and  editor,  was  born  at  sea, 
October  14,  1804,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  June  13,  1873.  He  was  a 
son  of  William  Pinkney  and  a  brother  of  Edward  Coote  Pinkney.  At 
different  times  he  edited  The  Mary  lander  and  the  Baltimore  Patriot;  and, 
during  the  Civil  War,  published  numerous  songs  and  poems,  which  were 
quite  popular. 

PINKNEY,  NINIAN,  Jr.,  surgeon,  was  born  in  Annapolis,  Md., 
June  7,  1811  and  died  near  Easton,  Md.,  December  15,  1877.  He  entered 
the  United  States  Navy,  was  fleet  surgeon  of  the  Mississippi  Squadron 
during  the  Civil  War  and  became  medical  director  with  the  rank  of 
commodore  in  1871.  St.  John's  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
He  delivered  on  patriotic  themes  numerous  addresses  which  were  after- 
ward published. 

PINKNEY,  NINIAN,  Sr.,  soldier  and  author,  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  in  1776,  entered  the  United  States  Army  and  attained  the 
rank  of  colonel.  As  a  result  of  a  tour  of  France,  he  published  an 
entertaining  volume  entitled  'Travels  in  the  South  of  France  and  in  the 
Interior  of  the  Provinces  of  Provence  and  Languedoc  by  a  Route  never 
before  Performed'  (London,  1809).  Leigh  Hunt  said  of  this  work  that 
"it  set  all  the  idle  world  to  going  to  France  to  live  on  the  charming 
banks  of  the  Loire."  William  Pinkney  was  his  brother.  He  died  in  Balti- 
more, Md..  December  16,  182S. 

PINKNEY,  WILLIAM,  statesman,  was  born  in  Annapolis,  Md., 
March  17,  1764,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  February  25,  1822.  Though 
his  father  was  a  loyalist,  he  gave  his  youthful  enthusiasm  to  the  patriotic 
cause,  studied  law,  achieved  distinction  at  the  Bar,  became  Attorney- 
general  of  the  United  States,  advocated  the  War  of  1812,  represented  the 
United  States  Government  at  the  Court  of  Russia,  and  served  both  in 
the  National  House  and  Senate.  With  James  Monroe,  he  was  also 
at  one  time  special  commissioner  to  England,  remaining  in  London  for 
several  years  as  resident  minister,  after  Mr.  Monroe's  return  to  America. 
He  was  one  of  the  foremost  public  men  and  one  of  the  ablest  lawyers 
of  his  day.  Edward  Coote  Pinkney,  one  of  his  sons,  attained  high  dis- 
tinction in  literature,  but  died  on  the  threshold  of  manhood. 

PINKNEY,  WILLIAM,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop,  was  born 
at  Annapolis,  Md.,  April  17,  1810,  and  died  in  Cockeysville,  Md.,  July 
4,  1883.  He  received  his  education  at  St.  John's  College,  entered  the 
Episcopal  priesthood,  became  rector  of  the  Church  of  the  Ascension  in 
Washington,  D.C.  and,  on  the  death  of  Bishop  Whittingham,  succeeded 
to  the  vacant  chair  of  the  diocese  of  Maryland.  He  received  the  degree 
of  D.D.  from  St.  John's  and  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Columbian  University 
and  from  William  and  Mary  College.  He  published  a  'Life'  of  his 
uncle,  William  Pinkney  (New  York,  18S3)  and  a  'Memoir  of  John  H. 
Alexander,  LL.D.'  (Baltimore,  1867). 

PINSON,  W.  W.,  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Georgia.  Dr.  Pinson  wrote  an  interesting  story  illustrative  of  life  in  the 
South  at  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  (Akron,  Ohio,  The  Saalfield  Publishing 
Company,  1903). 

PISE,  CHARLES  CHRISTOPHER,  clergyman  and  poet,  was 
born  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  in  1802,  and  became  a  Catholic  priest  of  dis- 
tinguished attainments.  As  a  poet  he  also  achieved  distinction  and  was  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  Knickerbocker  Magazine.  He  published 
'Pleasures  of  Religion  and  Other  Poems'  and  'Acts  of  the  Apostles  done 
into  Blank  Verse.'    He  died  in  1880. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       347 

PITKIN,  HELEN.  Journalist.  She  was  born  in  New  Orleans, 
La.,  August  8,  1877,  a  daughter  of  John  Robert  Graham  Pitkin,  Dni- 
ted  States  Minister  to  the  Argentine  Republic  under  President  Har- 
rison. She  was  educated  by  private  instruction  and  at  Newcomb  Col- 
lege. For  some  time  she  was  on  the  staff  of  the  Times-Democrat. 
Her  writings  include:  'Over  the  Hills,'  a  poem  of  some  length,  and 
'An  Angel  by  Brevet,'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company).  She 
resides  in  New  Orleans,  La. 

PITT,  S.  E.  W.,  Mrs.,  poet,  was  born  in  Wallonia,  Ky.,  in  1S65. 
Her  father  was  John  S.  Wall,  a  Confederate  soldier  and  her  mother, 
Letitia  Baker.  Her  only  published  work  is  a  volume  of  verse  entitled 
'Poems  Dear  to  the  Heart'  (1909).  She  married,  August  1,  1890,  G.  L. 
Pitt,  a  lawyer.     She  resides  in  Clarksville,  Tenn. 

PITTMAN,  H.  D.,  Mrs.  Author.  [Ky.].  Besides  an  interesting 
genealogical  work  entitled  'Americans  of  Gentle  Birth,'  she  has  pub- 
lished two  entertaining  works  of  fiction :  'The  Belle  of  the  Blue  Grass 
Country,'  which  deals  with  the  love  affair  of  a  Harvard  man,  and  'The 
Heart  of  Kentucky'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing 
Company,  1908). 

PITTS,  J.  R.  S.  Physician  [Miss.].  He  published  the  'Life  and 
Bloody  Career  of  the  Executed  Criminal,  James  Copeland,  the  Great 
Land  Pirate'   (1874). 

PITZER,  ALEXANDER  WHITE,  clergyman,  educator  and  au- 
thor, was  born  in  Salem,  Va.,  September  14,  1834.  His  father  was  Ber- 
nard Pitzer  and  his  mother,  Frances  White.  After  completing  his  theological 
studies  he  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  and  served  his  initial  pastorate  in 
Leavenworth,  Kan.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was  a  missionary  within  the 
Confederate  lines.  At  the  close  of  hostilities  he  organized  in  Washington, 
D.C.,  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church  which  was  for  years  the  only 
church  which  belonged  to  the  Southern  wing  of  this  denomination  at  the 
national  capital.  On  this  account  it  was  called  "the  rebel  church"  but 
hostility  was  eventually  outgrown  and  the  organization  prospered.  For 
nearly  forty  years  Dr.  Pitzer  ministered  to  this  congregation;  and  he  is 
still  the  beloved  pastor  emeritus.  He  has  always  been  an  ardent  advocate 
of  organic  union  and  also  an  enthusiastic  revisionist,  both  of  the  English 
version  of  the  Scriptures  and  of  the  ecclesiastical  standards.  For  more 
than  thirty-five  years  he  was  president  of  the  Washington  City  Bible 
Society,  and  he  was  also  professor  of  Biblical  theology  in  Howard  Uni- 
versity for  fourteen  years.  He  has  published  'Ecce  Deus  Homo'  (Phila- 
delphia, J.  B.  Lippincott  Company,  1868),  'Christ,  the  Teacher  of  Men 
(ibid.,  1877),  'The  New  Life'  (Philadelphia,  The  Presbyterian  Board 
of  Publication,  1884),  'Confidence  in  Christ'  (ibid.,  1890),  'The  Manifold 
Ministry  of  the  Holy  Spirit'  (ibid.,  1894),  'Predestination'  (ibid.,  1899). 
and  'The  Blessed  Hope,'  in  which  he  sets  forth  the  pre-millennial  view 
of  the  second  coming  of  Christ.  Besides  he  has  also  contributed  con- 
stantly to  periodicals.  He  married,  August  20,  1860,  Laura  McClanahan. 
He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Arkansas  College  and  the  degree 
of  LLD.  from   Howard. 

PLATT,  WILLIAM  HENRY.  Episcopal  clergyman.  Though 
born  in  the  State  of  New  York,  April  16,  1821,  the  greater  part  of  his 
ministry  was  spent  in  the  South,  chiefly  in  Virginia,  Kentucky  and  Ala- 
bama He  published  'Art  Culture'  (1873),  'The  Influence  of  Religion 
in  the  Development  of  Jurisprudence'  (1877),  'After  Death,  What?'  (1878), 
'Unity  of  Law  or  Legal  Morality'  (1879),  and  'God  in  and  Man  Out,'  a 
reply  to  Ingersoll'  (1883),  besides  minor  works.  William  and  Mary 
College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 


348  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

PLEASANTS,  MARY  W.  Educator.  [Va.].  She  published  'The 
Triumph  of  an  Idea,  or  Two  Hearts  Revealed,'  and  numerous  stories 
translated  from  the  German. 

PLEASANTS,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  educator,  was  born  in  Hen- 
rico County,  Va.,  January  29,  1829,  at  "Piquenocque,"_  the  Indian  name 
of  his  father's  country  seat.  Besides  numerous  critical  essays  he  has 
made  several  translations  from  Latin  and  German  authors,  including  a 
brochure  entitled  'The  Destruction  of  Columbia,  S.C  (1902).  The  ac- 
count of  the  burning  of  the  famous  South  Carolina  Capitol  was  written 
by  an  old  German  who  witnessed  the  spectacle  and  who  told  the  story 
in  his  own  tongue.  It  loses  nothing  in  the  way  of  dramatic  interest 
from  the  professor's  translation.  The  sketch  of  Mary  Johnston  in  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  He  married,  October 
IS,  1852,  Araminta  Smoot.  He  holds  the  chair  of  ancient  languages  in 
HoUins  Institute,  HoUins,  Va. 

PLUMER,  WILLIAM  SWAN,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born 
at  Griersburg,  now  Darlington,  Pa.,  in  1802,  but  was  brought  to  the 
South  when  only  nine  years  old ;  and  his  career  as  a  teacher  began  in  Vir- 
ginia at  the  early  age  of  sixteen.  Later,  he  prepared  more  fully  for  his 
life's  work  at  Princeton;  and,  after  filling  several  pastorates,  he  became 
a  professor  in  Western  Theological  Seminary,  at  Alleghany,  Pa.,  and 
afterward  in  Columbia  Theological  Seminary,  at  Columbia,  S.C.  More 
than  twenty-five  volumes  came  from  the  pen  of  this  rugged  philosopher 
of  Presbyterianism,  the  list  including:  'The  Promises  of  God,'  'Thoughts 
Worth  Remembering,'  'The  Bible  Tone,'  'Rome  Against  the  Bible,'  'The 
Church  and  Her  Enemies,'  'Vital  Goodness,'  'Rock  of  Our  Salvation,' 
'Grace  of  Christ,'  'Love  of  God,'  'Jehovah-Jireh,'  'Earnest  Hours,'  'Com- 
mentary on  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans,'  'Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to 
the  Hebrews,'  and  'Studies  in  the  Book  of  Psalms.'  He  died  at  Columbia, 
S.C,  in  1880.  Princeton,  Lafayette  and  Washington  Colleges  gave  him 
the  degree  of  D.D.  and  the  University  of  Mississippi  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

POE,  CLARENCE  HAMILTON,  editor  and  publisher,  was  born 
in  Chatham  County,  N.C.,  January  10,  1881.  Besides  contributing  to  high 
class  periodicals,  he  has  written  'Cotton ;  its  Cultivation,  Marketing  and 
Manufacture'  (New  York,  Doubleday,  Page  and  Company,  1906)  and  'A 
Southerner  in  Europe'  (1908),  which  has  passed  already  into  two  editions. 
He  is  also  editor  and  chief  owner  of  The  Progressive  Farmer,'  published 
at  Raleigh,  N.C. 

POE,  EDGAR  ALLAN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.   IX,  page  4079. 

POINSETT,  JOEL  ROBERTS.  Statesman  and  diplomat.  He 
was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  March  2,  1779  and  died  in  Statesburg,  S.C, 
December  12,  1851.  Besides  serving  for  two  consecutive  terms  in  Congress, 
he  held  the  portfolio  of  War  under  President  Van  Buren,  and  represented 
the  Government  on  several  diplomatic  errands  of  special  importance  in- 
cluding one  to  Mexico,  which  resulted  in  his  formal  appointment  as  United 
States  Minister.  He  published  'Notes  on  Mexico,  with  an  Historical 
Sketch  of  the  Revolution'  (Philadelphia,  1824),  and  left  numerous  un- 
published manuscripts.  From  time  to  time  he  wrote  political  and  scientific 
essays.  Columbia  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  Dr.  Poinsett  was 
something  of  a  botanist,  and  a  Mexican  flower  which  he  introduced  into 
this  country  was  named  in  his  honor  'Poinsettia  Pulcherina.' 

POINTS,  MARIE  LOUISE.  Author.  [La.].  Besides  a  'Picayune 
Guide'  (1903),  she  has  published  an  entertaining  series  entitled  'Stories 
of  New  Orleans.' 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       349 

POLK,  JAMES  KNOX.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  IX,  page  4127. 

POLK,  WILLIAM  MECKLENBURG,  physician,  was  born  in 
Ashwood,  Maury  County,  Tenn.,  August  15,  1844,  received  his  medical 
diploma  from  the  New  York  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and 
became  a  professor  first  in  Bellevue  College  and  afterward  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  New  York.  Besides  a  life  of  his  father,  Leonidas  Polk,  bishop 
and  general  (1889),  he  has  published  several  important  papers  bearing 
upon  the  treatment  of  female  diseases. 

POLLARD,  EDWARD  ALBERT.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  IX,  page  4147. 

POLLARD,  HENRY  RIVES,  editor,  was  born  in  Nelson  County, 
Va.,  August  29,  1833,  and  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  November  24,  1868. 
From  time  to  time  he  was  identified  with  various  papers  but  eventually 
established  with  his  brother,  E.  A.  Pollard,  in  Richmond,  The  Southern 
Opinion.  He  was  fatally  shot  from  an  upper  window  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  street  by  James  Grant,  who  considered  himself  aggrieved 
by  an  article  which  appeared  in  the  paper.  Mr.  Pollard  wrote  numerous 
historical  and  political  essays  and  sketches. 

POLLARD,  MARIE  ANTOINETTE   NATHALIE   GRANIER. 

Lecturer  and  poet.  Her  first  husband  was  James  R.  Dowell,  but  she  sepa- 
rated from  him  during  the  Civil  War  and  afterward  married  E.  A. 
Pollard,  the  author.  On  the  death  of  the  latter,  she  took  the  public 
platform,  canvassed  the  State  of  California  for  the  Democratic  ticket 
in  1876,  and  later  lectured  on  popular  themes.  She  was  an  ardent  ad- 
vocate of  temperance  and  wrote  a  number  of  poems. 

POLLEY,  J.  B.  Author.  He  served  with  gallantry  during  the 
Civil  War  under  General  Hood  and  contributed  to  the  literature  of -the 
conflict,  two  volumes  of  much  interest  entitled  A  Soldier's  Letters  to 
Charming  Nellie'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing 
Company,  1906)   and  'Hood's  Texas  Brigade'   {ibid.,  1908). 

POOL,  BETTY  FRESHWATER.  Author.  [N.C.].  She  pub- 
lished a  miscellaneous  collection  of  prose  and  verse  entitled  'The  Eyrie  and 
Other  Southern  Stories'  (New  York,  The  Broadway  Publishing  Com- 
pany, 1905),  a  work  of  merit. 

POOLE,  MARY  BELLE.  Author.  [La.].  She  wrote  a  novel 
entitled  'Down  Fate's  Walk'   (1896). 

POPE,  JOHN,  United  States  Senator  and  governor,  was  born 
in  Prince  William  County,  Va.,  in  1770  and  died  in  Springfield,  Ky.,  July 
12,  1845.  He  settled  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  for  the  practice  of  law,  achieved 
eminence  at  the  Bar,  represented  the  State  in  the  United  States  Senate 
from  1807  to  1813,  and,  during:  a  part  of  this  time,  was  president  pro  tern. 
From  1829  to  1835  he  was  territorial  governor  of  Arkansas ;  and  returning 
to  Kentucky  he  served  in  Congress  for  three  consecutive  terms.  He  was 
an  eloquent  public  speaker. 

POPE,  JOHN,  soldier,  was  educated  at  West  Point,  served  in 
the  Mexican  War  with  distinction,  received  a  captain's  commission  for  his 
gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista,  and  attained  the  rank  of  major- 
general  in  the  Union  Army  during  the  Civil  War.  Prior  to  the  outbreak 
of  hostilities  in  1861  he  conducted  an  expedition  to  explore  the  Red  River 
of  the  North.  He  published  'The  Campaign  in  Virginia,  of  July  and 
August,  1862'  (Washington,  1865),  and  "Explorations  from  the  Red  River 
to  the  Rio  Grande"  in  'Pacific  Railroad  Reports.'     He  died  in  1892. 


350  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

POPE,  JOHN  HUNTER,  physician,  was  born  in  Washington, 
Ga.,  February  12,  1845.  After  graduating  from  the  University  of  Virginia 
he  practiced  medicine  in  Marshall,  Texas.  Besides  a  'History  of  the 
Epidemic  of  Yellow  Fever,'  he  wrote  a  number  of  reports  and  monographs 
on  medical  topics. 

POPE,"  MARY  E.  FOOTE,  educator,  was  born  in  Alabama,  but 
afterward  lived  in  Tennessee  and  published  occasional  poems  of  un- 
usual merit. 

POPE,  WILLIAM  P.  Author.  [Ark.].  He  wrote  an  inter- 
esting series  of  personal  reminiscences  entitled  'Early  Days  in  Arkansas.' 
He  died  in  1895. 

PORCHER,  FRANCIS  PEYRE^  physician  and  botanist,  was  born 
in  St.  John's,  Berkeley,  S.C,  December  14,  1825,  received  his  diploma  from 
the  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina,  and  became  an  eminent  practitioner 
of  Charleston.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was  in  charge  of  the  Confederate 
hospitals  at  Norfolk,  Va. ;  and  for  several  years  after  the  war  he  edited 
the  Charleston  Medical  Journal  and  Review.  He  was  also  an  enthusiastic 
botanist  and  gave  much  thought  to  this  important  branch  of  science. 
Amcng  his  published  works  are  included :  'A  Medico-Botanical  Catalogue 
of  the  Plants  and  Ferns  of  St.  John's,  Berkeley,  S.C  (Charleston,  1847), 
'A  Sketch  of  the  Medical  Botany  of  South  Carolina'  (Philadelphia, 
1849),  'The  Medicinal,  Poisonous,  and  Dietetic  Properties  of  the  Crypto- 
gamic  Plants  of  the  United  States'  (New  York,  1854),  'Illustrations  of 
Disease  with  the  Microscope'  (Charleston,  1861),  and  'Resources  of  the 
Southern  Fields  and  Forests,  Medical,  Economical,  and  Agricultural,' 
published  by  order  of  the  surgeon-general  of  the  Confederate  States 
(Richmond,  1863;  revised,  Charleston,  1869). 

PORTER,  ANTHONY  TURNER.  Protestant  Episcopal  clergy- 
man, was  born  in  1828  and  was  for  many  years  a  resident  of  Charles- 
ton, S.C.  He  published  an  interesting  autobiographical  work  entitled 
'Led  on  Step  by  Step.' 

PORTER,  BENJAMIN  FICKLING,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  in  1808.  He  practiced  medicine  for  a  while,  but  relinquished 
it  for  law.  He  became  the  Supreme  Court  reporter  of  Alabama,  and  was 
afterward  elected  to  the  Bench,  but  declined  the  honor.  He  was  fre- 
quently an  orator  on  public  occasions,  contributed  to  periodicals,  trans- 
lated the  'Elements  of  the  Institutes  of  Hienneccius'  and  published  'Re- 
ports of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Alabama,'  nine  volumes  (Tuscaloosa, 
1835-1840),  'Office  of  Executors  and  Administrators,'  and  a  collection  of 
poems. 

PORTER,  DUVAL,  author,  was  born  in  Appomattox  County,  Va., 
in  1844,  and  was  the  son  of  Madison  C.  Porter.  He  was  given  tlie  best 
educational  advantages,  including  a  course  at  Columbia.  From  his  earliest 
boyhood  he  was  fond  of  literary  diversions  and  began  to  write  at  four- 
teen for  the  local  papers.  Besides  being  a  man  of  letters,  he  is  also  an 
accomplished  linguist,  and  is  familiar  with  German,  French,  Spanish 
and  Italian,  among  modern  languages,  in  addition  to  Greek  and  Latin.  He 
is  the  author  of  some  charming  productions  both  in  prose  and  in  verse. 
His  works  include :  'Alphonso,  and  Other  Poems,'  'Mere  Places  and 
Things,'  'Wasted  Talents,'  'The  Lost  Cause,  and  Other  Poems,'  'Adven- 
tures of  an  Office-seeker,'  'The  Same  Old  Fool,'  and  'Lyrics  of  the  Lost 
Cause.'    He  resides  at  Cascade,  Va. 

PORTER,  JAMES  DAVIS.  Jurist,  planter,  governor,  and  rail- 
way president.     He  was  born  in  Paris,    Tenn.,    December    7,    1828, 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS        351 

and  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Nashville.  He  married  Susanna, 
daughter  of  General  John  H.  Dunlop,  served  in  the  Confederate  Army  and 
was  adjutant-general  on  the  staff  of  Major-general  Cheatham.  For  several 
years  he  was  Judge  of  the  Twelfth  Judicial  Circuit,  and  from  1874  to 
1878  was  governor  of  Tennessee.  He  was  also  a  delegate  to  the  constitu- 
tional convention  of  1870,  and  was  for  some  time  president  of  the  Nash- 
ville and  Chattanooga  Railway.  He  was  Assistant  Secretary  of  State  under 
President  Cleveland's  first  administration  and  United  States  Envoy  to 
Chile  under  the  second.  He  is  the  author  of  'The  Confederate  Military 
History  of  Tennessee,'  (Atlanta,  Confederate  Publishing  Company).  The 
University  of  Nashville  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  resides  in 
Paris,  Tenn. 

PORTER,  SYDNEY  (See  Henry,  O.,  page  194). 

PORY,  JOHN,  colonist,  was  born  in  England  in  1570  and  died 
in  Virginia  about  163S.  He  was  speaker  of  the  first  legislative  as- 
sembly to  be  held  in  the  New  World,  assisted  Hakluyt  in  his  geo- 
graphical work,  and  wrote  an  account  of  his  excursions  among  the 
Indians,  which  was  published  in  John  Smith's  'General  Historie.' 

POST,  MELVILLE  D.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  IX,  page  4167. 

POST,  T.  M.  Educator.  [Mo.].  He  was  born  in  1810  and  died  in 
1866.  He  published  a  'Life  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  T.  A.  Post,'  and  'Skepti- 
cal Era  in  Modern  History.'  Dr.  Post  occupied  a  chair  for  several  years 
in  Washington  University,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

POTTER,  HENRY,  jurist,  was  born  in  Granville  County,  N.C., 
in  1765,  and  died  in  Fayetteville,  N.Y.,  December  20,  1857.  He  studied 
law,  and  for  more  than  half  a  century  was  an  occupant  of  the  Bench  of 
the  United  States  District  Court  of  North  Carolina.  He  was  also  for 
fifty-seven  years  a  trustee  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  He  pub- 
lished 'Duties  of  a  Justice  of  the  Peace'  (Raleigh,  1816),  and  in  associa- 
tion with  John  L.  Taylor  and  Bartlett  Yancey  compiled  a  revision  of  the 
'Law  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,'  in  two  volumes  (Raleigh,  1821). 

POTTER,  MARY  EUGENIA  GUILLOT,  Mrs.  Editor.  [Texas]. 
Mrs.  Potter  was  born  in  1864.  Besides  editing  Dixieland,  she  has  pub- 
lished a  number  of  excellent  poems,  among  them  one  entitled  "Gibraltar." 

POTTER,  NATHANIEL,  physician,  was  born  in  Caroline  County, 
Md.,  in  1770,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  January  2,  1843.  He  received 
his  diploma  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  became  an  eminent 
practitioner,  assisted  in  the  organization  of  the  Medical  College  of  Mary- 
land, and  edited  for  a  time  the  Maryland  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal. 
He  published  'Medical  Properties  and  Deleterious  Qualities  of  Arsenic' 
(Baltimore,  1805),  'A  Memoir  on  Contagion  with  Respect  to  Yellow 
Fever',  and  edited,  with  notes  explanatory  and  critical,  John  Armstrong's 
'Practical  Illustrations  of  the  Typhus  Fever'  (Baltimore,  1821),  and  m 
association  with  Samuel  Calhoun,  two  editions  of  George  Gregory's  'Ele- 
ments of  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine,'  two  volumes  (Philadelphia, 
1826-1829). 

POTTER,  REUBEN  M.,  Texan  pioneer,  was  born  in  New  Jersey 
in  1802  but  lived  in  Texas  during  the  early  days  and  wrote  "The  Hymn 
of  the  Alamo,"  "The  Old  Texan  Hunter,"  and  other  poems  commemora- 
tive of  pioneer  life  in  the  Lone  Star  commonwealth. 

POWELL,  E.  L.  Clergyman.  For  several  years  he  has  been 
pastor  of  one  of  the  leading  churches  of  the  Disciples  of  Christ  in 
Louisville,  Ky.,  a  contributor  to  current  religious  periodicals,  and  a  leader 
in   ecclesiastical   councils.    Dr.    Powell  has   published   several   theological 


352  SOUTHERN   J.ITERATURE 

works,  the  best  known  of  which,  perhaps,  is  a  series  of  lectures  on  Savon- 
arola, the  reformer  and  martyr  of  Florence. 

POWELL,  L.  P.  Author.  He  wrote  'Historic  Towns  of  the 
Southern  States'  (1890). 

POWELL,  MARY  ELLA,  Miss,  musician,  was  born  in  Atlanta, 
Ga.,  May  2,  1863.  Three  very  delightful  volumes  have  come  from  hef 
pen:  'Clio'  (1879),  'Winona'  (1890),  and  'Women  Who  Laugh.'  For 
several  years  past  she  has  resided  in  New  York,  where  she  is  engaged 
in  educational  work. 

POWELL,  WILLIAM  BYRD,  physician,  was  born  in  Bourbon 
County,  Ky.,  January  8,  1799,  and  died  in  Henderson,  Ky.,  July  3,  1867. 
For  some  time  he  was  a  professor  in  the  Medical  College  of  Louisiana. 
Later  he  organized  the  Memphis  Medical  Institute,  becoming  professor  of 
cerebral  physiology;  and  he  afterward  held  the  same  chair  in  the  Eclectic 
Medical  Institute  of  Cincinnati.  His  collection  of  skulls  numbered  more 
than  five  hundred.  He  began  to  prosecute  his  investigations  into  the  physi- 
ology of  the  brain  among  the  Indians.  He  published  'Natural  History  of 
the  Human  Temperament'  (Cincinnati,  1856),  and,  with  Dr.  Robert  S. 
Newton,  'The  Eclectic  Practice  of  Medicine,'  and  'Eclectic  Treatise  of  the 
Diseases  of  Children.' 

POWER,  FREDERICK  DUNGLISON,  clergyman,  author,  editor, 
was  born  near  Yorktown,  Va.,  January  23,  1851.  His  father  was  Dr. 
Robert  H.  Power  and  his  mother,  Abigail  M.  Jencks.  He  entered  the  min- 
istry of  the  Disciples  of  Christ  on  completing  his  preparatory  studies;  and 
for  thirty- four  years  has  been  pastor  of  the  church  which  President  Gar- 
field attended,  in  Washington,  D.C.,  known  since  the  President's  death  by 
the  name  of  Garfield  Memorial.  He  was  also  chaplain  of  the  Forty-seventh 
Congress.  Dr.  Power  is  one  of  the  strongest  personal  forces  in  the  ranks 
of  his  denomination.  He  has  published  'Bible  Doctrine  for  Young  Disci- 
ples' (1899),  'Sketches  of  Our  Pioneers'  (1898),  'Life  of  W.  K.  Pendleton, 
LL.D.,  President  of  Bethany  College'  (1902),  'Story  of  My  Pastorate' 
(1899),  and  'Thoughts  of  Thirty  Years'  (1905).  He  also  wrote  the  sketch 
of  Alexander  Campbell  for  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  On 
the  lecture  platform  and  in  the  editorial  sanctum  Dr.  Power  has  further 
extended  the  sphere  of  his  useful  activities.  Bethany  College,  his  alma 
rmater,  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  married,  March  17,  1874,  Emily 
B.  Alsop. 

POWERS,  WILLIAM  DUDLEY,  clergyman  and  author,  was 
born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  March  2,  1849,  his  j)arents  being  William  Hazard 
and  Mary  Johnston  Powers.  On  completmg  his  educational  equipment, 
he  was  ordained  to  the  priesthood  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
and  has  since  been  rector  of  many  important  congregations.  He  married, 
December  2,  1880,  Mary  Bullock  Howard.  For'  some  time  past  his  field 
of  labor  has  been  in  the  Northwest,  at  Flint,  Mich.  He  writes  with  ease, 
both  in  prose  and  in  verse,  and  several  volumes  have  come  from  his  pen : 
'Nature's  Vespers,'  'Why  Not  and  Why'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and 
Company),  'The  Light  Shineth,'  and  'Uncle  Isaac;  or.  Old  Days  in  the 
South'  (Richmond,  B.  P.  Johnson  Company).  Two  editions  of  the  last- 
named  work  have  been  issued.  He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
the  University  of  the  South. 

POYAS,  CATHARINE  GENDRON,  poet,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  April  27,  1813,  and  was  educated  in  the  local  schools  and  under 
tutors.  Her  writings  were  chiefly  in  verse,  including  'Huguenot  Daugh- 
ters, and  Other  Poems'  (Charleston,  1849),  'Year  of  Grace'  {ihid.,  1869), 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       353 

and  'In  Memory  of  the  Rev.  C.  P.  Gadsden,  and  Other  Poems'    (ibid., 
1871).    She  died  in  Charleston,  February  7,  1882. 

POYAS,  ELIZABETH  ANNE.  Author.  Under  the  title  of  "The 
Ancient  Lady,"  she  published  several  small  books  and  pamphlets  relating 
to  the  homes  and  genealogies  of  South  Carolina.  Her  daughter,  Catharine 
G.  Poyas,  was  a  writer  of  distinction. 

POYDRAS,  JULIEN,  philanthropist,  was  born  in  Nantes,  France, 
April  3,  1746,  and  died  in  Point  Coupee,  La.,  June  25,  1824.  He  was  the 
first  delegate  to  Congress  from  the  territory  of  Orleans,  and  donated 
$300,000  to  public  institutions.  He  published  'La  Prise  du  Morne  du 
Baton  Rouge'  (New  Orleans,  La.,  1779),  the  earliest  pamphlet  printed 
in  New  Orleans. 

PRENTICE,  GEORGE  D.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  IX,  page  4189. 

PRENTISS,  SARGENT  SMITH.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  X,  page  4209. 

PRESTON,  JOHN  SMITH,  planter  and  orator,  was  born  near 
Abingdon,  Va.,  April  20,  1809,  and  died  in  Columbia,  S.C,  May  1,  1881. 
Possessed  of  large  means,  he  collected  paintings  and  sculptures  and  en- 
couraged artists.  On  the  return  of  the  Palmetto  Regiment  from  the 
Mexican  War,  he  delivered  a  speech  of  welcome  which  made  him  famous. 
Later  his  reputation  was  still  further  enhanced  by  numerous  addresses 
on  commemorative  occasions.  But  his  greatest  effort  was  on  the  floor 
of  the  Secession  Convention  in  support  of  the  policy  of  withdrawal  from 
the  Union.  At  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  he  enlisted  in  the  Confederate 
Army  and  attained  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  For  several  years  after 
the  war  he  resided  abroad.  General  Preston  was  more  than  six  feet  in 
height,  a  man  of  broad  culture  and  of  fine  intellect.  He  married  Caroline, 
daughter  of  General  Wade  Hampton.  His  orations,  a  number  of  which 
have  been  published  in  book  form,  bear  testimony  to  his  gifts. 

PRESTON,  MARGARET  JUNKIN.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  X,  page  4235. 

PRESTON,  THOMAS  LEWIS,  planter,  was  born  in  Botetourt 
County,  Va.,  November  28,  1812.  After  completing  his  studies  at  the 
State  University,  he  read  law  but  never  practiced,  and  for  several  years 
engaged  successfully  in  the  manufacture  of  salt.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
served  on  thestaflf  of  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston.  He  published  'The 
Life  of  Elizabeth  Russell,  the  Wife  of  William  Campbell,  of  King's 
Mountain'  (University  of  Virginia,  1880). 

PRESTON,  WILLIAM  CAMPBELL.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Sketch,  Vol.  X,  page  4255. 

PRICE,  ANNA.  Author.  [Va.].  She  wrote  a  number  of  stories 
for  religious  periodicals. 

PRICE,  SAMUEL  W.  Soldier  and  artist.  General  Price  wrote 
a  volume  of  rare  interest  and  value  entitled:  'Old  Masters  of  the  Blue 
Grass'  (Louisville,  Ky.,  The  Filson  Club,  1902),  which  gives  interesting 
biographical  sketches  of  the  famous  artists  of  the  State,  including  Jouett, 
Bush,  Frazer,  Grimes,  and  Hart,  together  with  artistic  reproductions  from 
the  work  of  each.  He  also  wrote  a  sketch  of  Colonel  Joseph  Crockett, 
which  was  published  in  a  volume  which  contains  also  a  sketch  of  James 
Francis  Leonard   (.ibid.,  1909). 


354  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

PRICE.  THOMAS  RANDOLPH.  Educator.  [Va.].  He  was 
born  in  1839  and  died  in  1903.  He  published  'The  Teaching  of  the 
Mother  Tongue.' 

PRINCE,  OLIVER  HILLHOUSE,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Con- 
necticut, about  1787,  and  died  at  sea,  October  9,  1837.  He  settled  in 
Georgia  for  the  practice  of  law,  and  was  one  of  the  five  commissioners  to 
lay  out  the  city  of  Macon.  He  achieved  distinction  at  the  Bar  and  also 
wrote  numerous  sketches,  one  of  which,  "The  Militia  Drill,"  has  been 
preserved  by  Judge  A.  B.  Longstreet  in  'Georgia  Scenes.'  He  also  pub- 
lished a  'Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Georgia  to  December,  1820.'  On  returning 
home  from  New  York  by  steamer,  he  perished  off  the  coast  of  Cape 
Hatteras. 

PRINCE,  OLIVER  HILLHO.USE,  Jr.  [Ga.].  He  was  born 
in  1823  and  died  in  1875.  He  published  a  humorous  series  of  writings 
entitled  'Billy  Woodpile's  Letters.' 

PRYOR,  ROGER  ATKINSON,  jurist,  was  born  in  Dinwiddle 
County,  Va.,  July  19,  1828,  his  father  being  the  Rev.  Theodoric  B.  Pryor, 
and  his  mother,  Lucy  Atkinson.  He  was  educated  at  Hampden-Sidney 
College;  and  soon  after  graduation  he  married  Sara  A.  Rice.  Though 
admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1849,  he  gave  much  of  his  time  to  editorial  work, 
first  in  Petersburg  and  then  in  Richmond.  In  18SS  he  was  United  States 
Special  Envoy  to  Greece ;  and  from  1859  to  1861  he  served  in  Congress, 
declining  the  seat  on  being  reelected.  He  was  subsequently  chosen  to 
the  Congress  of  the  Confederate  States.  Later  he  resigned  to  take  the 
field,  becoming  a  brigadier-general ;  but,  dissatisfied,  he  relinquished  his 
commission  and  reenlisted  as  a  private.  He  was  made  a  prisoner  at 
Petersburg.  Removing  to  New  York  after  the  war,  he  became  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Bar  of  the  metropolis.  From  1894  to  1899  he  was  judge  of 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  Besides  his  numerous  speeches,  he  has 
published  many  important  papers  and  sketches.  Hampden-Sidney  College 
gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

PRYOR,  SARA  AGNES.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  X,  page  4273. 

PUGH,  EDWARD  WILLIAMS.  Physician.  [N.C.].  Born  in 
1850.    He  published  a  number  of  poems. 

PUGH,  ELIZA  LOFTON,  author,  was  born  in  Bayou  Lafourche, 
La.,  in  1841.  Her  father  was  Colonel  George  Phillips  and  her  mother  a 
daughter  of  Judge  John  Rhea.  On  completing  her  education  in  New 
Orleans,  she  married  William  W.  Pugh,  a  planter.  Under  the  pen-name  of 
"Arria"  she  wrote  two  novels:  'Not  a  Hero'  (New  York,  1867)  and  'In  a 
Crucible'   (Philadelphia,  1871). 

PUGH,  JAMES  LAWRENCE,  United  States  Senator,  was  born 
in  Burke  County,  Ga.,  December  12,  1820,  but  at  an  early  age  re- 
moved to  Alabama,  studied  law,  served  in  both  Federal  and  Confederate 
Congresses,  and  for  several  terms  represented  Alabama  in  the  United 
States  Senate.  He  was  an  able  debater  and  an  eloquent  public  speaker. 
He  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  in  1907. 

PURDY,  AMELIA  V.  McCARTY.  Poet.  [Texas].  She  was  born 
in  1845  and  died  in  1881.  She  published  "First  Fruits,"  "Vocation," 
and  other  poems. 

PUREFOY,  GEORGE  W.  Baptist  clergyman.  He  published  an 
important  historical  account  entitled  'The  Sandy  Creek  Baptist  As- 
sociation, 1758- 1858'   (New  York,  Sheldon  and  Company,  1859). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       355 

PURINTON,  DANIEL  BOARDMAN.  He  was  born  in  Virginia, 
February  IS,  1850,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Jesse  M.  Purinton,  D.D.,  and 
■was  educated  at  West  Virginia  University.  He  married  Florence 
A.  Lyon.  From  1878  to  1890  he  held  successively  the  chairs  of  logic, 
mathematics,  and  metaphysics  in  the  University  of  West  Virginia; 
■was  president  of  Denison  University  for  eleven  years;  and  in  1901 
became  president  of  the  University  of  West  Virginia,  an  office  -which 
he  still  holds.  His  most  important  ■work  is  entitled,  'Christian  Theism.' 
The  University  of  Nashville  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  and  Denison 
College  the  degree  of  LL.D.     He  resides  in  Morgantown,  W.Va. 

PURVIS,  EVELYN  MARTIN,  educator,  -was  born  at  Free  Run, 
Miss.,  December  23,  1873.  Besides  a  number  of  fragments  ■which  have 
appeared  in  periodicals,  she  is  the  author  of  a  volume  of  'Poems'  (1903). 
She  is  engaged  in  teaching  at  Eden,  Miss. 

PURYEAR,   CHARLES.     Educator.      [Va.].     Ke  has  published 

several  text-books  on  mathematics. 

PUTNAM,  ALGERNON  WALDO,  author,  ■was  born  in  Marietta. 
Ohio,  March  11,  1799,  and  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  January  20,  1869. 
After  being  admitted  to  the  Bar  he  practiced  first  in  Mississippi,  but 
subsequently  removed  to  Tennessee,  locating  in  Nashville,  became  presi- 
dent of  the  Tennessee  Historical  Society,  and  published  'History  of  Middle 
Tennessee'  (Nashville,  1859),  'Life  and  Times  of  General  James  Robert- 
son' (1859),  and  "Life  of  General  John  Sevier,"  in  Wheeler's  'History  of 
North  Carolina.' 

PUTNAM,  SALLIE  A.,  Mrs.,  poet,  was  born  in  Madison  Court 
House,  Va.,  in  1845.  Her  maiden  name  was  Sallie  Brock.  She  was  edu- 
cated by  private  tutors  and  began  at  an  early  age  tO'  evince  unusual  literary 
gifts.  In  1883  she  married  Rev.  Richard  Putnam  of  New  York.  Under 
the  pen-name  of  "Virginia  Madison,"  she  wrote  for  the  press  and  pub- 
lished: 'Richmond  During  the  War,'  'Kenneth,  My  King,'  and  'Southern 
Amaranth.' 

PYRNELLE,  LOUISA  CLARKE,  author,  was  born  on  her  father's 
plantation,  "Ittabena,"  near  Uniontown,  Ala.,  in  1852,  of  distinguished 
colonial  stock,  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Richard  Clarke,  who  came  from  Peters- 
burg, Va.,  and  of  Elizabeth  Bates,  who  formerly  lived  in  Mobile._  When 
the  war  commenced,  Louisa  was  only  a  slip  of  a  girl.  Her  education  was, 
therefore,  rudely  interrupted ;  and  the  failure  of  ^  the  Southern  cause 
entailed  reverses  which  denied  her  further  opportunities.  At  sixteen  she 
became  a  governess ;  and  began  in  this  way  her  career  of  teaching.  She 
supplied  by  studious  habit  the  lack  of  collegiate  advantages,  and  developing 
a  talent  not  only  for  creative  authorship  but  also  for  dramatic  recitation, 
she  went  North  to  avail  herself  of  the  best  instruction.  Here  she  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  Mrs.  Siddons,  the  famous  actress,  who  made  her 
a  tempting  offer;  but  eventually  she  returned  to  the  South,  where  she 
married,  in  1880,  R.  H.  Pyrnelle,  since  deceased.  Her  married  life  was 
an  ideally  happy  one  and  inspired  her  most  successful  efforts.  Whether  in 
writing  stories  for  children  or  in  describing  plantation  scenes  of  the  old 
South,  her  pen  has  caught  the  fancy  of  the  public  and  she  stands  to-day  in 
the  front  rank  of  Southern  prose  writers.  Her  published  works  include: 
'Diddy,  Dumps  and  Tot'  (New  York.  Harper  and  Brothers,  1882),  'The 
Courtship  and  Marriage  of  Aunt  Flora'  (Birmingham,  1895),  and  'Miss 
Lil  Tweety'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers,  1907),  besides  numerous 
uncollected  short  stories  and  sketches. 

QUARLES,  JAMES  ADDISON.  Educator  and  divine.  He  was 
born  in  Cooper  County,  Mo.,  April  30,  1837,  a  son  of  Colonel  James 


356  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

and  Sarah  Ann  Quarles,  and  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia and  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary.  He  married  Caroline 
Wallace  Field.  He  became  professor  of  philosophy  in  Washington  and 
Lee  University,  in  1886.  Besides  numerous  reviews  and  articles  on 
secular  and  religious  subjects,  he  published  in  1884  a  'Life  of  F.  T. 
Kemper.'  Westminster  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  and  Central 
University  the  degree  of  LL.D.     He  died  in  Lexington,  Va..  in  1907. 

QUAYLE,  WILLIAM  ALFRED,  clergyman  and  author,  was  born 
in  Parkville,  Mo.,  June  25,  1860.  On  completing  his  education  he  entered 
the  ministry  of  the  M.E.  Church.  His  published  works  include : 
'The  Poet's  Poet,  and  Other  Essays'  (1898),  'A  Study  in  Current  Social 
Theories'  (1899),  'A  Hero,  and  Some  Other  Folk'  (1900),  'The  Blessed 
Life'  (1901),  'In  God's  Out-of -Doors'  (1902),  'Eternity  in  the  Heart' 
(1904),  and  'The  Prairies  and  the  Sea'  (1905).  He  holds  the  D.D.  and 
the  Litt.D.  degrees  and  is  at  present  pastor  of  St.  James  M.E.  Church, 
Chicago,  111. 

QUINN,  MINNIE.  Author  of  a  volume  entitled  'Violets  and 
Apple  Blossoms.'  For  several  years  she  taught  in  the  public  schools 
of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  but  now  resides  in  Texas. 

QUINTARD,  CHARLES  TODD,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop, 
was  born  in  Stamford,  Conn.,  December  22,  1824,  of  Huguenot  ancestry, 
received  his  degree  in  medicine  from  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  and  practiced  his  profession  for  some  time  in  Georgia.  But  in 
1855  he  took  orders,  became  an  eminent  Episcopal  divine,  served  the  First 
Tennessee  Regiment  in  the  capacity  of  chaplain,  to  which  were  also  fre- 
quently added  the  duties  of  physician  and  surgeon;  and  in  1865  he  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  Tennessee.  He  reestablished  the  University  of  the 
South,  at  Sewanee,  and  became  the  first  vice-chancellor.  He  received 
the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Columbia,  and  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Cam- 
bridge, England.  Some  of  his  sermons  have  been  published  in  book  form; 
and  they  evince  both  scholarship  and  thought. 

QUISENBERRY,  ANDERSON  Q.  Journalist.  For  many  years 
he  resided  in  Kentucky,  but  at  present  his  home  is  in  Washington, 
D.C.  What  is  said  to  be  the  most  fascinating  volume  in  many  re- 
spects issued  by  the  Filson  Club,  of  Louisville,  is  from  the  pen  of 
this  writer.  It  is  entitled:  'Lopez's  Expeditions  to  Cuba,  1850-1851.' 
He  intended  originally  to  write  a  novel  based  upon  the  incidents 
which  he  narrates. 

QTTITMAN,  JOHN  ANTHONY,  soldier  and  statesman,  was  born 
in  Rhinebeck,  N.Y.,  September  1,  1799,  and  died  in  Natchez,  Miss.,  July 
17,  1858.  He  was  educated  for  the  Lutheran  ministry;  but,  preferring 
the  law,  he  settled  for  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Natchez,  Miss., 
became  eminent  at  the  Bar  and  in  politics,  rose  to  the  rank  of  rnajor- 
general  in  the  Mexican  War,  became  governor  of  the  State,  served  re- 
peatedly in  Congress,  and  received  votes  for  the  vice-presidency  in  two 
national  Democratic  Conventions.  He  was  an  ardent  advocate  of  states' 
rights  and  also  favored  the  annexation  of  Cuba.  'The  Life  and  Corre- 
spondence of  John  A.  Quitman,  Major-general,  U.S.A.,  and  Governor  of 
the  State  of  Mississippi'  was  published  by  J.  F.  H.  Claiborne  (New  York, 
1860). 

RADER,  PERRY  S.  Author.  [Mo.].  He  wrote  a  'School  His- 
tory of  Missouri'  (1891). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       357 

RAGSDALE,  LULAH.  Author.  [Miss.].  She  published  'A 
Shadow's  Shadow'  (1893),  'Sweet  Mistress  Prue,'  a  drama  and  num- 
erous uncollected  poems. 

RAINES,  C.  W.  Lawyer.  [Texas].  He  published  a  'Bibliography 
of  Texas'  (1896). 

RAINS,  GEORGE  WASHINGTON,  soldier  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Craven  County,  N.C.,  in  1817,  received  his  education  at  West 
Point,  and  served  with  distinction  in  the  Mexican  War  and  in  the  troubles 
with  the  Seminole  Indians.  Later  he  resigned  to  enter  business.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  established  at  Augusta,  Ga.,  the  famous 
Confederate  powder  works,  of  which  he  remained  in  charge  until  the  close 
of  hostilities.  He  attained  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  Subsequent  to 
the  war,  he  engaged  in  educational  work.  He  published  a  treatise  on 
'Steam  Portable  Engines'  (Newburg,  N.Y.,  1860),  a  'History  of  the 
Confederate  Powder  Works'  (Augusta,  1882),  'Analytical  and  Applied 
Chemistry'   (Augusta,  1872),  and  'Chemical  Analysis'   (New  York,  1879). 

RALSTON,  THOMAS  NEELY,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Bourbon 
County,  Ky.,  March  3,  1806,  received  his  education  at  Georgetown  College, 
and  became  an  eminent  Methodist  divine  and  educator.  Wesleyan  Univer- 
sity made  him  a  D.D.  He  published  'Elements  of  Divinity'  (Louisville, 
1847),  'Evidences,  Morals,  -and  Institutions  of  Christianity*  (Nashville, 
1870),  'Ecce  Unitas'  (Cincinnati,  1870),  and  'Bible  Truths'  (1879). 

RAMAGE,  BURR  JAMES,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Newberry,  S.C, 
July  1,  1858.  For  several  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  faculty  of  the 
University  of  the  South,  at  Sewanee,  Tenn.  At  the  present  time  he  is 
special  attorney  before  the  Bureau  of  Corporations  in  the  Department  of 
Commerce  and  Labor  in  Washington,  D.C.  From  1900  to  1904  he  was 
associate  editor  of  the  Sewanee  Review.  Besides  numerous  documents 
for  the  Government,  he  has  written  magazine  and  newspaper  articles  on 
historical,  economic  and  legal  subjects.  The  sketch  of  Hugh  Swinton 
Legare  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen.  He  mar- 
ried, February  24,  1897,  Harriet  Page  Bird. 

RAMSAY,  DAVID.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
X,  page  4295. 

RAMSAY,  FRANKLIN  PIERCE,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Pike 
County,  Ala.,  March  30,  1856.  Dr.  Ramsay  has  not  only  attained  distinc- 
tion in  the  pulpit,  but  has  also  published  several  theological  works,  among 
them,,  an  'Exposition  of  the  Book  of  Church  Order'  (Richmond,  Va., 
The  Presbyterian  Committee  of  Publication,  1898),  'The  Question'  (New 
York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1909),  and  'A 
Study  of  Genesis'  (in  press).    He  resides  in  Chicago,  111. 

RAMSAY,  JAMES  GATTYS  McGREGOR.  Physician  and  his- 
torian. Most  of  his  life  was  spent  in  Tennessee,  where  he  died,  in  1884, 
at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty-eight.  He  published  'Annals  of  Tennessee' 
(Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company). 

RAMSAY,  ROBERT  LEE,  educator,  was  born  in  Sumter,  S.C, 
December  14,  1880.  After  graduating,  he  became  an  instructor  in  English 
at  the  University  of  Missouri.  He  has  published  'Magnyfycence :  a  Moral 
Play  by  John  Skelton,'  edited  with  introduction,  notes,  and  glossary  for 
the  Early  English  Text  Society  (London,  1906),  'The  West  Saxon  Psalms,' 
edited  from  the  manuscript,  in  collaboration  with  Professor  J.  W.  Bright, 
of  Johns  Hopkins,  for  the  Belles-lettres  Series  (Boston  and  London, 
1907),  and  'Principles  of  Modern  Punctuation,'  issued  by  the  department 


358  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

of  journalism,  University  of  Missouri,  in  1908.     He  received  the  Ph.D. 
degree  from  Johns  Hopkins. 

RANCK,  GEORGE  W.  Author.  He  was  born  in  Louisville,  Ky., 
was  educated  at  the  University  of  Kentucky.  His  wife  was  Helen 
Carty.  He  devoted  much  time  to  historical  research,  especially  in 
Kentucky  archives,  and  published  the  following  books:  'History  of 
Lexington,  Ky.'  (Cincinnati,  The  Robert  Clarke  Company),  'Girty, 
the  White  Indian,'  'The  Traveling  Church,'  'The  Story  of  Bryan's 
Station,'  'The  Bivouac  of  the  Dead  and  its  Author,'  and  'Boonsborough,' 
an  historical  account  published  by  the  Filson  Club.     He  died  in  1900. 

RAND,  MARION  HOWARD,  author,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  January  5,  1824,  and  died  in  Grahamville,  S.C,  June  9,  1849.  She 
lived  for  several  years  in  the  South.  Some  of  the  best  magazines  of  the 
day,  including  Godey's  and  Graham's,  published  her  contributions,  and 
specimens  of  her  verse  may  be  found  in  Read's  'Female  Poets  of  America' 
and  in  May's  'American  Female  Poets.'  She  possessed  exceptional  gifts, 
but  her  early  death  prevented  the  full  fruition  of  her  genius. 

RANDALL,    JAMES    RYDER.      See    Biographical    and    Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  X,  page  4309. 

RANDOLPH,  ALFRED  MAGILL,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop 
of  Southern  Virginia,  was  born  in  Winchester,  Va.,  in  1836,  the  son 
of  Robert  Lee  Randolph,  and  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary  College. 
Soon  after  completing  his  special  equipment  for  the  ministry,  the  war 
began;  and  for  three  years  he  was  a  Confederate  chaplain.  At  the  close 
of  hostilities,  he  became  rector  of  Emanuel  Church,  in  Baltimore.  Later 
he  became  bishop  coadjutor  of  Virginia;  and,  finally,  in  1892,  bishop  of 
Southern  Virginia.  He  is  the  author  of  an  important  work  entitled 
'Reason,  Faith,  and  Authority  in  Christianity  (New  York,  Thomas  Whit- 
taker).  'Sermons  and  Addresses'  has  also  appeared  in  book  form.  He 
resides  at  Norfolk,  Va.  Bishop  Randolph  has  received  the  degree  of  D.D. 
from  William  and  Mary,  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Washington  and  Lee, 
and  the  degree  of  D.C.L.  from  the  University  of  the  South. 

RANDOLPH,  E.  A.  [Va.].  He  wrote  a  'Life  of  John  Jasper' 
(1884). 

RANDOLPH,  EDMUND,  jurist  and  lawyer,  was  born  in  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  June  9,  1820,  and  died  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  September  8, 
1861.  For  several  years  after  completing  his  education,  he  was  clerk  of 
the  United  States  Circuit  Court  for  Louisiana,  but  afterward  settled  in 
California,  participated  in  the  work  of  organizing  the  State  government, 
and  became  an  eminent  member  of  the  Bar.  He  died  while  advocating 
the  claims  of  the  United  States  Government  in  the  famous  Almada  mine 
case ;  and  for  his  services  in  this  important  litigation  his  widow  received 
$12,000.  He  published  'An  Address  on  the  History  of  California  from 
the  Discovery  of  the  Country  to  the  Year  1849'   (San  Francisco,  1860). 

RANDOLPH,  EDMUND  JENNINGS,  statesman,  was  born  in 
Williamsburg,  Va.,  August  10,  17S3,  and  died  in  Clarke  County,  Va.,  Sep- 
tember 13,  1813.  He  was  distinguished  for  scholarship  and  eloquence, 
became  the  first  attorney-general  of  Virginia,  served  in  Congress  for 
two  years,  occupied  the  oifice  of  governor  from  1786  to  1788,  took  an 
active  part  in  the  proceedings  of  the  convention  that  framed  the  Constitu- 
tion, and  caused  the  elimination  of  the  word  "slavery"  from  the  great 
document.  Against  the  powerful  opposition  of  Patrick  Henry,  he  was 
largely  instrumental  in  securing  the  ratification  of  the  Constitution  in 
Virginia.    He  subsequently  entered  the  Cabinet  of  Washington,  becoming 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       359 

first  Attorney-general,  and  afterward  Secretary  of  State.  On  relinquish- 
ing office  he  wrote  'The  Vindication  of  Mr.  Randolph's  Resignation'  and 
'Political  Truths;  or,  Animadversions  on  the  Past  and  Present  State  of 
Public  Affairs.'  He  was  the  victim  of  overwhelming  misfortunes,  which 
involved  heavy  loss  and  litigation,  but  he  speedily  resumed  his  place  at 
the  head  of  the  Virginia  Bar,  became  one  of  the  counsel  for  Aaron  Burr 
in  his  trial  at  Richmond,  and  wrote  an  important  'History  of  Virginia,' 
the  manuscript  of  which  is  in  the  possession  of  the  Virginia  Historical 
Society  at  Richmond. 

RANDOLPH,  INNES,  lawyer  and  poet,  was  born  in  Winchester, 
Va.,  October  25,  1837,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  April  29,  1887.  He  was 
a  man  of  rare  talents,  with  early  predilections  for  both  music  and  art,  but 
after  serving  in  the  Confederate  Army  he  settled  in  Baltimore  for  the 
practice  of  law  and  incidentally  began  to  contribute  poems  and  sketches 
to  the  newspapers.  At  length  he  relinquished  the  legal  profession  and 
became  an  editorial  writer  on  the  Baltimore  American,  a  position  which 
he  held  for  the  remainder  of  his  days.  Among  his  best  known  poems  are 
"Twilight  at  Hollywood,"  "The  Good  Old  Rebel,"  and  an  "Ode  to  John 
Marshall."  After  his  death,  a  volume  of  his  verse  was  edited  by  his  son, 
Professor  Harold  Randolph. 

RANDOLPH,  JOHN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
X,  page  4329. 

RANDOLPH,  SIR  JOHN,  lawyer,  was  born  on  Turkey  Island, 
Va.,  in  1693,  and  died  in  Williamsburg,  Va.,  in  1737.  He  studied  both  at 
home  and  abroad,  became  eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and  while  on  a  visit  to 
England  to  obtain  a  renewal  of  the  charter  of  William  and  Mary  College, 
his  alma  mater,  he  was  knighted.  He  expected  to  write  an  historical 
narrative  of  Virginia,  but  on  account  of  professional  engagements  he 
merely  drafted  an  outline,  which  was  subsequently  expanded  by  William 
Stith,  his  nephew. 

RANDOLPH,  PEYTON,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Williamsburg,  Va., 
in  1779,  and  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  in  1828.  For  many  years  he  was 
clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Virginia,  and  six  volumes  of  'Virginia 
Reports'  came  from  his  pen  (Richmond,  1823-1829). 

RANDOLPH,  PEYTON,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Williamsburg,  Va., 
Williamsburg,  Va.,  in  1721,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  October  22, 
1775.  He  studied  law  in  London  and  became  the  King's  attorney  for 
Virginia.  He  also  served  in  the  House  of  Burgesses,  resisted  the  oppres- 
sive measures  of  the  British  Crown,  carried  successfully  an  appeal  to 
the  throne  for  relief  against  the  land  tax,  revised  the  early  Virginia  laws, 
resigned  his  lucrative  office  when  relations  between  the  mother  country 
and  the  colonies  became  tense,  and  was  the  first  president  of  the  Continen- 
tal Congress.  He  died  while  attending  to  his  legislative  duties  in  Phila- 
delphia; but  his  body  was  brought  to  Williamsburg  and  interred  in  the 
chapel  of  William  and  Mary  College.  He  was  several  times  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Burgesses. 

RANDOLPH,  SARAH  NICHOLAS,  author,  was  born  in  Edge 
Hill,  near  Charlottesville,  Va.,  October  12,  1839,  and  was  the  daughter 
of  Thomas  Jefferson  Randolph,  Jefferson's  grandson  and  biographer. 
She  enjoyed  excellent  educational  advantages  and  for  several  years  con- 
ducted a  school  in  Baltimore.  She  published  'The  Domestic  Life  of 
Thomas  Jefferson'  (New  York,  1871),  "The  Lord  Will  Provide,"  a  paper 
on  Martha  Jefferson  Randolph  in  Mrs.  Wister's  'Famous  Women  of  the 
Revolution'  (Philadelphia,  1876),  and  'Life  of  Stonewall  Jackson,'  besides 
frequent  contributions  to  the  periodicals.     She  died  in  1897. 


360  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

RANDOLPH,  THOMAS  JEFFERSON,  author,  was  born  in 
Monticello,  Va.,  September  12,  1798,  and  died  in  Edge  Hill,  Va.,  October  8, 
1875.  His  mother  was  the  daughter  of  Thomas  Jefferson.  He  acquired 
large  means;  and,  after  the  sale  of  Jefferson's  property,  debts  to  the 
amount  of  forty  thousand  dollars  were  assumed  by  him  out  of  regard  for 
his  grandfather's  honor.  As  the  literary  executor  of  the  great  statesman 
he  published,  in  four  volumes,  'The  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Thomas 
Jefferson'  (Boston,  1829).  He  was  also  a  financier,  secured  the  passage 
of  a  tax  bill,  which  put  the  finances  of  Virginia  on  a  secure  basis,  and 
wrote  'Sixty  Years'  Reminiscences  of  the  Currency  of  the  United  States,' 
a  pamphlet  of  some  historical  interest.  He  was'  rector  of  the  University 
of  Virginia  for  seven  years. 

RANKIN,  JOHN,  clergyman,  was  born  near  Dandridge,  Tenn., 
February  4,  1793,  and  died  in  Ironton,  Ohio,  March  18,  1886.  He  was  a 
Presbyterian,  and  for  several  years  held  pastorates  in  Kentucky;  but  he 
afterward  moved  into  Ohio,  joined  the  Garrison  anti-slavery  crusade,  and 
was  several  times  mobbed  for  his  views.  He  is  said  to  have  assisted 
Eliza,  the  original  of  one  of  the  characters  in  'Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,'  to 
escape.  He  published  'The  Covenant  of  Grace'  (Pittsburg,  1869).  His 
biography  was  written  by  the  Rev.  Alexander  Richie   (Cincinnati,  1876). 

RANKIN,  JOHN  CHAMBERS.  Clergyman.  [N.C.].  He  was 
born  in  1816  and  died  in  1900.    He  published  'The  Coming  of  our  Lord.' 

RANSOM,  MATTHEW  WHITAKER,  soldier  and  statesman, 
was  born  in  Warren  County,  N.C,  October  8,  1826.  He  received  his 
education  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  chose  the  profession  of 
law,  became  attorney-general  of  the  State,  opposed  secession,  but  acqui- 
esced in  the  result,  attained  the  rank  of  major-general  in  the  Confederate 
Army,  and  for  several  terms  represented  the  State  with  great  distinction 
in  the  United  States  Senate.  He  was  an  eloquent  public  speaker,  cultured 
and  brilliant.     General  Ransom  died  in  1904. 

RAPER,  CHARLES  LEE,  educator,  was  born  in  High  Point, 
N.C,  March  10,  1870.  He  is  dean  of  the  graduate  school  and  professor 
of  economics  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  and  author  of  the 
following  works :  'The  Church  and  Private  Schools  of  North  Carolina' 
(1898),  'North  Carolina:  a  Study  in  English  Colonial  Government'  (New 
York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1904),  and  'The  Principles  of  Wealth  and 
Welfare'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1906). 

RATHBORNE,  ST.  GEORGE,  author,  was  the  son  of  Captain 
G.  L.  Rathborne,  and  was  born  in  Covington,  Ky.,  December  26,  1854.  Off 
completing  his  studies  he  became  an  editor,  first  in  Chicago  and  afterward 
in  New  York.  For  several  years  he  has  spent  his  winters  in  Florida, 
where  he  owns  a  pineapple  plantation  on  the  Indian  River.  He  is  the 
author  of  numerous  stories,  chiefly  for  young  readers,  among  the  number 
being:  'Baron  Sam'  (New  York,  Street  and  Smith),  'Captain  Tom' 
(ibid.),  'Colonel  by  Brevet'  (ibid.),  'Dr.  Jack'  (ibid.),  'Dr.  Jack's  Wife' 
(ibid.),  'The  Fair  Maid  of  Fez'  (itirf.),  'The  Girl  from  Hong  Kong' 
(ibid.),  'Her  Rescue  from  the  Turks'  (ibid.),  'Major  Matterson  of  Ken- 
tucky' (ibid.),  'Miss  Fairfax  of  Virginia'  (ibid.),  'Little  Miss  Millions' 
(ibid.),  'At  Swords'  Points'  (ibid.),  'A  Daughter  of  Russia'  (ibid.),  'Sun- 
set Ranch'  (ibid.),  'Down  in  Dixie'  (ibid.),  'Teddy's  Enchantress'  (ibid.), 
'Dr.  Jack's  Paradise  Mine'  (ibid.),  'Young  Castaways'  (Akron,  Ohio,  The 
Saalficld  Publishing  Company),  'Boy  Voyagers  of  the  Nile'  (ibid.),  'Down 
the  Amazon,'  and  'Adrift  on  a  Junk'   (ibid.). 

RAVENEL,  H.  E.  [S.C.].  He  published  'The  Ravenel  Records' 
(1898). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       361 

RAVENEL,  HARRIOTT  HORRY.  Author.  She  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.C.,  August  12,  1832,  a  daughter  of  Edward  Cotesworth, 
of  the  United  States  Navy  and  Rebecca  Motte  Rutledge.  She  was 
educated  in  private  schools  and  by  tutors  at  home,  and  married,  in 
1851,  Dr.  St.  Julien  Ravenel,  an  eminent  physician.  Her  writings, 
which  reveal  exceptional  culture,  include:  'Ashurst,'  a  novel,  'Life  of 
Eliza  Pinckney,'  'Life  and  Times  of  William  Lowndes  of  South  Caro- 
lina,' (Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Company),  and  'Charleston, 
the  Place  and  the  People'  (The  Macmillan  Company).  She  resides 
in  Charleston,  S.C. 

RAVENEL,  HENRY  WILLIAM,  botanist,  was  born  in  St.  John's 
Parish,  Berkeley,  S.C,  May  19,  1814,  and  died  in  Aiken,  S.C,  July  17, 
1887.  He  chose  the  life  of  a  planter;  and,  on  completing  his  education 
at  South  Carolina  College,  he  settled  at  St.  John's,  pursued  with  great  en- 
thusiasm the  study  of  nature,  and  discovered  many  new  species  of  crypto- 
grams, on  which  subject  he  became  an  authority  of  international  reputation. 
The  University  of  North  Carolina  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  Besides  contributing  to  the  scientific  journals,  he  published  'Fungi 
Caroliniani  Exsiccati,'  in  five  volumes  (Charleston,  18S3-1860),  and,  with 
Mordecai  C  Cook,  of  London,  'Americani  Exsiccati,'  in  eight  volumes 
(1878-1882). 

RAVENSCROFT,  JOHN  STARK,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop, 
was  born  near  Blandford,  Va.,  in  1772,  and  died  in  Williamsborough,  N.C, 
March  5,  1830.  He  achieved  distinction  in  the  pulpit  and  became  the  first 
bishop  of  North  Carolina.  The  degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  William  and  Mary  College  and  also  by  Columbia.  Two  volumes  of 
his  sermons  were  published  after  his  death,  with  a  memoir  bv  Bishop 
Wainwright   (New  York,  1830). 

RAY,  JOHN,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Washington  County,  Mo.,  Oc- 
tober 14,  1816,  and  died  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  in  1888.  He  achieved  dis- 
tinction at  the  Bar  and  became  prominent  in  politics.  In  1873  he  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  by  the  "Kellogg"  Legislature,  but  was 
not  seated.  He  published,  in  two  volumes,  'Ray's  Digest  of  the  Laws  of 
Louisiana'   (New  Orleans,  1870). 

RAYMOND,  EVELYN  HUNT.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Water- 
town,  N.Y.,  November  6,  1843,  a  daughter  of  Alvin  Hunt.  She  was 
educated  in  private  schools  and  at  Mount  Holyoke  Seminary.  Besides 
numerous  short  stories,  Mrs.  Raymond  has  published  several  novels,  inclu- 
ding 'Mixed  Pickles'  (1892),  'Monica'  (1893),  'The  Mushroom  Cove' 
(189S),  and  'Among  the  Lindens.'     She  resides  in  Baltimore,  Md. 

RAYMOND,  JAMES,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Connecticut,  in  1796, 
and  died  in  Westminster,  Md.,  in  1858.  He  was  a  lawyer  of  high  attain- 
ments and  was  also  versed  in  letters.  He  published  a  'Digest  of  Maryland 
Chancery  Decisions'  (New  York,  1839),  and  a  volume  in  opposition  to 
"Know-Nothingism.'' 

RAYMOND,  W.  M.  [Va.].  He  published  a  work  entitled  'Cit- 
ronaloes.' 

RAYMOND,  ZILLAH.  Author.  [N.C].  She  wrote  'Then  and 
Now;  or.  Faith's  First  School'  (1893). 

RAYNER,  ISIDOR,  United  States  Senator,  was, born  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  April  11,  1850,  and  was  educated  at  the  Universities  of  Mary- 
land and  Virginia,  and  from  the  latter  institution  received  also  his 
diploma  in  law.    He  was  duly  admitted  to  the  Bar,  advanced  rapidly  to 


362  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

the  front  in  his  profession,  and  in  1886  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a 
Democrat,  after  holding  various  offices  of  distinction  in  the  State.  Twice 
he  was  chosen  to  succeed  himself  in  this  high  forum,  but  he  declined 
another  nomination  and  was  elected  attorney-general  of  Maryland,  a 
position  which  he  ably  filled  for  four  years.  On  the  death  of  Honorable 
Louis  E.  McComas,  a  Republican,  he  was  elected  to  succeed  him  in  the 
United  States  Senate  for  the  tenn  beginning  March  4,  1905.  As  an  advo- 
cate his  powers  are  of  the  very  highest  order;  and  his  speeches  in  both 
Houses  of  Congress  are  masterpieces  of  cogent  logic.  Senator  Rayner 
is  one  of  the  advisory  council  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.' 
He  resides  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  when  official  duties  do  not  require  his 
presence  at  the  seat  of  government. 

READ,  OPIE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  X,  page 
4357. 

REAGAN,  JOHN  HENNINGER,  statesman,  was  born  in  Sevier 
County,  Tenn.,  in  1818,  and  spent  his  boyhood  on  a  farm.  After  com- 
pleting his  education,  he  settled  in  Texas  for  the  practice  of  law,  was 
made  Superior  Court  judge  in  1852,  and  sent  to  Congress  in  1857.  On  the 
organization  of  the  Southern  Confederacy,  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  Pro- 
visional Congress  at  Montgomery,  Ala.,  and  was  Confederate  postmaster 
from  1862  to  1865.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  captured  with  Presi- 
dent Davis  and  imprisoned  at  Fort  Warren.  It  was  while  he  was  incar- 
cerated at  this  place  that  he  wrote  his  celebrated  letter  to  the  people 
of  Texas,  advising  them  to  confer  civil  rights  upon  the  negro  and  to  admit 
the  more  intelligent  to  suffrage,  lest  measures  still  more  radical  should 
follow.  For  several  years  after  the  war  he  served  in  Congress;  and  from 
1887  to  1891  he  was  a  member  of  the  United  States  Senate,  resigning  to 
become  chairman  of  the  Texas  State  Railroad  Commission.  His  'Memoirs' 
(New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1900), 
which  deal  with  an  eventful  period  in  the  nation's  life,  are  written  in  an 
interesting  narrative  vein.  He  died  in  1905,  at  Palestine,  Texas,  the  last 
surviving  member  of  the  Confederate  Cabinet. 

READE,  WILLOUGHBY,  educator  and  lecturer,  was  born  in 
London,  England,  July  9,  1865,  but  came  to  the  United  States  when  a  lad. 
His  father  was  Willoughby  Reade,  distinguished  throughout  the  South  as 
a  lecturer  and  public  reader,  and  the  son  has  successfully  followed  in  the 
parental  footsteps.  For  fifteen  years  the  latter  has  been  at  the  head  of 
the  department  of  English  and  elocution  in  the  Episcopal  High  School  of 
Virginia  at  Alexandria.  He  has  also  published  several  volumes,  among  them, 
'England  and  the  Continent'  (1891),  'The  Epic  of  King  Arthur'  (1900), 
'When  Hearts  Were  True,'  a  collection  of  short  stories  illustrative  of  life  in 
Virginia  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company, 
1907),  'The  Man  at  the  Throttle,  and  Other  Poems'  (in  press),  and 
'Konnarock,  and  Other  Stories  of  the  Virginia  Mountains'  (in  prepara- 
tion). He  married,  June  26,  1894,  Mary  W.  Robertson,  granddaughter  of 
ex-Governor  Wyndham  Robertson  of  Virginia. 

REAMY,  THADDEUS  ASBURY,  physician  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Frederick  County,  April  28,  1829,  but  early  in  life  moveS* 
to  Ohio,  became  an  eminent  medical  practitioner  and  professor  of  medi- 
cine, and  published  a  number  of  medical  text-books. 

REAVIS,  LOGAN  URIAH,  journalist,  was  born  in  Illinois,  in 
1831,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  in  1889.  For  years  he  conducted  a  campaign 
in  the  interest  of  securing  the  removal  of  the  national  capitol  from  Wash- 
ington to  St.  Louis.  Besides  numerous  pamphlets  in  exploitation  of  this 
idea,  he  published  'St.  Louis,  the  Future  Great  City  of  the  World'  (1867), 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       363 

a  'Life  of  Horace  Greeley,  with  an  Introduction  by  Cassius  M.  Clay' 
(1882),  'Thoughts  for  the  Youn^r  Men  and  Women  of  America'  (1873),  a 
'Life  of  General  William  S.  Harney'  (1875),  and  other  works. 

REDE,  WYLLYS.  Clergyman.  He  was  born  in  Monmouth, 
111.,  August  7,  18S9,  the  son  of  Alvin  Hart  and  Miriam  Rede,  and 
was  educated  at  home  and  abroad.  He  married,  in  1895,  Carolyn 
Potter.  Since  entering  the  ministry  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  most  of  his  parishes  have  been  in  the  South.  He  became 
rector  of  the  church  at  Brunswick,  Ga.,  in  1902.  Besides  editing  The 
Church  in  Georgia,  he  has  written  'Striving  for  the  Mastery'  and  'The 
Communion  of  Saints,'  both  published  by  Longmans  Green  and  Com- 
pany, New  York.  St.  John's  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  He 
resides  in  Brunswick,  Ga. 

REDFORD,  A.  H.  Author.  He  wrote  'The  Life  and  Times  of 
Bishop  Kavanaugh'  (Nashville,  1884). 

REDWAY,  JACQUES  WARDLAW,  geographer,  was  born  near 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  May  S,  1849,  but  early  in  life  moved  to  California, 
received  his  education  at  the  University  of  California,  and  achieved  dis- 
tinction in  the  educational  world  of  the  West.  He  also  became  an 
extensive  traveler,  and  published  a  series  of  geographies. 

BEED,  JOHN  CALVIN,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born  in  Appling, 
Ga.,  February  24,  1836.  On  completing  his  collegiate  course  at  Princeton, 
he  studied  law  and  became  one  of  the  foremost  legal  scholars  at  the  Bar 
of  Georgia.  He  published  several  law  books,  among  them,  'Georgia 
Criminal  LaV  (1873),  'Practical  Suggestions  for  the  Preparation  and 
Trial  of  Causes'  (New  York,  1875),  'American  Law  Studies'  (Boston, 
1882),  and  'Conduct  of  Law-suits'  (Boston,  1885),  an  enlarged  edition 
of  'Practical  Suggestions,'  concerning  which  work  Wigraore  says  "it  is 
the  most  sensible  and  systematic  modern  book  of  this  kind."  He  also 
published  a  volume  entitled  'The  Brothers'  War'  (Boston,  Little, 
Brown  and  Company,  1905),  a  work  of  exceptional  interest  and  value, 
which  has  delighted  both  Northern  and  Southern  critics  and  contributed 
to  the  Uncle  Remus  Home  Magazine  a  number  of  articles  on  the  famous 
Ku  Klux,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  organizers  (1908-1909).  The 
latest  production  of  his  pen  was  a  series  of  articles  for  'The  South  in  the 
Building  of  the  Nation.'  He  also  wrote  numerous  historical  monographs. 
Colonel  Reed  died  at  the  home  of  his  son  in  Montgomery,  Ala.,  January 
12,  1910. 

REED,  RICHARD  CLARK,  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  educa- 
tor, occupies  the  chair  of  Church  history  in  the  theological  seminary  at 
Columbia,  S.C.  His  published  works  include:  'The  Gospel  as  Taught  by 
Calvin'  (Richmond,  The  Presbyterian  Committee  of  Publication,  1896), 
and  'The  History  of  the  Presbyterian  Churches  of  the  World'  {ihid., 
1906).  He  has  also  published  a  number  of  monographs,  among  them, 
'Athenasius,'  'John  Knox :  His  Field  and  His  Work,'  and  'John  Calvin's 
Contribution  to  the  Reformation.'  The  last  is  included  in  a  volume  of 
'Calvin  Memorial  Addresses'  {ibid.,  1909).  He  married,  October  17,  1876, 
Mary  Canty  Venable.  Dr.  Reed  has  received  both  the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D. 
degrees. 

REED,  WALLACE  PUTNAM.  Editorial  writer.  For  many 
years  he  was  on  the  staff  of  the  Atlanta  Constitution.  Besides  contributing 
to  'Memoirs  of  Georgia'  the  chapter  on  "Literature,"  he  published  an 
elaborate  'History  of  Atlanta'  (Pittsburg,  D.  Mason  and  Company),  arid 
was  the  author  of  many  charming  sketches  and  monographs.  He  died  in 
1903. 


364  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

REEDER,  CHARLES,  manufacturer,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
MA,  October  31,  1817,  became  a  constructor  of  marine  steam-engines,  and 
owned  the  Tennessee,  the  first  steamship  to  ply  between  Baltimore  and 
Europe.  He  published  'Caloric:  a  Review  of  the  Dynamic  Theory  of 
Heat'  (Baltimore,  1887). 

REESE,  LEVI  H.,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Hartford  County,  Md., 
February  8,  1806,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  September  21,  18S1.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Baltimore  and  entered  the  Metho- 
dist pulpit,  but  afterward  seceded  on  the  organization  of  the  Methodist 
Protestants.  He  was  an  ardent  Prohibitionist,  and  at  one  time  was  chap- 
lain to  Congress.  He  published  'Obligations  of  the  Sabbath'  and  'Thoughts 
of  an  Itinerant.' 

REESE,  LIZETTE  WOODWORTH.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  X,  page  4379. 

REESE,  THOMAS.  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  educator. 
[S.C.].  He  was  born  in  1742  and  died  in  1794.  He  published  an  able 
essay  on  'The  Influence  of  Religion  on  Civil  Society^  (1788),  besides 
a  number  of  sermons.     Princeton  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D, 

RIVES,  JUDITH  PAGE  WALKER,  author,  was  born  in  Castle 
Hill,  Va.,  March  24,  1802,  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen  married  the  Honora- 
ble William  Cabell  Rives.  She  accompanied  her  husband  oil  his  missions 
to  France,  and  embodied  her  recollections  in  two  interesting  volumes : 
'Souvenirs  of  a  Residence  in  Europe'  (Philadelphia,  1842),  and  'Home 
and  the  World'  (New  York,  1857).  She  also  published  'The  Canary-Bird' 
(Philadelphia,  1835),  and  'Epitome  of  the  Holy  Bible'  (Charlottesville, 
1846).    She  died  at  Castle  Hill,  Va.,  January  23,  1882. 

REEVES,  MARIAN  CALHOUN  LEGAR^,  author,  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  in  1854,  and  began  her  literary  career  some  time  in 
the  'sixties.  Under  the  pen-name  of  "Fadette,"  she  produced  several 
interesting  volumes,  among  them:  'Ingemisco'  (New  York,  1867),  'Ran- 
dolph Honor,'  'Maid  of  Arcadie,'  and  'Sea-Drift'  (Philadelphia,  1869), 
'Old  Martin  Boscawen's  Jest,'  with  Emily  Read  (New  York,  1878),  'Pilot 
Fortune'  (Boston,  1883),  and  other  works. 

REICHEL,  LEVIN  THEODORE.  Moravian  bishop.  For  years 
he  labored  at  Salem,  N.C.,  though  he  was  born  in  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  March 
4,  1812.  Later  he  was  consecrated  to  the  Episcopacy  at  Herrnhut,  Saxony, 
where  he  died.  May  23,  1878.  He  published  'The  Moravians  in  North 
Carolina'  (1857),  and  a  'History  of  Nazareth  Hall'  (1855),  besides  leaving 
in  manuscript  a  'History  of  the  American  Branch  of  the  Moravian 
Church.'    William  Cornelius  Reichel  was  his  nephew. 

REICHEL,  WILLIAM  CORNELIUS,  author,  was  born  in  Salem, 
N.C.,  of  Moravian  stock,  May  9,  1824,  and  died  in  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  October 
15,  1876.  For  several  years  he  was  a  professor  in  Moravian  schools.  He 
was  also  a  writer  of  tireless  industry  and  research.  Among  his  publica- 
tions are  included,  a  "History  of  Nazareth  Hall,"  written  for  Eagle's  'His- 
tory of  Pennsylvania'  (Philadelphia,  1855),  a  'History  of  Bethlehem 
Seminary'  (1858),  'Moravianism  in  New  York  and  Connecticut'  (1860), 
'Memorials  of  the  Moravian  Church'  (1870),  'Wyalusing'  (1871),  'Names 
Given  by  the  Lenni  Lenape,  or  Delaware  Indians,  to  Rivers,  etc'  (1872), 
'A  Red  Rose  from  the  Olden  Time'  (Philadelphia,  1872),  The  Crown  Inn 
near  Bethlehem'  (1872),  and  other  works.  He  also  revised  Heckwelder's 
'History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Indians'   (Philadelphia,  1876). 

"REID,  CHRISTIAN."    See  Tiernan,  Frances  Fisher. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       365 

REID,  J.  W.  Author.  [S.C]  He  wrote  a  'History  of  the  Fourth 
Regiment  of  South  Carolina  Volunteers,  1861-1865.' 

REID,  SAM  CHESTER,  lawyer  and  journalist,  was  born 
in  New  York  City,  October  21,  1818,  but  settled  in  Mississippi,  where  he 
read  law  under  John  A.  Quitman.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  War,  re- 
ported the  proceedings  of  the  Louisiana  Secession  Convention,  and  during 
the  Civil  War  was  correspondent  for  several  Southern  papers.  After  the 
close  of  hostilities  he  resumed  the  legal  practice.  He  published :  'The 
Scouting  Expeditions  of  McCulloch's  Texas  Rangers'  (Philadelphia, 
1847),  'The  Battle  of  Chickamauga'  (Mobile,  1863),  'The  Daring  Raid  of 
General  John  H.  Morgan  in  Ohio'  (Atlanta,  1864),  and  'The  United  States 
Bankrupt  Law  of  1841,'  besides  several  minor  works.  He  also  wrote  a 
'Life  of  Aaron  Burr,'  but  the  manuscript  was  destroyed  by  fire.  He 
established  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  Brazil  Steamship  Company  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo. 

REILEY,  MARY  TRIMBLE.  Poet.  [La.].  She  published  a 
volume  of  'Poems'  (Clinton,  La.,  1879). 

REIMENSNYDER,  JUNIUS  BENJAMIN,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Staunton,  Va.,  February  24,  1841,  received  his  educational  equipment 
at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  preached  for  a  while  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  and  afterward 
in  New  York.  He  published  'Heavenward;  or,  the  Race  for  the  Crown 
of  Life'  (Philadelphia,  1874),  'Christian  Unity'  (Savannah,  1876),  'Doom 
Eternal'  (Philadelphia,  1880),  and  "The  Six  Days  of  Creation.'  Newberry 
College,  South  Carolina,  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

RELF,  SAMUEL,  journalist,  was  born  in  Virginia,  March  22, 
1776,  and  died  in  Virginia,  February  14,  1823.  When  a  child  he  was  taken 
to  Philadelphia,  where  he  owned  and  edited  for  years  the  National 
Gazette.  He  also  wrote  a  novel  entitled  'Infidelity;  or,  the  Victims  of 
Sentiment'  (Philadelphia,  1797). 

REMSEN,  IRA,  president  of  Johns  Hopkins  University,  was  born 
in  the  State  of  New  York,  February  10,  1846,  and,  after  graduation  from 
the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  took  his  degree  in  medicine  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York.  Still  later  he  studied 
at  the  University  of  Gottingen.  In  1876  he  was  called  to  the  chajr  of 
chemistry  in  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  when  Dr.  Gilman  resigned 
the  presidency,  in  1901,  he  was  called  to  the  executive  helm.  Dr.  Remsen 
is  an  authority  of  world-wide  note  in  the  branch  of  science  to  which  he 
has  devoted  his  life-long  investigations.  He  is  also  a  splendid  discipli- 
narian and  a  voluminous  writer.  His  published  works  include :  'The  Princi- 
ples of  Theoretical  Chemistry'  (1876),  an  'Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
the  Compounds  of  Carbon'  (Boston,  D.  C.  Heath  and  Company,  1885),  an 
'Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Chemistry*  (New  York,  Henry  Holt  and 
Company,  1887),  'The  Elements  of  Chemistry'  {ibid.,  1888),  'Inorganic 
Chemistry'  {ibid.,  1888),  a  'Laboratory  Manual'  {ibid.,  1889),  and  'Chemi- 
cal Experiments'  {ibid.,  1895),  besides  numerous  public  addresses  and 
contributions  on  scientific  and  educational  subjects  to  periodicals  and  ency- 
clopaedias.    He  resides  in  Baltimore,  Md. 

REMY,  HENRI.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  in  French  a  'His- 
toire  de  la  Louisiane'  (1854). 

RENFROE,  JOHN  J.  D.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Ala.].  He  pub- 
lished 'Representative  Men  of  the  South'   (1880). 

RENO,  ITTI  KENNEY.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  May  17,  1862,  and  married,  in  1885,  Robert  Ross  Reno.  Her 
writings,  in  addition  to  a  number  of  short  stories  and  sketches,  include: 


366  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

'Miss  Breckinridge,  a  Daughter  of  Dixie,'  and  'An  Exceptional  Case,'  both 
published  by  J.  B.  Lippincott  and  Company,  Philadelphia.  She  resides  in 
Nashville,  Tenn. 

REQUIER,  AUGUSTUS  JULIAN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  X,  page  4395. 

REYNOLDS,  IGNATIUS  ALOYSIUS,  Roman  Catholic  bishop, 
was  born  in  Nelson  County,  Ky.,  August  22,  1798,  and  died  in  Charleston, 
S.C,  March  9,  18SS.  For  several  years  he  was  pastor  of  the  cathedral 
in  Louisville,  and  afterward  vicar-general  of  the  diocese.  In  1843  he 
succeeded  Bishop  England.  He  was  a  man  of  great  eloquence  and  learn- 
ing but  he  overtaxed  his  strength  in  the  labors  of  his  high  calling  and 
died  in  the  meridian  of  his  powers.  He  edited,  in  five  volumes,  'The 
Works  of  Bishop  John  England'  (Baltimore,  1849). 

REYNOLDS,  JAMES  LAWRENCE,  Baptist  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  March  17,  1814,  and  died  in  Greenville, 
S.C.,  December  19,  1877.  After  graduation  from  the  College  of  Charleston, 
he  entered  the  theological  seminary  at  Newton,  Mass.  For  several  years 
he  labored  with  marked  success  in  the  ministry,  but  his  scholarly  attain- 
ments were  such  that  he  was  called  to  devote  much  of  his  time  to  educa- 
tional work.  From  1855  to  1866  he  was  a  professor  in  South  Carolina 
College;  from  1866  to  1873,  a  professor  in  the  University  of  South  Caro- 
lina, and  the  last  four  years  of  his  life  were  given  to  Furman  University, 
at  Greenville.  Besides  contributing  to  current  periodicals,  including 
DeBo'ttfs  Review,  the  Southern  Baptist,  and  the  Confederate  Baptist,  he 
published  a  series  of  school  readers  (1870).  As  a  writer  he  was  both 
vigorous  and  fearless.    Dr.  Reynolds  was  given  the  degree  of  D.D. 

REYNOLDS,  JOHN  SCHREINER,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  September  28,  1848,  and  after  completing  his  education  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar.  _  As_  a  lawyer  he  takes  high  rank.  He  is  a  man  of 
ripe  culture  and  of  wide  information,  and  his  work  on  'Reconstruction  in 
South  Carolina'  (Columbia,  S.C,  The  State  Company,  1906),  makes  an 
important  contribution  to  the  literature  of  an  eventful  period.  He  mar- 
ried, December  9,  1880,  Susan  Gadsden  Edwards.  He  resides  in  Columbia, 
S.C. 

REYNOLDS,  THOMAS.  Governor  of  Missouri  from  1840  to 
1844.  Besides  State  papers  he  published  an  interesting  commemora- 
tive address  on  'The  Two  Hundredth  Anniversary  of  the  Discovery 
of  the  Upper  Mississippi.' 

RHETT,  ANDREW  BURNET,  educator,  was  born  in  Charleston, 
S.C,  November  22,  1877.  His  father  was  Andrew  B.  Rhett,  and  his 
mother,  Henrietta  Aiken.  Besides  contributing  to  periodicals,  he  wrote 
the  sketch  of  William  H.  Trescott  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Litera- 
ture.'   He  is  principal  of  Mitchell  School,  Charleston,  S.C. 

RHETT,  ROBERT  BARNWELL,  statesman,  was  born  in  Beau- 
fort, S.C,  December  24,  1800,  and  died  in  St.  James  Parish,  La.,  Septem- 
ber 14,  1876.  He  studied  law,  became  attorney-general  of  the  State, 
served  in  Congress  for  six  successive  terms,  and  in  1851  succeeded  John 
C  Calhoun  in  the  United  States  Senate.  He  resigned  his  commission 
when  hostilities  were  threatened,  and  afterward  took  his  seat  in  the 
Confederate  Congress.  For  some  time  Mr.  Rhett  owned  and  edited  the 
Charleston  Mercury,  an  organ  of  the  so-called  "fire-eaters."  After  the 
war  he  moved  to  Louisiana  and  took  no  further  part  in  politics,  except 
to  attend  the  national  Democratic  Convention  of  1868.  He  was  an  orator 
of  exceptional  gifts. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       367 

RHODES,  ROBERT  H.  Poet.  [Texas].  He  was  born  in  1845 
and  died  in  1874.  He  wrote  a  number  of  poems,  including  "Prayer," 
and  "Under  the  Cactus." 

RHODES,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  lawyer,  was  born  in  North  Caro- 
lina in  1822,  but  afterward  lived  in  Texas,  and  finally  removed  to  Cali- 
fornia, where  he  died  about  1875.  He  was  a  man  of  gifts,  and,  besides 
attaining  success  at  the  Bar,  he  indulged  his  taste  for  literature  by  writing 
at  intervals  more  for  mental  diversion  than  for  pecuniary  profit.  His 
works  include :  'Theodosia,'  a  play,  'The  Indian  Gallows,  and  Other  Poems' 
(1846),  and  'Caxton's  Book'  (San  Francisco,  A.  L.  Bancroft  and  Company, 
1876),  a  work  which  appeared  after  his  death,  containing  stories  and 
sketches,  essays  and  poems,  edited  by  Daniel  O'Connell. 

RIBAULT,  JEAN,  French  navigator,  was  born  in  France  in  1520 
and  died  in  Florida  in  1565.  He  made  an  unsuccessful  effort  to  found 
a  colony  of  Huguenots  in  Florida,  and  suffered  death  at  the  hands  of 
the  Spaniards.  He  published  a  work  entitled  'The  Whole  and  True  Dis- 
covery of  Florida'  (1563),  which  is  known  to-day  only  in  the  English 
translation. 

RICE,  ALICE  HEGAN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  X,  page  4403. 

RICE,  BENJAMIN  HOLT,  clergyman,  was  born  in  New  London, 
Va.,  November  29,  1782,  and  died  in  Hampden-Sidney,  Va.,  February  4, 
1856.  He  was  educated  under  the  instruction  of  his  brother.  Dr.  John 
Holt  Rice,  became  pastor  of  several  prominent  Presbyterian  churches, 
and  taught  for  several  years  in  Hampden-Sidney  College.  He  married 
a  sister  of  Dr.  Archibald  Alexander,  and  published  occasional  sermons, 
but  nothing  else.  Interesting  side-lights  upon  his  life  are  furnished  in  a 
'Discourse  on  the  Death  of  Benjamin  Holt  Rice,'  by  Rev.  William  E. 
Shenck  (Philadelphia,  1856).     Princeton  made  him  a  D.D. 

RICE,  CALE  YOUNG.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  X,  page  4427. 

RICE,  DAVID,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Hanover  County,  Va., 
December  29,  1733,  and  died  in  Green  County,  Ky.,  June  18,  1816.  The 
greater  part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  Kentucky,  where  he  became  one  of 
the  pioneers  of  Presbyterianism.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Tran- 
sylvania University  and  a  member  of  the  convention  that  framed  the 
constitution  of  the  State.  He  published  'An  Essay  on  Baptism'  (Balti- 
more, 1789),  a  'Lecture  on  Divine  Decrees,'  'Slavery  Inconsistent  with 
Justice  and  Policy,'  'Two  Epistles  to  the  Citizens  of  Kentucky  Professing 
Christianity,'  and  'A  Kentucky  Protest  Against  Slavery'  (New  York,  1812). 

RICE,  HENRY  GRANTLAND,  poet  and  journalist,  was  born  in 
Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  November  1,  1880.  His  father  was  B.  H.  Rice  and 
his  mother,  Beulah  Grantland.  From  Vanderbilt  University  he  received 
the  degree  of  B.A. ;  and  soon  after  graduation  he  began  his  newspaper 
career.  He  is  the  author  of  some  of  the  best  poems  that  are  to-day  going 
the  rounds  of  the  press ;  but  they  have  not  yet  been  collected  and  published 
in  book  form.  On  April  11,  1906,  he  married  Kate  Hollis.  His  home  is 
in  Nashville,  Tenn. 

RICE,  JOHN  HOLT,  clergyman,  was  born  in  New  London,  Va., 
November  28,  1777,  and  died  at  Hampden-Sidney,  Va.,  September  3,  1831. 
He  became  an  eminent  Presbyterian  divine,  edited  church  papers,  wrote 
controversial  pamphlets  and  memoirs  of  friends,  and  published  'Historical 
and  Philosophical  Considerations  on  Religion.'  At  the  time  of  his  death 
tie  was  professor  pf  theology  at  Hampden-Sidney  College.    He  declined 


368  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

the  presidency  of  Princeton,  from  which  institution  he  received  the  degree 
of  D.D.    William  Maxwell  published  his  'Memoir'    (Philadelphia,   183S). 

RICE,  MARTIN.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Mo.].  At  leisure  inter- 
vals he  wrote  for  diversion  and  published  'Rural  Rhymes,'  'Tales  of 
Olden  Times,'  and  'The  Blue  River  Association.' 

RICE,  NATHAN  LEWIS,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Garrard 
County,  Ky.,  December  29,  1807,  and  died  in  Chatham,  Ky.,  June  11,  1877. 
Entering  the  Presbyterian  ministry,  he  became  one  of  the  foremost  divines 
of  this  denomination,  edited  papers,  organized  schools  and  filled  eminent 
pulpits.-  For  several  years  he  was  pastor  of  the  Fifth  Avenue  Presbyterian 
Church  of  New  York;  after  which  he  assumed  the  presidency  of  West- 
minster College,  at  Fulton,  Mo. ;  and  still  later  taught  theology  at  Danville, 
Ky.,  until  incapacitated  by  ill-health.  He  published  'Romanism  the  Enemy 
of  Free  Institutions,'  'The  Signs  of  the  Times'  (St.  Louis,  18SS),  'Bap- 
tism,' 'Our  Country  and  the  Church,'  'Preach  the  Word'  (New  York, 
1862),  'The  Pulpit:  Its  Relations  to  Our  National  Crisis,'  and  'Discourses.' 

RICHARD,  MARGARET  ALICE.  Author.  [S.C.].  She  was  born 
in  1870.  Her  writings  include:  'Three  Bells'  (1894),  'Gleanings  by  the 
Wayside'  (1896),  'Prize  Winning'  (1897),  'Songs  of  Dixie,'  and  'Virginia 
Vaughn.' 

RICHARDS,  WILLIAM  CAREY,  Baptist  clergyman  and  scien- 
tist, was  born  in  England  in  1818.  For  ten  years  he  lived  in  Georgia, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  educational  and  literary  work.  Later  he  re- 
moved to  Charleston,  but  eventually  located  in  the  North,  entered  the 
Baptist  ministry,  became  distinguished  on  the  platform  and  in  the  pulpit, 
and  published  several  works,  among  them:  'Georgia  Illustrated'  (1842), 
and  'Harry's  Vacation,'  both  of  which  were  written  during  his  sojourn 
in  the  South. 

RICHARDSON,  CHARLES.  Author.  [Va.].  He  served  in  the 
Army  of  Northern  Virginia  and  published  in  the  reminiscent  vein  two 
very  delightful  volumes  entitled  'The  Chancellorsville  Campaign :  from 
Fredericksburg  to  Salem  Church'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale 
Publishing  Company,  1906),  and  'Tales  of  a  Warrior'   (^ibid.,  1908). 

RICHARDSON,  H.  H.,  Mrs.  Educator.  [Va.].  She  wrote  an 
instructive  volume  entitled  'Little  Lessons  in  Plant  Life  for  Little 
Children'  (1898). 

RICHARDSON,  JAMES  DANIEL.  Representative  in  Congress 
from  Tennessee  for  twenty  years,  taking  his  seat  in  1885.  He  was 
born  in  Rutherford  County,  Tenn.,  March  10,  1843,  a  son  of  John  W. 
and  Augusta  Richardson,  served  in  the' Confederate  Army,  first  as  private 
and  afterward  as  adjutant,  and  married,  in  1865,  Miss  Pippen.  He 
is  one  of  the  foremost  Masons  in  the  United  States,  and  is  editor 
and  compiler  of  'The  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents,' 
also  'Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Confederacy.'  The  sketch  of  Albert 
Pike  in  the  'Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen.  He  resides 
in  Murfreesboro,  Tenn. 

RICHARDSON,  JOHN  MANLY,  educator  and  poet,  was  born 
in  Sumter  District,  S.C,  March  13,  1831,  and  died  at  Daingerfield,  Texas, 
February  4,  1898.  He  attained  the  rank  of  major  in  the  Confederate 
Army,  became  an  educator  of  note,  and  besides  numerous  contributions 
to  the  periodical  press,  among  them,  "The  Prayer  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,"  he  published  two  military  works  and  translated  'Dies  Iras.'  Colonel 
John  P.  Thomas,  in  his  'History  of  the  South  Carolina  Military  Acad- 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       369 

emy,'  calls  him  "a  brave  soldier  and  a  scholar  crowned  with  bays."     He 
was  twice  married. 

RICHARDSON,  ROBERT.  Clergyman,  educator,  physician.  [W. 
Va.],  He  was  born  in  1808  and  died  in  1876.  His  works  include: 
'Memoirs  of  Alexander  Campbell'  (1868),  'Communings  in  the  Sanctuary' 
(1872),  and  'A  Scriptural  View  of  the  Office  of  the  Holy  Spirit'   (1873). 

RICHARDSON,  NORVAL,  diplomat  and  author,  was  born  in 
Vicksburg,  Miss.  At  present  he  is  one  of  the  Secretaries  of  Legation  at 
Havana,  Cuba.  Besides  numerous  magazine  stories  and  sketches,  he  has 
published  'The  Heart  of  Hope'  (New  York,  Dodd,  Mead  and  Company, 

RICHARDSON,  SCUDDAY.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  a  novel 
entitled  'The  Youth  and  First  Love  of  Philip  Reynolds'  (1894). 

RICHARDSON,  SIMON  PETER.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergy- 
man. In  the  humorous  style  of  preaching  he  was  the  forerunner  of  the 
Rev.  Sam  P.  Jones,  the  noted  evangelist.  He  was  for  years  a  power  in 
Southern  Methodism.  Toward  the  end  of  his  long  pilgrimage  he  wrote 
an  autobiographical  work  entitled  'Lights  and  Shadows  of  Itinerant  Life' 
(Nashville,  The  M.E.  Publishing  House,  South,  1899).  He  received  the 
degree  of  D.D. 

RICHARDSON,  WARFIELD  CREATH.  Editor  and  educa- 
tor. He  was  born  in  Maysville,  Ky.,  June  23,  1823,  the  son 
of  Captain  Thomas  Gaines  Richardson.  He  was  educated  at  the  University 
of  Alabama  and  married,  in  18SS,  Kate  Cole  Jones.  For  more  than 
forty  years,  he  was  a  professor  in  the  University  of  Alabama,  occupy- 
ing at  different  times  almost  every  chair  in  the  faculty  of  the  insti- 
tution. Besides  numerous  magazine  articles,  he  published  late  in 
life,  'Caspar,'  a  metrical  romance,  (Boston,  Houghton,  Mifflin  and 
Company,  1873),  and  'The  Fall  of  the  Alamo,'  an  epic.  He  is  the  oldest 
surviving  alumnus  of  the  University  of  Alabama,  from  which  institution 
he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

RIDDELL,  JOHN  LEONARD,  physician,  was  born  in  Leyden, 
Mass.,  February  20,  1807,  and  died  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  October  7,  1867. 
For  thirty  years  he  occupied  the  chair  of  chemistry  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Louisiana.  The  plant  "Riddellia"  was  named 
for  him,  and  besides  numerous  scientific  papers  he  published  a  'Synopsis 
of  the  Flora  of  the  Western  States'  (Cincinnati,  1835). 

RIDDICK,  ROBERT  A.  Poet.  [N.C.].  He  wrote  a  volume  of 
verse  entitled  'Musings  of  a  Bachelor'  (Raleigh,  1899,  paper  edition, 
116  pages). 

RIDGAWAY,  HENRY  BASCOM,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Tal- 
bot County,  Md.,  September  7,  1830.  For  several  years  he  served  in  the 
itinerant  ranks  of  Methodism  and  occupied  metropolitan  pulpits,  after 
which  he  became  a  professor  in  Garrett  Biblical  Institute  at  Evanston,  III. 
He  published  'The  Life  of  Alfred  Cookman'  (New  York,  1871),  'The 
Lord's  Land:  a  Narrative  of  Travels  in  Sinai  and  Palestine'  (1876),  'The 
Life  of  Bishop  Edward  S.  Janes'  (1882),  'Bishop  Beverly  Waugh'  (1883), 
and  'Bishop  Matthew  Simpson'  (188S). 

RIDGELY,  JAMES  LOTT,  author,. was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
January  27,  1807.  For  several  years  he  was  registrar  of  wills  for  Balti- 
more County,  and  later,  under  President  Lincoln,  became  Collector  of 
Internal  Revenue.  Afterward  he  went  into  business.  He  became  an 
Odd  Fellow  in  1829  and  attained  high  rank  in  the  order.    Besides  several 


370  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

rituals,  he  wrote  'Odd  Fellowship:  What  Is  It?'  'The  Odd  Fellows'  Pocket 
Companion'  (Philadelphia,  1853),  and  other  books  of  like  character.  He 
also  edited  for  some  time  the  official  magazine  of  the  order,  The  Cove- 
nant.   He  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  November  16,  1881. 

RIGHTOR,  HENRY.  Editor.  He  was  born  in  New  Orleans,  La., 
January  18,  1870,  the  son  of  Nicholas  Henry  Rightor,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Tulane  University  and  at  Annapolis,  being  a  cadet  in  the 
latter  institution.  He  married,  in  1886,  Ella  B.  Earnest.  He  was  on 
the  T-.mes-Democrat,  for  a  number  of  years,  and  was  censor  for  the 
Board  of  Health  during  the  yellow  fever  epidemic  of  1897.  Later  he 
entered  the  insurance  field,  in  which  he  became  very  successful.  For 
some  time  he  was  also  chief  associate  editor  of  The  Harlequin.  His 
writings  include:  'Harlequinade,'  'Standard  History  of  New  Orleans,' 
'Moons  and  Marshes,'  a  volume  of  poems,  and  also  two  plays :  "The 
Military  Maid"  and  "The  Striped  Petticoat."  He  resides  in  New  Or- 
leans, La. 

RILEY,  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN.  Clergyman  and  educator. 
He  was  born  at  Pineville,  Ala.,  July  16,  1849.  He  married  Emma  Shaw. 
He  was  president  of  Howard  College  for  several  years  and  afterward 
professor  of  English  at  the  University  of  Georgia.  His  most  import- 
ant writings  are:  a  'History  of  Alabama  Baptists'  and  a  'History  of 
Baptists  of  the  Southern  States  East  of  the  Mississippi.'  He  resides 
in  Houston,  Texas. 

RILEY,  FRANKLIN  LAFAYETTE,  educator,  was  born  near 
Hebron,  Miss.,  August  24,  1868.  After  graduation  from  Mississippi  Col- 
lege he  continued  his  studies  at  Johns  Hopkins  University,  from  which 
institution  he  received  his  degree  of  Ph.D.  For  one  year  he  was  president 
of  Hillman  College  for  Women ;  and  in  1897  became  professor  of  history 
in  the  University  of  Mississippi,  a  chair  which  he  still  occupies.  He 
reorganized  the  Mississippi  Historical  Society  and  originated  the  Missis- 
sippi Department  of  Archives.  His  efforts  to  stimulate  an  interest  in 
the  collection  and  preservation  of  important  data  concerning  the  State  of 
Mississippi  have  been  untiring.  He  is  a  writer  of  vigorous  and  virile 
English,  and  a  man  of  wide  information.  Besides  editing  to  date  some 
ten  volumes  of  the  Mississippi  Historical  Society  publications,  he  aided 
in  the  compilation  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature,'  being  one  of 
the  assistant  literary  editors  of  this  work.  His  writings  include :  'Colonial 
Origins  of  New  England  Senates'  (Baltimore,  The  Johns  Hopkins  Press, 
1896),  and  a  'School  History  of  Mississippi'  (Richmond,  B.  F.  Johnson 
and  Company,  1900).  He  has  also  made  frequent  contributions  to  maga- 
zines and  to  the  transactions  of  historical  societies.  The  sketch  of  John 
F.  H.  Claiborne  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen. 
He  married,  July  IS,  1891,  Fannie  T.  Leigh. 

"RIVERS,  PEARL."  '  See  Nicholson,  Mary  Jane. 

RIVERS.  RICHARD  HENDERSON,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Montgomery  County,  Tenn.,  September  11,  1814.  For  several  years  he 
was  president  of  Centenary  College  at  Jackson,  La.  After  the  war  he 
became  an  educator  in  Tennessee.  From  time  to  time  he  also  filled 
Methodist  pulpits.  His  writings  include  a  'Text-book  on  Mental  Philoso- 
phy' (Nashville,  1860),  a  'Text-book  on  Moral  Philosophy'  (1866),  'Our 
Young  People'  (1880),  'Life  of  Bishop  Robert  Paine,'  and  a  volume  of 
sermons.    LaGrange  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

RIVERS,  WILLIAM  JAMES,  educator,  was  born  in  Charleston, 
S.C,  July  18,  1822.    He  was  educated  at  the  College  of  South  Carolina, 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       371 

in  which  institution  he  was  afterward  for  many  years  professor  of  the 
classic  languages.  He  was  a  poet  of  local  reputation,  and  also  published 
a  'Catechism  of  the  History  of  South  Carolina'  (Charleston,  1850),  and  a 
'Sketch  of  the  History  of  South  Carolina,'  the  latter  dating  from  1719  to 
1856. 

RIVERS,  WILLIAM  PENN,  clergyman  and  poet,  was  born  in 
Augusta,  Ga.,  in  1827.  At  leisure  intervals  snatched  from  pastoral  work 
he  wrote  for  the  religious  press.  One  of  his  poems,  "A  Year  or  Two 
More,"  is  preserved  in  'Songs  of  the  South.' 

RIVES,  AMELIE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol..  X, 
page  4453. 

RIVES,  HALLIE  ERMINIE.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Christian 
County,  Ky.,  May  2,  1878,  a  daughter  of  Colonel  Stephen  T.  Rives 
and  descendant  of  Sir  John  Ryves,  of  Damory  Court,  Dorsetshire, 
England.  Her  mother  was  Mary  Ragsdale  Rives,  who  came  of  the 
line  of  John  Tillotson,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  She  is  also  a 
cousin  of  the  famous  author,  Amelie  Rives,  now  the  Princess  Troubet- 
skoy.  She  married,  in  1908,  Post  Wheeler,  the  poet  and  essayist,  now 
filling  a  consular  post  in  England.  Among  her  writings,  which  are 
characterized  by  keen  insight  and  vivid  imagination,  are:  'The  Sing- 
ing Wire,'  'A  Fool  in  Spots,'  'Smoking  Flax,'  'As  the  Hart  Panteth,' 
'A  Furnace  of  Earth,'  'Hearts  Courageous,'  'The  Castaways'  and 
others.  The  Bobbs-Merrill  Company,  of  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  are  her  pub- 
lishers. 

RIVES,    WILLIAM    CABELL.      See    Biographical    and    Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  X,  page  4477. 

RIORDAN,  JULIA  THERESA,  educator,  was  born  in  Atlanta, 
Ga.,  and  is  now  teaching  in  the  public  schools,  of  which  she  is  herself  a 
finished  product.  No  volume  has  yet  appeared  from  her  graceful  pen; 
but  she  is  the  author  of  numerous  poems  and  sketches  of  exceptional 
merit,  some  of  which  date  from  her  schooldays.  One  of  her  best  compo- 
sitions in  verse  is  entitled  "Spring,"  an  undergraduate  production  which 
was  an  easy  prize-winner. 

ROACH,  ABBY  MEGUIRE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch.  Vol.  X,  page  4497. 

ROANE,  SPENCER,  jurist,  was  born  in  Essex  County,  Va.,  April 
4,  1762,  and  died  in  Sharon  Springs,  Va.,  September  4,  1802.  He  achieved 
distinction  on  the  Bench;  and,  under  the  name  of  "Algernon  Sidney," 
wrote  numerous  essays,  asserting  state  supremacy,  which  were  published 
in  the  Richmond  Enquirer  and  widely  read.  He  married  a  daughter  of 
Patrick  Henry. 

ROARK,  RURIC  NEVELL.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Green- 
ville, Ky.,  May  19,  1859,  the  son  of  M.  J.  and  Nancy  Roark.  He 
married,  in  1883,  Mary  Creegan,  and  became  dean  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Pedagogy  in  the  State  College  of  Kentucky,  in  1899,  and 
president  of  East  Kentucky  State  Normal  School  in  1907.  His  works, 
which  possess  much  interest  and  value  to  educators,  embrace:  'Psy- 
chology in  Education,'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company,  1895), 
'Method  in  Education,'  (ibid.,  1899),  'Economy  in  Education'  (ibid.,  1905), 
and  'General  Outline  of  Pedagogy'  (1900).  He  was  also  one  of  the  con- 
sulting editors  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature,'  Dr,  Roiark  died 
in  Richmond,  Ky.,  April  14,  1909. 


372  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

ROBBINS,  MARY  LA  FAYETTE.  She  wrote  a  volume  which 
was  published  at  Selma,  Ala.,  in  1895,  entitled  'Alabama  Women  in 
Literature.' 

ROBERT,  HENRY  MARTYN,  soldier,  was  born  in  Beaufort 
District,  S.C,  May  2,  1837,  received  his  education  at  West  Point,  entered 
the  United  States  Army,  remained  loyal  to  the  Government,  though  most 
of  his  relatives  were  in  the  South,  served  on  the  staff  of  General  McClel- 
lan,  and,  for  many  years  was  head  of  the  engineering  department  at  West 
Point.  Later  he  was  put  in  charge  of  river  and  harbor  improvements  at 
Portland,  Ohio.  He  attained  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  and  published 
'Robert's  Rules  of  Order'  (Chicago,  1876),  and  'An  Index  to  the  Reports 
of  the  Chief  Engineers  of  the  United  States  Army  on  River  and  Harbor 
Improvements'   (Washington,  1881). 

,  ROBERTS,  ORAN  MILO,  jurist  and  statesman,  was  born  in 
Laurens  District,  S.C,  July  9,  1815.  At  first  he  located  for  the  practice 
of  law  in  Alabama,  but  afterward  removed  to  Texas.  He  was.  several 
times  made  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State,  and  from 
1879  to  1883  occupied  the  office  of  governor.  Later  he  became  professor 
of  law  in  the  University  of  Texas.  In  1861  he  presided  over  the  Secession 
Convention  and  in  1866  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate,  but  was 
not  seated.  He  published  an  interesting  descriptive  volume  entitled  'Gov- 
ernor Roberts's  Texas'  (St.  Louis,  1881),  and  also  wrote  the  volume  on 
"Texas"  for  'The  Confederate  Military  History'  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  The  Con- 
federate Publishing  Company,  1899),  and  the  "Political,  Legislative  and 
Judicial  History  of  Texas"  (1845-1895),  for  'Wooten's  Comprehensive 
History  of  Texas'   (Dallas,  Wm.   G.   Scarff,   1898). 

ROBERTS,  WILLIAM.  An  Englishman  who  spent  some  time 
in  the  Southern  Colonies  and  who  wrote  'An  Account  of  the  First 
Discovery  and  Natural  History  of  Florida.'  It  was  published  in  Lon- 
don in  1763  and  illustrated  by  T.  Jeffreys,  Geographer  to  His  Majesty, 
King  George  III. 

ROBERTSON,  ARCHIBALD  THOMAS.  Theologian.  He  was 
born  near  Chatham,  Va.,  November  6,  1863,  a  son  of  John  and  Ella 
Martin  Robertson,  was  educated  at  Wake  Forest  College  and  at  the 
Southern  Baptist  Theological  Seminary,  and  married,  November  27,  1894, 
Ella  Thomas  Broadus.  He  became  professor  of  New  Testament  Interpre- 
tation in  the  Southern  Baptist  Theological  Seminary  in  1895.  His  works, 
which  are  mainly  theological,  include :  'Life  and  Letters  of  John  A. 
Broadus,'  (Philadelphia,  American  Baptist  Publication  Society,  1900), 
Syllabus  for  New  Testament  Study,'  'Bibliography  of  New  Testament 
Greek,'  'Teaching  of  Jesus  Concerning  God  the  Father,'  'The  Students' 
Chronological  New  Testament,'  'Keywords  in  the  Teaching  of  Jesus'  and 
'Short  Historical  Grammar  of  New  Testament  Greek.'  He  resides  in 
Louisville,  Ky. 

ROBERTSON,  CHARLES  FRANKLIN,  Protestant  Episcopal 
bishop,  was  born  in  New  York  City,  March  2,  1835,  and  died  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  May  1,  1886.  Entering  the  Episcopal  ministry,  he  became  the  second 
bishop  of  Missouri,  to  which  office  he  was  elected  in  1868.  He  received 
the  degree  of  D.D.  from  the  University  of  the  South,  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  the  University  of  Missouri,  and  the  degree  of  S.T.D.  from  Columbia. 
He  published  a  series  of  important  papers  on  "Historical  Societies  in 
Relation  to  Local  Historical  Effort"  (St.  Louis,  1883),  "The  American 
Revolution  and  the  Mississippi  Valley"  (1884),  "The  Attempt  to  Separate 
the  West  from  the  American  Union"  (1885),  and  "The  Purchase  of  the 
Louisiana  Territory  in  Its  Influence  on  the  American  System"  (1885). 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       373 

ROBERTSON,  GEORGE,  jurist,  was  born  in  Mercer  County, 
Ky.,  November  18,  1790,  and  died  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  May  16,  1874.  Twice 
elected  to  Congress,  he  resigned  before  completing  his  second  term,  to 
resume  the  practice  of  law.  After  declining  numerous  political  offers, 
he  finally  became  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  and  eventually  chief 
justice.  He  published  an  'Introductory  Lecture  to  the  Law  Class'  (Lex- 
ington, 1836),  'Biographical  Sketch  of  John  Boyle'  (Frankfort,  1838), 
and  a  'Scrap-book  on  Law,  Politics,  Men  and  Times'  (1856).  After  his 
death  a  collection  of  his  speeches  and  lectures  also  appeared.  Judge 
Robertson  was  perhaps  Kentucky's  greatest  jurist.  He  held  from  Centre 
and  Augusta  Colleges  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

ROBERTSON,    HARRISON.      See    Biographical    and    Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  X,  page  4517. 

ROBERTSON,  JOHN,  lawyer  and  poet,  was  born  near  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  in  1787,  and  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary  College.  En- 
tering the  legal  profession,  he  achieved  distinction  at  the  Bar  and  in 
public,  life,  becoming  attorney-general  of  the  State.  It  was  only  during 
the  intervals  of  relaxation  incident  to  the  busiest  life  that  he  found  oppor- 
tunity for  the  exercise  of  his  literary  gifts ;  but  he  published  three  books 
of  more  than  ordinary  merit:  'Virginia;  or,  the  Fatal  Patent,'  a  metrical 
romance  in  three  cantos,  dealing  with  the  separation  of  Virginia  from 
the  British  Crown  (Washington,  1825),  'Riego;  or,  the  Spanish  Martyr,' 
a  tragedy  in  five  acts  (Richmond,  1850),  and  a  work  called  'Opuscula, 
Seria  et  Jocosa,'  the  product  of  idle  moments  during  tthe  eventide  of  an 
extended  career.  He  died  in  Campbell  County,  Va.,  in-  1873,  at  the  age  of 
eighty-six.  Even  the  most  casual  glance  at  his  literary  productions  shows 
that  he  was  a  man  of  unusual  accomplishments. 

ROBERTSON,  SAMUEL  LOWRIE,  educator  and  poet,  was  born 
in  Jackson  County,  Ala.,  November  18,  1838,  and  died  in  Birming- 
ham, Ala.,  September  2,  1909.  After  spending  two  years  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  he  took  a  course  in  law  at  the  Richmond  Hill 
Law  School  in  North  Carolina,  and  located  for  the  practice  of  his 
profession  at  Charlotte,  but  on  account  of  impaired  health  he  re- 
linquished Blackstone  and  returned  to  his  former  home  in  Alabama, 
where  he  remained  until  the  outbreak  of  hostilities.  During  the  Civil 
War  he  served  in  the  cavalry  ranks  under  Wheeler  and  Forrest. 
When  the  struggle  ended  he  chose  educational  work  and  was  for 
years  county  school  superintendent  of  Jefferson  County;  organized 
the  Teachers'  Institute;  and  gave  his  energies  without  reserve  to 
the  uplift  of  the  masses.  At  leisure  intervals  he  exercised  what  was 
conceded  to  be  an  unusual  genius  for  versification.  One  of  his  best- 
known  poems  is  entitled  "A  School  Room  of  Fifty  Years  Ago,"  which 
vividly  portrays  in  verse  a  typical  picture  of  the  ante-bellum  days. 
Besides  several  booklets  he  published  'Dora :  or,  On  the  Border  and 
Other  Poems'  (1894)  and  'Gulf  Songs'  (1908).  Some  of  his  best  ef- 
forts were  inspired  by  his  war-time  experiences  and  were  dedicated  to 
his  old  comrades-in-arms. 

ROBERTSON,  THOMAS  BOLLING,  governor  of  Louisiana,  was 
born  near  Petersburg,  Va.,  in  1773,  and  died  at  White  Sulphur  Springs, 
Va.,  November  5,  1828.  For  the  practice  of  law  he  settled  in  New 
Orleans,  La.,  and,  attaining  high  rank  at  the  Bar,  he  was  sent  to  Congress, 
became  governor  of  the  State,  attorney-general,  and  Judge  of  the  United 
States  District  Court  of  Louisiana.  He  visited  Paris  during  the  last 
days  of  the  Empire,  and  wrote  a  series  of  letters,  which  were  afterward 
published  in  book  form,  entitled  'Events  in  Paris'  (Philadelphia,  1816). 
He  was  a  brother  of  John  Robertson  and  of  Wyndham  Robertson. 


374  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

ROBERTSON,  WYNDHAM,  governor  of  Virginia,  was  born  in 
Chesterfield  County,  Va.,  January  26,  1803,  and  died  in  Washington 
County,  Va.,  February  11,  1888.  After  graduation  from  William  and 
Mary  College  he  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  in  Richmond.  On  the 
resignation  of  Littleton  W.  Tazewell  he  succeeded  to  the  governorship, 
having  previously  been  chosen  lieutenant-governor  on  the  same  ticket. 
He  opposed  secession,  but  drafted  a  resolution  while  in  the  Legislature 
declaring  Virginia's  intention  to  fight  with  the  Southern  States  if  attacked. 
Virginia,  however,  preferred  to  join  her  Confederate  sisters.  Governor 
Robertson  wrote  an  interesting  work  entitled  'Pocahontas  and  Her  De- 
scendants through  Her  Marriage  with  John  Rolfe'  (Richmond,  1887). 
He  also  left  in  manuscript  a  vindication  of  Virginia's  course  in  regard 
to  slavery.  He  was  a  brother  of  John  Robertson  and  of  Thomas  Boiling 
Robertson. 

ROBINS,  ELIZABETH.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  X,  page  4541. 

ROBINS,  JOHN  B.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman.  [Ga.].  He 
published  'Christ  and  our  Country*  (Nashville,  M.E.  Publishing  House, 
South,  1892),  and  'The  Family"  (Atlanta,  1896). 

ROBINSON,  CONWAY,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Richmond,  Va., 
September  IS,  1805,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  January  30,  1884.  He 
achieved  high  professional  distinction,  established  his  residence  near 
Washington,  D.C.,  where  he  practiced  chiefly  before  the  Supreme  Court, 
and  published  several  very  important  law  books,  including  'The  Princi- 
ples and  Practice  of  Courts  of  Justice  in  England  and  the  United  States,' 
in  two  volumes  (Richmond,  1855),  and  'The  History  of  the  High  Court 
of  Chancery  and  Other  Institutions  of  England,  from  the  Time  of  Caius 
Julius  Cassar  to  the  Accession  of  William  and  Mary,'  which  was  to  have 
been  in  two  volumes,  but  he  published  only  the  first  (Richmond,  1882) 
leaving  the  second  in  unfinished  manuscript.  He  also  took  deep  interest  in 
archaeological  investigations  and  published  an  'Account  of  the  Discoveries 
of  the  West  until  1519,  and  of  Voyages  to  and  along  the  Atlantic  Coast 
of  North  America  from  1520  to  1573'  (1848).  He  contemplated  a  work  on 
'The  Annals  of  Virginia,'  but  was  diverted  from  this  undertaking  by  other 
engagements.  His  legal  writings  are  of  standard  value  on  both  sides 
of  the  water. 

ROBINSON,  FAYETTE,  author,  was  born  in  Virginia,  the  exact 
date  unknown,  and  died  in  New  York  City,  March  26,  1859.  He  pub- 
lished 'Mexico  and  Her  Military  Chieftains'  (Philadelphia,  1847),  'Account 
of  the  Organization  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States,  with  Biographies 
of  Distinguished  Officers'  (1848),  'California  and  the  Gold  Regions'  (New 
York,  1849),  'Grammar  of  the  Spanish  Language'  (Philadelphia,  1850), 
'Wizard  of  the  Wave,'  and  several  translations  from  the  French. 

ROBINSON,  MARTHA  HARRISON,  Mrs.  Author.  [Va.]. 
She  published  a  novel  entitled  'Helen  Erskine,'  and  several  translations 
from  the  French. 

ROBINSON,  MERRITT  M.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Louisiana  about 
1810,  studied  law,  became  Supreme  Court  reporter,  and  published  a  'Digest 
of  the  Penal  Laws  of  Louisiana,  Analytically  Arranged'  (New  Orleans, 
1841),  and  sixteen  volumes  of  'Louisiana  Reports,'  'four  of  which  were 
edited  with  marginal  notes. 

ROBINSON,  NINA  HILL,  Mrs.  Author.  [Tenn.].  She  wrote 
an  interesting  story  of  ante-bellum  days  entitled  'Aunt  Dice :  the  Story 
pi  a  Faithful  Slave'  (1897). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   01^  AUTHORS       315 

ROBINSON,  SOLON,  journalist  and  author,  was  born  near 
Tolland,  Conn.,  October  21,  1803,  and  died  on  his  plantation  near  Jack- 
sonville, Fla.,  November  3,  1880.  For  many  years  he  was  engaged  in 
newspaper  work  in  New  York  City;  and  a  novel  which  he  wrote  dealing 
with  life  in  the  slums,  entitled  'Hot  Corn'  (1853),  sold  to  the  number  of 
fifty  thousand  copies.  He  also  published  'Facts  for  Farmers'  (1864), 
'How  to  Live;  or.  Domestic  Economy  Illustrated'  (1860),  and  'Mewonitoc' 
(1867). 

ROBINSON,  STUART,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Strabane,  Ire- 
land, November  14,  1814,  and  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  October  S,  1881.  He 
became  an  eminent  minister  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  edited  papers, 
filled  important  pastorates,  and  waged  sharp  controversies  on  religious 
questions.  Dr.  Robinson  possessed  in  an  eminent  •  degree  the  elements 
of  aggressive  leadership.  He  was  eloquent  of  speech  and  ready  of  pen; 
a  power  in  the  editorial  sanctum,  in  the  pulpit  and  in  the  ecclesiastical  coun- 
cils. He  maintained  the  doctrine  of  the  church's  non-secular  character 
and  was  expelled  from  the  Northern  Assembly  in  1866  for  protest- 
ing against  the  political  deliverances  of  this  high  court  of  the  church; 
but,  after  an  earnest  controversy  with  Dr.  Robert  J.  Breckinridge, 
induced  the  Synod  of  Kentucky  to  unite  with  the  Southern  Assembly  in 
1869.  He  published :  'Slavery  as  Recognized  by  the  Abrahamic,  Mosaic, 
and  Christian  Church'  (Toronto,  186S),  'The  Church  of  God  as  an  Essen- 
tial Element  of  the  Gospel'  (Philadelphia,  1858),  'Discourses  of  Redemp- 
tion,' a  book  of  outlines  (New  York,  1866)  and  a  volume  of  lectures  on 
the  Old  Testament. 

ROBINSON,  WILLIE  BLANCHE.  Poet.  [Texas].  Born  in 
1857.  She  published  a  number  of  patriotic  poems,  including  one  entitled 
"Texas  to  Jefferson  Davis." 

ROCHELLE,  JAMES  HENRY.  Naval  officer.  Captain  Rochelle 
wrote  a  'Life  of  Rear-admiral  Randolph  Tucker'  (New  York  and  Wash- 
ington, The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1906),  in  which  he  tells  of  the 
famous  expedition  to  the  River  Amazon,  on  which  he  accompanied  his 
commander,   besides   narrating  his  exploits   under  the   Confederate   flag. 

ROCKWELL,  ELISHA  F.  Author.  [N.C.].  He  was  born  in 
1809  and  died  in  1888.  He  published  'Rowan  County  in  1774,'  biographi- 
cal sketches  of  John  Thompson  and  James  Hall,  and  several  historical 
papers. 

ROCKWELL,  JAMES  CHESTER.  Poet.  [N.C.].  He  wrote  a 
metrical  composition  entitled  'Chrystella:  The  Echo  of  a  Dream'  (1887, 
paper  edition).  The  author,  who  died  at  a  very  early  age,  produced  this 
work  when  only  seventeen.  He  also  published  a  number  of  uncollected 
poems. 

RODGERS,  J.  P.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman.  [N.C.].  He 
wrote  a  'Life  of  the  Rev.  James  Needham'  (1899),  in  which  he  gives  an 
interesting  account  of  a  ministry  of  seventy  years. 

ROGERS,  EDWARD  REINHOLD.  [Va.].  He  published  a  dis- 
sertation on  'Four  Southern  Magazines,'  which  secured  for  him  the 
Ph.D.  degree  from  the  University  of  Virginia  (Richmond,  The  Williams 
Printing  Company,  1902). 

ROGERS,  HENRY  J.,  inventor,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in 
1811.  The  code  of  sisals  by  means  of  flags  and  also  the  pyrotechnic 
system,  were  both  his  inventions,  and  he  was  also  one  of  the  practical 
advisers  of  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse  in  the  construction  of  the  first  electro- 
magnetic telegraph.    He   published   the   'Telegraph   Dictionary   and .  Sea- 


376  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

man's  Book'  (Baltimore,  1845),  'American  Semaphoric  Signal  Book' 
(1847),  and  'American  Code  of  Marine  Signals'  (1854),  besides  editing 
Rogers's  'Commercial  Code  of  Signals  for  All  Nations,'  with  Walter  F. 
Larkin  (18S9). 

ROGERS,  JAMES  WEBB,  clergyman  and  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Hillsborough,  N.C.,  July  11,  1822,  received  his  education  at  Princeton, 
took  orders  in  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  became  rector  of  St.  Paul's 
Parish,  at  Franklin,  Tenn.  During  the  Civil  War  he  fought  on  the  Con- 
federate side,  under  General  Leonidas  Polk.  Later  he  became  a  Catholic, 
but  was  denied  admission  to  the  priesthood  because  of  his  married  state; 
and  he  afterward  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  in  Washington,  D.C. 
His  ,  publications  include  several  plays,  among  them,  'LaFitte ;  or,  the 
Greek  Slave'  (Boston,  1870),  and  'Madame  Surratt:  a  Drama  in  Five 
Acts'  (Washington,  1879).  He  also  wrote  'Arlington,  and  Other  Poems' 
and  'Parthenon'    (Baltimore,  1887). 

ROGERS,  JOSEPH  M.  Author.  [Ky.].  He  wrote  'The  True 
Henry  Clay'  (1904),  an  interesting  study  of  the  great  Kentuckian. 

ROGERS,  LOULA  KENDALL,  Mrs.  Poet  and  educator  of 
Georgia.  She  wrote  'Toccoa,  the  Beautiful,'  'Twenty  Years  an  Alien,' 
'Songs,'  and  'Poems.' 

ROGERS,  WILLIAM  BARTON,  educator,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  December  7,  1804,  but  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary 
College,  in  Virginia,  where  his  father  was  professor  of  physics.  To  this 
same  chair  he  afterward  succeeded,  and  still  later  he  became  professor 
of  geology  in  the  University  of  Virginia.  Three  brothers  also  attained 
eminence  in  the  scientific  world,  James  Blythe,  Henry  Darwin  and  Robert 
E.  Besides  a  volume  entitled  'Papers  on  the  Geology  of  Virginia'  (1840), 
he  wrote  'Strength  of  Materials'  (1838),  and  'Elements  of  Mechanical 
Philosophy'  (1852).     He  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  May  30,  1882. 

ROLAND,  ALICE  KATE,  Mrs.  Author.  [Ala.].  She  wrote  an 
entertaining  romance  entitled  'Rosalind  Morton'  (1898). 

ROMAN,  ALFRED.  Jurist.  He  was  born  in  St.  James  Parish, 
La.,  in  1824,  and  was  the  second  son  of  Governor  Andre  Bienvenu 
Roman.  His  education  was  received  at  Jefferson  College,  and  at  the 
age  of  twenty-one  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar.  His  success  was 
rapid;  but,  the  war  coming  on,  he  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  ranks 
and  fought  with  distinction.  Subsequent  to  the  war  he  resumed  law 
practice,  and  in  1880  was  appointed  Judge  of  the  Criminal  Court  of 
New  Orleans,  receiving  his  commission  from  Governor  Wiltz.  This 
office  he  held  for  eight  years.  He  wrote  'The  Military  Operations  of 
General  Beauregard'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers,  1883),  and  con- 
cerning this  work  Charles  Gayarre  said  that  it  will  be  impossible  to  write 
the  history  of  the  Civil  War  fully  without  taking  this  important  con- 
tribution into  account.     He  died  in  New  Orleans,  September  20,  1892. 

ROMANS,  BERNARD,  engineer  and  botanist,  was  born  in  Hol- 
land in  1720,  received  his  education  in  England,  and  came  to  this  country 
as  a  surveyor  and  botanist  in  the  service  of  the  English  Government. 
But  he  became  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  the  Revolution  and  gave  his 
allegiance  to  the- patriotic  cause.  Toward  the  end  of  the  struggle  he  was 
made  a  prisoner  and  taken  to  England,  where  offers  to  exchange  were 
refused.  On  his  return  voyage  to  America,  in  1784,  he  is  supposed  to  have 
been  murdered.  He  published  'A  Concise  Natural  History  of  East  and 
West  Florida,'  with  maps  (New  York,  1775),  only  a  few  copies  of  which 
are  extant;  'Annals  of  the  Troubles  in  the  Netherlands,'  in  two  volumes 
(Hartford,  1778),  and  'Compleat  Pilot  of  the  Gulf  Passage'   (1779). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       377 

ROQUIGNY,  J.  DE.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  in  French  a 
work  entitled  'Precis  d'Histoire  Ancienne.'   (New  Orleans,  18S8). 

ROSE,  GEORGE  B.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
X,  page  4567. 

ROSE,  U.  M.  Lawyer.  One  of  the  consulting  editors  of  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  was  born  in  Marion  County,  Ky., 
March  S,  1834,  the  son  of  Joseph  and  Nancy  Rose.  He  married,  in 
18S3,  Margaret  T.  Gibbs,  and  settled  in  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  for  the  prac- 
tice of  law.  While  he  has  persistently  refused  to  seek  political  pre- 
ferment, and  has  declined  numerous  offices  of  honor  and  emolument, 
he  has  served  on  the  National  Democratic  Committee  and  has  presided 
over  the  deliberations  of  the  American  Bar  Association.  He  was  also 
a  member  of  the  Peace  Conference  at  The  Hague  in  1907,  with  the 
rank  of  ambassador.  Besides  frequent  contributions  to  law  journals 
on  American  and  European  jurisprudence,  he  is  the  author  of  'Rose's 
Digest  of  Arkansas  Reports.'     He  resides  in  Little  Rock,  Ark. 

ROSE,  VICTOR  M.  Author.  [Texas].  He  wrote  "Demara,  the 
Commanche  Queen,'  a  'History  of  Victoria  County,'  'The  Texas  Vendetta,' 
a  'Life  of  General  McCulloch,'  a  'Legend  of  Dixie,'  and  numerous  short 
sketches  and  stories.    He  died  in  1893. 

ROSE,  WILLIAM.  Author  of  'The  Tin  Owl  Stories,'  which 
appeared  in  1901  (Boston,  Dana  Estes  and  Company).  He  resides  in 
Independence,  Mo. 

ROSEBORO,  VIOLA,  author,  was  born  in  Pulaski,  Tenn.,  and 
was  educated  at  Fairmont  College  in  her  native  state.  For  some  time 
past  she  has  resided  in  New  York  City,  and  besides  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  magazines,  she  has  published  two  volumes  of  short  stories  entitled 
'Players  and  Vagabonds,'  'Old  Ways  and  New'  (New  York,  The  Century 
Company,  1892),  and  other  works. 

ROSELIUS,  CHRISTIAN.  An  eminent  lawyer.  He  was  born  in 
Germany,  August  10,  1803.  In  order  to  defray  the  expense  of  his 
voyage  to  the  United  States,  he  pledged  his  services  for  a  year  after 
his  arrival  in  port.  He  became  attorney-general  of  the  State  of 
Louisiana,  and  is  said  to  have  declined  an  invitation  from  Daniel 
Webster  to  form  a  partnership  with  the  great  New  England  orator 
in  Washington,  D.C.,  for  the  practice  of  law.  He  was  for  twenty- 
three  years  professor  of  civil  law  in  the  University  of  Louisiana,  and 
for  many  years  was  dean  of  the  institution.  His  lectures  on  the  Civil 
Code  of  Louisiana  and  his  opinions  as  Attorney-general  are  declared 
to  be  models.  He  delivered  an  essay  on  "Collegiate  Education"  in 
1865,  which  was  afterward  published  in  pamphlet  form.  His  death 
occurred  in  New  Orleans,  September  5,  1873. 

ROSENFELD,  SYDNEY,  dramatist,  was  born  in  Richmond,  Va., 
October  26,  1855,  and  after  attending  for  some  time  the  public  schools  of 
his  native  city,  he  completed  his  education  in  New  York.  As  a  writer 
of  plays  he  has  achieved  signal  success.  His  works  include :  'The  Senator,' 
'A  Possible  Case,'  'Imagination,'  'The  Club  Friend,'  'The  Politician,'  'A 
Man  of  Ideas,'  'A  House  of  Cards,'  'The  Passing  Show,'  and  several 
others,  besides  numerous  adaptations  and  light-opera  librettos.  He  resides 
in  New  York. 

ROSENTHAL,  LEWIS,  author,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
September  10,  1856.  On  completing  his  education  at  Dartmouth,  he  went 
to  Paris,  where  he  became  a  journalist  and  a  tutor.  He  contributed  to 
current  literature  and  published  'America  and  France;   or,  the  Influence 


378  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

of  the  United  States  upon  France  in  the  Eighteenth  Century'  (New  York, 
1882). 

ROSS,  FREDERICK  AUGUSTUS,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Cob- 
ham,  Va.,  December  25,  1796,  and  died  in  Huntsville,  Ala.,  April  13,  1883. 
Entering  the  ministry,  he  became  an  eloquent  divine  of  the  Presbyterian 
faith,  held  numerous  pulpits  in  the  South,  edited  with  James  Gallaher 
and  David  Nelson,  the  Calvinistic  Magazine,  and  published  'Slavery  as 
Ordained  of  God'  (Philadelphia,  1867). 

ROSS,  JAMES.  Author.  [Tenn.].  He  was  born  in  1801  and  died 
in  1878.  He  wrote  a  biography  of  his  father  entitled  'The  Life  and 
Times  of  the  Rev.  Reuben  Ross'  (1882). 

ROSSER,  LEONIDAS,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Petersburg,  Va., 
July  31,  1815.  For  many  years  he  edited  the  Christian  Advocate  at  Rich- 
mond. He  filled  the  leading  Methodist  pulpits  in  the  Virginia  conference 
and,  during  the  Civil  War,  held  the  important  post  of  general  missionary 
within  the  Confederate  ranks.  Emory  and  Henry  College  gave  him  the 
degree  of  D.D.  He  published  an  important  work  on  'Baptism'  (Richmond, 
1843),  'Experimental  Religion,'  'Class  Meetings,'  'Recognition  in  Heaven,' 
'Open  Communion',  and  numerous  tracts  and  pamphlets. 

ROTHWELL,  WILLIAM  R.  Baptist  clergyman  and  educator. 
He  published  'Reading  the  Scriptures'  (1889),  and  'New  Testament 
Church  Order'  (1890),  besides  several  addresses. 

ROUQUETTE,  ADRIEN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  X,  page  4589. 

ROUQUETTE,    DOMINIQUE.      See    Biographical    and    Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  X,  page  4589. 

ROWE,  HORACE.  Poet.  [Texas].  He  was  born  in  1852  and 
died  in  1884.     He  wrote  'The  Years  of  Youth,  and  Other  Poems.' 

ROWELL,  A.  S.  ("Old  Coins").  Author.  [S.C.].  He  wrote  an 
interesting  story  of  adventure  for  boys  entitled  'The  Silver  Bullet;  or, 
the  Young  Relic  Hunters  in  South  Carolina'  (1897),  besides  minor  works. 

ROWLAND,  DUNBAR,  lawyer  and  historian,  was  born  in  Oak- 
land, Miss.,  August  2S,  1864.  His  father  was  Dr.  William  B.  Rowland 
and  his  mother,  Mary  Bryan.  He  is  in  direct  line  of  descent  from  the 
Rowlands  and  the  Hairstons,  who  settled  in  Virginia  in  the  Sixteenth 
Century,  and  one  of  the  first  of  this  pioneer  stock  to  be  born  outside  of 
the  Old  Dominion.  After  graduating  with  distinction  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Mississippi,  he  practiced  law  until  1902,  when  the  Department  of 
Archives  and  History  was  created  by  the  State  Legislature  and  he  was 
elected  to  the  chair  of  director.  He  has  published  'Reports  of  the 
Mississippi  Department  of  Archives  and  History,'  seven  volumes,  'Ency- 
clopaedia of  Mississippi,'  two  volumes,  "Mississippi  from  1817  to  1861," 
for  'The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,'  the  sketch  of  Sargent 
Smith  Prentiss  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature,'  a  volume  of 
speeches,  and  two  volumes  of  the  'Official  and  Statistical  Register,'  inclu- 
ding a  "Military  History  of  Mississippi."  Dr.  Rowland  is  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  crusade  for  historical  research  in  foreign  archives  and 
originated  the  movement  for  the  publication  by  the  National  Government 
of  an  official  roster  of  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Union  and  Con- 
federate armies.  He  married  Eron  Opha,  daughter  of  Major  B.  B. 
Moore.  In  recognition  of  his  services  to  the  State,  the  University  of 
Mississippi,  in  1906,  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D, 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       379 

ROWLAND,  ERON  OPHA,  poet,  was  born  at  Okolona,  Miss. 
Her  father  was  Major  B.  B.  Moore,  a  descendant  of  the  Byrds  of  West- 
over.  She  was  well  educated,  and  in  1906  became  the  wife  of  Dr.  Dunbar 
Rowland.  Under  the  signature  of  Eron  Opha  Gregory,  she  began  at  an 
early  age  to  write  for  the  press.  Besides  numerous  short  stories, 
she  wrote  several  hundred  poems,  a  number  of  which  were  clipped 
by  Editor  Medill,  of  the  Chicago  Tribune,  who  paid  signal  tribute  to  the 
young  author.  One  of  the  sweetest  of  her  fragments  of  song  is  entitled 
"Some  Day."  Since  her  marriage,  Mrs.  Rowland  has  identified  herself 
with  her  husband's  historical  work. 

ROWLAND,  KATE  MASON,  author,  is  a  resident  of  Baltimore 
and  the  daughter  of  Major  Isaac  S.  and  Catherine  Mason  Rowland.  For 
years  she  has  been  active  in  seeking  to  preserve  the  materials  of  history 
and  has  made  many  important  contributions  to  the  magazines,  bearing 
upon  her  studious  researches.  Besides  editing  'The  Poems  of  Dr.  Frank 
O.  Ticknor'  and  'The  Real  Lincoln,'  by  Dr.  C.  L.  C.  Minor,  she  has  written 
'The  Life  of  George  Mason,'  in  two  volumes  (New  York,  George  Putnam's 
Sons),  a  work  which  includes  his  speeches  and  public  papers,  and  'The 
Life  of  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton,'  in  two  volumes  (ibid.),  a  work  of 
similar  character. 

ROY  ALL,  ANNE,  author,  was  born  in  Virginia,  June  11,  1769, 
and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  October  1,  18S4.  Early  in  life  she  was 
stolen  by  the  Indians,  and  for  sixteen  years  she  lived  among  the  natives 
of  the  forest.  She  learned  to  read  and  write  after  her  marriage  to 
Captain  Royall,  a  resident  of  Alabama.  Later  she  removed  to  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  where  she  procured  an  old  printing  outfit  and  began  to  publish 
a  sheet  called  The  Huntress.  Her  eccentricities  were  numerous,  and 
she  became  the  terror  of  the  Congressmen  by  reason  not  only  of  her 
vitriolic  pen  'but  of  her  grotesque  appearance.  Finally  she  was  indicted 
by  the  Grand  Jury  as  a  scold,  was  tried  before  Judge  William  Cranch  of 
the  Circuit  Court,  and  sentenced  to  be  ducked  in  the  Potomac  River, 
according  to  the  English  law  that  was  still  operative  in  the  District  of 
Columbia;  but  a  fine  was  substituted.  Her  books  possess  an  odd  flavor 
of  interest  and  include:  'Sketches  of  History:  or.  Life  and  Manners  in  the 
United  States  by  a  Traveler'  (New  Haven,  1826),  'The  Black  Book;  or, 
a  Continuation  of  Travels  in  the  United  States'  (Washington,  1828),  'A 
Southern  Tour ;  or,  a  Second  Series  of  the  Black  Book,'  and  'Letters  from 
Alabama.' 

ROYALL,  WILLIAM  L.  Lawyer  and  editor.  [Va.].  He  pub- 
lished an  important  financial  work  entitled  'Virginia  Banks  and  Banking 
Prior  to  the  Civil  War'  (New  York  and  Washington,  1907).  During  the 
'eighties  he  was  sole  counsel  for  the  creditors  of  the  State  of  Virginia 
in  the  prolonged  contest  of  the  famous  readjuster  period  of  State  politics. 

ROZIER,  FIRMIN  A.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  a  'History 
of  the  Early  Settlement  of  the  Mississippi  Valley*  (1890). 

RUFFIN,  EDMUND,  editor  and  planter,  was  born  in  Prince 
George  County,  Va.,  January  5,  1794,  and  died  in  Amelia  County,  Va., 
June  IS,  1865.  By  discovering  the  value  of  marl  as  a  fertilizer  he  is 
said  to  have  added  millions  of  dollars  to  the  value  of  land  in  Eastern 
Virginia.  He  edited  The  Farmer's  Register  for  several  years  and  made 
numerous  experiments  in  agriculture.  At  the  opening  of  hostilities  in 
1861,  he  went  to  South  Carolina,  where,  by  order  of  General  Beauregard, 
his  company  was  directed  to  open  fire  upon  Fort  Sumter,  and  being  the 
oldest  member  enrolled  he  was  permitted  to  fire  the  first  gun.  Within  a 
week  after  the  surrender  at  Appomattox  he  shot  himself  because  he  was 
unwilling  to  live   under   the  United   States   Government;   and   the   day 


380  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

following  he  died  on  his  estate  at  Redmoor.  Besides  numerous  essays  on 
agricultural  topics,  he  edited  'The  Westover  Manuscripts,'  by  Colonel 
William  Byrd,  of  Westover  (Petersburg,  1849;  revised,  in  two  volumes, 
1860). 

RUFFIN,  MARGARET  ELLEN  HENRY.  Author.  She  was 
born  in  Daphne,  Ala.,  a  daughter  of  Thomas  and  Mary  Nugent  Henry, 
and  was  the  valedictorian  of  her  class  at  St.  Joseph's  Academy, 
Emmitsburg,  Md.  She  married  in  1887,  Frank  G.  Ruffin,  of  Mobile, 
Ala.,  now  deceased.  She  is  a  student  of  languages,  making  a  specialty 
of  Celtic  antiquities;  and  is  also  proficient  in  literature  and  music.  Her 
verse  has  been  very  widely  admired.  She  has  written  'John  Gidart'  (out 
of  print)  and  'The  North  Star'  (Boston,  Little,  Brown  and  Company),  in 
addition  to  a  volume  of  poems  which  appeared  in  1884.  Her  story,  'The 
North  Star,'  drew  a  letter  of  commendation  from  the  King  and  Queen  of 
Norway.     She  lives  in  Mobile,  Ala. 

RUFFNER,  HENRY,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in  Page 
County,  Va.,  January  19,  1789,  and  was  the  son  of  David  Ruflfner,  the 
pioneer  salt  manufacturer.  On  leaving  Washington  College,  he  entered 
the  ministry  of  the  Presbyterian  Church;  and  Charleston,  S.C,  became 
for  some  time  the  field  of  his  labors.  Later  he  became  president  of 
Washington  College.  His  writings  include:  'The  Fathers  of  the  Desert,' 
in  two  volumes  (New  York,  18S0),  'The  Predestinarian,'  'Methodism,' 
'Judith  Ben-Paddi,'  'Future  Punishment,'  and  his  famous  argument  against 
slavery,  which  was  popularly  termed  the  "Ruffner  pamphlet."  He  died 
in  Maiden,  Va.,  December  17,  1861.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Washington  College,  and  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Princeton. 

RUFFNER,  WILLIAM  HENRY.  Educator  and  geologist.  He 
was  born  in  Lexington,  Va.,  February  11,  1824,  married  Harriet 
A.  Gray  and  later  founded  the  State  Female  Normal  School.  Besides 
numerous  scientific  and  educational  reports,  he  is  the  author  of  an 
interesting  'History  of  Washington  and  Lee  University.'  The  school 
law  of  Virginia  is  also  the  product  of  his  pen.  Washington  and  Lee 
University  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.    He  resides  in  Lexington,  Va. 

RULE,  LUCIEN  V.  Poet.  [Ky.].  He  wrote  'The  Shrine  of 
Love,  and  Other  Poems'  and  'When  John  Bull  Comes  A-Courtin','  a  col- 
lection of  political  and  social  satires. 

RUMPLEJi,  JETHRO,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Cabarrus  County, 
N.C.,  March  10,  1827,  studied  during  intervals  of  leisure  on  the  farm 
until  he  was  eighteen,  defrayed  his  own  expenses  through  college,  and 
became  an  eloquent  and  able  Presbyterian  minister,  laboring  for  more  than 
thirty  years  in  Salisbury,  N.C.  His  publications  include :  'The  History 
of  Rowan  County,  N.C  (Salisbury,  1881),  'The  History  of  the  First  Fifty 
Years  of  Davidson  College'  (Raleigh,  1888),  and  'The  History  of  Presby- 
terianism  in  North  Carolina.'  The  State  University  gave  him  the  degree 
of  D.D. 

RUNCIE,  CONSTANCE  FAUNTLEROY.  Musical  composer 
and  writer.  She  was  born  in  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  January  IS,  1836,  a 
daughter  of  Robert  Henry  and  Jane  Dale  Fauntleroy,  and  married, 
April  9,  1861,  James  Runcie,  D.D.,  an  Episcopal  clergyman.  After 
living  for  some  time  at  Madison,  Ind.,  she  removed  to  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 
She  organized  at  New  Harmony,  Ind.,  the  Minerva  Club,  said  to  be 
the  first  woman's  club  organized  in  America.  Her  lectures  on  subjects 
of  culture  among  women  have  made  her  widely  known.  She  is  the 
author  of  numerous  productions  in  both  prose  and  verse,  and  included 
among  the  number  are :    'The  Burning  Question,'  'Divinely  Led'   (New 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       381 

York,  James  Potts  and  Company),  'Poems,  Dramatic  and  Lyric'  (New 
York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons),  'Woman's  Work,'  'Felix  Mendelssohn,' 
'Children's  Stories,'  'Fables,'  and  an  "Essay  on  Woman."  Two  of  her 
dramatic  poems — "Anselmo,  the  Priest"  and  "Zaira,  a  Tale  of  Siberia"— 
are  still  favorites  with  elocutionists.  Among  her  musical  compositions 
is  an  opera,  "The  Prince  of  the  Asturias,"  besides  numerous  songs, 
cantatas,  and  solos  for  both  piano  and  violin.  She  resides  at  St. 
Joseph,  Mo. 

RUNNEGER,  JAMES.  Poet.  [La.].  He  published  a  volume  of 
verse  entitled  'Stray  Leaves'  (187S). 

RUSSELL,  IRWIN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
X,  page  4601. 

RUTHERFORD,  MILDRED  LEWIS,  educator  and  author,  was 
born  in  Athens,  Ga.,  July  16,  18S2,  a  daughter  of  Williams  Rutherford, 
for  many  years  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  University  of  Georgia, 
and  a  niece  of  Generals  Howell  and  Thomas  R.  R.  Cobb,  two  of 
Georgia's  most  illustrious  sons.  Her  mother  was  Laura  Cobb.  From  1880 
to  1895,  Miss  Rutherford  was  principal  of  the  Lucy  Cobb  Institute  at 
Athens ;  and  from  189S  to  1907  she  shared  the  responsibilities  of  the  work 
with  her  sister,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Lipscomb,  and  spent  alternate  years  in  Euro- 
pean travel.  Her  writings  include:  'English  Authors'  (Atlanta,  The 
Franklin-Turner  Company,-  1899),  'American  Authors'  (ibid.,  1894), 
'French  Authors'  (ibid.),  'Biblical  Questions  on  Old  Testament  History' 
(ibid.),  'The  South  in  History  and  Literature'  (ibid.,  1907),  and  'Mannie 
Brown'  (Buffalo,  N.Y.,  Peter  Paul  Book  Company,  1896).  Miss  Ruther- 
ford's patient  and  laborious  researches  have  placed  the  South  under 
grateful  tribute  to  her  pen.     She  resides  at  Athens,  Ga. 

RUTHERFORD,  WILLIAMS.  Educator.  For  many  years  he 
was  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  University  of  Georgia.  He  married 
Laura,  a  daughter  of  John  A.  Cobb  of  Athens,  Ga.,  and  a  sister  of  General 
Howell  Cobb.  Professor  Rutherford  wrote  a  'Church  Members'  Guide,' 
and  'The  Family  Related  to  Civilization.'  He  died  in  1896  at  an  advanced 
age. 

RUTLEDGE,  ARCHIBALD,  educator  and  poet,  was  born  in 
McCIellanville,  S.C,  October  23,  1883.  Ptofessor  Rutledge  is  a  teacher  of 
English  at  Mercersburg,  Pa.,  and  a  man  of  rare  literary  gifts.  At  leisure 
intervals  he  has  written  most  charmingly  in  both  prose  and  verse,  and  his 
published  works  include :  'Under  the  Pines,'  a  volume  of  poems  (Winches- 
ter, Va.,  The  Eddy  Press,  1906),  and' 'The  Banners  of  the  Coast'  (Colum- 
bia, S.C,  The  State  Company,  1908),  besides  poems  and  short  stories  in 
The  Youth's  Companion,  and  other  periodicals. 

RUTLEDGE,  EDWARD,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence, was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  November  23,  1749,  and  died  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  January  23,  1800.  While  pursuing  his  legal  studies  in 
England,  he  attended  the  law  courts  and  the  sessions  of  Parliament. 
Soon  after  his  return  to  South  Carolina,  he  was  sent  to  the  Continental 
Congress,  took  an  active  part  in  the  deliberations,  and  became  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  For  some  time  during  the 
Revolution  he  commanded  the  Charleston  artillery;  and,  when  the  South 
Carolina  metropolis  fell,  in  1780,  he  was  imprisoned  at  St.  Augustine.  At 
the  close  of  hostilities  he  resumed  the  practice  of  law,  resisted  with  great 
eloquence  any  effort  to  revive  the  slave  trade,  framed  the  section  of  the 
State  Constitution  which  abolishes  the  rights  of  primogeniture,  declined 
an  appointment  to  the  Supreme  Bench  of  the  United  States,  and  died  in 
the  executive  chair  of  the  commonwealth. 


382  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

RUTLEDGE,  EDWARD,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Charleston, 
S.C,  in  1797,  and  died  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  March  13,  1832.  On  completing 
his  studies  at  Yale,  he  was  admitted  to  orders  in  the  Episcopal  Church, 
after  which  he  became  a  professor  in  the  University  of  Peimsylvania.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  president-elect  of  Transylvania  University, 
in  Kentucky.  He  published  'The  Family  Altar'  (New  Haven,  1822)  and 
a  'History  of  the  Church  of  England'   (Middletown,  1825). 

RUTLEDGE,  FRANCIS  HUGER,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop, 
was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  April  11,  1799,  and  died  in  Tallahassee,  Fla., 
November  6,  1866.  He  was  equipped  for  the  ministry  of  the  Episcopal 
Church,  pursuing  his  collegiate  studies  at  Yale  and  his  theological  studies 
in  New  York.  He  ministered  to  large  and  important  parishes,  first  in  St. 
Augustine  and  afterward  in  Tallahassee,  and  in  1851  was  consecrated 
bishop.  The  degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Hobart  College. 
He  possessed  unusual  gifts  of  expression,  but  published  only  occasional 
sermons. 

RUTLEDGE,  JOHN,  statesman  and  jurist,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  of  Scotch-Irish  parentage,  in  1739,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
July  23,  1800.  He  was  educated  for  the  Bar  in  England.  On  his  return 
home  he  acquired  eminence  as  an  advocate,  opposed  the  Stamp  Act  and 
other  oppressive  measures  of  the  British  Parliament,  and  represented 
South  Carolina  in  the  first  Continental  Congress.  Patrick  Henry  said  of 
him  that  he  was  "the  Assembly's  greatest  orator."  He  was  made  chair- 
man of  the  committee  to  frame  the  constitution  of  South  Carolina,  and 
later  president  of  the  new  state  government,  and  commander-in-chief  of 
the  military  forces.  On  retiring  from  this  dual  office  of  great  responsi- 
bility at  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  he  was  returned  to  the  national 
councils  in  Philadelphia.  He  declined  an  appointment  to  the  Federal 
Bench  to  become  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  South  Carolina. 
On  July  1,  179S,  he  was  appointed  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States,  and 
accepted,  but  mental  infirmities  made  it  necessary  for  the  Senate  to  recall 
the  commission.     He  was  one  of  South  Carolina's  most  illustrious  sons. 

RYAN,  ABRAM  J.  (Father  Ryan).  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  X,  page  4623. 

RYLAND,  CALLY.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  a 
daughter  of  Josiah  and  Caroline  Thomas  Ryland,  was  educated  at 
private  schools  and  by  tutors,  and  became  the  editor  of  the  woman's 
page  of  the  Richmond  News-Leader  in  1902.  She  has  made  some 
charming  contributions,  in  both  prose  and  verse,  to  the  periodicals, 
and  is  the  author  of  three  very  interesting  volumes :  'Daphne  and  Her 
Lad'  (New  York,  Henry  Holt),  written  in  association  with  M.  J. 
Lagen,  'The  Taming  of  Betty,'  and  'Aunt  Jemimy  Maxim.'  She  resides 
in  Richmond,  Va. 

S AFFORD,  JAMES  MERRILL.  Educator.  [Tenn.].  For  nearly 
twenty-five  years  he  was  professor  of  natural  sciences  in  Cumberland 
University,  and  afterward  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Nashville.  Besides  numerous  minor  works 
he  published  a  'Geology  of  Tennessee,'  with  a  map  (1869),  which,  with 
the  assistance  of  J.  B.  Killebrew,  was  later  simplified  for  use  in  the 
schools  of  the  State  (1899). 

SAFFORD,  WILLIAM  HARRISON,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Park- 
ersburg,  Va.,  in  what  is  now  West  Virginia,  February  19,  1821.  He 
removed  to  ChilHcothe,  Ohio,  for  the  practice  of  law  and  became  a  judge 
of  the  Circuit  Court.  He  published  'The  Life  of  Blennerhassett'  (ChilH- 
cothe, 1850),  and  'The  Blennerhassett  Papers'  (Cincinnati,  1861). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       383 

SAGE,  BERNARD  JANIN.  An  eminent  Louisiana  lawye.-  who, 
in  1865,  was  one  of  the  counsel  selected  to  defend  Jefferson  Davis 
against  the  charge  of  treason.  He  published  a  work  entitled  'The  Re- 
public of  Republics,'  in  which  he  treats  at  some  length  of  secession  and 
coercion. 

SALE,  EDITH  TUNIS.  Author.  From  the  pen  of  this  writer 
of  the  old  Dominion  has  lately  come  a  volume  entitled  'Manors  of  Vir- 
ginia in  Colonial  Times'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company). 

SALE,  L.  M.,  Mrs.  Author.  [S.C.].  She  wrote  several  novels, 
among  them:  'The  Saddest  of  AH  Is  Loving,'  'Mabel,'  and  'Beauty  for 
Ashes,'  besides  a  number  of  poems.  Her  maiden  name  was  Miss  Mont- 
gomery.    She  lived  for  some  time  in  Newberry,  S.C. 

SALLEY,  ALEXANDER  SAMUEL,  Jr.,  editor,  author,  compiler, 
was  born  in  Orangeburg,  S.C,  June  16,  1871.  His  father  was  Dr.  Alex- 
ander Samuel  Salley,  Sr.,  and  his  mother,  Sally  Ann  McMichael.  After 
completing  his  studies  at  the  South  Carolina  Military  Academy,  he  was 
for  some  time  connected  with  the  Charleston  News  and  Courier.  From 
1889  to  1905  he  was  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  South  Carolina  Histori- 
cal Society,  and  during  his  occupancy  of  this  office  he  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar.  Mr.  Salley  has  rendered  priceless  service  to  the  historical 
literature  of  his  native  state  by  his  numerous  writings  and  compilations. 
They  include :  a  'History  of  Orangeburg  County  from  the  First  Settle- 
ment to  the  Close  of  the  Revolutionary  War'  (Orangeburg,  1898),  'Mar- 
riage Notices  in  the  South  Carolina  Gazette  and  Its  Successors,  1732- 
1801'  (Albany,  N.Y.,  Joel  Munsey's  Sons,  1902),  'Marriage  Notices  in  the 
South  Carolina  Gazette  and  Country  Journal,  1765-1775,  and  in  the  Charles- 
ton Gazette,  1778-1880'  (Charleston,  S.C,  Walker,  Evans  and  Cogswell 
Company,  1904),  a  'Register  of  St.  Philip's  Parish,  1720-1758'  {ibid.,  1904), 
'The  Seal  of  South  Carolina'  (Columbia,  S.C,  The  State  Company,  1905), 
numerous  legislative  journals  covering  early  colonial  and  Revolutionary 
periods  (Columbia,  S.C,  The  Historical  Commission  of  South  Carolina, 
1906-1908),  a  'Tentative  Roster  of  the  Third  Regiment  of  South  Carolina 
Volunteers  in  the  Confederate  States'  Provisional  Army'  {ibid.,  1908),  and 
'Documents  Relating  to  the  History  of  South  Carolina  During  the  Revo- 
lutionary War'  {ibid.,  1908),  besides  various  important  individual  and 
family  histories  and  scores  of  articles  contributed  to  periodicals.  He  also 
edited  The  South  Carolina  Historical  and  Genealogical  Magazine,  Vols.  I 
to  IX.     He  resides  in  Columbia,  S.C. 

SALYARDS,  JOSEPH.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
X,  page  4645. 

SAMPEY,  JOHN  RICHARD,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born 
in  Fort  Deposit,  Ala.,  September  27,  1863 ;  and,  on  completing  his  educa- 
tional equipment,  he  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Baptist  Church.  For 
several  years  past  he  has  been  professor  of  Old  Testament  interpretation 
in  the  seminary  at  Louisville.  He  married  Annis  Renfroe.  Since  1895  he 
has  been  a  member  of  the  International  Sunday-school  Lesson  Committee. 
Besides  contributing  to  the  revision  of  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures,  he 
has  published  'Thirty  Years  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Theological  Seminary,' 
'Syllabus  for  Old  Testament  Study,'  and  'Lecture  Notes  on  the  Old  Testa- 
ment.' He  received  the  degree  of  LLD.  from  Howard  College  and  the 
degree  of  D.D.  from  Washington  and  Lee. 

SAMPSON,  FRANCIS  ASBURY.  Scientist  and  lawyer.  [Mo.]. 
He  published  'The  Natural  History  of  Pettis  County'  (1882),  a  'Bibliog- 
raphy of  the  Geology  of  Missouri'  (1890),  and  'The  MoUusca  of  Arkansas' 
(1893). 


384  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

SAMPSON,  JOHN  PATTERSON,  negro  clergyman,  lawyer  and 
author,  was  born  in  Wilmington,  N.C.,  August  13,  1837.  While  in  the 
Treasury  Department  in  Washington,  D.C.,  he  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  the  Bar.  At  the  beginning  of  the  war  he  edited  in  Cincinnati  The 
Colored  Citizen;  and  during  the  days  of  reconstruction  held  political  office 
in  North  Carolina.  Later  he  entered  the  ministry  of  the  A.M.E.  Church 
and  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  His  writings  include  a  'Common  Sense 
Physiology,'  'The  Disappointed  Bride,'  'Temperament  and  Phrenology  of 
Mixed  Races,'  'Jolly  People,'  and  'Pastoral  Theology.'  He  was  for  some 
time  a  resident  of  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

SAMS,  STANHOPE,  journalist,  was  born  in  Greenville,  S.C, 
December  11,  1860.  During  the  Spanish-American  War,  Mr.  Sams  was 
war  correspondent  for  the  New  York  Mail;  and  at  different  times  served 
on  other  metropolitan  papers.  Since  1905  he  has  been  associate  and 
literary  editor  of  the  Columbia  (S.C.)  State.  He  has  written  numerous 
short  stories  of  marked  excellence,  two  of  which  were  prize  winners :  "The 
Golden  Age  of  Poincare,"  in  Collier's  Weekly,  and  "Young  Cid  at  Santi- 
ago," in  the  New  York  Herald.  "Restored  Identity"  is  the  title  of  another 
short  story  of  much  interest.  The  sketch  of  J.  A.  B.  Scherer  in  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Sams.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1888,  Camilla  Cantey  Johnson. 

SANDERS,  JOHN,  civil  engineer,  was  born  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  in 
1810,  and  died  at  Fort  Delaware,  July  29,  1858.  He  was  educated  at  West 
Point,  became  captain  of  an  engineering  corps,  and  was  for  many  years 
engaged  in  improving  the  bed  of  the  Ohio  River  and  in  making  repairs  in 
the  interior  defences  of  New  York  harbor.  He  served  with  credit  in  the 
Mexican  War,  and  published  'Memoirs  of  the  Resources  of  the  Valley  of 
the  Ohio'  (New  York,  1844). 

SANDS,  ALEXANDER  HAMILTON,  lawyer  and  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Williamsburg,  Va.,  May  2,  1828,  and  died  in  Richmond,  Va., 
December  22,  1887.  He  studied  law,  and,  during  the  Civil  War,  was  judge 
advocate  in  the  Confederate  Army;  but  shortly  before  his  death  he  en- 
tered the  Baptist  ministry  and  served  congregations  in  Virginia.  Besides 
contributing  to  current  periodicals,  he  published  'The  History  of  a  Suit 
in  Equity'  (Richmond,  1854),  'Recreations  of  a  Southern  Barrister'  (Phila- 
delphia, 1860),  and  'Sermons  by  a  Village  Pastor,'  in  addition  to  a  number 
of  legal  compilations. 

SANDS,  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  February  11,  1811,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  June 
30,  1883.     He  wrote  'From  Reefer  to  Rear-admiral' 

SANDYS,  GEORGE,  poet  and  colonist,  was  born  in  Bishops- 
thorpe,  England,  in  1577,  and  died  at  Boxley  Abbey,  England,  in  1644. 
For  three  years  he  was  treasurer  of  the  colony  of  Virginia  and  while  a 
resident  of  the  New  World  he  translated  ten  books  of  Ovid's  'Metamor- 
phoses' (London,  1626),  the  first  literary  production  of  any  distinct  value 
in  the  Western  Hemisphere.  He  also  published  metrical  versions  of  the 
Psalms  (1636)  and  wrote  an  account  of  his  travels  in  the  Mediterranean 
lands  (1615).  His  works  were  collected  and  published  in  two  volumes 
(London,  1872). 

SANFORD,  SHELTON  PALMER,  educator  and  mathematician, 
was  born  in  Greensboro,  Ga.,  January  25,  1816.  For  over  forty  years  he 
was  professor  of  mathematics  in  Mercer  University,  from  which  institu- 
tion he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  published  a  series  of  algebras 
and  arithmetics  which  were  adopted  in  many  states. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY    OF   AUTHORS        385 

SASS,  GEORGE  HERBERT  ("Barton  Gray").     See  Biographical 

and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  X,  page  4661. 

SASSNETT,  WILLIAM  JACOB,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Hancock  County,  Ga.,  April  29,  1820,  and  died  in  Montgomery, 
Ala.,  November  3,  1865.  He  relinquished  law  for  theology,  became  a 
minister  of  the  Methodist  Church,  South,  and  was  for  several  years 
president  of  LaGrange  Female  College.  Besides  numerous  magazine 
articles,  he  published  'Discussions  in  Literature  and  Religion'  (Nashville, 
1850),  and  'Progress  of  the  M.E.  Church,  South'  {ibid.,  1855).  Emory 
College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

SAUNDERS,  EUGENE  DAVIS.  Lawyer.  [La.].  He  published 
'Saunders  on  Taxation.' 

SAUNDERS,  MARY  INGLE,  Mrs.,  poet,  was  born  in  England 
in  1836,  but  afterward  lived  in  Texas  and  published  a  number  of  com- 
memorative odes,  including  "San  Jacinto  Day"  and  "Texas." 

SAUNDERS,  ROMULUS  MITCHELL,  statesman,  was  born  in 
Caswell  County,  N.C.,  March  3,  1791,  and  died  in  Raleigh,  N.C.,  April  21, 
1867.  He  received  his  education  from  the  University  of  North  Carolina, 
studied  law,  became  attorney-general  of  the  State,  served  in  Congress  for 
several  terms,  and  was  appointed  Minister  to  Spain.  Later  he  became 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court  and  a  commissioner  to  revise  and  codify  the 
laws  of  the  State. 

SAUNDERS,  WILLIAM,  statesman,  of  North  Carolina,  was  born 
in  1835  and  died  in  1891.  He  edited  the  'Records  of  North  Carolina  to 
1776,'  in  eight  volumes. 

"SAVOYARD."     See   Eugene   William   Newman. 

SAWYER,  B.  F.  Author.  [Ga.].  He  wrote  several  stories  of 
Southern  life,  among  them :  'Lucile,'  'Lady  Paulina,'  and  'David  and 
AWgail'   (Boston,  1894). 

SAWYER,  GEORGE  S.  Lawyer.  [La.].  He  published  an  im- 
portant work  entitled  'Southern  Institutes  :  an  Inquiry  into  Slavery'  (Phila- 
delphia, 1859).    He  was  a  member  of  the  Bar  of  New  Orleans. 

SAWYER,  LEMUEL,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Camden  County,  N.C., 
in  1777,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  January  9,  1852.  He  studied  law, 
but  public  life  was  destined  to  claim  most  of  his  time  and  thought.  For 
more  than  twenty  years  he  represented  North  Carolina  in  Congress.  He 
published  a  'Life  of  John  Randolph'  (New  York,  1844),  an  'Autobiography' 
(1845),  and  several  plays,  including  'The  Wreck  of  Honor:  a  Tragedy.' 
He  was  a  man  of  eccentric  habits  and  of  singular  gifts. 

SCAIFE,  H.  LEWIS.  Author.  [S.C.].  He  wrote  'Life  at  the 
Citadel,'  'The  History  of  Superstition,'  and  'The  History  and  Condition 
of  the  Catawba  Indians'  (1896). 

SCARBOROUGH,  WILLIAM  SAUNDERS,  educator,  was  born 
in  Macon,  Ga.,  of  African  descent,  February  16,  1852.  For  several  years 
he  was  professor  of  ancient  languages  in  Wilberforce  University  at  Zenia, 
Ohio.  He  published  'First  Lessons  in  Greek'  (New  York,  1881)  and 
'Theory  and  Functions  of  the  Thematic  Vowel  in  the  Greek  Verb.' 

SCHAEFFER,  CHARLES  WILLIAM,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Hagerstown,  Md.,  May  5,  1813.  For  several  years  he  filled  Lutheran 
pulpits  in  Pennsylvania.  He  also  edited  Lutheran  periodicals  and  taught 
in  Lutheran  schools.    His  publications  include:   'The  Early  History  of 


386  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

the  Lutheran  Church  in  America'  (1857),  'Family  Prayer,'  and  numerous 
translations  from  the  German.    He  held  the  degrees  of  D.D.  and  LL.D. 

SCHARF,  JOHN  THOMAS.  An  antiquarian  of  some  note 
who  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1843.  He  served  in  both  the 
military  and  _  the  naval  operations  of  the  Confederate  Government, 
was  several  times  wounded,  and  once  narrowly  escaped  death  as  a  spy, 
due  to  his  venturesome  spirit  and  his  utter  disregard  of  danger.  After 
the  war  he  entered  journalism  in  Baltimore  and  edited  at  various 
times  the  Evening  News,  the  Sunday  Telegram,  and  the  Morning 
Herald.  He  devoted  much  time  to  historical  investigations  and  made 
a  collection  of  several  thousand  documents  and  pamphlets,  which  he 
gave  to  Johns  Hopkins  University.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
works  of  great  value  and  importance,  including:  'Chronicles  of  Balti- 
more' (1874),  'The  History  of  Maryland,'  in  three  volumes  (1880),  'The 
History  of  Western  Maryland,'  in  two  volumes  (1882),  'The  History 
of  Philadelphia,'  in  three  volumes  (1884),  'The  History  of  the  Confed- 
erate States  Navy  from  the  Time  of  its  Organization  to  the  Surrender 
of  its  Last  Vessel'  (1887),  and  'The  History  of  Delaware'  (1888).  He 
died  in  1898.    Dr.  Scharf  was  given  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

SCHELE  DE  VERE^  MAXMILIAN.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  page.  4687. 

SCHENCK,  DAVID.  Lawyer.  [N.C.].  Born  in  1835.  He  pub- 
lished 'The  Battle  of  Guilford  Court  House'  (Greensboro,  1888),  'North 
Carolina,  1780-1781'  (Raleigh,  1889),  and  a  'Narrative  of  the  Battle  of 
Cowan's  Ford'  (Greensboro,  1891),  besides  minor  works.  He  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D. 

SCHERER,  JAMES  A.  B.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XI,  page  4709. 

SCHERER,  MELANCTHON  G.  G.  Clergyman.  [N.C.].  He 
was  bom  in  1861.    He  published  'The  Mission  of  the  Christian  Church.' 

SCHLEY,  WILLIAM,  governor  and  jurist,  was  born  in  Fred- 
erick, Md.,  December  15,  1786,  and  died  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  November  20, 
1858.  He  studied  law,  achieved  eminence  at  the  Georgia  Bar,  and  became 
a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  a  Member  of  Congress,  and  governor.  He 
advocated  the  building  of  the  first  railroad  in  the  State,  and  published  a 
'Digest  of  the  English  Statutes  in  Force  in  Georgia'  (Philadelphia,  1826). 

SCHLEY,  WINFIELD  SCOTT,  naval  officer,  was  born  in  Fred- 
erick, Md.,  October  9,  1839,  a  son  of  John  Thomas  and  Georgiana  Virginia 
Schley,  and  was  educated  for  the  navy  at  Annapolis.  He  left  the  academy 
on  the  eve  of  the  Civil  War  and  entered  at  once  upon  his  eventful  and 
dramatic  career  as  a  fighter.  Promotions  came  rapidly ;  and,  in  the  years 
which  followed,  the  sphere  of  his  operations  was  transferred  from  one 
part  of  the  globe  to  another.  In  1884  he  took  command  of  the  famous 
Greeley  Relief  Expedition  and  rescued  the  explorer,  with  six  of  his  men, 
at  Cape  Sabine,  for  which  he  was  awarded  medals  and  legislative  honors. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish-American  War  in  1898  he  held  a  commo- 
dore's commission;  but  for  his  dash  and  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  San- 
tiago Bay,  in  which  he  took  active  command,  he  was  subsequently  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral.  On  reaching  the  age  limit  in  1901  he  was 
placed  upon  the  retired  list.  Besides  occasional  magazine  articles,  his 
published  works  include:  'The  Rescue  of  Greeley'  (1886),  and  'Forty-five 
Years  Under  the  Flag'  (1904).  He  -narried,  September  10,  1863,  Annie  R. 
Franklin,  of  Annapolis,  Mfl, 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       387 

SCHMIDT,  GUSTAVUS.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in  Stockholm, 
Sweden,  in  1793.  Possessed  of  an  adventurous  nature,  he  crossed  the 
ocean  in  early  life,  settled  in  New  Orleans,  and  became  in  time  one  of 
the  lights  of  the  Louisiana  Bar.  An  address  delivered  by  him  on 
"The  Model  Judge"  is  preserved  in  'The  Louisiana  Book.'  It  deals 
with  the  character  of  Chief  Justice  John  Marshall  and  abounds  in 
scholarly  touches.  He  died  September  21,  1877,  while  on  a  visit  to 
Virginia. 

SCHMUCKER,  SAMUEL  MOSHEIM,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Nlewmarket,  Va.,  January  12,  1823,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  May 
12,  1863.  His  father,  whose  sketch  appears  below,  was  one  of  the  pioneers 
of  American  Lutheranism,  and,  following  in  the  parental  footsteps,  the  son 
also  became  an  eminent  clergyman  and  writer.  In  1848  he  was  honorably 
dismissed  by  his  synod,  adopted  law  and  literature,  and  published,  among 
numerous  other  works,  'Errors  of  Modern  Infidelity'  (Philadelphia,  1848), 
'The  Spanish  Wife,  a  Play,'  including  a  memoir  of  Edwin  Forrest  (New 
York,  1854),  'Court  and  Reign  of  Catherine  I'  (1855),  'Life  and  Reign  of 
Nicholas  I,'  'Life  and  Times  of  Alexander  Hamilton'  (Philadelphia,  1856), 
'Life  and  Times  of  Thomas  Jefferson,'  including  'The  Yankee  Slave 
Driver'  (Philadelphia,  1857),  'Arctic  Explorations  and  Discoveries,'  'His- 
tory of  Napoleon  III'  (Philadelphia,  1858),  'History  of  the  Four  Georges,' 
'Life,  Speeches  and  Memorials  of  Daniel  Webster'  (Philadelphia,  1859), 
'Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Clay,'  and  the  first  volume  of  a  'History  of  the 
Civil  War'  (1863). 

SCHMUCKER,  SAMUEL  SIMON,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Ha- 
gerstown,  Md.,  February  28,  1799,  and  died  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  July  26, 
1873.  He  became  an  eminent  Lutheran,  prescribed  the  formula  for  the 
government  and  discipline  of  the  church  in  America,  taught  for  more  than 
forty  years  in  the  theological  seminary  at  Gettysburg,  and  published  more 
than  one  hundred  works,  including  translations.  His  writings  include: 
'Elements  of  Popular  Theology'  (1834),  'Psychology,  or  Elements  of 
Mental  Philosophy'  (New  York,  1852),  'The  American  Lutheran  Church' 
(1851),  'Lutheran  Manual,'  and  'The  Evangelical  Lutheran  Catechism.' 
Two  colleges  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

SCHOOLCRAFT,  MARY  HOWARD,  author,  was  born  in  Beau- 
fort, S.C,  and  in  1847  became  the  second  wife  of  Henry  Rowe  School- 
craft, the  distinguished  ethnologist.  When  her  husband  was  confined  to 
his  chair  by  paralysis,  she  assisted  him  in_  the  preparation  of  his  later 
works ;  and  she  also  published  an  entertaining  volume  of  fiction  entitled 
'The  Black  Gauntlet,  a  Tale  of  Plantation  Life  in  South  Carolina'  (Phil- 
adelphia, 1860). 

SCHROEDER,  JOHN  FREDERICK,  clergyman  and  educator, 
was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  April  8,  1800,  and  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.Y., 
February  26,  1865.  After  graduating  from  Princeton  with  the  highest 
honors,  he  studied  theology,  became  an  eminent  Episcopal  divine,  estab- 
lished at  Flushing,  L.I.,  a  school  for  girls,  which  he  afterward  removed 
to  New  York;  traveled  abroad  and  lectured  extensively  on  popular 
themes,  and  served  two  important  Brooklyn  parishes.  Trinity  College 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  S.T.D.  Besides  editing  several  theo- 
logical volumes,  he  published  'Maxims  of  Washington'  (New  York,  1855), 
'Memoir  of  Mrs.  Anne  Boardman'  (New  Haven,  1849),  and  left  unfinished 
'The  Life  and  Times  of  Washington,'  which  was  completed  by  other  hands. 

SCHURZ,  CARL.  United  States  Senator  and  publicist,  was  born 
in  Cologne,  Germany,  March  2,  1829,  and  was  educated  at  the  University 
of  Bonn.  Coming  to  the  United  States  in  1852,  he  first  located  in  Wiscon- 
sm.     He  resigned  the  mission  to  Spain  to  enter  the  Union  Army  and 


388  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

became  a  major-general.  After  the  war  he  settled  in  Missouri  and  was 
sent  to  the  United  States  Senate,  Independent  in  politics,  he  supported 
Hayes  in  1876  and  Cleveland  in  1884.  For  several  years  he  edited  the 
New  York  Evening  Post.  Besides  contributing  to  various  periodicals,  he 
has  published  a  volume  of  'Speeches'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co., 
1885),  a  'Life  of  Henry  Clay'  (New  York,  Harper  and  Bros.,  1887),  and 
'Abraham  Lincoln,  an  Essay'   (ibid.,  1889). 

SCHWEINITZ,  EMIL  ALEXANDER  DE,  chemist,  was  born  in 
Salem,  N.C.,  January  18,  1866.  After  graduating  from  the  University  of 
North  Carolina,  he  pursued  his  studies  at  Gottingen,  from  which  institu- 
tion he  received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  For  many  years  he  was  professor  of 
chemistry  in  Columbian  University  Medical  School.  He  published  a  number 
of  papers  containing  the  fruits  of  his  researches  and  won  international 
recognition  by  his  contributions  to  scientific  thought,  especially  upon  the 
subject  of  tuberculosis.     He  died  in  1904. 

SCOTT,  CHARLES,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Knoxville,  Tenn., 
November  12,  1811,  and  died  in  Jackson,  Miss.,  May  30,  1861.  For  several 
years  he  practiced  law  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  but  he  afterward  settled  in 
Mississippi  and  became  chancellor  of  the  State.  He  was  an  active  Mason 
and  published  'The  Analogy  of  Ancient  Craft  Masonry  to  Natural  and 
Revealed  Religion'  (Philadelphia,  1849)  and  'The  Keystone  of  the  Ma- 
sonic Arch'  (18S6). 

SCOTT,  EDWARD,  jurist,  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1774,  and 
died  in  Tennessee  in  1852.  His  father  was  Joseph  Scott,  a  major  in  the 
Revolution.  For  'more  than  thirty  years  he  occupied  the  Superior  Court 
Bench  in  Tennessee  and  published  in  two  volumes,  'Laws  of  the  State  of 
Tennessee'   (Knoxville,  1821). 

SCOTT,  HENRY  LEE,  soldier,  was  born  in  New  Berne,  N.C., 
October  3,  1814,  and  died  in  New  York  City,  Jaruiary  6,  1886.  He  was 
educated  at  West  Point,  married  Cornelia,  the  daughter  of  General  Win- 
field  Scott,  and  became  an  aide  on  the  latter's  staff,  with  the  rank  of 
colonel.  He  participated  in  the  Mexican  War  and  in  the  various  Indian 
campaigns.  His  only  work  is  a  'Dictionary  of  Military  Terms'  (New 
York,  1861). 

SCOTT,  JEANNE  McCLAiN  FORNEY,  educator,  was  born  in 
Tennessee  in  1849,  but  afterward  lived  first  in  Alabama  and  then  in 
Arkansas.  Her  stories  are  charmingly  told,  varied  in  plot  and  full  of 
the  atmosphere  of  Southern  life.  They  include:  'Mars'  Jeems'  (1872), 
'Little  Miss  Bettie'  (1876),  'Sis  and  Bud'  (1880)-,  'Render  Unto  Csesar' 
(1886),  'Romance  of  the  River  Fields'  (1891),  'At  Sirat'"  (1892),  'Mag- 
nolias Abloom,'  and  'Where  the  Rivers  Meet'  (1896). 

SCOTT,  JOHN.  One  of  Mosby's  men.  [Va.].  He  published 
'Partisan  Life  with  Mosby'  (1867). 

SCOTT,  NANCY  M.  [Tenn.].  She  published  a  biography  of  her 
grandfather  entitled  a  'Memoir  of  Hugh  Lawson  White,  with  Speeches' 
(1856). 

SCOTT,  ROBERT  NICHOLSON,  soldier,  was  born  in  Win- 
chester, Tenn.,  January  21,  1838,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  in  1887. 
His  father  was  the  Rev.  William  Anderson  Scott,  D.D.  Entering  the  Uni- 
ted States  Army  in  1857,  he  fought  on  the  Union  side  during  the  Civil 
War.  For  several  years  he  was  in  charge  of  the  war  records  at  the 
national  capital.  He  was  breveted  a  major  for  gallantry  at  Gaines's  Mill, 
where  he  was  wounded.  He  published  a  'Digest  of  the  Military  Laws  of 
the  United  States'  (1872),  an  important  work. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       389 

SCOTT,  ROSA  NAOMI,  writer,  was  born  in  Knoxville,  Tenn.. 
March  29,  1871.  She  is  engaged  in  journalistic  work  in  Knoxville,  but 
occasionally  writes  short  stories  and  sketches  for  the  magazines.  Her 
latest  bit  of  fiction,  entitled  "The  Woman  in  the  Second  Row,"  was  pub- 
lished in  The  Woman's  Home  Companion.  She  is  also  the  author  of  the 
sketch  of  Frances  Hodgson  Burnett  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Litera- 
ture' and  the  winner  of  a  prize  for  the  best  short  historical  romance. 

SCOTT,  SUTTON  SELWYN.  Lawyer  and  planter.  He  was  born 
in  Huntsville,  Ala.,  November  26,  1829,  a  son  of  James  G.  and  Ann 
Scott,  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Tennessee  and  married 
Loula  Marie  Hurt,  of  Columbus,  Ga.  He  was  Confederate  Com- 
missioner of  Indian  Affairs  in  1863  and  delegate  to  the  Alabama 
Constitutional  Convention  in  187S.  Under  President  Cleveland's  first 
administration  he  was  United  States  Commissioner  to  adjudicate 
claims  in  New  Mexico  and  Colorado;  and  from  1894  to  1896  was  chair- 
man of  the  commission  to  the  Indians  in  Utah.  His  writings  include: 
'Southbrooke:  Southern  Tales  and  Sketches,'  (1880),  'The  Mobilians,  or 
Talks  About  the  South,'  (1897),  and  numerous  articles  contributed  to  the 
periodicals.     He  resides  in  Auburn,  Ala. 

SCOTT,  WALTER,  religious  leader  and  author,  was  a  kinsman 
of  the  famous  novelist,  born  in  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  October  31,  1796, 
and  died  in  Kentucky,  April  23,  1861.  While  not  an  ordained  minister,  he 
came  to  the  support  of  Alexander  Campbell  with  singular  powers  of  elo- 
quence, contributed  to  the  Christian  Baptist  and  published  'The  Gospel 
Restored'  (1854)  and  'The  Messiahship,  or  the  Great  Demonstration' 
(1858),  besides  minor  works.  His  biography  was  written  by  William 
Baxter  (1874). 

SCOTT,  WILLIAM  ANDERSON,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Bed- 
ford County,  Tenn.,  in  1813;  and,  having  been  reared  among  the  Cumber- 
land Presbyterians,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  when  only  seventeen.  But 
he  afterward  completed  his  theological  equipment  at  Princeton.  He  was 
at  one  time  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  the  Hermitage,  which 
was  largely  sustained  by  Andrew  Jackson.  Later  he  preached  in  New 
Orleans;  and  when  the  war  began  he  was  laboring  in  San  Francisco;  but 
on  account  of  divided  sentiment  among  the  people  on  the  issues  of  the 
war,  he  went  abroad  and  preached  for  some  time  in  Birmingham,  England. 
He  traveled  extensively  in  foreign  lands,  and  is  said  to  have  acquired 
eleven  languages.  His  works  include :  'The  Christ  of  the  Apostles'  Creed' 
(1867),  'The  Voice  of  the  Church  Against  Arianism,'  'Strauss  and  Renan,' 
'The  Church  in  the  Aiany,  or  the  Four  Centuriana  of  the  Gospel'  (1862), 
'The  Wedge  of  Gold:  or,  Achan  in  El  Dorado'  (1855),  'Trade  and  Let- 
ters' (1856),  'The  Giant  Judge,  or  Samson  the  Hebrew  Hercules'  (1858), 
'The  Bible  and  Politics'  (1859),  'Esther,  the  Hebrew-Persian  Queen,'  and 
'Daniel,  a  Model  for  Young  Men'  (1854).  He  also  edited  the  New  Orleans 
Presbyterian  and  founded  the  Pacific  Expositor.  The  University  of 
Alabama  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  and  the  University  of  the  City  of 
New  York  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

SCOTT,  WILLIAM  COWPER,  Presbyterian  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Martinsburg,  Va.,  January  13,  1817,  and  died  in  Bethesda,  Va., 
October  23,  1854.  He  published  'Genius  and  Faith,  or  Poetry  and  Re- 
ligion in  their  Mutual  Relation,'  a  work  of  exceptional  merit  evincing 
unusual  powers  of  literary  criticism. 

SCOTT,  WILLIAM  J.  Editor  and  clergyman.  He  was  born 
in  Clarke  County,  Ga.,  in  1826.  His  father  was  a  man  of 
distinguished  classical  attainments  and  a  teacher  of  some  note,  who 
largely  directed  the  education  of  his  son.     He  relinquished  the  law  for 


390  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

the  ministry,  entered  the  itinerant  ranks  of  the  Methodist  Church 
and  edited  Scotfs  Magazine,  which  was  published  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  just 
after  the  war.  This  was  a  periodical  of  exceptional  merit,  but  on 
account  of  the  impoverished  condition  of  the  section  it  lacked  means 
of  sustenance  and  collapsed.  Among  the  published  works  of  Dr.  Scott, 
who  frequently  wrote  for  the  religious  and  secular  press,  are :  'Lec- 
tures and  Essays,'  'Historic  Eras,'  and  'Sketches  of  Ministers  and 
Laymen  of  the  North  Georgia  Conference.'  The  master  of  an  elegant 
style,  the  writings  of  this  eminent  scholar  possess  unusual  charm.  He 
died  in  Atlanta,  in  1899. 

SCOTT,  WINFIELD,  an  eminent  American  soldier,  was  born  in 
Dinwiddie  County,  Va.,  June  13,  1786,  and  died  at  West  Point,  N.Y.,  May 
29,  1866.  He  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary  College,  practiced  law 
for  two  years,  entered  the  United  States  Army  with  the  rank  of  captain, 
and  rose  by  virtue  of  soldiership  and  courage  to  the  supreme  command. 
He  led  the  American  forces  in  the  war  with  Mexico.  In  1852  he  was  the 
candidate  of  the  Whig  party  for  President,  and  received  the  electoral  vote 
of  several  states.  Besides  a  pamphlet  against  the  use  of  intoxicating 
liquors  (Philadelphia,  1821),  he  published  'General  Regulations  for  the 
Army'  (1825),  'Letter  to  the  Secretary  of  War'  (New  York,  1827),  'Let- 
ter on  the  Slavery  Question'  (New  York,  1843),  'Abstract  of  Infantry 
Tactics'  (Philadelphia,  1861),  and  his  'Memoirs,'  in  two  volumes,  giving 
an  account  of  his  military  career.  He  also  translated  from  the  French  a 
work  on  'Infantry  Tactics,'  in  tliree  volumes  (1835).  Numerous  biog- 
raphies of  General  Scott  have  appeared,  among  them  Edward  D.  Mans- 
field's, Joel  T.  Headley's,  and  O.  J.  Victor's.  Besides,  Lieutenant  Raphael 
Semmes  has  written  'The  Campaign  of  General  Scott  in  the  Valley  of 
Mexico'  (Cincinnati,  1852). 

SCREVEN,  WILLIAM,  clergyman,  was  born  in  England  in  1629 
and  died  in  Georgetown,  S.C.,  in  1713.  He  settled  first  in  Piscataway, 
N.H. ;  but,  suffering  persecutions  at  the  hands  of  the  Puritans,  he  re- 
moved to  Charleston,  S.C.,  where  he  organized  the  pioneer  Baptist  con- 
gregation. He  wrote  'An  Ornament  for  Church  Members,'  which  was 
published  after  his  death   (Charleston,  1721). 

SCRUGGS,  WILLIAM  LINDSAY.  Lawyer,  journalist,  diplomat. 
He  was  born  near  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  September  14,  1836,  the  son  of 
Frederick  and  Margaret  Kimbrough  Scruggs,  received  an  excel- 
lent f.ducation  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1861.  He  married 
Judi'h  Ann  Potts.  He  edited  the  Columbus  Daily  Sun  and  the 
Atl'knta  New  Era  between  1862  and  1871.  He  was  United  States  Minis- 
te'  to  Colombia  from  1872  to  1877,  and  again  from  1882  to  1887,  and 
vds  United  States  Consul  in  China  from  1877  to  1881,  United  States 
Minister  to  Venezuela  from  1889  to  1893,  and  became  legal  adviser 
and  special  agent  of  the  Venezuelan  Government,  charged  with  the 
settlement  of  the  Anglo- Venezuelan  boundary  dispute,  from  1894  to 
1898,  bringing  it  successfully  to  arbitration.  In  politics  he  has  been 
an  Independent  Republican.  His  writings  include:  'British  Aggres- 
sions in  Venezuela,  or  the  Monroe  Doctrine  on  Trial'  (Atlanta,  Frank- 
lin Publishing  Company,  1894),  'Official  History  of  the  (^uayana  Boun- 
dary Dispute'  {ibid.,  1895),  'Lord  Salisbury's  Mistakes'  (1896),  'Falla- 
cies of  the  British  Blue  Book'  (1896),  'The  Colombian  and  Venezuelan 
Republics'  (Boston,  Little,  Brovm  and  Company,  1899),  'Evolution  of 
American  Citizenship'  (Atlanta,  Franklin  Publishing  Company,  1901), 
'Origin  and  Meaning  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine'  {ibid.,  1902),  and  'The 
Evolution  of  the  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  Amendments'  (1903), 
besides  numerous  historical,  economic,  and  legal  reviews.  He  vesides 
in  Atlanta.  Ga. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       391 

SEABROOK,  PHOEBE  HAMILTON,  Mrs.  Author.  [S.C.]. 
She  wrote  an  entertaining  novel  of  life  in  the  South  during  the  Civil 
War  entitled  'A  Daughter  of  the  Confederacy*  (New  York  and  Wash- 
ington, The  Neale  Publishing  Company,   1907). 

SEALS,  A.  B.  Author.  [Ga.].  For  many  years  he  was  associated 
with  his  brother,  Colonel  John  H.  Seals,  in  the  editorship  of  the  Sunny 
South,  a  periodical  published  in  Atlanta,  Ga.  He  wrote  an  interesting 
novel  entitled  'Rockford.' 

SEALSFIELD,  CHARLES,  author,  was  born  in  Moravia,  March 
3,  1793,  and  died  in  Switzerland,  May  26,  1864.  His  real  name  was  Karl 
Postel,  but,  escaping  from  a  convent  at  Prague,  he  tame  to  the  United 
States,  where  he  was  known  as  Charles  Sealsfield.  For  several  years  he 
lived  in  Louisiana,  removing  afterward  to  Texas,  and  eventually  to  Mex- 
ico and  Central  America.  He  possessed  unusual  genius  and  wrote  nu- 
merous works  which  were  translated  in  English,  including  'The  Cabin 
Book;  or,  Life  in  Texas'  (1844,  first  edition),  'North  and  South;  or. 
Scenes  in  Mexico'  (1845),  'Adventures  in  Central  America'  (1852), 
'Frontier  Life  in  the  Southwest'  (1853),  'The  French  in  Louisiana'  (1854), 
'Adventures  in  Texas'  (1860),  'Transatlantic  Traveling  Sketches,'  two 
volumes  (1833),  'Pictures  of  Life  in  Both  Hemispheres,'  two  volumes 
(1834),  'Tokeah;  or,  the  White  Rose'  (1828),  'Rambleton,  a  Romance  of 
New  York'  (1836),  'The  Viceroy  and  the  Aristocracy,'  a  Mexican  novel 
(1834),  and  several  others.  Two  complete  editions  of  his  works  have 
been  published  in  German  (Stuttgart,  1845-1847,  fifteen  volumes;  1846, 
eighteen  volumes). 

SEARING,  LAURA  CATHERINE,  author,  was  born  in  Somer- 
set County,  Md.,  February  9,  1840.  Her  maiden  name  was  Redden.  Due 
to  an  attack  of  meningitis,  she  lost  the  sense  of  hearing  when  a  child  and 
later  the  power  of  speech,  but  she  possessed  an  intellect  of  unusual  vigor, 
acquired  the  languages  of  modern  Europe  during  a  visit  abroad,  made 
contributions  to  the  press  which  attracted  wide  attention,  and  became  a 
woman  of  note.  She  married  Edward  W.  Searing  of  the  New  York  Bar 
and  afterward  removed  to  California.  Her  verse  is  soulful  and  deli- 
cate, evincing  a  temperament  remarkably  poetic.  She  published  'Notable 
Men  of  the  Thirty-seventh  Congress'  (Washington,  1862),  'Idyls  of  Bat- 
tle,' a  collection  of  war  poems  (New  York,  1864),  and  'Sounds  from 
Secret  Chambers'   (Boston,  1874). 

SEAT  ON,  WILLIAM  WINSTON,  editor,  was  born  in  King 
William  County,  Va.,  January  11,  1785,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C., 
June  16,  1866.  After  editing  various  journals,  he  located  in  Washington, 
D.C.,  where  for  more  than  forty  years,  in  association  with  his  brother-in- 
law,  Joseph  Gales,  Jr.,  he  published  the  National  Intelligencer,  a  paper 
which  from  1812  to  1820  exclusively  reported  the  debates  of  Congress. 
He  was  for  twelve  consecutive  years  mayor  of  Washington.  Together 
with  Mr.  Gales  he  published  'Annals  of  Congress,'  forty-two  volumes, 
from  1798  to  1824,  and  'Register  of  Debates  in  Congress,'  fourteen  vol- 
umes, from  1824  to  1837.  His  'Life'  was  written  by  his  daughter  (Boston, 
1871). 

SEAWELL,  J.  Playwright.  [Ala.].  Author  of  'Valentine,  a  Play 
in  Five  Acts.' 

SEAWELL,  MOLLY  ELLIOT.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  page  4729. 

SEIBERT,  VENITA,  Miss,  author,  was  born  in  Louisville,  Ky., 
December  29,  1878.    From  time  to  time  she  has  published  numerous  short 


392  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

stories  and  bits  of  verse  which  have  been  widely  admired.  She  has  also 
published  a  series  of  stories  in  the  American  Magazine  entitled  "In  the 
Different  World,"  and  a  volume  of  fiction  entitled  'The  Gossamer  Thread' 
(Boston,  Small,  Maynard  and  Company).  She  reviews  books  for  the 
Louisville  Courier- Journal. 

SEISS,  JOSEPH  AUGUSTUS,  theologian,  was  born  in  Frederick 
County,  Md.,  March  18,  1823.  He  was  educated  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  be- 
came an  ordained  Lutheran  minister  and  preached  for  years  with  great 
power  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  occupied  one  of  the  largest  churches. 
He  traveled  extensively,  wrote  and  lectured  and  published  numerous 
works;  among  them  'Popuular  Lectures  on  the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews' 
(Baltimore,  1846),  'Lectures  on  the  Gospels  of  the  Church  Year'  in  two 
volumes  (1868),  'The  Baptist  System  Examined'  (Philadelphia,  1854), 
'The  Apocalypse,'  in  three  volumes  (London,  1882),  and  numerous  others, 
besides   liturgical   works,  translations   and  sermons. 

SEJOUR,  VICTOR,  author  and  actor,  was  born  in  New  Orleans, 
La.,  June  12,  1809.  He  spent  much  of  his  time  in  Paris,  achieved  dis- 
tinction on  the  stage  and  became  a  writer  of  successful  plays.  Though 
he  made  his  initial  reputation  as  a  man  of  letters  in  an  ode_  to  the 
French  emperor  entitled  "Retour  de  Napoleon,"  it  was  chiefly  in 
the  line  of  dramatic  composition  that  his  literary  activities  were  en- 
gaged. He  published:  'Diegarias'  (1844),  'La  Chute  de  Sajan'  (1849), 
'Richard  III'  (1852),  'L'Argent  du  Diable'  (1854),  'Les  Noces  Vene- 
tiennes'  (1855),  'Le  Fils  de  la  Nuit'  (1857),  'Andre  Gerard'  (1857)  and 
in  association  with  M.  Bresil,  'Le  Martyr  du  Coeur'  (1858). 

SELBY,  JULIAN  A.  [S.C.].  He  wrote  an  interesting  personal 
narrative  entitled  'Memorabilia  and  Anecdotal  Reminiscences  of  Columbia' 
(1905),  a  work  which  portrays  some  thrilling  chapters  in  the  history  of 
the  South  Carolina  capital.    He  died  in  Columbia,  S.C,  in  1907. 

SELDEN,  SAMUEL,  physician  and  poet,  was  born  at  Norfolk, 
Va.,  in  1834,  of  good  Englisla  stock.  On  graduating  from  Hampden- 
Sidney  College,  he  took  his  degree  in  medicine  at  Charleston,  S.C.  For 
nearly  twenty  years  he  practiced  his  profession  in  his  native  town.  The 
possessor  of  poetic  gifts  of  no  mean  order,  he  often  dipped  into  verse 
during  hours  of  relaxation;  and  the  year  of  his  death  witnessed  the  pub- 
lication of  his  only  volume  entitled  'Poems'   (Norfolk,  1880). 

SELLERS,  ALVIN  V.,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born  at  Graham, 
Ga.,  September  14,  1882.  He  is  the  youngest  member  of  the  present  State 
Senate  of  Georgia,  1909-1910,  and  published  an  interesting  work  entitled 
'Classics  of  the  Bar'  (Baxley,  Ga.,  1909),  which  contains  some  of  the  mas- 
terpieces of  forensic  eloquence.  It  also  reviews  a  number  of  the  most 
celebrated  trials. 

SELPH,  FANNIE  EOLINE.  Writer.  She  published  'Texas,  or 
the  Broken  Link.' 

SEMMES,  ALEXANDER  JENKINS,  surgeon,  educator,  author, 
was  born  in  Washington,  D.C.,  December  17,  1828.  After  receiving  his 
medical  diploma,  he  prosecuted  his  studies  abroad.  During  the  Civil  War 
he  was  a  surgeon  in  Stonewall  Jackson's  corps.  At  the  close  of  hostilities 
he  settled  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  for  the  practice  of  his  profession,  but  he 
afterward  took  orders  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  and  became  presi- 
dent of  Pio  Nono  College,  in  Macon,  Ga.  He  was  a  writer  of  graphic 
resources  and  produced  several  interesting  volumes,  among  them  'Medi- 
cal Sketches  of  Paris'  (New  York,  1852),  'Gun-shot  Wounds'  (1864), 
'Notes  from  a  Surgical  Diary'  (1866),  'Surgical  Notes  of  the  Late  War' 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       395 

(1867),  'The  Fluid  Extracts'  (1869),  and  'Evolution  the  Origin  of  Life' 
(1873).     He  was  a  cousin  of  Admiral  Semmes. 

SEMMES,  RAPHAEL.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XI,  page  4751. 

SEMMES,  THOMAS  JENKINS.  Lawyer  and  statesman.  He 
was  born  in  Georgetown,  D.C.,  December  16,  1824.  On  settling  in 
New  Orleans  for  the  practice  of  law,  he  advanced  rapidly  to  the  front; 
and  during  the  war  period  he  represented  Louisiana  in  the  Confed- 
erate Senate.  For  a  time  he  was  also  professor  of  law  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Louisiana.  He  was  called  by  some  of  his  colleagues  at  the 
bar  "the  incarnation  of  logic."  He  wrote  a  'History  of  the  Laws  of 
Louisiana'  (New  Orleans,  1873).  One  of  his  speeches  entitled  "The 
Confederate  Seal"  is  preserved  in  'The  Louisiana  Book'  (1894). 

SEMPLE,  ELLEN  CHURCHILL,  author,  was  born  in  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  in  1863,  was  prepared  by  private  tutors  for  Vassar  College, 
and  after  graduating  from  this  celebrated  institution,  continued  her 
studies  abroad  at  Leipzig.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  scien- 
tific periodicals  on  both  sides  of  the  water,  she  published_  an  import- 
ant volume  on  the  line  of  her  life's  work  entitled  'American  History 
and  its  Geographic  Conditions'  (1903),  which  is  said  to  be  the  ablest 
treatise  upon  this  subject  in  the  English  language,  evincing  not  only 
thoroughness  of  research  but  original  power  of  thought.  It  is  the 
geography  of  the  continent  viewed  in  relation  to  the  life  and  history 
of  man,  a  masterpiece  of  anthropological  literature  which  has  attracted 
wide  recognition  from  the  scientists. 

SEMPLE,  ROBERT  BAYLOR,  clergyman,  was  born  in  King 
and  Queen  County,  Va.,  January  20,  1769,  and  died  in  Fredericksburg,  Va., 
December  25,  1831.  He  became  an  eminent  Baptist  divine  and  published 
a  'History  of  Virginia  Baptists'  (1810),  a  'Catechism'  (1809),  a  'Memoir 
of  Elder  Straughan,'  and  'Letters  to  Alexander  Campbell.'  He  received 
his  degree  of  D.D.  from  Brown  University. 

SENOUR,  WILLIAM,  Mrs.  Author.  [Fla.].  She  has  published 
'The  Master  of  St.  Elmo'  (1904).  The  author  resides  at  Faunt  Le  Roy, 
Fla. 

SEVIER,  CLARA  DRISCOLL,  author,  was  born  in  St.  Mary's, 
Texas.  Her  father  was  Robert  Driscoll  and  her  mother  Julia  Fox.  She 
married,  July  31,  1906,  H.  H.  Sevier.  She  is  a  writer  of  rare  gifts.  Her 
published  works  include  'The  Girl  of  La  Gloria'  (1905),  'Mexicana'  (1906), 
and  'In  the  Shadow  of  the  Alamo'  (1906).  She  resides  in  New  York. 
The  sketch  of  Amelia  E.  Barr  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is 
from  the  pen  of  Mrs.  Sevier. 

SEWALL,  R.  R.  Presbyterian  clergyman.  [Fla.].  He  wrote 
'Sketches  of  St.  Augustine.' 

SHACKELFORD,  JOSEPHUS.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Ala.].  He 
wrote  a  'History  of  the  Mussel  Shoals  Baptist  Association'  (1891). 

SHACKLEFORD,  THOMAS  MITCHELL.  Jurist.  He  was 
born  in  Fayetteville,  Tenn.,  November  14,  1859,  a  son  of  Daniel  Park 
and  Aletha  Young  Shackleford,  graduated  from  Burritt  College,  Spencer, 
Tenn.,  and  was  married  twice.  He  removed  from  Tennessee  to  Florida 
in  1882,  was  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court'  from  1902  to  1905, 
and  then  became  Chief  Justice.  Two  very  interesting  volumes  have  been 
the  product  of  his  leisure  moments :  'Amoskohegan'  and  'By  Sunlit  Waters,' 


394  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

the   latter   written   in   association   with   William   Wilson   De   Hart.     He 
resides  in  Tallahassee,  Fla. 

SHAFFNER,  TALIAFERRO  PRESTON,  inventor  and  author, 
was  born  in  Fauquier  County,  Va.,  in  1818,  and  died  in  Troy,  N.Y.,  De- 
cember 11,  1881.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  but  gave  most  of  his  time 
to  inventions,  of  which  he  patented  twelve.  He  was  also  at  one  time  asso- 
ciated with  Morse  in  the  introduction  of  the  telegraph  and  published 
'The  Telegraph  Companion'  in  two  volumes  (New  York,  1855),  'The 
Telegraph  Manual'  (1859),  'The  Secession  War  in  America'  (London, 
1862),  'The  History  of  America'  in  two  volumes  (1863),  and  'Odd  Fellow- 
ship'  (New  York,  1875). 

SHALER,  NATHANIEL  SOUTHGATE,  geologist,  was  born  in 
Newport,  Ky.,  February  20,  1841,  and  received  his  education  at  Harvard, 
where  he  made  a  special  study  of  scientific  branches.  For  two  years  he 
served  in  the  Union  Army,  after  which  he  became  a  professor  in  the 
Lawrence  Scientific  School  at  Harvard,  and  eventually  succeeded  to  the 
office  of  dean.  Harvard  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Sc.D.  His 
published  works  include:  'A  First  Book  in  Geology'  (1884),  'Kentucky, 
a  Pioneer  Commonwealth'  (1885),  'The  United  States  of  America,'  in 
three  volumes,  with  maps  and  illustrations  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and 
Company),  'Outlines  of  the  Earth's  History'  {ibid.),  and  'The  Individual, 
a  Study  of  Life  and  Death'  (ibid.),  besides  numerous  monographs  and 
memoirs.     He  died  in  1906. 

SHALER,  WILLIAM,  author,  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1778  and 
died  in  Havana,  Cuba,  March  29,  1833.  For  many  years  he  was  consul- 
general  at  Algiers,  and  later  held  the  same  post  at  Havana.  He  was  the 
author  of  'Sketches  on  Algiers,'  a  work  which  was  highly  praised  by  Jared 
Sparks  (Boston,  1826).  He  also  wrote  a  paper  on  'The  Language  of  the 
Berbers  in  Africa,'  for  the  American  Philosophical  Transactions. 

SHANKS,  WILLIAM  FRANKLIN  GORE,  journalist,  was  born 
in  Shelbyville,  Ky.,  April  20,  1837,  became  war  correspondent  of  the 
New  York  Herald,  and  afterward  served  on  other  metropolitan  newspa- 
pers. He  married  Mary  R.  Lynn,  of  Louisville,  Ky.  His  publications 
include:  'Recollections  of  Distinguished  Generals'  (New  York,  1865), 
'The  Noble  Treason,'  a  tragedy,  and  'The  Ring  Master,'  a  novel.  He 
served  in  the  Union  Army,  and  was  wounded  at  Chattanooga.  His  death 
occurred  in  1905. 

SHARKEY,  T.  K.,  Mrs.    Author.     [Tenn.].    She  published  a  novel 

entitled  'Mate  to  Mate.' 

SHARP,  ROBERT.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Lawrenceville, 
Va.,  October  24,  1857,  and  was  educated  at  Randolph-Macon  Col- 
lege and  at  Leipsic.  In  1881  he  married  Blanche  Herndon.  For 
four  years  he  was  professor  of  English  in  the  University  of  Louisiana, 
and  since  1884  he  has  occupied  the  same  chair  in  Tulane  University. 
He  is  a  writer  of  distinction  on  Anglo-Saxon  topics.  With  Professor 
James  A.  Harrison,  he  has  edited  'Beowolf  and  'The  Fight  at  Fins- 
burh,'  and  has  edited  alone  Shakespeare's  'The  Merchant  of  Venice.' 
He  holds  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

SHAVER,  LLEWELLYN  ADOLPHUS.  Lawyer.  [Ala.].  He 
was  born  in  1847.  He  published  a  'History  of  the  Sixtieth  Alabama 
Regiment,  Grade's  Brigade'  (1867). 

SHAW,  JOHN,  physician  and  poet,  was  born  in  Annapolis,  Md., 
and,  after  obtaining  his  medical  diploma,  he  received  a  surgeon's  appoint- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       395 

ment  in  the  fleet  ordered  to  Algiers.  Later  he  was  sent  by  his  superior 
officer  to  London  on  diplomatic  business,  and  returned  by  way  of  Lisbon. 
In  the  year  following  he  continued  his  medical  studies  at  Edinburgh, 
became  the  friend  of  the  Earl  of  Selkirk,  with  whom  he  sailed  for  Canada 
to  join  the  settlement  which  the  nobleman  was  founding,  but  he  soon 
returned  to  the  United  States  and  settled  in  Baltimore.  He  was  a  ready 
writer  of  verse ;  and  soon  after  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1809,  while  on 
a  voyage  from  Charleston  to  the  Bahamas,  some  of  his  best  work  ap- 
peared in  book  form  under  the  title  'Poems  by  the  Late  Dr.  Shaw,  with  a 
Biographical  Sketch.' 

SHEARER,  JOHN  BUNYAN.  Educator  and  divine.  He  was  born 
in  Appomattox  County,  Va.,  July  19,  1832.  For  many  years  he  was 
president  of  Davidson  College,  N.C.,  and  afterward  vice-president. 
His  writings  include:  a  'Bible  Course  Syllabus'  in  three  volumes 
(Richmond,  B.  F.  Johnson,  1895),  'Modern  Mysticism,'  'The  Sermon  on 
the  Mount'  (Richmond,  Presbyterian  Committee  of  Publication),  'Studies 
in  the  Life  of  Christ'  (ibid.),  and  numerous  articles  for  the  magazines 
and  reviews.  The  University  of  Virginia  gave  him  both  the  D.D.  and  the 
LL.D.  degrees. 

SHEARIN,  HUBERT  GIBSON,  educator,  was  born  in  Boyle 
County,  Ky.,  near  Frankfort,  May  S,  1878,  and  received  the  best  educational 
advantages,  obtaining  the  Ph.D.  degree  from  Yale.  Besides  frequent  con- 
tributions to  educational  and  popular  periodicals,  he  has  published  'The 
Expression  of  Purpose  in  Old  English  Prose'  (New  York,  Henry  Holt 
and  Company,  1902),  and  has  in  preparation  'Outlines  of  English  Syntax' 
and  a  'Collection  of  Kentucky  Mountain  Ballads.'  For  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature'  he  wrote  the  sketch  of  Madison  Cawein.  Dr.  Shearin 
is  an  accomplished  scholar  and  in  addition  to  holding  the  chair  of  English 
philology  in  Transylvania  University,  he  is  also  president  of  Hamilton 
College  for  Women,  and  edits  Transylvania  Studies  in  Philology.  He 
married,  September  6,  1903,  Ruth  Marguerite  Bene.  He  resides  in  Lex- 
ington, Ky. 

SHECUT,  JOHN  LINNAEUS  EDWARD  WHITRIDGE,  phy- 
sician, was  born  in  Beaufort,  S.C.,  December  4,  1770,  and  died  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  in  1836.  After  receiving  his  medical  diploma  he  settled  in 
Charleston,  organized  the  first  cotton  factory  in  the  State,  and  became 
the  first  physician  to  apply  electricity  to  the  treatment  of  yellow  fever. 
He  was  fond  of  original  research,  wrote  with  great  ease  and  clearness, 
and  published  several  volumes,  including  'Flora  Caroliniensis,  a  Historical, 
Medical  and  Economical  Display  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom,'  in  two 
volumes  (Charleston,  1806),  'An  Essay  on  the  Yellow  Fqver  of  1817,'  'An 
Inquiry  into  the  Properties  of  the  Electric  Fluid'  (1818),  'Shecut's  Medi- 
cal and  Philosophical  Essays'  (1819),  'Elements  of  Natural  Philosophy' 
(1826),  and  'A  New  Theory  of  the  Earth'  (1826). 

SHEFFEY,  MIRIAM,  Miss,  poet,  of  Virginia,  published  a  booklet 
entitled  'The  Spirit-Mother,  and  Other  Poems'  (New  York,  1905).  It  is 
the  distillation  of  grief,  but  is  not  depressing  because  of  the  refined  senti- 
ment which  it  breathes.    The  author's  home  is  in  Marion,  Va. 

SHELDON,  GEORGE  WILLIAM,  educator  and  author,  was  born 
in  Summerville,  S.C,  January  28,  1843.  On  completing  his  studies  at 
Princeton,  he  became  a  tutor  in  the  institution  for  two  years  and  after- 
ward a  professor  of  Oriental  languages  in  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
but  relinquished  educational  work  eventually  for  literature,  and  became  an 
art  critic  of  wide  reputation.  His  publications  include  'American  Paint- 
ers' (New  York,  1879),  'Story  of  the  Volunteer  Fire  Department  of  New 
York'   (New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers),  'Hours  with  Art  and  Artists' 


396  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

(New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company),  "Artistic  Homes'  (ibid.),  'Ar- 
tistic Country  Seats'  (ibid.),  'Selections  in  Modern  Art'  (ibid.),  'Recent 
Ideals  in  American  Art'  (ibid.),  and  'Ideals  of  Life  in  France'  (ibid.), 
besides  contributions  to  numerous  periodicals. 

SHEPARD,  SETH,  jurist,  was  born  in  Washington  County,  Texas, 
April  23,  1847.  His  father  was  Chauncey  B.  Shepard  and  his  mother 
Mary  Hester  Andrews.  He  received  his  education  at  Washington 
College,  afterward  Washington  and  Lee  University,  and  served  in 
the  Confederate  Army  during  the  last  years  of  the  war  in  the  5th 
Regiment  of  Texas  Mounted  Volunteers.  He  was  twice  married. 
After  practicing  law  with  great  success  for  twenty-five  years,  he 
was  appointed  in  1893  associate  J-'stice  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  of 
the  District  of  Columbia,  in  add-  n  to  which  he  later  became  a 
professor  in  the  School  of  Law  of  Georgetown  University.  He  wrote 
"The  Siege  and  Fall  of  the  Alamo,"  a  chapter  of  much  interest  in 
'Wooten's  Comprehensive  History  of  Texas'  (Dallas,  W.  G.  Scarff, 
1898),  and  also  the   Introduction. 

SHEPHERD,  E.  H.  Author.  [Mo.].  He  published  an  'Auto- 
biography' and  'The  Early  History  of  Missouri.' 

SHEPHERD,  HENRY  ELLIOTT.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  p.  4775. 

SHEPPARD,  FRANCIS  H.  Naval  officer.  [Mo.].  Born  in  1846. 
He  published  'Love  Afloat,'  a  novel. 

SHEPPARD,  NATHAN,  author,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
November  9,  1834,  and  died  in  New  York  City,  January  24,  1888.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  was  engaged  in  metropolitan  journalism.  During  the  Franco- 
Prussian  War,  while  representing  the  Cincinnati  Gazette,  he  was  impris- 
oned in  Paris,  after  which  he  wrote  a  diary  of  the  siege  entitled  'Shut 
up  in  Paris'  (London,  1871),  which  was  translated  into  French,  German, 
and  Italian.  He  also  made  numerous  compilations  and  appeared  at  fre- 
quent intervals  upon  the  lecture  platform. 

SHERWOOD,  ADIEL,  Baptist  clergyman,  was  born  at  Fort  Ed- 
ward, N.Y.,  October  3,  1791,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  August  18,  1879. 
For  many  years  he  resided  in  Georgia,  engaged  in  religious  and  educational 
work,  but  removed  to  Missouri  after  the  Civil  War.  He  published  a 
'Gazetteer  of  Georgia'  (1829;  second  edition,  1837),  'Christian  and  Jewish 
Churches,'  and  'Notes  on  the  New  Testament.' 

SHIELDS,  JOSEPH  DUNBAR.    Author.     [Miss.].  Born  in  1820. 

Besides  some  interesting  historical   sketches  of   Natchez,  he  wrote  'The 

Life  and  Times  of  Sargent  S.  Prentiss'  (Philadelphia,  Lippincott  and 
Company,  1883). 

SHIELDS,  M.  OZELLA.  Author.  [Miss.].  She  wrote  'Izma, 
or.  Sunshine  and  Shadow'  (1889),  'Sundered  Hearts,'  'Vernon's  Mistake,' 
'A  Sinless  Crime,'  and  other  novels. 

SHIELDS,  S.  J.  Author.  He  wrote  an  interesting  story  of  life 
in  Mississippi  entitled  'A  Chevalier  of  Dixie'  (New  York  and  Washing- 
ton, The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1906). 

SHINN,  JOSIAH  H.  Educator  and  editor.  [Ark.].  He  was  born 
in  1849.  His  writings,  which  bear  the  stamp  of  ripe  experience  and  of 
broad  scholarship,  include:  'The  Public  School  and  the  College'  (1891), 
'The  South  and  Education'  (1892),  a  'History  of  the  American  People' 
(1893),  'Illustrated  Arkansas'  (1893),  and  other  works. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS        397 

SHIPP,  ALBERT  MICAJAH,  educator,  was  born  in  Stokes 
County,  N.C.,  January  IS,  1819,  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  South,  became  president  of  Woiiford  College,  S.C,  in 
1859,  and  professor  of  theology  in  Vanderbilt  University  in  1874,  suc- 
ceeding eventually  to  the  office  of  chancellor  of  the  latter  institution.  He 
published  'The  History  of  Methodism  in  South  Carolina'  (Nashville, 
Methodist  Episcopal  Publishing  House). 

SHIPP,  BERNARD,  author,  was  born  near  Natchez,  Miss.,  April 
30,  1813,  but  settled  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  after  completing  his  education,  and 
published  'Fame  and  Other  Poems'  (Philadelphia,  1848)  and  'The  Prog- 
ress of  Freedom  and  Other  Poems'  (New  York,  1852).  He  also  compiled 
'De  Soto  and  Florida'  and  a  volume  on  'Indian  Antiquities.' 

SHIPP,  MARGARET  BUSBEE,  author,  was  born  at  Raleigh, 
N.C.,  November  9,  1871.  Her  publications  include  'Beautiful  Thoughts 
from  Browning'  (New  York,  James  Pott  and  Company,  1900),  and  'Beau- 
tiful Thoughts  from  Emerson'  (ibid.  1901).  Besides,  she  has  made  fre- 
quent contributions  to  high-class  periodicals.  The  quality  of  her  work  is 
most  excellent.  She  married,  January  17,  1894,  Lieutenant  William  Ewen 
Shipp,  U.S.A. 

SHOBER,  GOTTLIEB,  Lutheran  clergyman,  was  born  in  Beth- 
lehem, Pa.,  of  Moravian  stock,  November  1,  1756,  and  died  in  Salem,  S.C, 
June  27,  1838.  At  an  early  age  he  settled  in  the  South.  After  reaching 
his  fiftieth  year  he  decided  to  preach,  but  chose  the  Lutheran  in  preference 
to  the  Moravian  theology  because  it  was  easier  to  complete  the  requisite 
course  of  preparation.  Efforts  were  made  by  the  Moravians  to  expel 
him  from  Salem,  but  he  possessed  large  property  interests  and  the  oppo- 
sition was  thwarted.  He  translated  Stelling's  'Scenes  in  the  World  of 
Spirits,'  and  published  'A  Comprehensive  Account  of  the  Rise  and  Prog- 
ress of  the  Christian  Church,  by  Dr.   Martin  Luther.' 

SHOEMAKER,  MICHAEL  MYERS,  author,  was  born  in  Cov- 
ington, Ky.,  June  26,  1853.  After  studying  for  two  years  at  Cornell,  he 
made  a  tour  of  the  globe.  He  has  been  an  unwearied  traveler  and  has  pub- 
lished numerous  works  descriptive  of  his  impressions,  among  them 
'Eastward  to  the  Land  of  the  Morning'  (Cincinnati,  The  Robert  Clark 
Company,  1893),  'The  Kingdom  of  the  White  Woman'  (ibid.,  1894),  'The 
Sealed  Provinces  of  the  Czar'  (ibid.,  1895),  'Quaint  Corners  of  Ancient 
Empires'  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  1899),  and  'Palaces  and 
Prisons  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots'  (1901).  He  spends  much  of  his  time 
in  Jacksonville,  Fla. 

SHOEMAKER,  WILLIAM  LUKENS,  poet,  was  born  in  George- 
town, D.C.,  July  19,  1822.  He  took  his  degree  in  medicine,  but  never 
practiced  his  profession.  Besides  making  numerous  translations  from  the 
German  lyric  writers,  he  published  songs  and  ballads,  some  of  which 
have  been  included  in  Piatt's  'Union  of  American  Poetry  and  Art'  (Cin- 
cinnati, 1881). 

SHORTRIDGE,  BELLE  HUNT,  Mrs.  Author.  [Texas].  She 
was  born  in  1858  and  died  in  1893.  She  wielded  a  versatile  pen  and  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  poems  entitled  'Lone  Star  Lights'  (1890),  two  novels, 
'Held  in  Trust  '(1892)  and  'Circumstance'  (1893),  and  numerous  short 
stories  and  sketches. 

SHOUP,  FRANCIS  ASBURY,  soldier,  educator,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Franklin  County,  Ind.,  March  22,  1834.  He  was  educated  at 
West  Point,  but  resigned  from  the  Army  on  account  of  his  Southern 
sympathies,  and  settled  at  St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  for  the  practice  of  law. 


398  SOUTHERN  LITERATURE 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  he  erected  a  battery  at  Fernandina,  was  com- 
missioned a  major  in  the  Confederate  Army  and  rose  to  be  a  brigadier- 
general.  After  the  war  he  was  for  a  time  professor  of  mathernatics  in  the 
University  of  Mississippi,  and  finally  became  an  Episcopal  minister.  _  He 
published  'Infantry  Tactics'  (Little  Rock,  1862),  'Artillery  Division 
Drill'  (Atlanta,  1864),  'Elements  of  Algebra'  (New  York,  1874),  and 
'Mechanism  and  Personality   (1891). 

SHREVE,  THOMAS  H.,  journalist,  was  born  in  Alexandria,  Va., 
in  1808  and  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  December  23,  1853.  At  first  he  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  pursuits,  but  he  finally  relinquished  trade  for  jour- 
nalism and  became  an  editor,  first  in  Louisville  and  afterward  in  Cin- 
cinnati. Besides  a  volume  of  fiction  entitled  'Drayton,  an  American  Tale' 
(New  York,  18S1),  he  published  a  number  of  excellent  poems,  some  of 
which  have  been  reprinted  in  William  T.  Coggeshall's  'Poets  and  Poetry 
of  the  West'  (Columbus,  1860). 

SHRIVER,  JOHN  SHULTZ,  journalist,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  June  17,  1857,  and  was  educated  at  Princeton.  As  correspondent  of 
the  New  York  Mail  and  Express,  he  accompanied  President  Harrison  on 
his  tour  of  the  country  and  wrote  'Through  the  South  and  West  with 
President  Harrison.'    He  also  published  'Almost,'  a  romance. 

SHUCK,  HENRIETTA  HALL,  Baptist  missionary  to  China,  was 
born  at  Kilmarnock,  Va.,  October  28,  1817,  and  died  in  Hong  Kong,  (thina, 
November  27,  1844.  She  became  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  John  L.  Shuck, 
a  missionary  to  China,  shared  his  labors  in  the  foreign  field,  and  wrote  a 
volume  of  exceptional  interest  entitled  'Scenes  in  China,  or.  Sketches  of 
the  Country,  Religion  and  Customs  of  the  Chinese'  (Philadelphia,  1852). 
Jeremiah  B.  Jeter  published  her  'Life'  (Boston,  1848). 

SHUCK,  JOHN  LEWIS,  Baptist  missionary  to  China,  was  born 
in  Alexandria,  Va.,  September  4,  1812,  and  died  in  Barnwell,  S.C,  August 
20,  1863.  For  years  he  labored  at  various  mission  stations  in  China  and 
published  'Portfolio  Chinensis,  or,  a  Collection  of  Authentic  Chinese  Pa- 
pers' (Macoa,  China,  1840).  He  was  one  of  the  Gospel  pioneers  in  the 
Orient. 

SHUCK,  L.  H.  Poet.  [N.C.].  He  wrote  an  historical  poem  en- 
titled "Joan  of  Arc,  the  Maid  of  Orleans,"  delivered  at  the  time  of  gradu- 
ation from  Wake  Forest  College,  N.C.  (Richmond,  Va.,  J.  W.  Randolph, 
1856). 

SHURTER,  EDWIN  DUBOSE,  educator  and  editor,  was  for  some 
time  instructor  of  oratory  in  Leland  Stanford  and  Cornell  universities, 
but  is  now  head  of  the  school  of  public  speaking  at  the  University  of 
Texas.  Besides  'Masterpieces  of  Modern  Oratory,'  he  has  published  'The 
Science  and  Art  of  Debate'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Pub- 
lishing Company,  1907),  and  'The  Oratory  of  the  South'  {ibid.,  1908), 
which  contains  a  number  of  well  selected  extracts. 

SIKES,  ENOCH  WALTER.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Union 
County,  N.C,  in  1868,  the  son  of  John  C.  and  Jane  Austin  Sikes, 
was  educated  at  Wake  Forest  College  and  at  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity, and  married,  in  1897,  Ruth  Wingate.  He  is  professor  of 
history  and  political  economy  in  Wake  Forest  College.  Included 
among  his  writings  are :  'From  Colony  to  Commonwealth'   (Baltimore, 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       399 

Johns    Hopkins    University    Press),    'The    Confederate    Congress,'    and 
Joseph  Hewes.'    Johns  Hopkins  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

SIMMONS,  J.  F.  Jurist  and  poet.  [Miss.].  He  wrote  'The 
Welded  Link,  and  Other  Poems'  ( Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  and  Com- 
pany, 1881),  and  'Rural  Lyrics'  (1884).  He  possessed  rare  gifts,  but 
professional  engagements  permitted  him  to  indulge  in  literarj  diversions 
only  at  intervals. 

SIMMONS,  JAMES  P.  Clergyman.  [Ga.].  Author  of  'The  War 
m  Heaven.'     He  lived  for  many  years  at  Lawrenceville,  Ga. 

SIMMONS,  JAMES  WRIGHT,  poet,  was  born  in  South  Carolina 
and  was  educated  at  Harvard.  On  completing  his  studies,  he  traveled  for 
some  time  in  Europe;  but,  after  returning  home,  he  settled  in  the  pioneer 
belt.  Several  volumes  came  from  his  pen,  including  'The  Maniac's  Con- 
fession' (Philadelphia,  1821),  'Blue  Beard;  or,  the  Marshal  of  France' 
(tbid.,  1822),  and  'The  Greek  Girl'  (Boston,  18S2).  He  published  also  a 
series   of  metrical   tales   called   'Wood-notes   from  the  West.' 

SIMMONS,  WILLIAM  HAYNE,  physician  and  poet,  was  born 
in  South  Carolina  about  1785,  studied  medicine  in  Philadelphia  and  set- 
tled first  in  Charleston  and  afterward  in  East  Florida.  He  published  an 
Indian  poem  entitled  "Onea"  and  'A  History  of  the  Seminoles.' 

SIMMONS,  WILLIAM  JOHNSON,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  of  African  parentage  in  Charleston,  S.C,  June  29,  1849,  and  after 
studying  for  the  Baptist  ministry,  was  duly  ordained.  His  writings  in- 
clude 'Men  of  Mark'  (Cleveland,  Ohio,  1877),  and  a  'History  of  the  Col- 
ored  Baptists  of   Kentucky.' 

SIMMS,  WILLIAM  GILMORE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  page  4793. 

SIMONTON,  CHARLES  H.  Lawyer.  [S.C.].  He  published  a 
work  on  'The  Federal  Courts'  (1899). 

SIMS,  ALEXANDER  DROMGOOLE,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Bruns- 
wick County,  Va.,  June  11,  1803,  and  died  in  Kingstree,  S.C,  November 
11,  1848.  After  receiving  his  diploma  from  the  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina, he  studied  law,  became  an  eloquent  advocate  at  the  Bar,  and  served 
in  Congress  from  184S  till  his  death.  He  published  a  controversial  paper 
on  slavery  and  a  novel  entitled  'Bevil  Faulcon.' 

SIMS,  FREDERICK  WILMER,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Louisa 
County,  Va.,  July  23,  1862.  As  a  member  of  the  Bar  he  takes  high  rank. 
Besides  occasional  articles  contributed  to  the  Virginia  Law  Reaistcr,  he  is 
the  author  of  the  sketch  of  Patrick  Henry  in  "The  Library  of  Southern 
Literature.'  He  is  a  member  of  the  present  State  Senate  of  Virginia 
(1909). 

SIMS,  JAMES  MARION,  an  eminent  surgeon  and  author,  was 
born  in  Lancaster  County,  S.C,  January  25,  1813,  and  died  in  New  York 
City,  November  13,  1883.  After  receiving  his  medical  diploma  from  the 
Jefferson  Medical  College,  in  Philadelphia,  he  returned  home  to  engage  in 
the  active  practice,  but  afterward  settled  in  Alabama.  On  account  of 
his  phenomenal  success  in  the  treatment  of  aggravated  cases  of  disease, 
and  in  the  performance  of  certain  delicate  surgical  operations,  he  acquired 
an  international  reputation  and  moved  eventually  to  New  York,  where  he 
organized  the  Woman's  Hospital  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  became 
an  authority  whose  name  commanded  respect  on  both  sides  of  the  water. 
Jefferson  College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LLD. ;  in  France  he 


400  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

was  made  a  knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and  in  various  other  countries 
he  was  the  recipient  of  similar  honors.  Besides  numerous  contributions 
to  medical  and  scientific  journals,  he  published  a  treatise  on  'Ovariotomy,' 
and,  just  before  his  death,  wrote  'The  Story  of  My  Life'  (New  York, 
1884).    Dr.  Thomas  A.  Emmet  subsequently  published  his  'Memoir.' 

SINCLAIR,  ARTHUR.  Naval  officer.  He  attained  the  rank  of 
lieutenant  in  the  Confederate  States  Navy  and  published  an  intecesting 
personal  narrative  entitled  'Two  Years  of  the  Alabama'  (Boston,  Lee  and 
Shepard,  1896). 

SINCLAIR,  CARRIE  BELLE,  poet,  was  born  in  Milledgeville, 
Ga.,  in  1839.  Her  father  was  Elijah  Sinclair,  a  Methodist  minister.  She 
was  a  niece  of  Robert  Fulton ;  and  the  story  is  told  that  while  the  inventor 
was  visiting  his  sister,  in  Augusta,  where  the  family  then  resided, 
his  attention  was  called  to  the  experiments  of  William  Longstreet  in 
steam  propelling,  a  circumstance  which  may  have  furnished  the  inspiration 
of  his  famous  achievement.  During  the  war  she  gave  much  of  her  time 
to  the  care  of  wounded  soldiers  in  the,  hospitals  at  Savannah.  Miss  Sin- 
clair was  the  author  of  two  very  popular  pieces,  entitled  "Georgia,  My 
Georgia"  and  "The  Homespun  Dress,"  besides  a  number  of  war  lyrics ; 
and  she  also  published  a  collection  of  her  poems  in  a  volume  entitled 
'Heart  Whispers;  or.  Echoes  of  Song'  (1872).  After  the  war  she  re- 
sided in  Philadelphia. 

SIOUSSAT,  ST.  GEORGE  LEAKIN.  Educator.  He  was  born 
in  Baltimore,  Md.,  March  13,  1878,  the  son  of  Albert  W.  and  Annie 
Leaken  Sioussat,  graduated  from  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  became 
professor  of  history  and  economics  in  the  University  of  the  South  in  1904. 
Included  among  his  writings,  which  are  mainly  in  the  line  of  historical 
research,  are:  'Statistics  of  State  Aid  to  Higher  Education'  (Baltimore, 
Johns  Hopkins  University  Press),  'Highway  Legislation  in  Maryland,' 
'Economics  and  Politics  in  Maryland'  {ibid.),  and  'The  English  Statutes 
in  Maryland'  {ihid.),  in  addition  to  numerous  historical  papers  and 
reviews.  He  resides  in  Sewanee,  Tenn.  Johns  Hopkins  gave  him  the 
degree  of  Ph.D. 

SJOLANDER,  J.  P.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
XI,  page  4833. 

SKINNER,  JOHN  STUART,  editor,  was  born  in  Maryland, 
February  22,  1788.  At  one  time  he  was  mayor  of  Baltimore.  He  edited 
a  number  of  agricultural  papers  from  time  to  time  and  translated  a  number 
of  foreign  works  dealing  with  agricultural  topics.    He  died  March  21,  18S1. 

SKINNER,  THOMAS  E.  Baptist  clergyman.  [N.C.].  He  pub- 
lished 'Reminiscences,  Sermons  and  Addresses'   (1894). 

SKINNER,  THOMAS  HARVEY,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Harvey's  Neck,  N.C,  March  7,  1791,  and  died  in  New  York  City, 
February  1,  1871.  After  receiving  his  diploma  from  Princeton,  he  studied 
theology  and  became  pastor  of  the  Mercer  Street  Presbyterian  Church  of 
New  York.  In  1848  he  became  professor  of  sacred  rhetoric  and  pastoral 
theology  in  Union  Seminary,  in  New  York.  He  was  an  able  teacher  and 
one  of  the  foremost  pulpit  orators  of  the  day.  Besides  contributing  to 
the  religious  press,  he  published  'The  Religion  of  the  Bible'  (New  York, 
1839),  'Aids  to  Preaching  and  Hearing'  (Philadelphia,  1839),  'Hints  to 
Christians'  (1841),  'Discussions  in  Theology'  (New  York,  1868),  and 
'Thoughts  on  Evangelizing  the  World'  (1870).  He  also  translated  'Vinet's 
Pastoral  Theology'  and  'Vinet's  Homiletics.'  He  received  both  his  D.D. 
and  his  LL.D.  degrees  from  WilUams. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       401 

SLAUGHTER,  PHILIP,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Culpeper 
County,  Va.,  October  26,  1808.  He  received  his  education  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia,  and  after  practicing  law  for  five  years,  he  entered  the 
Episcopal  priesthood,  ministered  to  numerous  parishes,  and  edited  various 
periodicals.  He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  William  and  Mary  Col- 
lege and  made  large  contributions  to  literature.  His  writings  include: 
'St.  George's  Parish  History'  (Richmond,  1847),  'Man  and  Woman'  (I860), 
'Life  of  Randolph  Fairfax'  (1862),  'Life  of  Colonel  Joshua  Fry,  Some- 
time Professor  in  William  and  Mary  Colege  and  Washington's  Senior 
in  Command  of  Virginia's  Forces  in  1754'  (New  York,  1880),  "Historic 
Churches  of  Virginia,"  in  Bishop  Perry's  'Centennial  History'  (1882), 
'Life  of  Hon.  William  Green,  Jurist  and  Scholar'  (Richmond,  1883), 
'Views  from  Cedar  Mountain,  in  Fifty  Years  of  Ministry  and  Marriage' 
(New  York,  1884),  'The  Colonial  Church  of  Virginia'  (1885),  'Christian- 
ity the  Key  to  the  Character  and  Career  of  Washington'  (1886),  and  'An 
Address  to  the  Minute-men  of  Culpeper'  (1887). 

SLAUGHTER,  WILLIAM  BANK,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Culpeper 
County,  Va.,  April  10,  1798,  and  died  in  Madison,  Wis.,  July  21,  1879. 
He  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary  College  and  practiced  law  for 
several  years  at  Bardstown,  Ky.,  after  which  he  settled  in  the  Northwest. 
He  contributed  to  various  periodicals  and  wrote  'Reminiscences  of  Dis- 
tinguished Men  I  Have  Met'  (Milwaukee,  1878). 

SLEDD,  ANDREW.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Lynchburg, 
Va.,  November  7,  1870,  the  son  of  Robert  Newton  and  Frances  Carey 
Greene  Sledd,  and  was  educated  at  Randolph-Macon  College  and 
Yale  and  Harvard  universities.  He  married,  March  14,  1899,  Annie 
Florence,  daughter  of  Bishop  Warren  A.  Chandler.  He  was  professor 
of  Latin  for  four  years  at  Emory  College,  and  president  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Florida  from  1904  to  1909.  While  he  has  published  no 
books,  he  has  frequently  contributed  important  articles  to  magazines, 
and  is  one  of  the  consulting  editors  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Litera- 
ture.'    Dr.  Sledd  has  received  both  the  Ph.D.  and  the  LL.D  degrees. 

SLEDD,  BENJAMIN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
XI,  page  4851. 

SLEDD,  R.  N.     Clergyman.     [Va.].    He  published  'True  Heroism, 

and  Other  Sermons'   (1900). 

SLENKER,  ELMINA  DRAKE.  Author.  He  was  born  in  La 
Grange,  N.Y.,  December  23j  1827,  a  daughter  of  Thomas  Drake,  a  Quaker 
minister  who  was  silenced  for  heresy,  became  a  free-thinker  and  be- 
queathed this  independence  of  religious  opinion  to  the  subject  of 
this  sketch.  She  married,  in  1856,  Isaac  Slenker.  Under  the  pen-name  of 
"Aunt  Elmina,"  she  has  written  a  number  of  books.  The  list  includes : 
'Little  Lessons  for  Liberal  Sunday-schools,'  'Studying  the  Bible'  (1870), 
'The  Infidel  School-Teacher'  (1885),  'The  Handsomest  Woman,'  'The 
Darwins,'  (New  York,  Truth-Seeker  Company),  'Little  Lessons  for  Little 
Folks'  (ibid.,  1887),  and  others.    She  resides  in  Snowville,  Va. 

SLICER,  HENRY,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Annapolis,  Md.,  in 
1801,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  April  23,  1874.  He  became  a  minister 
of  some  prominence  in  the  Methodist  pulpit,  was  several  times  elected 
chaplain  of  the  United  States  Senate,  received  his  degree  of  D.D.  from 
Dickinson  and  published  'An  Appeal  on  Christian  Baptism'  (New  York, 
1839).  He  also  delivered  and  published  a  sermon  against  duelling,  which 
aided  powerfully  in  the  passage  of  the  act  making  duels  illegal. 


402  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

SLOAN,  ANNIE  L.  Author.  '[S.C.].  She  wrote  an  entertaining 
love  story  of  colonial  times  in  the  Palmetto  State,  entitled  'The  Caro- 
linians' (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company, 
1907). 

SLOAN,  J.  A.,  author,  of  Mississippi,  wrote  'Is  Slavery  a  Sin  m 
Itself? — Answered  According  to  Scriptures'   (Memphis,  1857). 

SMEDES,    SUSAN    DABNEY.      See    Biographical    and    Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  page  4863. 

SMILEY,  MATILDA.  Poet.  She  published  a  volume  entitled 
'Poems  by  Matilda,'  consisting  chiefly  of  verse  which  she  wrote  while  at 
school  and  which  a  friend  published  for  her  in  order  to  raise  the  funds 
which  were  needed  to  complete  her  education.  The  promise  of  the  work 
was  unredeemed  by  any  subsequent  publication. 

SMITH,  A  DAVIS.  Author.  [Ala.].  He  published,  in  associa- 
tion with  T.  A.  Deland,  'Northern  Alabama,  Historical  and  Biographical' 
(1888). 

SMITH,  ANNIE  H.,  educator  and  author,  was  born  in  Columbia, 
S.C,  in  18S0,  but  soon  after  her  marriage  to  Whiteford  S.  Smith,  she 
removed  to  Atlanta,  Ga.,  where  .for  nearly  thirty  years  she  was  actively 
and  ably  identified  with  the  public  school  system,  most  of  the  time  in 
the  capacity  of  principal.  She  began  her  literary  career  by  the  publica- 
tion of  a  series  of  lyric  poems,  and  from  time  to  time  she  also  contributed 
short  stories  and  sketches  to  periodicals.  "Estranged,"  a  novelette,  ap- 
peared serially  in  The  Sunny  South,  and  attracted  much  attention.  She 
also  wrote  'A  Christmas  Story,'  for  children  (Atlanta,  J.  P.  Harrison  and 
Company,  1883).  But  her  most  ambitious  work  was  'Rosemary  Leigh:  a 
Tale  of  the  South,'  which  narrates  the  struggles  of  a  brave  young  girl 
under  post-bellum  conditions  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale 
Publishing  Company,  1906).  Mrs.  Smith  died  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  August  31, 
1909. 

SMITH,  ASHBEL,  physician  and  diplomat,  was  born  in  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  August  13,  1805,  and  died  in  Harris  County,  Texas,  in  1886. 
Locating  in  the  Lone  Star  commonwealth,  when  it  was  still  the  Republic  of 
Texas,  he  became  Minister  to  the  United  States,  under  President  Houston, 
and  Secretary  of  State  in  the  Cabinet  of  President  Jones.  During  the 
Civil  War  he  commanded  the  Second  Texas  Regiment  of  volunteers. 
Besides  numerous  medical  papers,  he  published  'An  Account  of  the  Geog- 
raphy of  Texas'  (1851),  and  'The  Permanent  Identity  of  the  Human  Race' 
(1860). 

SMITH,  AUGUSTINE  MEADE.     Lawyer.     [Va.].     He  published 

'Commissioners  in  Chancery'   (1887). 

SMITH,  BENJAMIN  MOSBY,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Powhatan 
County,  Va.,  June  30,  1811.  After  receiving  his  diploma  from  Hampden- 
Sidney  College,  he  studied  theology,  became  an  eminent  Presbyterian 
divine,  and  filled  the  chair  of  oriental  and  Biblical  literature  in  Union 
Seminary,  New  York,  for  fourteen  years.  Besides  numerous  sermons 
and  addresses  in  pamphlet  form,  he  published  'A  Commentarv  on  the 
Psalms  and  Proverbs'  (Glaseow,  1859;  Knoxville,  1883)  and  'Questions 
on  the  Gospels'  (Richmond,  1868).  Hampden-Sidney  gave  him  his  degree 
of  D.D. 

SMITH,  BUCKINGHAM,  antiquarian,  was  born  on  Cumberland 
Island,  Ga.,  October  31,  1810,  and  died  in  New  York  City,  January  S, 
1871.    He  studied  law  at  Harvard  and  practiced  for  a  while  in  Maine, 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       403 

but  afterward  moved  to  Florida.  While  Secretary  of  Legation  in  Mexico 
he  made  an  exhaustive  study  of  Mexican  antiquities  and  collected  many 
rare  books  and  manuscripts.  At  Madrid,  also,  he  made  thorough  re- 
searches in  the  Spanish  archives  for  information  respecting  the  colonial 
history  of  Louisiana  and  Florida.  He  became  a  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  and  a  part  of  his  library  after  his  death  was  bought  by  the  Historical 
Society  of  New  York.  Besides  contributing  to  magazines,  he  made  numer- 
ous translations  of  Spanish  documents  and  manuscripts. 

SMITH,   BURGESS.     Poet.     [Ga.].     He  published  a  volume  of 
verse  entitled  'The  Vale  of  the  Haunted  Castles.' 

SMITH,  CHARLES  ALPHONSO,  educator  and  editor,  who  has 
lately  assumed  the  Edgar  Allan  Poe  professorship  of  English  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia,  was  formerly  head  of  the  department  of  English  and 
dean  of  the  graduate  department  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  He 
was  born  in  Greensboro,  N.C.,  May  28,  1864,  a  son  of  the  late  Dr.  J.  Henry 
Smith  of  Greensboro,  and  a  grandson  of  the  late  Judge  Egbert  R.  Watson 
of  Charlottesville,  Va.  After  graduation  from  Davidson  College,  North 
Carolina,  an  institution  of  which  his  brother.  Dr.  Henry  Louis  Smith,  is 
now  president,  he  first  taught  in  IsTlorth  Carolina  schools,  and  then  entered 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  where  he  was  assistant  in  English  from  1890 
to  1893.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  elected  professor  of  English  in  the 
Louisiana  State  University,  a  position  which  he  resigned  in  1902  to  accept 
the  chair  .of  the  English  language  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina. 
He  was  appointed  to  his  present  position  in  the  spring  of  1909.  While  a 
member  of  the  faculty  of  the  Louisiana  State  University,  Dr.  Smith 
spent  one  year  abroad  in  study  at  the  British  Museum,  the  University  of 
Paris,  and  the  University  of  Berlin.  He  is  a  member  of  the  executive 
council  of  the  Modern  Language  Association  of  America,  and  has  twice 
been  president  of  the  Central  Division.  He  was  also  at  one  time  presi- 
dent of  the  State  Literary  and  Historical  Association  of  North  Carolina, 
and  vice-president  of  the  National  Educational  Association.  Before  ac- 
cepting his  present  position  he  received  the  appointment  of  Roosevelt  pro- 
fessor of  American  literature  in  the  University  of  Berlin,  1910-19,11.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society,  the  American  Dialect  Society, 
and  the  Shakespeare  Society  of  Germany.  Besides  his  contributions  to 
foreign  and  American  journals,  and  his  published  addresses,  he  is  the 
author  of  the  following  books :  'Repetition  and  Parallelism  in  English 
Verse'  (New  York,  1894),  'Anglo-Saxon  Grammar  and  Exercise  Book' 
(Boston,  1896;  fourth  edition,  1903),  'Macaulay's  Essays  on  Milton  and 
Addison'  (Richmond,  1901),  'An  English-German  Conversation  Book,'  with 
Dr.  Gustav  Kriiger  of  Berlin  (Boston,  1902),  'Our  Language:  Grammar' 
(Richmond,  1903),  'Our  Language:  Second  Book'  (Richmond,  1906),  and 
'Studies  in  English  Syntax'  (Boston,  1906).  Dr.  Smith  was  one  of  the 
associate  editors  of  'The  World's  Orators,'  a  work  of  ten  volumes  (New 
York,  1901),  and  is  also  associate  literary  editor  of  'The  Library  of  South- 
ern Literature.'  He  was  married,  November  8,  190S,  to  Susie  McGee 
Heck,  of  Raleigh,  NfC.  He  received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  Johns 
Hopkins  University  and  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of 
Mississippi. 

SMITH,  C.  ERNEST.  Clergyman.  [Md.].  He  published  'Re- 
ligion under  the  Barons  of  Baltimore'   (1899). 

SMITH,  CHARLES  HENRY  ("Bill  Arp").  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  page  4885. 

SMITH,  CHARLES  LEE.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Wilton, 
N.C.,  August  29,  1865,  the  son  of  Louis  Turner  and  Nannie  G. 
Smith,  graduated  from  Wake  Forest  College,  and  afterward  prosecuted  his 


404  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

studies  at  Johns  Hopkins  University.  Later  he  went  abroad.  He  became 
professor  of  history  and  political  science  in  William  Jewell  College,  at 
Liberty,  Mo.,  in  1891.  He  married  Sallie  Lindsay  Jones.  Dr.  Smith  is 
the  author  of  a  'History  of  Education  in  North  Carolina'  (United  States 
Bureau  of  Education,  1883),  and  'The  Money  Question'  (1894).  Johns 
Hopkins  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

SMITH,  DAVID  THOMAS,  physician  and  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Hardin  County,  Ky.,  November  12,  1840.  Besides  numerous  medical 
works,  he  has  published  'The  Philosophy  of  Memory,  and  Other  Essays' 
(Louisville,  Ky.,  John  P.  Morton  and  Company,  1899).  He  resides  in 
Louisville,  Ky. 

SMITH,  EGBERT  WATSON,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Greens- 
boro, N.C.,  January  IS,  1862.  His  father  was  the  Rev.  J.  Henry  Smith, 
D.D.,  and  his  mother,  Mary  Kelly  Watson.  After  graduation  from 
Davidson,  he  studied  theology  at  Union  Seminary,  in  Richmond.  For 
twelve  years  he  .was  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Greens- 
boro, N.C.  Since  1906  he  has  been  pastor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Louisville,  Ky.  Besides  numerous  sermons,  he  has  published 
a  work  of  standard  value  on  'The  Creed  of  Presbyterianism'  (New  York, 
Baker  and  Taylor  Company,  1901).  He  married,  April  IS,  1891,  Mary 
Wallace.     Davidson  College  gave  himi  the  degree  of  D.D. 

SMITH,  EUGfiNE  ALLEN.  Scientist  and  educator.  He  has 
been  professor  of  geology  in  the  University  of  Alabama  since  1871 
and  State  Geologist  since  1873.  He  was  born  in  Autauga  County, 
Ala.,  October  24,  1841,  the  son  of  Dr.  Samuel  P.  and  Adelaide  Smith, 
and  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Alabama,  at  Gottingen  and  at  Berlin. 
He  is  the  author  of  numerous  important  geological  papers  and  reports. 
The  University  of  Michigan  gave  him  the  degree  of  Sc.D. 

SMITH,  FRANCIS  HENNEY,  soldier  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Norfolk,  Va.,  October  18,  1812.  He  was  educated  at  West  Point  and 
became  an  assistant  professor  in  the  academy,  but  resigned  in  1836  to 
become  professor  of  mathematics  at  Hampden-Sidney ;  and,  later,  on  the 
organization  of  the  Virginia  Military  Institute,  he  became  superintendent. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  was  stationed  by  the  Confederate  authorities 
at  Norfolk  in  command  of  the  fort,  and  he  also  aided  in  the  defence  of 
Richmond.  William  and  Mary  College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  Besides  translating  Bicot's  'Analytical  Geometry'  from  the  French, 
he  published  a  series  of  algebras  and  arithmetics,  and  wrote  'The  Best 
Methods  of  Conducting  Common  Schools'  (1849),  'College  Reform' 
(1850),  and  'Scientific  Education  in  Europe'  (18S9).  He  reorganized  the 
Institute  at  Lexington  at  the  close  of  hostilities,  and  died  in  1890. 

SMITH,  FRANCIS  HENRY,  educator,  was  born  in  Leesburg, 
Va.,  October  14,  1829.  For  more  than  fifty  years  he  occupied  the  chair 
of  natural  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Virginia  and  is  still  professor 
emeritus  in  the  same  department.  His  writings,  in  which  he  has  crystallized 
his  mature  studies  include:  'Outlines  of  Physics'  (Charlottesville,  Ander- 
son Brothers,  1894),  'Christ  and  Science'  (New  York,  Fleming  H.  Revell 
and  Company,  1907),  'Nature  a  Witness'  (Chapel  Hill,  The  University 
Press,  1908),  and  numerous  addresses  on  scientific  and  popular  subjects. 
He  also  wrote  the  sketch  of  Matthew  F.  Maury  for  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature.'  Dr.  Smith  married,  July  21,  18S3,  Mary  Stuart  Har- 
rison.    He  holds  the  LL.D.  and  the  D.C.L.   degrees. 

SMITH,  FRANCIS  HOPKINSON.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  page  4909. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       405 

SMITH,  GEORGE  GILMAN.  Clergyman  and  historian.  He 
was  born  in  Newton  County,  Ga.,  in  the  portion  which  afterward 
became  Rockdale,  on  December  20,  1836.  He  was  a  chaplain  in  the 
Confederate  Army,  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  South,  and  was  twice  married.  Besides  numerous  con- 
tributions to  the  secular  and  religious  press,  he  is  the  author  of  the 
following  books:  'History  of  Methodism  in  Georgia  and  Florida' 
(1877),  'Life  of  Bishop  James  O.  Andrew,'  'Life  of  Bishop  George  F. 
Pierce'  (1888),  'Life  of  Asbury,  'Life  of  John  W.  Knight,'  and  'The  Story 
of  Georgia  and  the  Georgia  People'  (Atlanta,  Franklin  Publishing 
Company,  1900).  Most  of  his  works  have  been  issued  by  the  Methodist 
Publishing  House,  Nashville,  Tenn.     Dr.   Smith  resides  in  Macon,  Ga. 

SMITH,  GUSTAVUS  WOODSON,  soldier,  was  born  in  Scott 
County,  Ky.,  January  1,  1822,  and  was  educated  at  West  Point.  He  served 
with  distinction  in  the  Mexican  War,  but  afterward  resigned  from  the 
United  States  Army  and  was  employed  for  some  time  in  the  construction 
of  government  buildings.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  returned 
to  Kentucky,  entered  the  Confederate  service,  and  attained  the  rank  of 
major-general.  He  published  a  volume  entitled  'The  Battle  of  Seven 
Pines'  (New  York,  1891).  General  Smith  died  in  New  York  City,  June 
23,  1896. 

SMITH,  HOKE,  governor,  Cabinet  officer,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Newton,  N.C.,  of  sturdy  colonial  stock,  in  18SS.  His  father  was  Dr.  H.  H. 
Smith,  an  educator  of  distinction.  For  the  practice  of  law  he  located  in 
Atlanta,  rose  to  the  front  at  the  Bar,  purchased  the  Atlanta  Journal,  with 
which  he  supported  Mr.  Cleveland,  in  1892,  and  became  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  in  the  latter's  second  Cabinet.  From  1907  to  1909  he  was  governor 
of  Georgia.  On  the  hustings  he  has  been  an  advocate  of  great  power 
and  has  campaigned  for  the  national  democracy  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
States.  Mr.  Smith  is  one  of  the  advisory  council  of  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature.'  He  married,  in  1883,  Birdie,  a  daughter  of  General 
Thomas  R.  R.  Cobb. 

SMITH,  JAMES,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Franklin  County,  Pa.,  in 
1737,  and  died  in  Washington  County,  Ky.,  in  1812.  When  a  youth  of 
eighteen  he  was  captured  by  the  Indians  and  adopted  into  one  of  the  tribes, 
but  escaped,  took  part  in  the  struggle  for  independence,  and  settled  after 
the  Revolution  at  Cane  Bridge,  near  Paris,  Ky.,  and  became  active  in  State 
politics.  He  published  'Remarkable  Adventures  in  the  Life  and  Travels 
of  Colonel  James  Smith,'  a  work  edited  by  William'  M.  Darlington  (Lex- 
ington, 1799;  republished,  Cincinnati,  1870),  a  'Treatise  on  the  Mode 
and  Manner  of  Indian  Warfare'  (Paris,  Ky.,  1804),  and  two  tracts  on 
'Shakerism.' 

SMITH,  JAMES  TINKER.  Poet.  He  was  born  in  St.  Mary's 
Parish,  La.,  in  1816.  Bereft  of  his  parents  at  an  early  age,  he  was 
sent  by  his  guardian  to  Scotland  for  his  education,  and  graduated 
in  due  season  from  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  On  returning  home 
he  took  active  charge  of  an  immense  estate  left  to  him  by  his  parents. 
Being  an  excellent  French  scholar,  he  translated  into  English  the 
'Meditations  of  Lamartine,'  and  in  the  volume,  which  he  published  in 
1852,  several  of  his  own  poems  were  included.  He  died  in  Franklin, 
La.,  August  10,  1854. 

SMITH,  JOHN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  XI, 
page  4929. 

SMITH,  JOHN  AUGUSTINE,  physician,  was  born  in  Westmore- 
land County,  Va.,  August  29,  1782,  and  died  in  New  York,  February  9, 


406  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

186S.  For  twelve  years  he  was  president  of  William  and  Mary  College, 
his  alma  mater,  after  which  he  practiced  his  profession  in  New  York 
and  became  president  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He 
published  numerous  lectures  and  essays. 

SMITH,  JOHN  LAWRENCE,  chemist,  was  born  near  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  December  17,  1818,  and  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  October  12, 
1883.  After  graduating  from  the  University  of  Virginia,  he  studied 
medicine,  spent  some  time  in  France  and  Germany  at  the  scientific  schools, 
established  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  of  South  Carolina  on  his 
return  home,  and  became  one  of  the  foremost  authorities  of  the  day  in 
the  analysis  of  soils  and  minerals.  At  the  invitation  of  the  Sultan  of 
Turkey,  he  spent  some  time  in  Asia  Minor,  giving  instruction  to  the 
farmers  in  regard  to  the  culture  of  cotton.  For  several  years  he  filled 
the  chair  of  chemistry  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  and  afterward_  be- 
came identified  with  the  University  of  Louisville,  where  he  remained 
for  the  rest  of  his  days.  The  highest  honors  were  paid  to  him  by  men 
of  science  and  by  European  sovereigns.  He  published  numerous  papers, 
the  most  important  of  which  were  collected  and  published  under  the  title 
of  'Mineralogy  and  Chemistry,  Original  Researches'  (Louisville,  1873; 
revised,  1884).  Dr.  Smith's  collection  of  meteorites,  one  of  the  largest 
and  richest  in  existence,  became  by  purchase  the  property  of  Harvard 
University. 

SMITH,  JOSIAH,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  in 
1704,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1781.  For  several  years  he  was 
pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Charleston.  He  espoused  the  cause 
of  independence,  and,  at  the  fall  of  Charleston,  was  made  a  prisoner  of 
war  and  taken  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  died  in  prison.  He  was  an 
eloquent  divine,  delivered  numerous  public  addresses,  and  published 
a  volume  of  sermons  (Charleston,  1852). 

SMITH,  LANGDON,  journalist,  was  born  in  Kentucky,  January 
4,  1857,  and  was  educated  in  the  public  schools.  During  his  boyhood  he 
served  in  the  Comanche  and  Apache  wars  and  was  afterward  war  cor- 
respondent in  Cuba  for  New  York  papers.  Besides  numerous  short 
stories  and  sketches  he  has  published  'On  the  Panhandle,'  a  work  of  mudi 
interest. 

SMITH,  MARGARET  VOWELL.  Author.  She  was  born  in 
Louisville,  Ky.,  March  2,  1839,  the  daughter  of  Francis  Lee  and  Sarah 
Smith,  graduated  from  the  Virginia  Female  Institute,  at  Staunton,  Va., 
and  afterward  studied  languages  at  one  of  the  first  schools  of  the  day  in 
Philadelphia.  She  is  actively  connected  with  many  patriotic  organiza- 
tions. Most  of  her  writings  have  been  in  the  line  of  historical  research. 
They  include :  'The  Governors  of  Virginia,'  'Virginia  1492-1892,'  and 
'Notes  on  the  History  of  the  Constitution  of  Virginia.'  She  lives  in 
Alexandria,  Va. 

SMITH,  MARY  STUART.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XI,  page  4947. 

SMITH,  NATHAN  RYNO,  physician  and  surgeon,  was  born  in 
Concord,  N.H.,  May  21,  1797,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  July  3,  1877. 
For  thirty  years  he  filled  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  University  of 
Maryland.  Besides  numerous  medical  works  he  published  under  the  pen- 
name  of  "Viator,"  a  volume  entitled  'The  Legends  of  the  South.' 

SMITH,  NELSON  FORT.  Lawyer  and  editor.  He  was  born  in 
1813  and  died  in  1861.  He  wrote  'The  History  of  Pickens  County, 
Ala.,  from  the  First  Settlement  in  1817.'    It  was  published  in  Carroll- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       407 

ton,  Ala.,  in  18S6.     The  work  throws  interesting  light  upon  the  early- 
pioneer  days. 

SMITH,  PETER  FRANCISCO,  lawyer  and  writer,  of  Georgia. 
For  several  years  he  has  been  one  of  the  leading  members  of  the  Atlanta 
Bar.  He  is  an  accomplished  English  scholar;  and,  besides  several  legal 
text-books,  has  published  a  work  on  philology  which  has  attracted  much 
attentioiL 

SMITH,  S.  E.  D.,  Mrs.  She  published  'The  Soldier's  Friend;  or. 
Experiences  in  Southern  Hospitals'  (1867). 

SMITH,  SARA  HENDERSON.  Poet.  She  was  the  wife  of  Gen- 
eral Francis  H.  Smith,  who  was  for  many  years  professor  of  mathematics 
in  the  Virginia  Military  Institute  at  Lexington.  Her  literary  gifts  were 
devoted  largely  to  religious  veins  of  thought,  and  her  volume  entitled 
'Up  to  the  Light,  with  Other  Religious  and  Devotional  Poems'  (New 
York,  1884)  is  a  work  oi  much  interest. 

SMITH,  SOLOMON  FRANKLIN,  actor,  was  born  in  Norwich, 
N.Y.,  April  20,  1801,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  April  20,  1869.  For 
many  years  he  followed  the  theatrical  profession  and  achieved  a  reputa- 
tion as  a  comedian,  but  he  afterward  became  a  lawyer  in  St.  Louis  and 
rose  to  some  prominence  at  the  Bar.  He  published  'Theatrical  Appren- 
ticeship' (Philadelphia,  1845),  'Theatrical  Journey  Work'  (1854),  and  an 
'Autobiography'   (1868). 

SMITH,  THOMAS  BERRY.  Educator.  He  was  born  near  Bowl- 
ing Green,  Mo.,  December  7,  1850,  the  son  of  William  Hugh  and 
Isabella  Smith,  graduated  from  Pritchard  College,  and  afterward  pursued 
special  studies  at  Yale  University.  He  married,  in  1877,  Emma  Marvin 
Newland,  and  became  professor  of  chemistry  and  physics  in  Central  Col- 
lege in  1886.  From  his  scientific  pen  have  come  not  only  many  important 
contributions  to  the  literature  of  his  department  of  thought  and  research, 
but  also  many  graceful  poems.  Included  among  his  writings  are :  'Studies 
in  Nature  and  Language  Lessons'  (New  York,  D.  C.  Heath  and  Company), 
'In  Many  Moods,'  a  volume  of  poems,  and  numerous  articles  for  the 
educational  journals.  His  poem  entitled  "Two  Weddings"  was  published 
separately  in  19021.     He  resides  in  Fayette,  Mo. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM,  statesman,  was  born  in  North  Carolina  in 
1762  and  died  in  Huntsville,  Ala.,  June  10,  1840.  For  some  time  he  prac- 
ticed law  in  Charleston,  S.C!.,  became  a  circuit  judge,  a  Member  of  Con- 
gress, and  a  Senator  of  the  United  States.  In  the  race  for  reelection 
to  the  Upper  Federal  Chamber  he  was  defeated  by  Robert  Y.  Hayne,  but 
he  was  afterward  returned  by  appointment  to  fill  an  unexpired  term. 
While  serving  in  this  distinguished  body  he  was  twice  president  pro  tern.; 
and  in  the  campaign  of  1829  he  received  Georgia's  electoral  vote  for 
Vice-president  of  the  United  States.  He  declined  an  appointment  to  the 
Federal  Supreme  Court,  and  retired  to  his  plantation,  near  Huntsville, 
Ala.,  where  he  died,  leaving  a  very  large  estate. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  ANDREW,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Freder- 
icksburg, Va.,  November  29,  1802,  and  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  March  1, 
1870.  For  twenty  years  he  was  president  of  Randolph-Macon  College. 
He  wielded  a  strong  influence  in  the  councils  of  Methodism,  edited  The 
Christian  Advocate,  and  published  'Lectures  on  the  Philosophy  of  Slavery,' 
(Richmond,  1860),  in  which  he  defended  the  institution. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  BENJAMIN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  page  4965. 


408  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  CUNNINGHAM,  educator,  was  born  at 
Greensboro,  N.C.,  in  1871.  His  father  was  Samuel  C.  Smith  and  his 
mother,  Ella  Cunningham.  He  is  head  of  the  English  department  of 
the  State  Normal  College,  Greensboro,  N.C.  Besides  numerous  articles 
in  educational  and  literary  journals,  he  wrote  the  sketch  of  Cornelia 
Spencer  for  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married,  in  1897, 
Gertrude  Allen. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  LOUGHTON,  diplomat,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  in  1758,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  in  1812.  For  thirteen 
years  he  studied  and  traveled  abroad.  He  was  elected  to  the  First  Con- 
gress over  David  Ramsay,  the  historian,  who  unsuccessfully  made  a 
contest.  Later  he  represented  the  Government  in  various  diplomatic 
capacities.  His  works  include :  'Speeches  in  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives of  the  United  States'  (London,  1794),  a  'Comparative  View  of  the 
Constitution'  (Philadelphia,  1796)  and  'American  Arguments  for  British 
Rights'  (London,  1806),  a  series  of  essays  which  were  first  published  over 
the  signature  of  "Phocion."  He  also  wrote  a  pamphlet  in  opposition  to 
Mr.  Jefferson's  election,  and  published  several  addresses,  including  a 
"Fourth  of  July  Oration"  (1796). 

SMITH,  W.  ROY.  [S.C.].  He  wrote  'South  Carolina  as  a  Royal 
Province'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1908),  an  important 
work. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  RUSSELL.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  page  4985. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  WAUGH..  Educator.  He  was  born  in  War- 
rentown,  Va.,  March  12,  1845,  the  son  of  Professor  Richard  M.  Smith. 
He  served  in  the  Confederate  Army  and  was  twice  wounded.  After 
the  war  he  received  his  collegiate  education  at  Randolph-Macon  Col- 
lege. He  married  Marion  Love  Howison,  and  became  president  of 
Randolph-Macon  College  in  1897.  He  was  active  in  raising  large  sums 
for  the  institution  over  which  he  presides.  Dr.  Smith  is  the  author  of 
several  text-books,  among  the  number  being:  'Outlines  of  Psychology' 
and  'A  Comparative  Chart  of  Syntax,'  and  a  number  of  poems  have 
come  from  his  graceful  pen.  He  resides  in  Lynchburg,  Va.  He 
holds  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

SMITH,  ZACHARIAH  FREDERICK.  Author.  He  was  born  in 
Henry  County,  Ky.,  January  7,  1827,  the  son  of  Zachariah  and  Mildred 
Smith,  received  a  collegiate  education  and  was  twice  married.  He 
originated  the  present  school  system  of  Kentucky,  and  organized  the 
Cumberland  and  Ohio  Railroad.  His  writings  include :  an  excellent 
'History  of  Kentucky,'  'Memoirs  of  the  Mother  of  Henry  Clay'  a 
'School  History  of  Kentucky,'  and  'The  Battle  of  New  Orleans.'  He 
resides  in  Louisville,  Ky. 

SMITH,  ZODA  G.  Poet.  [Tenn.].  Author  of  a  volume  of  verse 
entitled  'Poems'  (1867). 

SMITHDEAL,  GEORGE  MICHAEL.  Educator.  [N.C.].  Born 
in   1855.     He  published  'Booikkeeping :   Theory  and  Practice.' 

SMITHEY,  ROYALL  BASCOM.  Educator.  He  was  born 
in  Amelia  County,  Va.,  January  20,  1851,  the  son  of  Royall  B.  and 
Mary  Ann  Hubbard  Smithey,  graduated  from  Randolph-Macon  College, 
and  married,  July  15,  1896,  Annie  Shackelford.  He  became  professor  of 
mathematics  in  Randolph-Macon  College  in  1878.  Besides  numerous  con- 
tributions to  periodicals,  his  writings  include :  'History  of  Virginia'  (New 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        409 

York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company)   and  'Civil  Government  in  Virginia' 
(ibid.)     He  resides  in  Ashland,  Va. 

SMYTH,  ELLISON  ADGER,  educator,  was  born  at  Summerton, 
S.C.,  October  26,  1863,  At  present  he  is  professor  of  biology  in  the 
Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute.  Besides  the  sketch  of  John  Bennett  in 
'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  he  has  written  numerous  papers 
on  insects  in  the  Entomological  News,  notes  on  birds  in  the  Auk,  and 
various  bulletins  from  the  Virginia  Experiment  Station.  He  married 
Grace  C.  Allen,  of  Charleston.  The  University  of  Alabama  gave  him 
the  degree  of  LL.D. 

SMYTH,  JOHN  FERDINAND.  British  soldier.  During  the 
middle  of  the  Eighteenth  Century  he  traveled  extensively  in  the  United 
States,  and  for  several  years  cultivated  a  plantation  in  Maryland.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  he  remained  loyal  to  England  and  taking 
refuge  in  the  Dismal  Swamp  of  Virginia,  he  was  captured  only  to  make 
another  escape,  and  finally  he  obtained  secret  passage  back  home.  He 
published  in  two  volumes,  'A  Tour  of  the  United  States  of  America' 
(London,  1784;  France,  1781),  a  work  concerning  which  John  Randolph 
observed  that  while  it  was  replete  with  calumny  and  falsehood,  it  contained 
the  truest  picture  extant  of  the  state  of  society  in  Virginia. 

SMYTH,  THOMAS,  clergyman,  author,  scholar,  was  born  in  Bel- 
fast, Ireland,  July  14,  1808,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C,  August  20, 
1873.  He  received  his  collegiate  education  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Belfast,  after  which  he  continued  his  studies  in  London.  On  coming 
to  the  United  States  in  1830  he  entered  Princeton  Seminary  to  pre- 
pare for  his  ministerial  career,  and  two  years  later  became  pastor  of 
the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Charleston,  S.C,  a  charge  which 
he  served  continuously  for  more  than  forty  years.  He  was  a  pro- 
found thinker,  a  gifted  theologian,  and  a  voluminous  writer;  by 
virtue  of  which  qualifications  he  became  a  power  in  the  councils  of 
Southern  Presbyterians.  The  bibliography  of  this  eminent  divine  in- 
cludes the  following  works:  'Lecutres  on  the  Prelatical  Doctrine  of 
Apostolic  Succession'  (1840),  an  'Ecclesiastical  Catechism  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church'  (1841),  'Presbytery  and  Not  Prelacy,  the  Scrip- 
tural and  Primitive  Polity'  (1843),  'The  History,  Character  and  Re- 
sults of  the  Westminster  Assembly  of  Divines'  (1844),  'Calvin  and 
His  Enemies'  (1844),  'The  Romish  and  Prelatical  Rite  of  Confirma- 
tion Examined'  (1844),  'The  Name,  Nature  and  Functions  of  Ruling 
Elders'  _(184S),  'Union  to  Christ  and  His  Church'  (1846),  'The  Nature 
and  Claims  of  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations'  (1857),  'Faith,  the 
Principle  of  Missions'  (1857),  'Why  Do  I  Live?'  (1857),  'The  Well 
in  the  Valley'  (1857),  and  'Obedience,  the  Life  of  Missions.'  Dr. 
Smyth  held  both  the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees ;  and  left  at  the  time 
of  his  death  a  library  of  12,000  volumes. 

SMYTHE,  JAMES  M.  Author.  [Ga.].  He  wrote  a  novel  en- 
titled 'Ethel  Somers;   or,  the  Fate  of  the  Union'   (1857). 

SNEAD,  GEORGIA  TILLMAN.  Author.  [Va.].  She  published 
'Beneath  Virginia  Skies'  (1904). 

SNEAD,  MARTHA  GEORGE  TILLMAN,  Mrs.  Author.  Her 
birthplace  is  unknown,  but  is  credited  by  Miss  Manly  to  the  South.  She 
wrote  'My  Soul's  Experience  in  the  Unseen  World'   (1900). 

SNEAD,  THOMAS  L,  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol., 
XI,  page  5009. 


410  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

SNEED,  JOHN  LOUIS  TAYLOR,  soldier  and  jurist,  was  born  in 
Raleigh,  N.C.,  May  12,  1820,  settled  in  Memphis,  Tenn.,  for  the  practice 
of  law,  became  a  brigadier-general  in  the  Confederate  Army,  a  iadge 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  published  'Reports  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Tennessee,  18S4-18S9.' 

SNIDER,  DENTON  J.,  author,  was  born  at  Mount  Gilead,  Ohio, 
but,  after  completing  his  studies  at  Oberlin  College,  he  settled  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.  for  his  life's  work.  His  writings  include :  'Commentaries  on 
the  Literary  Bibles,'  in  nine  volumes,  (three  on  Shakespeare  and  two 
each  on  Goethe,  Dante,  and  Homer),  'Walks  in  Hellas,'  'The  Free- 
burgers,'  a  novel,  'World's  Fair  Studies,'  'Commentaries  on  Froebel's 
Play  Songs,'  'Psychology  and  the  Psychosis,'  'The  Will,'  'The  Psychology 
of  Froebel's  Play  Gifts,'  'The  Life  of  Frederick  Froebel,'  'The  Father 
of  History :  Herodotus,'  'Social  Institutions,'  'The  State,'  'Ancient  Euro- 
pean Philosophy,'  'Modern  European  Philosophy,'  'Architecture,'  and  'A 
Tour  in  Europe.'  Besides,  he  has  also  written  much  in  verse,  including 
"Delphic  Days,"  "Agamemnon's  Daughter,"  "Homer  in  Chios,"  and  "John- 
ny Appleseed's  Rhyme."  On  the  lecture  platform  he  is  in  very  great 
demand. 

SNODDY,  J.  S.  Educator.  [Mo.].  He  edited  a  'Little  Book  of 
Missouri  Verse'  (1898). 

SNYDER,  ANN  E.  HILL,  Mrs.  Author.  [Tenn.].  She  published 
'My  Scrap  Book,'  'On  the  Wautauga  and  the  Cumberland,'  and  'The 
Civil  War'  (1893). 

SNYDER,  HENRY  NELSON.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Macon, 
Ga.,  January  14,  1865,  a  son  of  H.  N.  and  Ann  Hill  Snyder, 
graduated  from  Vanderbilt  University  and  spent  four  years  in  pursu- 
ing special  studies  both  at  home  and  abroad.  He  married,  July  9,  1889, 
Lula  E.  Ewbank.  He  became  professor  of  English  literature  in 
Woflford  College  in  1890  and  president  in  1902,  and  is  one  of  the  con- 
sulting editors  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  Besides 
numerous  articles  in  reviews  and  magazines  on  literary  and  educational 
subjects,  he  is  the  author  of  'Sidney  Lanier:  A  Study.'  He  resides  in 
Spartanburg,  S.  C.    Dr.  Synder  holds  the  degrees  of  Litt.D.  and  LL.D. 

SOMERVILLE,  WILLIAM  CLARKE,  author,  was  born  in  St. 
Mary's  County,  Md.,  March  25,  1790,  and  died  in  Auxerre,  France,  January 
5,  1826.  He  was  a  man  of  means  who  purchased  Stratford  House,  the 
home  of  General  Henry  Lee,  became  minister  to  Sweden  and  published 
'Letters  from  Paris  on  the  Causes  and  Consequences  of  the  French 
Revolution'  (Baltimore,  1822),  besides  political  essays  and  poems.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  engaged  to  Cora,  the  daughter  of  Edward 
Livingston.  In  earlier  life  he  took  part  in  the  struggles  of  the  South 
American  States  for  independence  and  was  given  large  grants  of  lands. 

SORREL,  G.  M.  Soldier  and  merchant.  [Ga.].  During  the 
Civil  War  he  was,  first,  Longstreet's  chief  of  staff  and  afterward  briga- 
dier-general in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  He  died  at  his  home 
in  Savannah,  Ga.,  in  1901.  General  Sorrel  wrote  an  exceedingly  interesting 
personal  narrative  entitled  'Recollections  of  a  Confederate  Staff  Officer' 
which  was  published  with  an  introduction  by  Senator  John  W.  Daniel,  of 
Virginia  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company, 
1900). 

f 

SOULE,  PIERRE.  One  of  the  foremost  orators  and  public  men 
of  Louisiana  during  the  ante-bellum  period.  He  was  born  at  Castillon, 
France,  in  1802.     Detected  in  a  plot  against  the  Bourbons,  in  1825,  he 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       411 

was  subsequently  pardoned  and  allowed  to  proceed  to  Paris;  but  his 
editorial  expressions  while  on  the  staff  of  one  of  the  papers  gave 
renewed  offence  to  the  royal  court.  This  time  he  decided  to  quit  the 
country  rather  than  endure  longer  the  restraint  upon  his  freedom  of 
thought.  After  moving  from  place  to  place,  he  finally  settled  in  New 
Orleans.  Years  later  he  was  first  appointed  and  afterward  elected  to 
represent  Louisiana  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  Subsequently 
he  became  Minister  to  Spain.  He  supported  Stephen  A.  Douglas  for 
President  in  1860  and  opposed  secession.  His  speeches,  which  are 
preserved  in  the  Congressional  Globe,  are  full  of  the  fire  of  the  advo- 
cate and  show  him  to  have  been  the  possessor  of  an  eloquence  of  the 
highest  type.  (See  'The  Louisiana  Book,'  1894.)  He  died  in  New 
Orleans,  March  26,  1870. 

'SOUTH  CAROLINA  WOMEN  IN  THE  CONFEDERACY,'  a 

work  of  much  interest  to  which  contributions  were  made  by  various 
authors. 

SOUTHWORTH,  EMMA  DOROTHY  ELIZA  NEVILLE,  au- 
thor, was  the  eldest  daughter  of  Captain  Charles  L.  Neville,  a  Virginian, 
and  was  born  in  Washington,  D.C.,  December  26,  1819.  Her  mother 
was  Susan  Wailes,  of  Maryland.  She  was  indebted  to  her  stepfather, 
Joshua  Henshaw,  of  Boston,  for  her  education  and  after  graduating  from 
his  select  school  she  began  to  teach.  Later,  in  1840,  she  became  the 
wife  of  Frederick  H.  Southworth,  but  her  marriage  was  not  an  ideal 
one  and  she  resumed  her  place  in  the  school-room.  Domestic  sorrows 
almost  overwhelmed  her,  but  she  struggled  through  the  deep  waters,  be- 
gan to  write  for  the  periodicals  in  a  vein  which  caught  the  fancy  of  the 
public,  and  ere  long  earned  an  income  which  made  her  independent. 
Few  writers  of  fiction  have  possessed  an  imagination  more  vivid  or 
wielded  a  pen  more  graphic  and  fluent.  Her  stories  which  aggregated  more 
than  sixty  in  number  were  eagerly  read  by  the  English-speaking  masses 
and  some  of  them  were  translated  into  foreign  languages.  She  has 
faithfully  mirrored  Southern  life  and  character  in  many  of  the  incidents 
which   she   portrays.     Included   among  her   best-known   works,   rnost   of 


Secret,'  'Children  of  the  Isle,'  'The  Curse  of  Clifton,'  'Mark  Sutherland,' 
'The  Haunted  Home,'  'The  Deserted  Wife,'  'Shannondale,'  'The  Fatal 
Secret,'  and  'Rose  Elmer.'  For  twenty-five  years  her  home  was  on  the 
Virginia  side  of  the  Potomac  overlooking  the  city  of  Washington.  She 
afterward  removed  to  Yonkers,  N.Y. ;  but  eventually  returned  to  Wash- 
ington where  she  died  June  30,  1899. 

SPALDING,  JOHN  LANCASTER,  Roman  Catholic  bishop,  was 
born  in  Lebanon,  Ky.,  June  2,  1840.  At  an  early  age  he  entered  Mount 
St.  Mary's  College,  at  Emmitsburg,  Md.,  and,  after  receiving  his  diploma 
from  this  institution,  he  continued  his  studies  abroad,  first  in  Belgium  and 
afterward  in  Rome.  On  his  return  to  the  United  States  he  became  secre- 
tary to  the  bishop  of  Louisville  and  organized  for  the  Catholic  negroes 
of  Louisville  the  Church  of  St.  Augustine,  for  which  he  also  built  a 
house  of  worship.  Still  later  he  became  chancellor  of  the  diocese.  In 
1872  he  engaged  in  missionary  work  in  the  parish  of  St.  Michael  in  New 
York,  where  his  reputation  as  an  eloquent  preacher  and  lecturer  brought 
him  into  wide  recognition.  When  the  diocese  oi  Peoria  was  created  in 
1877,  his  preeminent  fitness  for  the  office  of  bishop  was  so  apparent  that 
he  was  duly  consecrated  to  the  care  and  oversight  of  the  diocese ;  nor  was 
choice  ever  more  wisely  made,  if  the  phenomenal  prosperity  of  the  dioceso 
is  the  standard  by  which  we  are  to  judge.  For  the  great  Catholic  University 


412  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

he  was  also  an  ardent  worker  from  the  start,  being  one  of  the  pioneers 
of  this  splendid  educational  enterprise.  In  the  realm  of  letters  Bishop 
Spalding  has  deservedly  taken  high  rank  by  reason  of  the  scholarship 
and  vigor  of  his  writings.  Besides  a  biography  of  his  uncle,  Archbishop 
M.  J.  Spalding,  he  has  published  'Essays  and  Reviews,'  'The  Religious 
Mission  of  the  Irish  People,'  'Lectures  and  Discourses,'  'Education  and 
the  Higher  Life,'  'Things  of  the  Mind,'  'Means  and  Ends  of  Education,' 
'Thoughts  and  Theories  of  Life  and  Education,'  'America  and  Other 
Poems,'  'The  Poet's  Praise,'  'Songs,'  'Agnosticism  and  Education,'  'Aphor- 
isms and  Reflections,'  'Socialism  and  Labor,'  'The  Spalding  Year  Book,' 
and  'Religion  and  Art.'  The  verse  of  Bishop  Spalding  is  characterized 
by  emotional  warmth  and  by  artistic  finish.     He  resides  in  Peoria,  111. 

SPALDING,  MARTIN  JOHN,  Roman  Catholic  clergyman  and 
Archbishop  of  Baltimore,  was  born  near  Lebanon,  Ky.,  in  1810.  His  edu- 
cation was  begun  in  this  country  but  completed  at  Rome,  Italy;  and  it 
was  at  this  fountain-head  of  the  Church  that  he  was  ordained  to  the 
priesthood.  In  1848  he  became  bishop  coadjutor;  in  1850,  bishop;  and 
finally  in  1864  Archbishop  of  Baltimore.  His  published  works  include: 
'Early  Catholic  Missions  in  Kentucky'  (1846),  'Lectures  on  the  General 
Evidences  of  Christianity'  (1847),  a  work  which  passed  into  several  edi- 
tions; 'The  Life  of  the  Right  Rev.  B.  J.  Flaget'  (1852),  his  predecessor 
at  Louisville,  'Miscellanea'  (18SS),  and  'The  History  of  the  Protestant 
Reformation'  (1860).  He  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  February  7,  1872.  Bishop 
Spalding  was  an  able  administrator,  a  vigorous  writer  and  a  profound 
theologian. 

SPARKS,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  author,  was  born  on  St.  Simon's 
Island,  Ga.,  January  16,  1800,  and  died  in  Marietta,  Ga.,  January  13, 
1882i.  For  ten  years  he  was  a  partner  of  Judah  P.  Benjamin  in  the  practice 
of  law  in  New  Orleans.  He  also  owned  and  operated  at  one  time  an 
extensive  sugar  plantation  near  Natchez,  Miss.  During  the  latter  years 
of  his  life  much  of  his  time  was  given  to  literary  composition,  and  he 
published  an  interesting  volume  of  reminiscences  entitled  'Memories  of 
Fifty  Years'  (Philadelphia,  1870),  and  numerous  poems.  He  left  at  his 
death  enough  written  material  for  another  volume  of  reminiscences,  be- 
sides three  stories  in  manuscript :  'Father  Anselmo's  Ward,'  'Shilecah,' 
and  'The  Woman  with  the  Iron-gray  Hair.' 

SPARROW,  WILLIAM,  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman  and 
educator,  was  born  in  Charlestown,  Mass.,  March  12,  1801,  and  died  in 
Alexandria,  Va.,  Jamiary  17,  1874.  For  nearly  twenty-five  years  he  was 
professor  in  the  seminary  at  Alexandria  and  both  as  a  sermonizer  and  as 
a  scholar  he  took  high  rank.  During  his  lifetime  he  published  only  an 
occasional  sermon  or  tract  but  after  his  death  numerous  selections  from 
his  manuscripts  were  published  in  a  volume  entitled  'The  Life  and  Cor- 
respondence of  the  Rev.  William  Sparrow,  D.D.'   (Philadelphia,  1876). 

SPECHT,  Mrs.  Author.  [Mo.].  She  wrote  a  novel  entitled  'Al- 
frieda.' 

SPEECE,  CONRAD,  clergyman,  was  born  in  New  Lebanon,  Va., 
November  7,  1776,  and  died  in  Staunton,  Va.,  February  15,  1836.  For 
twenty-two  years  he  was  pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church  at  Staunton,  a  man 
of  eloquence  and  of  power.  He  published  'The  Mountaineer,'  a  volume 
of  essays,  besides  occasional  poems.  Princeton  gave  him  the  degree  of 
D.D. 

SPEED,  JOHN  GILMER.  Author  and  editor.  He  was  born 
in  Kentucky,  September  24,  1853,  the  son  of  Philip  and  Emma 
Keats  Speed,  was  an  engineer  by  profession,  but  subsequently  entered 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       413 

journalism  and  edited  first  The  American  Magazine  and  afterward 
Leslie's  Weekly.  His  writings,  which  are  terse  and  graphic,  include: 
'A  Life  of  John  Keats,'  'A  Fall  River  Incident,'  'The  Gilmers  in 
America,'  'A. Deal  in  Denver,'  and  'The  Horse  in  America.'  Besides, 
he  edited  'The  Letters  and  Poems  of  John  Keats,'  and  contributed 
numerous  sketches  and  stories  to  the  leading  magazines.  He  died  at 
Mendham,  N.J.,  in  1909. 

SPEED,  THOMAS.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in  Bardstown,  Ky., 
November  26,  1841,  the  son  of  Thomas  Spencer  and  Sarah  Whitney 
Speed,  received  a  collegiate  education,  served  in  the  Union  Army, 
and  participated  in  numerous  engagements.  He  studied  law  at  the 
University  of  Michigan  and  in  the  office  of  James  Speed,  President 
Lincoln's  attorney-general.  He  married  Lucy  Buckner.  In  1902 
he  became  clerk  of  the  United  States  Court.  His  writings  include : 
'Records  and  Memorials  of  the  Speed  Family'  (1892),  'The  Union  Regi- 
ments of  Kentucky,'  'The  Union  Cause  in  Kentucky,  (New  York,  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons,  1897),  and  'The  Wilderness  Road,'  published  by  the  Filson 
Club,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  organizers.     He  died  in  1906. 

SPEER,  EMORY.  Lawyer.  United  States  Judge  for  the  South- 
ern District  of  Georgia  and  an  eminent  orator.  He  was  born  in 
Colloden,  Ga.,  September  3,  1848,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Eustace  W.  and 
Anne  E.  Speer,  and  served  in  the  Confederate  Army  while  still  a 
youth.  He  graduated  from  the  University  of  Georgia,  studied  law,  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar,  and  soon  afterward  became  Solicitor-general.  He 
represented  the  Ninth  District  in  Congress  for  two  consecutive  terms, 
from  1879  to  1883,  and  was  an  independent  Democrat  until,  taking  issue 
with  his  party  on  important  public  questions,  he  became  a  Republican. 
After  being  United  States  Attorney  for  two  years,  he  was  appointed  in 
188S  United  States  Judge.  He  married,  first,  September  8,  1869,  Sallie 
Dearing  and,  second,  July  14,  1881,  Eleanor  Morgan.  His  published  works 
include:  'The  Removal  of  Causes'  (Boston,  Little,  Brown  and  Company, 
1888),  'Lectures  on  the  Constitution'  (Macon,  J.  W.  Burke  Company, 
1897),  'Lincoln,  Lee,  Grant  and  Other  Biographical  Addresses'  (Washing- 
ton and  New  York,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1910) .  To  enumerate 
the  addresses  which  this  distinguished  public  speaker  has  delivered  in 
various  parts  of  the  country  is  beyond  the  scope  of  this  brief  sketch;  but 
they  constitute  too  imporant  a  contribution  to  literature  to  be  underesti- 
mated. The  most  notable  are:  "The  Education  of  Woman,"  annual  ad- 
dress, Wesleyan  Female  College,  Macon,  Ga.,  1888 ;  "Our  Country,"  annual 
address,  Chi  Phi  Convention,  New  York,  1892;  "General  James  Ed- 
ward Oglethorpe,"  an  address  before  the  Georgia  Society  of  the  Sons 
of  the  American  Revolution,  Savannah,  Ga.,  1894;  "General  U.  S. 
Grant,"  an  address  before  the  Grant  Birthday  Association,  at  Galena, 
111.,  1898;  "The  War  with  Spain,"  an  address  at  the  Peace  Jubilee  in 
Chicago,  1898;  "A  New  America,"  the  Centennial  Alumni  Oration  at 
the  University  of  Georgia,  Athens,  Ga.,  1901;  "Robert  E.  Lee,"  annual 
address  at  Emory  College,  Oxford,  Ga.,  1904;  the  opening  address  at 
the  Cotton  States  and  International  Exposition,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  1905; 
the  Storr  Foundation  Lectures  before  the  Law  School  of  Yale 
University,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  comprising  "Alexander  Hamilton," 
"John  Marshall,"  "Joseph  E.  Brown,"  "Robert  E.  Lee,"  and  "The  Initia- 
tive of  the  President,"  1906;  "Thomas,  Lord  Erskine,"  an  address  be- 
fore the  American  Bar  Association,  Seattle,  Wash.,  1908;  "Abraham 
Lincoln,"  an  address  on  the  one-hundredth  birthday  of  the  martyred 
President,  New  York,  1909;  and  numerous  others,  in  addition  to 
speeches  delivered  in  Congress,  before  juries,  and  on  political  plat- 
forms. For  several  years  Judge  Speer  has  been  dean  of  the  Law 
School  of  Mercer  University.     He  resides  at  "The  Cedars,"  Macon,  Ga. 


414  SOUTHERN   LITERATOKE 

SPELMAN,  HENRY,  colonist,  was  born  in  England  about  1600, 
and  died  in  Virginia  in  1622.  Under  Captain  Rutcliff  he  was  one  of  a 
party  of  reconnoiterers  who  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Indians,  all  of 
whom  were  slain  except  himself.  As  in  the  case  of  Captain  Smith,  his 
life  was  saved  by  PocEuhontas,  but  he  was  afterward  rescued  and,  having 
acquired  the  language  of  the  savages,  he  became  an  interpreter  whose 
services  were  of  great  value.  However,  he  was  eventually  killed  by  the 
redmen.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  left  a  manuscript  entitled  a  'Rela- 
tion of  Virginia'  which  over  two  centuries  later  fell  into  the  hands  of 
James  F.  Hunnewell  of  Massachusetts,  who  privately  printed  an  edition 
of  the  work  (London,  1872). 

SPENCE,  IRVING,  author,  was  a  brother  of  United  States  Sena- 
tor John  Shelby  Spence,  lived  in  Maryland,  and  wrote  'The  Early  History 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church'   (Philadelphia,   1835). 

SPENCE,  W.  J.  D.  Author.  [Tenn.].  In  collaboration  with 
Dzvid  L.  Spence  he  wrote  a  'History  of  Hickman  County'  (1900). 

SPENCER,  CORNELIA.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XI,  page  5049. 

SPENCER,  EDWARD.  Dramatic  editor.  [Md.].  Born  in  1834. 
He  wrote  a  play  entitled  "Kit." 

SPENCER,  JOHN  HENDERSON.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Ky.]. 
He  published  a  'Life  of  J.  T.  Fisher'  (1866)  and  a  'History  of  Kentucky 
Baptists'   (1886). 

SPENCER,  WILLIAM  LORING,  Mrs.,  author,  was  born  in  St. 
Augustine,  Fla.  Her  father  was  Albert  A.  Nunez  and  her  uncle,  for 
whom  she  was  named,  was  General  William  W.  Loring.  She  married 
General  George  E.  Spencer  and  published  several  volumes  of  fiction, 
including  'Salt  Lake  Fruit'  (Boston,  1883),  'Dennis  Day,  the  Carpet- 
bagger' (New  York,  1884),  'Calamity  Jane,'  and  other  works.  Her  mascu- 
line name  caused  her  to  be  dubbed  "major." 

SPIEKER,  GEORGE  FREDERICK,  theologian,  was  born  at 
Elk  Ridge  Landing,  Md.,  November  17,  1844.  He  became  an  eminent 
educator  and  divine  of  the  Lutheran  faith,  settled  in  Pennsylvania  and  pub- 
lished several  translations  from  the  German.  Roanoke  College  gave 
him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

SPIERS,  MARY  BUCKNER.  Poet.  [Va.].  She  published  a 
volume  of  verse  entitled  'The  Giant  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  other  Poems,' 
a  work  of  merit  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing 
Company,  1903).  * 

SPOFFORD,  HENRY  MARTYN,  jurist,  was  born  in  Gilmanton, 
N.H.,  September  8,  1821,  and  died  at  Red  Sulphur  Springs,  W.  Va., 
August  20,  1880.  He  settled  in  New  Orleans  for  the  practice  of  law,  rose 
to  the  Supreme  Bench,  and  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  by 
the  "Nicholls"  Legislature,  but  was  not  seated.  Amherst  made  him  an 
LL.D.  He  was  co-author  of  'The  Louisiana  Magistrate  and  Parish 
Official  GuHe.'  Ainsworth  R.  Spofford,  for  many  years  the  librarian  of 
Congress,  was  his  brother. 

SPO-rSWOOD.  ALEXANDER,  royal  governor  of  Virginia,  was 
°°IJ}  in  Tangier,  Africa,  m  1676,  and  died  in  Annapolis,  Md.,  June  7, 
1740.  He  was  the  first  among  the  adventurous  spirits  of  the  colony 
to  explore  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  and  the  story  of  his  expedition 
IS  one  of  the  most  thrilling  of  the  Virginia  legends.    He  was  the  patron 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIOxVARY    OF    AUTHORS        415 

and  friend  of  William  and  Mary  College;  and,  despite  an  occasional 
disagreement  with  the  burgesses,  enjoyed  great  popularity  during  his 
administration  of  the  colonial  affairs.  'The  Official  Letters  of  Alexander 
Spottswood,  Lieutenant-governor  of  Virginia,  1710-1722,'  have  been  pub- 
lished in  the  collections  of  the  Virginia  Historical  Society,  with  an  intro- 
duction by  Robert  A.  Brock  (Richmond,  1882-188S).  His  speeches  in 
the  assembly  have  been,  preserved  in  William  Maxwell's  'Virginia  Histori- 
cal Register,'  Volume  IV. 

SPRAGINS,  ANNA  WARD,  Mrs.,  poet,  was  born  in  Alabama  but 
afterward  removed  to  Texas.  She  wrote  "Shiloh,"  "Farewell  to  Texas" 
and  other  poems.     She  died  in  1876. 

SPRAGUE,  JOHN  TITCOMB.  Soldier.  Though  of  Northern  birth 
and  an  officer  in  the  Union  Army  he  served  in  the  Florida  War,  was 
military  governor  of  Florida  during  reconstruction  and  wrote  a  volume 
entitled  'The  Origin,  Progress  and  Conclusion  of  the  Florida  War'  (New 
York,   1848). 

SPRUNT,  JAMES,  author,  was  born  in  Scotland  in  1846  but  after- 
ward came  to  America  and  located  in  North  Carolina.  He  wrote  a 
story  of  the  Wilmington  blockade  entitled  'What  Ship  is  That?'  (Wilming- 
ton, 1883),  'A  Colonial  Plantation'  (1893),  'Tales  and  Traditions  of  the 
Lower  Cape  Fear'   (1896),  and  'A  Colonial  Apparition'   (1898). 

SRYGLEY,  FLETCHER  DOUGLAS,  clergyman  and  educator, 
was  bom  in  Alabama  but  afterward  lived  in  Tennessee.  He  wrote 
'Larimore  and  his  Boys'  (1879),  and  'Seventy  Years  in  Dixie'   (1891). 

ST.  C:£rAN,  TULLIUS.  Poet.  [La.].  He  published  'Rien  ou 
Moi'  (1837),  '1814  et  181S'  an  epic  poem  of  the  second  war  for  inde- 
pendence  (1838),  and  'Les  Louisianais'   (1840). 

STABLER,  JENNIE  L.,  Mrs.  Author.  [Va.].  Under  the  pen- 
name  of  "Jennie  Woodville,"  she  wrote  numerous  stories  and  sketches. 
Her  best  work  is  a  novel  entitled  'Left  to  Herself  (1871).  She  lived 
at  Lynchburg,  Va. 

STACY,  JAMES,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Liberty  County,  Ga., 
June  2,  1830.  For  more  than  forty  years  he  was  pastor  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church,  at  Newnan,  Ga.,  where  he  still  resides.  He  published 
an  interesting  'History  of  Old  Midway  Church,'  one  of  the  most  famous 
organizations  in  America,  an  essay  on  "The  Observance  of  the  Holy  Sab- 
bath," which  was  awarded  a  prize,  and  numerous  tracts  and  sermons. 
Arkansas  College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

STANARD,  MARY  NEWTON.  Author.  [Va.].  From  the  pen  of 
this  talented  Virginia  woman  have  come  two  charming  historical  works 
entitled  'The  Story  of  Bacon's  Rebellion'  (New  York  and  Washington, 
The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907)  and  'The  Dreamer'  (Richmond,  The 
Bell  Book  and  Stationery  Company,  1909),  the  latter  being  an  intimate 
study  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe. 

STANARD,  WILLIAM  GLOVER.  Editor.  He  was  born  in 
Richmond,  Va.,  October  2,  1858,  a  son  of  Captain  Robert  C.  and  Vir- 
ginia M.  Stanard,  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary  College 
and  at  Richmond  College,  and  married,  April  17,  1900,  Mary  Mann 
Page  Newton.  He  is  corresponding  secretary  of  the  Virginia  His- 
torical Society  and  editor  of  the  Virginia  Magazine  of  History  and 
Biography.  Besides  numerous  historical  pamphlets,  he  published  'The 
Colonial  Virginia  Register.'     He  resides   in  Richmond,  Va. 


416  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

STANLEY,  M.  C,  Mrs.  Writer.  This  talented  Southern  woman 
has  contributed  some  excellent  verse  to  Harper's  arid  other  popular 
magazines.     She  resides  at  present  in  Tucson,  Ariz. 

STANTON,  FRANK  LEBBY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  page  S061. 

STANTON,  HENRY  THROOP.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  page  5083. 

STANTON,  RICHARD  HENRY,  jurist,  was  born  in  Alexandria, 
Va.,  September  9,  1812,  settled  in  Marysville,  Ky„  for  the  practice  of 
law,  became  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Cojirt  and  a  Member  of  Congress, 
edited  two  newspapers,  and  published  a  'Code  of  Practice  in  Civil  and 
Criminal  Cases  in  Kentucky'  (Cincinnati,  1855),  'Practical  Treatises  for 
Justices  of  the  Peace'  and  a  'Manual  for  Executors.' 

STEARNS,  EDWARD  JOSIAH,  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman, 
was  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1810  and  died  in  Maryland  in  1890.  The 
greater  part  of  his  life  was  divided  between  Annapolis  and  Baltimore.  He 
published  'Notes  on  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin'  (Philadelphia,  1853),  a  'Practi- 
cal Guide  to  English  Pronunciation'  (Boston,  1878),  and  'The  Faith  of 
Our  Fathers'  in  reply  to  Cardinal  Gibbons  (New  York,  1879),  besides 
minor  works. 

STEINER,  BERNARD  C.  Educator.  [Md.].  He  wrote  a  'His- 
tory of  Education  in  Maryland'  (1894)  and  a  sketch  of  Sir  Robert  Eden 
(1898). 

STEINER,  LEWIS  HENRY,  physician  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Frederick,  Md.,  May  4,  1827.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was  sanitary  in- 
spector 'for  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  He  published  a  'Diary  Kept 
During  the  Rebel  Occupation  of  Frederick,  Md.'  (New  York,  1862),  and 
'Cantate  Domino,'  a  collection  of  sacred  anthems,  in  which  he  was  assisted 
by  Henry  Schwing  (Boston,  1859),  besides  numerous  translations,  mono- 
graphs and  lectures. 

STEMPEL,  M.  G.  T.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  a  novel  entitled 
'The  Finished  Web'   (New  Orleans,  1892). 

STEPHENS,  ALEXANDER  HAMILTON.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  page  5097. 

STEPHENS,  EDWIN  LEWIS,  educator,  was  born  in  Natchi- 
toches Parish,  La.,  November  27,  1872,  and  was  educated  at  the  Louisiana 
State  University,  afterward  taking  his  Ph.D.  degree  from  the  University 
of  New  York.  Since  1900  he  has  been  president  of  the  Southwestern 
Industrial  Institute  at  Lafayette,  La.  For  three  years  he  edited  the 
Louisiana  School  Rewew.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  periodicals, 
he  was  co-author  of  the  Louisiana  supplement  to  'Tarr  and  McMurry's 
Geography'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1907)  and  published 
a  narrative  of  European  travels.  The  sketch  of  Ruth  McEnery  Stuart 
in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  his  pen.  He  married, 
July  14,  1902,  Beverly  Randolph. 

STEPHENS,  THOMAS,  author,  was  a  son  of  William  Stephens, 
president  of  the  colony  of  Georgia  and  'wrote  a  work  entitled  'The  Castle 
Builder,  or,  the  History  of  William  Stephens  of  the  Isle  of  Wight' 
(London,  1742;  second  edition,  1759),  in  which  he  discusses  the  causes 
which  retarded  the  history  of  Georgia. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY    OF   AUTHORS        417 

STEPHENS,  WILLIAM,  president  of  the  colony  of  Georgia,  was 
bom  on  the  Isle  of  Wight,  England,  January  28,  1681,  and  died  in 
Georgia,  in  1753.  For  some  time  he  was  a  Member  of  Parliament,  but 
in  1730  he  came  to  South  Carolina  to  survey  a  tract  of  land,  became 
an  intimate  friend  of  Oglethorpe,  and,  on  the  recommendation  of  the 
latter,  was  made  secretary  to  the  board  of  trustees  of  Georgia,  and  after- 
ward colonial  president.  He  wrote  'A  Journal  of  the  Proceedings  in 
Georgia,'  which  was  published  in  three  volumes  (London,  1742),  a  work 
of  great  value  and  importance  because  of  the  light  which  it  throws  upon 
the  early  annals  of  the  commonwealth. 

STEPHENSON,  NATHANIEL.  Educator  and  author.  He  was 
born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  July  10,  1867,  the  son  of  Reuben  Henry  and 
Louisa  Stephenson,  taught  English  in  the  State  University  of  Iowa 
and  also  in  the  Indiana  University,  was  also  for  a  time  editorial 
writer  on  the  Cincinnati  Tribune,  and  afterward  editor  of  the  Cincinnati 
Commercial  Tribune.  He  became  professor  of  history  in  Charleston  Col- 
lege in  1902.  He  is  the  author  of  several  interesting  novels  including: 
'They  That  Took  the  Sword  (New  York,  John  Lane),  'The  Beautiful 
Mrs.  Moulton  (ibid.),  and  'Eleanor  Dayton  (Jtbid.).  He  resides  in 
Charleston,  S.C. 

STEVENS,  SHEPPARD.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Mobile, 
Ala.,  September  18,  1862,  a  daughter  of  the  Rt.  Rev.  Henry  Niles 
Pierce,  bishop  of  Arkansas,  was  educated  in  private  schools  and  by  tutors 
at  home,  and  married,  October  12,  1882,  William  C.  Stevens,  son  of  the 
Rt.  Rev.  William  Bacon  Stevens,  bishop  of  Pennsylvania.  She  is  the 
author  of  several  charming  stories,  among  them,  'I  Am  the  King*  (Boston, 
Little,  Brown  and  Company,  1898),  'The  Sword  of  Justice'  {ibid.,  1899), 
'In  the  Eagle's  Talons'  {ibid.,  1901),  and  others,  besides  numerous  stories 
and  sketches  contributed  to  the  periodicals. 

STEVENS,  WALTER  B.  Journalist.  He  was  born  in  Meriden, 
Conn.,  July  26,  1848,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  A.  A.  ■  Stevens,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  University  of  Michigan,  and  was  for  many  years 
Washington  correspondent  of  the  St.  Louis  Globe-Democrat.  His 
writings  include:  'Through  Texas,'  'The  Ozark  Uplift,'  and  'The 
Forest  City'  (St.  Louis,  N.  D.  Thompson).    He  resides  in  St.  Louis. 

STEVENS,  WALTER  LE  CONTE.  Educator.  He  was  born 
in  Gordon  County,  Ga.,  June  17,  1847,  a  son  of  Dr.  Josiah  P.  and 
Ann  Le  Conte  Stevens.  On  the  maternal  side  he  comes  of  the  dis- 
tinguished Georgia  family  which  produced  the  noted  scientists,  John 
and  Joseph  Le  Conte.  He  graduated  from  the  University  of  South 
Carolina,  and  married,  August  29,  1900,  Virginia  Lee  Letcher,  daughter 
of  the  war  governor  of  Virginia.  He  pursued  special  studies  in  European 
universities,  was  -professor  of  physics  in  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute 
from  1892  to  1898;  and  then  was  called  to  the  same  chair  in  Washington 
and  Lee  University.  Besides  revising  'Steele's  Physics,'  he  contributed  to 
Appleton's  'Physical  Geography'  all  parts  involving  the  application  of  the 
principles  of  physics.  He  is  also  the  author  of  numerous  articles  contrib- 
uted to  the  encyclopaedias  and  to  the  scientific  periodicals.  The  University 
of  Georgia  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D.     He  resides  in  Lexington,  Va. 

STEVENS,  WILLIAM  BACON,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop, 
was  born  in  Bath,  Me.,  July  13,  1815,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
June  11,  1887.  For  two  years  he  traveled  abroad.  On  his  return  home, 
he  studied  medicine  and  settled  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  where  he  practiced 
his  profession   for   several  years.     During  this   period  he  became   State 


418  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

historian  for  Georgia,  and  published  a  number  of  volunjes  dealing  with 
Georgia  annals.  Afterward  he  entered  the  Episcopal  priesthood  and  in 
1865  became  bishop  of  Pennsylvania.  He  published  'Discourses  before 
the  Historical  Society  of  Georgia'  (Savannah,  1841),  'History  of  Silk  Cul- 
ture in  Georgia'  (1841),  'History  of  Georgia,'  in  two  volumes  (Phila- 
delphia, 1847),  'Parables  of  the  New  Testament  Unfolded'  (1855),  'The 
Bow  in  the  Cloud,'  (1855),  'Home  Service'  (1856),  'The  Lord's  Day' 
(1857),  'History  of  St.  Andrew's  Church,  Philadelphia,'  (1858),  'Sab- 
baths of  Our-  Lord'  (1872),  'Sermons'  (New  York,  1879),  and  numerous 
tracts  and  essays.  Union  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.,  and  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  the  degree  of  D.D. 

STEVENSON,  ADLAI  EWING,  former  Vice-president  of  the 
United  States,  was  bom  in  Christian  County,  Ky.,  October  23,  1835.  After 
graduating  from  Centre  College,  he  settled  in  Bloomington,  111.,  for  the 
practice  of  law,  became  prominent  in  politics,  served  four  years  in 
Congress  as  a  Democrat,  and  was  elected  Vice-president  of  the  United 
States  on  the  ticket  with  Grover  Cleveland  in  1892.  On  retiring  from 
oiSce  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  commission  to  Europe  in  the  in- 
terest of  bi-metallism.  He  was  the  Democratic  nominee  for  Vice-presi- 
dent on  the  ticket  with  William  J.  Bryan,  in  1900,  but  was  defeated.  He  is 
an  effective  public  speaker,  a  vigorous  writer,  and  an  independent  thinker. 

STEVENSON,  R.  RANDOLPH.  Physician.  He  wrote  an  inter- 
esting work  entitled  'The  Southern  Side;  or,  Andersonville  Prison'  (Balti- 
more, 1876). 

STEWART,  AUSTIN,  author,  was  born  of  African  parentage  in 
Prince  William  County,  Va.,  in  1793.  He  escaped  from  bondage,  became 
a  merchant  in  Rochester,  N.Y.,  took  an  active  part  in  the  Anti-Slavery 
Crusade  and  wrote  'Twenty-two  Years  a  Slave  and  Forty  Years  a  Free- 
man'  (Rochester,  1859).     He  died  in  1860. 

STEWART,  FREDERICK  CAMPBELL.  Physician.  [Va.].  He 
published   a   work   entitled    'Hospitals    and    Sia-geons   of    Paris'    (1843). 

STEWART,  ROBERT  ARMISTEAD,  educator,  was  born  in 
Portsmouth,  Va.,  March  9,  1877.  At  present  he  is  engaged  in  educational 
work  in  Richmond,  occupying  a  chair  of  modern  languages.  He  was 
assistant  editor  of  the  Virginia  edition  of  'Poe's  Complete  Works'  (New 
York,  T.  Y.  Crowell  and  Company,  1903),  in  addition  to  which  he  has 
published  'Knights  of  the  Golden  Horseshoe,  and  Other  Lays'  (Rich- 
mond, The  Evans  Press,  1909).  For  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature' 
he  wrote  the  sketch  of  Gordon  McCabe.  He  is  a  Ph.D.  and  a  member 
of  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati. 

STEWART,  WILLIAM  H.  Lecturer  and  writer.  Colonel  Stew- 
art served  with  gallantry  during  the  Civil  War.  On  the  platform  he  has 
also  attained  distinction  and  his  work  entitled  'The  Spirit  of  the  South,' 
which  contains  some  of  his  best  essays  and  orations,  is  a  volume  of 
much  interest  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Com- 
pany,  1908). 

STIBBES,  AGNES  JEAN.    Author.     [Ga.].    She  wrote 'The  Earls 

of    Sunderland,'    besides    numerous    short    stories. 

STILES,  JOSEPH  CLAY,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Savannah,  Ga., 
December  6,  1795,  and  died  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  March  27,  1875.  He 
was  educated  at  Yale  and  at  Andover,  became  an  eminent  Presbyterian 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       419 

divine,  gave  an  impetus  to  Presbyterianism  in  Georgia  by  an  evangelistic 
campaign  of  great  power  and  effectiveness,  and  held  numerous  important 
pastorates.  He  published  'Modern  Reform  Examined;  or,  the  Union  of 
the  North  and  the  South  on  the  Subject  of  Slavery"  (Philadelphia,  18S8), 
'The  National  Controversy;  or,  the  Voice  of  the  Fathers  upon  the  State 
of  the  Country'  (New  York,  1861),  and  'Future  Punishment'  (St.  Louis, 
1868).  Transylvania  University  gave  him  his  degree  of  D.D.,  and  the 
University  of  Georgia  his  degree  of  LL.D. 

STILES,  ROBERT.  Author.  [Va.].  Major  Stiles  served  with 
gallantry  in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  and  wrote  one  of  the 
most  realistic  narratives  of  the  struggle  in  a  work  entitled  'Four  Years 
with  Marse  Robert'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing 
Company,  1906). 

STILES,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Savannah,  Ga., 
in  1808  and  died  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  December  20,  1865.  He  studied  law, 
became  a  Member  of  Congress,  received  the  appointment  of  Charge 
d'Affaires  in  Austria,  commanded  a  regiment  of  Confederate  troops,  and 
published  a  'History  of  Austria,  1848-1849,'  in  two  volumes,  (New  York, 
1852). 

STILLMAN,  ANNIE  RAYMOND,  author,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  in  1855.  On  account  of  defective  eyesight  she  could  read  or 
study  but  little  in  childhood,  but  her  bright  intellect  was  quick  to  grasp. 
She  has  lived  a  life  of  beautiful  consecration  and  published  two  rich 
volumes  entitled  'How  They  Kept  the  Faith,'  a  story  of  the  Huguenots 
(New  York,  A.  D.  F.  Randolph,  1888),  and  'Fool's  Gold'  (Chicago  and 
New  York,  Fleming  H.  Revell  Company,  1902).  She  resides  in  Tusca- 
loosa, Ala. 

STITH,  WILLIAM,  an  early  American  historian  of  colonial  times, 
was  born  in  Virginia  in  1689.  On  completing  his  education  in  Eng- 
land he  decided  to  enter  the  ministry  and  was  ordained  to  the  priest- 
hood in  the  Established  Church  on  his  return  to  America.  He  be- 
came one  of  the  most  influential  clergymen  of  the  day;  was  chaplain 
of  the  House  of  Burgesses  in  1738;  was  rector  of  Henrico  Parish 
for  some  time;  and' from  1752  to  17SS  he  was  president  of  William  and 
Mary  College.  His  claims  to  remembrance  rest  chiefly  upon  his  work 
entitled  'The  History  of  Virginia  from  the  First  Settlement  to  the  Dissolu- 
tion of  the  London  Company.'  It  was  first  published  in  1747  and  after- 
ward reedited,  with  bibliographical  data,  in  1766.  While  an  unfinished 
work,  it  possesses  very  great  value  because  of  its  ancient  date  and,  in  the 
main,  because  of  its  accurate  information.  But  the  style  is  somewhat 
diffuse;  and,  to  this  extent,  the  work  incurred  the  criticism  of  Jefferson. 
The  author  died  at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  in  1755. 

STOCKARD,  HENRY  JEROME.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  page  5119. 

STOCKARD,  SALLIE.  Poet.  She  published  "The  Lily  of  the 
Valley,"  a  dramatic  arrangement  of  the  'Songs  of  Solomon'  (1900).  The 
author  was  born  in  North  Carolina  but  afterward  removed  to  Arkan- 
sas.    She  is  now  Mrs.  Magness. 

STOCKTON,  WILLIAM  T.,  author,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  October  8,  1812,  and  died  at  Quincey,  Fla.,  March  4,  1869.  Educated 
for  the  Army  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy  he  served  in  the 
Florida  War;  but,  resigning  after  several  years,  he  made  his  home  in 
the  State  which  had  witnessed  his  campaigning.  He  was  also  an  officer 
in   the   Confederate   service,    rising   from   captain   to   lieutenant-colonel. 


420  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE     . 

Under  the  pen-name  of  "Cor-de-Chasse"'  he  wrote  a  number  of  stories 
and  sketches  for  the  press  on  hunting;  which  were  afterward  published 
in  a  volume  entitled  'Dog  and  Gun.' 

STODDARD,  AMOS.  Soldier.  [La.].  He  was  born  in  1762  and 
died  in  1813.  He  published  a  volume  just  before  his  death  entitled 
'•Sketches,  Historical  and  Descriptive,  of  Louisiana'   (Philadelphia,  1812). 

STOKES,  J.  L.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman.  [S.C.].  He 
published  a  work  entitled  'Eldon  Drayton.' 

STONE,  ALFRED  HOLT,  planter  and  author,  was  born  in  New 
Orleans,  La.,  October  16,  1870.  His  father  was  Walter  Wilson  Stone,  and 
his  mother,  Eleanor  Holt.  On  completing  his  studies  at  the  University 
of  Mississippi  Law  School,  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  and  in  1896 
married  Mary  Bailey  Ireys.  For  some  time  he  has  been  extensively 
engaged  in  cotton  planting,  at  Dunleith,  Miss.,  and  at  leisure  intervals 
he  has  bestowed  deep  thought  upon  economic  studies,  especially  in  rela- 
tion to  the  negro  question.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  the 
magazines,  he  has  published  an  exceptionally  able  work  entitled  'Studies 
in  the  American  Race  Problem'  (New  York,  Doubleday,  Page  and  Com- 
pany).    He  belongs  to  numerous  scientific  organizations. 

STONE,  ALFRED  M.,  lawyer,  was  the  author  of  an  important 
paper  read  before  the  Mississippi  Historical  Society  in  the  city  of  Natchez 
on  "The  Early  Slave  Laws  of  Mississippi." 

STONE,  BARTOW  WARREN,  clergyman,  was  born  near  Port 
Tobacco,  Md.,  December  24,  1772,  and  died  in  Hannibal,  Mo.,  November 
9,  1844.  After  adhering  for  several  years  to  the  Presbyterian  standards 
he  renounced  Calvinism,  organized  an  independent  movement,  wrote 
what  was  termed  "the  first  declaration  of  religious  freedom  in  the  West- 
ern Hemisphere,"  and  published  'Letters  on  the  Atonement'  (1805),  and 
several  hymns. 

STONE,  CORNELIA  BRANCH,  president-general  of  the  United 
Daughters  of  the  Confederacy,  was  born  at  Nacogdoches,  Texas,  Febru- 
ary 13,  1840,  when  the  Lone  Star  State  was  an  independent  republic. 
She  is  a  leader  in  various  patriotic  organizations  and  a  woman  of  ex- 
traordinary gifts.  Her  girlhood  days  having  been  spent  in  the  frontier 
belt,  she  was  denied  an  academic  training,  but  her  acquisitive  powers  of 
mind  have  placed  her  far  in  advance  of  many  of  the  finished  products 
of  the  schools.  She  married,  April  16,  1856,  Henry  Clay  Stone.  Besides 
numerous  articles  and  addresses,  Mrs.  Stone  is  the  author  of  a  catechism 
for  the  instruction  of  the  children  of  the  Confederacy.  The  sketch  of 
Mrs.  Jefferson  Davis  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  her 
pen. 

STONE,  WILLIAM  MURRAY,  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop, 
was  born  in  Somerset  County,  Md.,  June  1,  1779,  and  died  in  Salisbury, 
Md.,  February  26,  1838.  He  studied  theology,  became  rector  of  several 
important  parishes,  and  in  1830  was  consecrated  bishop.  He  published 
a  number  of  sermons,  pastoral  letters,  and  charges.  Columbia  gave  him 
the  degree  of  D.D. 

STORK,  CHARLES  AUGUSTUS,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  near  Jefferson,  Md.,  September  4,  1838,  and  died  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  December  17,  1883.  His  father  was  Theophilus  Stork.  At  Williams 
College  he  was  a  room-mate  of  James  A.  Garfield.  He  became  a  pro- 
fessor in  the  Lutheran  Seminary  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  and  a  pastor  in 
Baltimore,  edited   Lutheran  papers   and   wrote  'Light  on   the   Pilgrim's 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       421 

Way,'  a  posthtimous  work  which  was  edited  by  his  brother,  Theophilus 
B.  Stork   (Philadelphia,  1885).     He  held  the  degree  of  D.D. 

STORK,  THEOPHILUS,  clergyman,  was  born  near  Salisbury, 
N.C.,  in  1814,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  March  28,  1874.  He  was 
educated  at  Pennsylvania  College,  attained  distinction  in  the  Lutheran 
pulpit,  edited  Church  papers,  and  became  president  of  Newberry  College, 
South  Carolina.  He  published  'The  Life  of  Martin  Luther  and  the 
Reformation  in  Germany'  (Philadelphia,  18S4),  and  numerous  theological 
and  religious  sketches  and  monographs.  After  his  death  a  volume  of 
his  sermons  was  published  by  his  sons.    He  received  the  degree  of  D.D. 

STOVALL,  A.  W.  Lawyer.  [Tenn.].  He  published  'The  Life, 
Lectures,  and  Poetry  of  the  Rev.  E.  H.  Osborne'  (1897). 

STOVALL,  PLEASANT  ALEXANDER,  editor  and  publisher, 
was  born  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  July  10,  1857.  His  father  was  Boiling  Anthony 
Stovall  and  his  mother,  Martha  Wilson.  On  completing  his  education 
at  the  University  of  Georgia  he  entered  journalism,  with  which  profes- 
sion he  has  since  been  actively  identified.  For  several  years  he  has  owned 
and  edited  the  Savannah  Press,  one  of  the  brightest  newspapers  in  the 
State.  His  publications  include:  a  'Life  of  Robert  Toombs'  (New  York, 
Cassell  and  Company,  1892),  'Free  Silver  Fallacies'  (1895),  'Colonial 
Savannah'  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  1901),  'The  Statue  of  Lee' 
(1903),  and  'Frederica'  (1904).  He  married,  January  7,  1885,  Mary 
Ganahl  of  Augusta,  Ga. 

STRACHEY,  WILLIAM.  Colonial  secretary  of  Virginia  and 
pioneer  author.  Very  little  is  known  of  him  beyond  the  fact 
that  he  belonged  to  the  English  gentry  and  came  to  Virginia  with 
Sir  Thomas  Gates  in  1609,  serving  in  the  role  of  secretary  of  the 
colony  for  three  years.  But  his  writings  are  of  very  great  value, 
because  they  belong  to  the  earliest  period  of  colonization  in  North 
America  and  represent  the  first  fruits  of  Southern  authorship.  On 
the  way  over,  the  vessel  in  which  he  traveled,  the  Sea  Venture,  was 
wrecked  on  the  Bermuda  Islands,  and,  from  the  account  that  he  sub- 
sequently gave  of  this  dramatic  experience,  it  is  said  that  Shakespeare 
drew  the  scene  of  the  storm  in  his  play,  "The  Tempest."  The  style 
of  this  author  is  naturally  quaint.  He  employs  the  archaic  forms  of 
the  Seventeenth  Century;  but,  if  his  sentences  are  sometimes  involved, 
the  interest  of  his  narrative  offers  full  atonement.  The  work  that 
contains  the  story  of  his  thrilling  adventure  is  entitled  'A  True  Reper- 
tory of  the  Wracke  and  Redemption  of  Sir  Thomas  Gates  Upon  and 
From  the  Islands  of  the  Bermudas'  (1609).  He  wrote  also  'A  Historic  of 
Travaile  in  Virginia  Britiania'  (1602),  and  edited  'Lawes,  Divine,  Moral, 
and  Martial.' 

STRANGE,  ROBERT,  author,  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1769  and 
died  in  North  Carolina,  in  1854.  He  wrote  'Eoneguski :  or,  the  Cherokee 
Chief  (Washington,  D.C.,  1839),  a  work  which  was  published  in  two 
volumes.  The  scene  of  the  story  is  laid  on  the  banks  of  Homony  Creek, 
one  of  the  small  mountain  tributaries  of  the  French  Broad. 

STRATTON,  JOHN  ROACH,  clergyman  and  lecturer,  was  bom 
of  Southern  parentage  at  Evansville,  Ind.,  April  6,  1875.  His  father  was 
the  Rev.  H.  D.  D.  Stratton.  On  his  mother's  side  he  is  related  to  the 
Carters  of  Virginia.  Eloquent  and  gifted,  Dr.  Stratton  is  pastor  of  one 
of  the  largest  Baptist  congregations  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  is  also  one 
of  the  most  popular  speakers  on  the  lecture  platform.  His  publications 
include:  'Rag-time  Religion'   (Louisville,  Ky.,  Charles  T.  Darwin,  1903), 


422  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

'Outlines  of  Oratory'  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  Byrd  Publishing  Company,  1903), 
'Will  Education  Solve  the  Race  Problem?'  (New  York,  Harper  and 
Brothers,  1902),  'The  Salvation  of  Society'  (Baltimore,  1908),  and  "Port- 
land, Oregon,  and  the  Great  Northwest,"  an  essay  which  won  the  one 
thousand  dollar  prize  offered  by  the  Portland  Commercial  Club  (1908). 
He  married,  November  2,  1903,  Georgia  Hillyer  of  Atlanta,  Ga. 

STRATTON,  JOSEPH  BUCK,  clergyman,  was  born  in  1815. 
He  wrote  "The  Presbyterian  Church  in  Mississippi"  for  Goodspeed's 
'Memoirs,'  also  'Extracts  from  an  Elder's  Diary,'  and  several  religious 
and  devotional  works. 

STRAUS,  OSCAR  SOLOMON,  merchant,  author.  Cabinet  officer, 
diplomat,  was  born  in  Otterberg,  Rhenish  Bavaria,  December  23,  1850,  a 
son  of  I^azarus  Straus.  When  only  four  years  old  he  was  brought  to 
America,  together  with  his  brothers,  Isidor  and  Nathan,  and  for  more 
than  ten  years  the  family  resided  at  Talbotton,  Ga.,  where  the  boys  were 
partly  educated.  Oscar  subsequently  took  a  course  at  Columbia  Univer- 
sity, after  which  he  entered  the  firm  of  Straus  and  Sons,  importers,  of 
New  York.  He  arose  to  very  high  prominence  in  the  business  world,  but 
perhaps  his  greatest  success  was  achieved  in  diplomacy.  First  under 
President  Cleveland  and  later  under  President  McKinley,  he  ably  repre- 
sented the  United  States  Government  at  the  Court  of  Constantinople. 
During  the  administration  of  President  Roosevelt  he  held  the  portfolio  of 
Commerce  and  Labor,  the  first  representative  of  his  race  in  the  history  of 
the  Government  to  occupy  a  place  in  the  Cabinet;  and  still  later,  under 
President  Taft,  he  was  again  commissioned  United  States  Minister  to 
Turkey,  a  position  which  he  still  retains.  Besides  numerous  contributions 
to  magazines  on  economic  and  political  subjects,  his  published  works  in- 
clude: 'The  Origin  of  the  Republican  Form  of  Government  in  the  United 
States'  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  1886)  ;  'Roger  Williams,  the 
Pioneer  of  Religious  Liberty'  (New  York,  The  Century  Company,  1894)  ; 
'The  Development  of  Religious  Liberty  in  the  United  States'  (1896),  and 
'Reform  in  the  Consular  Service'  (1897),  besides  minor  works.  He  holds 
the  L.H.D.  and  the  LLD.  degrees. 

STRICKLER,  GIVENS  BROWN,  theologian  and  educator,  was 
born  at  Strickler's  Springs,  Rockbridge  County,  Va.,  April  25,  1840.  His 
father  was  Joseph  Strickler  and  his  mother  Mary  Brown.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War  he  was  an  undergraduate  student  at  Washington  College, 
Lexington,  Va.,  and  joining  the  Army  he  went  to  the  front  in  the  famous 
"Stonewall  Brigade."  After  the  struggle  he  completed  his  academic 
studies  and  still  later  matriculated  in  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  where  he  obtained  his  special  preparation  for  his  life's  work. 
From  the  Tinkling  Spring  Presbyterian  Church,  an  historic  old  landmark 
in  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  which  he  served  for  thirteen  years,  he  was 
called  in  1883  to  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  where 
be  remained  for  an  equal  period,  and  finally  in  1896  he  accepted  the  chair 
of  systematic  theology  at  Union,  a  position  of  very  great  distinction 
which  he  still  occupies.  He  married,  November  6,  1871,  Mary  Frances 
Moore,  since  deceased.  Dr.  Strickler  is  one  of  the  profoundest  thinkers 
and  one  of  the  ripest  scholars  in  the  ranks  of  Southern  Presbyterianism 
but  he  has  been  too  busily  engaged  in  pastoral  and  school-room  work  to 
give  much  thought  to  publication.  However,  his  lectures  which  alone  con- 
stitute a  library  of  precious  value  to  the  Church  will  doubtless  at  no 
distant  day  be  published  in  book  form.  Besides  numerous  contributions 
to  rclisrious  periodicals,  he  has  published  an  occasional  volume  of  sermons 
He_  holds  both  the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees.  The  latest  of  Dr.' 
Strickler's  publications  is  a  volume  of  select  sermons  (Chicago  and 
New  York,  The  Fleming  H.   Revell  Company,   1910). 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       423 

STROBEL,  PHILIP.  Author.  He  was  a  native  of  South  Caro- 
hna,  but  hved  for  some  time  in  Georgia  and  published  a  'History  of  the 
Salzburg  Colony  at  Ebenezer.' 

STROBEL,  WILLIAM  DANIEL,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  May  7,  1808,  and  died  in  Rhinebeck,  N.Y.,  December  6, 
1884.  He  entered  the  Lutheran  ministry,  preached  for  some  time  in  South 
Carolina  and  afterward  served  churches  in  Maryland  and  New  York. 
He  contributed  to  the  periodicals  and  published  numerous  tracts  and 
pamphlets.     Hamilton  College  made  him  a  D.D. 

STRONG,  GEORGE  V.  Poet.  [N.C.].  He  wrote  'Francis  Her- 
bert :  a  Romance  of  the  Revolution,  and  Other  Poems,'  a  work  of  unusual 
creative  power  and  imagination  (New  York,  Leavitt,  Trow  and  Company, 

STROTHER,  DAVID  HUNTER.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  page  5131. 

STUART,  ALEXANDER  HUGH  HOLMES,  statesman,  was 
born  in  Staunton,  Va.,  April  2,  1807.  Under  President  Fillmore  he  held 
the  office  of  Secretary  of  State,  and  he  also  served  one  term  in  Congress. 
He  opposed  secession  and,  after  the  surrender  at  Appomattox,  he  was 
one  of  the  leaders  in  the  first  movement  in  the  South  to  establish  peaceful 
relations.  Besides  numerous  speeches,  he  published  a  'Narrative  of  Vir- 
ginia' (1869).  He  was  a  cousin  of  General  J.  E.  B.  Stuart,  the  famous 
Confederate  cavalryman. 

STUART,    RUTH    McENERY.      See    Biographical    and    Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  XI,  page  5145. 

STUBBS,  ELIZABETH  SAUNDERS.  Author.  She  published 
'Early  Settlers  of  Alabama'  (New  Orleans,  1899),  besides  a  sketch  of 
Colonel  James  Edmonds. 

SUARES,  M.  R.  Baptist  clergyman.  [S.C.].  Born  in  1812.  He 
published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'The  Sabbath,  and  Other  Poems' 
(1871). 

SUMMERS,  L.  P.  Author.  [Va.].  He  wrote  an  interesting 
'History  of  Southwestern  Virginia.' 

SUMMERS,  THOMAS  OSMUND,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Dorsetshire,  England,  in  1812;  but,  coming  to  the  United  States 
in  early  life,  he  was  admitted  to  the  ranks  of  the  Methodist  Church  and 
became  an  influential  minister  of  the  Gospel.  For  several  years  he  was 
professor  of  theology  at  Vanderbilt.  His  published  works  include :  'Com- 
mentaries on  the  Gospel,'  'The  Acts,'  'The  Ritual  of  the  M.E.  Church, 
South,'  and  'Talks.'  He  was  also  editor  for  some  time  of  the  Nbshville 
Christian  Advocate.  His  death  occurred  in  1882.  He  held  the  D.D.  and 
the  LL.D.  degrees. 

SURGHNOR,  F.  M.,  Mrs.  Author.  [La.].  She  published  a  work 
entitled  'Uncle  Tom  of  the  Old  South.' 

SWAIN,  DAVID  LOWRY,  governor  and  college  president,  was 
born  in  Asheville,  N.C,  January  4,  1801,  and  died  in  Chapel  Hill,  N.C, 
September  3.  1868.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina, 
chose  the  legal  profession,  and  became  Supreme  Court  judge  and  governor. 
On  retiring  from  the  latter  office  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  North  Carolina,  a  position  which  he  held  for  the  remainder  of  his 
life.    He  wrote:  'The  British  Invasion  of  North  Carolina,'  which  appeared 


424  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

in  the  University  Magazine,  and  published  a  volume  of  lectures  entitled 
'Revolutionary  History  of  North  Carolina'  (New  York,  1853).  Princeton 
and  Yale  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

SWAIN,  MARGIE  P.  Author.  [Ala.].  She  published  a  work 
entitled  'Lochlin'   (Selma,  Ala.,   1864). 

SWARTZ,  JOEL,  clergyman  and  poet,  was  born  in  Shenandoah 
County,  Va.,  August  18,  1827.  He  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Lutheran 
Churdi,  held  important  pastorates  in  the  South,  and  eventually  settled  at 
Gettysburg,  Pa.  He  edited  The  Lutheran  Observer  for  sixteen  years  and 
published  two  volumes  of  verse :  'Dreamings  of  the  Waking  Heart'  (1877) 
and  'Lyra  Lutherana'  (1883).  Wittenberg  College  gave  him  the  degree 
of  D.D. 

SWEET,  ALEXANDER  EDWIN.  Journalist.  [Texas].  He 
was  born  in  New  Brunswick,  Canada,  in  1841.  He  published  'Three  Dozen 
Good  Stories  from  Texas  Siftings.' 

SWETT,  CHARLES.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  a  work  en- 
titled 'A  Trip  to  British  Honduras'  (New  Orleans,  1815). 

SWIGGETT,  GLEN  LEVIN,  educator,  was  born  in  Cambridge 
City,  Ind.,  September  IS,  1867.  On  completing'  his  studies  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Indiana  he  attended  lectures  at  Johns  Hopkins  and  later  spent 
several  years  at  the  German  universities  (Ph.D.).  Since  1902  he  has  filled 
the  chair  of  modem  languages  in  the  University  of  the  South.  He 
founded  the  Tennessee  Philological  Society  and  edited  for  some  time  the 
Pathfinder.  Besides  frequent  contributions  to  magazines  and  reviews,  he 
has  published  'Schiller — the  Message  in  His  Life'  (Sewanee,  190S),  Mil- 
ton's 'Ode  on  the  Nativity'  (Sewanee,  1906),  and  Storm's  'Im  Sonnen- 
schein'  (New  York,  The  American  Book  Company,  1906).  _  For  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature'  he  wrote  the  sketch  of  Virginia  Frazer 
Boyle. 

SWISHER,  BELLE  FRENCH,  Mrs.,  editor,  was  born  in  Georgia 
but  afterward  lived  in  Wisconsin  and  still  later  removed  to  Texas.  She 
published  a  'History  of  Brown  County,  Wis.,'  a  novel  entitled  'Struggling 
Upward  to  the  Light,'  and  numerous  poems,  including  one  on  "The  San 
Antonio  River." 

SWITZLER,  WILLIAM  F.,  historian  of  Missouri,  published  an 
interesting  'History  of  Missouri'    (St.  Louis,  C.  R.  Barnes,   1879),  with 

profuse  illustrations. 

TABB,  JOHN  B.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  XII, 
page  5163. 

TAILFER,  PATRICK.  Colonist.  For  a  while  he  resided  in 
Georgia,  but,  growing  dissatisfied  with  the  management  of  afFairs  in  the 
colony,  he  crossed  the  river  into  South  Carolina,  and  published,  in  asso- 
ciation with  other  parties,  a  'True  and  Historical  Narrative  of  the  Colony 
of  Georgia  in  America'  (London  and  Charleston,  1741),  in  which  he 
harshly  criticizes  General  Oglethorpe.  As  a  polemic.  Professor  Moses 
Coit  Tyler  considers  it  one  of  the  best  in  our  early  literature,  though 
the  author  himself  may  have  been  at  the  head  of  a  party  of  malcontents. 

TALLEY.  SUSAN  ARCHER,  author,  was  born  in  Hanover 
County,  Va.,  in  1835.  During  the  Civil  War  she  fell  in  love  with  Colonel 
Weiss,  a  Union  soldier  at  Richmond,  and  married  him ;  but  this  alliance 
proved  to  be  an  unhappy  one  and  she  was  compelled  to  sue  for  legal  sepa- 
ration.    She  was  also  awarded  possession  of  her  child,  but  she  refused  to 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       425 

accept  alimony  from  her  husband.  She  possessed  literary  gifts  of  hig'h  order, 
contributing  to  Harper's  Magazine  and  Scribner's  Magazine;  and,  in  1859, 
she  published  a  volume  of  her  poems,  which  received  flattering  notices 
from  the  press.  Her  best-known  poem  is  entitled  "Ennerslie,"  In 
rhythm  it  resembles  Tennyson's  "Lady  of   Shalott." 

TANEY,  MARY  FLORENCE.  Author.  [Ky.].  She  published 
an  interesting  biographical  work  entitled  'Kentucky's  Pioneer  Women' 
(1898). 

TANEY,  ROGER  BROOKE,  former  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  was  born  in  Calvert  County,  Md.,  March  17, 
1777,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  October  12,  1864.  He  studied  law;  and, 
after  locating  in  Baltimore,  divided  with  William  Wirt  the  leadership 
honors  of  the  Maryland  Bar.  In  the  Cabinet  of  President  Jackson  he 
became  Attorney-general,  but  relinquished  this  portfolio  to  become  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury;  and,  on  assuming  the  latter  office,  issued  an  order 
for  the  removal  of  Government  deposits  from  the  United  States  Bank. 
Though  the  President  favored  this  course,  it  proved  to  be  unpopular 
and  produced  financial  depression^  The  refusal  of  the  Senate  to  confirm 
the  appointment  of  Taney  to  the  new  position  caused  his  resignation;  but 
he  afterward  succeeded  Chief  Justice  Marshall  on  the  Supreme  Bench, 
and  for  twenty-nine  years  presided,  over  the  deliberations  of  this  august 
tribunal.  In  the  famous  Dred  Scott  case,  which  was  decided  in  1857,  he 
held  that  the  territories  were  opai  to  slavery  and  the  acceptance  of  this 
interpretation  of  the  fundamental  law  became  the  issue  in  the  ensuing 
campaign.  The  opinions  of  Chief  Justice  Taney  are  contained  in  the 
Supreme  Court  Reports  of  Benjamin  R.  Curtis,  Benjamin  C.  Howard, 
and  Jeremiah  S.  Black.  He  is  credited  with  having  written  the  farewell 
address  of  President  Jackson.  At  an  advanced  age  he  began  his  autobiog- 
raphy, but  made  little  progress.  The  fragment  forms  the  introduction 
to  the  'Memoir  of  Chief  Justice  Taney,'  by  Samuel  Tyler  (Baltimore, 
1872). 

TANNEHILL,  WILKINS,  journalist,  was  born  in  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
March  4,  1787,  and  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  June  2,  1858.  From  time  to 
time  he  edited  various  papers  in  Nashville,  was  an  ardent  Whig,  and 
supported  Henry  Clay  with  great  zeal  and  power.  He  published  a  'Free- 
mason's Manual,'  'Sketches  of  the  History  of  Literature'  (1827),  and 
'Sketches  of  the  History  of  Roman  Literature'  (1846). 

TAPP,  SIDNEY  CALHOUN.  Lawyer  and  author.  He  was  born 
in  North  Carolina,  September  5,  1872,  a  son  of  Ruffin  R.  Tapp, 
graduated  at  Furman  University,  and  afterward  took  a  special  course  of 
instruction  at  the  University  of  Chicago.  He  located  in  Atlanta,  Ga., 
for  the  practice  of  law.  He  was  presidential  elector  in  1904  on  the  Demo- 
cratic ticket;  but  withdrew  from  the  national  organization  to  form  an 
independent  party,  from  which  he  received  the  nomination  to  the  highest 
office  in  the  nation's  gift.  His  published  works  include:  'The  Story  of 
Anglo-Saxon  Institutions,  or  the  Development  of  Constitutional  Govern- 
ment' (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons),  'The  Struggle'  {ibid.),  and  'The 
Story  of  the  French  Revolution.' 

TARDY,  MARY,  Mrs.,  ("Ida  Raymond")-  Author.  [Ala.].  She 
published  a  work  entitled:  'Southland  Writers,'  in  two  volumes  (Philadel- 
phia, 1870).  It  contains  biographical  and  critical  sketches  of  female 
authors  who  were  living  at  the  time,  and  numerous  extracts. 

TARLETON,  BANISTRE.  Soldier.  [England].  He  was  born 
in  1754  and  died  in  1833.  Colonel  Tarleton  commanded  the  famous 
British  legion  which  bore  his  name  during  the  American  Revolution,  and 


426  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

afterward  published  a  'History  of  the  Campaigns  of  1780  and  1781  in  the 
Southern  Provinces  of  North  America'  (London,  1787). 

TAYLOR,  ALEXANDER  SMITH,  ethnologist,  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.C.,  April  16,  1817,  and  died  near  Santa  Barbara,  Gal.,  July 
27,  1876.  For  several  years  he  traveled  in  the  West  Indies  and  in  the 
Orient,  and  eventually  settled  in  California,  where  he  became  a  writer 
of  note,  contributing  articles  to  the  magazines  and  newspapers  on  Ameri- 
can antiquities.  Under  the  title  of  'The  First  Voyage  to  California,'  he 
published  a  translation  of  the  diary  of  Cabrillo  and  wrote  a  "History 
of  Grasshoppers  and  Locusts  of  America,"  in  the  'Smithsonian  Reports' 
(1853),  "The  Indianology  of  California,"  in  The  California  Farmer  (1860- 
1864),  and  "Bibliographia  California,"  in  the  Sacramento  Union  (1863- 
1866). 

TAYLOR,  CHARLES  ELISHA.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  October  28,  1842,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  James  B.  and  Mary 
Taylor,  graduated  from  the  University  of  Virginia,  and  was  professor  of 
Latin  in  Wake  Forest  College  for  fourteen  years.  In  1884  he  became 
president  of  the  institution.  He  married,  September  11,  1873,  Mary  Hin- 
ton  Pritchard.  His  writings  include:  "Gilbert  Stone,"  a  poem  (1891),  'How 
Far  a  State  May  Educate'  (1894),  and  'The  Story  of  Yates'  (1898).  He 
resides  in  Wake  Forest,  N.C.  Richmond  College  gave  him  the  degree 
of  D.D. 

TAYLOR,  GEORGE  BOARDMAN,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  in  1832.  His  father  was  the  Rev.  James  Bar- 
nett  Taylor,  and  his  mother  Mary  Williams.  On  completing  his  educa- 
tional equipment,  he  became  the  first  pastor  of  the  Franklin  Square 
Church,  in  Baltimore.  In  1873,  under  the  appointment  of  the  Southern 
Baptist  Board  of  Missions,  he  went  to  Rome,  Italy.  Here,  his  wife,  who 
was  Susan  Braxton,  died.  Since  1901,  he  has  been  teaching  in  the  Baptist 
Theological  School  at  Rome.  His  works  include :  'Oakland,'  stories  for 
children ;  'Coster  Grew,'  'Roger  Bernard,  the  Pastor's  Son,'  'Walter  Ennis : 
a  Tale  of  the  Early  Virginia  Baptists,'  'Baptists:  Who  They  Are  and 
What  They  Have  Done,'  in  four  volumes;  'Italy  and  the  Italians,'  and 
'An  Italian  Text-book  on  Systematic  Theology.'  Richmond  College  gave 
him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

TAYLOR,  HANNIS.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
XII,  page  5179. 

TAYLOR,  JAMES  HARNETT,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Barton- 

on-Humber,  England,  March  19,  1804,  and  died  in  Richmond,  Va.,  Decem- 
ber 22,  1871.  After  coming  to  America,  he  entered  the  Baptist  ministry 
and  accepted  a  call  to  a  church  in  Richmond,  where  his  power  as  a 
preacher  began  to  attract  attention.  On  the  organization  of  the  Southern 
Baptist  Convention,  he  became  corresponding  secretary  and  continued 
to  hold  this  office  for  more  than  twenty-five  years.  He  traveled  exten- 
sively over  the  South,  edited  for  some  time  the  Religious  Herald  and 
other  papers,  and  published  several  works,  among  them :  'The  Life  of 
Lot  Gary*  (Baltimore,  1837),  'Lives  of  Virginia  Baptist  Ministers'  (Rich- 
mond, 1837),  and  a  'Memoir  of  Luther  Rice,  One  of  the  First  Missionaries 
in  the  East'  (1841).  He  also  left  in  manuscript  a  'History  of  Virginia 
Baptists.'  'The  Life  and  Times  of  James  B.  Taylor,'  a  work  of  much 
interest,  was  published  by  his  son,  Dr.  George  Boardma:i  Taylor. 

TAYLOR.  JOHN,  statesman,  was  born  in  Orange  County,  Va., 
in  1750,  and  died  in  Caroline  County,  Va.,  August  20,  1824.  When  Rich- 
ard Henry  Lee  resigned  from  the  United  States  Senate  he  was  appointed 
to  succeed  him,  and  at  intervals  he   frequently  represented  Virginia  in 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       427 

this  high  forum.  He  published  'An  Inquiry  into  the  Principles  and  Poli- 
cies of  the  United  States'  (Fredericksburg,  1814),  'Arator:  a  Series  of 
Agricultural  Essays,  Practical  and  P'olitical,'  which  passed  into  several 
editions  (Petersburg,  1818),  'Construction  Construed  and  the  Constitu- 
tion Vindicated'  (Richmond,  1820),  'Tyranny  Unmasked'  (Washington, 
1822),  and  'New  Views,  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States'  (Wash- 
ington, 1823).  He  was  a  graduate  of  William  and  Mary  College  and  by 
occupation  a  planter. 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  LOUIS,  jurist,  was  born  in  London,  England, 
March  1,  1769,  and  died  in  Raleigh,  N.C.,  January  29,  1829.  At  the  age 
of  twelve  he  came  to  America,  settled  in  North  Carolina,  studied  law, 
and  became  chief  justice.  He  was  a  commissioner  to  revise  the  statutes 
of  North  Carolina  and  a  compiler  of  numerous  legal  volumes,  including 
'Cases  in  the  Superior  Courts  of  Law  and  Equity'  (Ntew  Berne,  1802), 
'The  North  Carolina  Law  Repository,'  in  two  volumes'  (1814-1816),  'Term 
Reports'  (Raleigh,  1818),  and  a  treatise  'On  the  Duties  of  Executors  and 
Administrators'  (1825). 

TAYLOR,  JOSEPH  JUDSON.  Baptist  clergyman.  He  was  born 
in  Henry  County,  Va.,  November  1,  1855,  and  received  the  best  edu- 
cational equipment.  He  married,  in  1882,  Anna  Hinton.  For  four 
years  he  was  president  of  Georgetown  (Ky.)  College.  At  present  he 
is  the  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  of  Knoxville,  Tenn.  Besides 
several  religious  tracts  and  pamphlets,  and  numerous  contributions  to 
the  press,  he  is  the  author  of  'Daniel  G.  Taylor,  a  Country  Preacher' 
(Louisville,  Southern  Baptist  Concern).  He  holds  the  D.D.  and  the 
LL.D.  degrees. 

TAYLOR,  JOSEPH  WALTERS.  An  Alabama  lawyer  of  some 
prominence.  He  was  born  in  1820,  and  several  occasional  addresses 
tell  of  his  gifts  as  a  speaker.  At  Lexington,  Va.,  soon  after  the  war, 
he  made  an  eloquent  plea  for  making  Washington  and  Lee  University  a 
memorial  in  the  best  sense  of  the  word,  to  Robert  E.  Lee.  He  also  deliv- 
ered an  eloquent  eulogy  on  Henry  Clay.    He  died  several  years  ago. 

TAYLOR,  MARSHALL  WILLIAM,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Lexington,  Ky.,  July  1,  1846,  and  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  September  11, 
1887.  He  was  of  African  parentage,  but  was  free  from  birth.  For 
several  years  he  worked  on  a  steamboat,  but  he  acquired  an  education, 
served  in  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Metho- 
dist Church,  labored  for  some  time  in  Ohio  and  Indiana,  returned  to 
Kentucky,  and  afterward  settled  in  New  Orleans,  where  he  edited,  the 
Southwestern  Christian  Advocate.  He  possessed  unusual  gifts  and  pub- 
lished a  'Handbook  for  Schools'  (Louisville,  1871),  'Life  of  the  Rev. 
George  W.  Downing'  (1878),  'Plantation  Melodies  and  Revival  Songs  of 
the  Negroes'  which  passed  into  several  editions,  'Life  and  Travels  of 
Amanda  Smith'  (1886),  and  'The  Negro  in  Methodism;'  (1887). 

TAYLOR,  OLIVER.  Historian.  [Tenn.].  He  published  an  im- 
portant work  entitled  'Historic  Sullivan'  (Bristol,  Tenn.,  1909),  which 
contains  an  abundance  of  information  concerning  the  earliest  authentic 
records  of  the  State. 

TAYLOR,  RICHARD.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XII,  page  5199. 

TAYLOR,  ROBERT  LOVE.  Lawyer  and  statesman.  He  was 
born  in  Happy  Valley,  Tenn.,  July  21,  1850,  and  was  educated  at  Pen- 
nington, N.J.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  and  was  a  Member  of  Con- 
gress from  1879  to  1881.     He  was  elected  governor  of  Tennessee  some 


428  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

years  later,  defeating  his  brother  Alfred;  and  was  afterward  sent  to  the 
United  States  Senate,  of  which  body  he  is  still  a  member.  Besides  jointly 
editing  the  Trotmood  Taylor  Magazine,  he  has  delivered  numerous  lectures 
and  addresses  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  some  of  these  have 
been  published  in  book  form.  His  most  celebrated  lecture  is  entitled  "The 
Fiddle  and  the  Bow."  It  acquired  great  popularity,  not  only  because 
it  revived  the  humor  of  the  old-time  negro,  but  because  in  the  race 
for  governor  of  Tennessee  he  employed  the  fiddle  and  the  bov/  to 
captivate  voters.  He  was  twice  married,  and  resides  in  Nashville, 
Tenn. 

TAYLOR,  THOMAS  HOUSE,  clergyman,  was  born  in  George 
town,  S.C,  October  18,  1799,  and  died  in  West  Park,  N.Y.,  September  9, 
1867.  He  studied  theology,  entered  the  Episcopal  priesthood,  and  was 
rector  for  thirty-three  years  of  Grace  Church,  in  the  city  of  New  York. 
After  his  death  a  volume  of  his  selected  discourses  was  published  under 
the  title  of  'Sermons  Preached  in  Grace  Church'  (New  York,  1869). 

TAYLOR,  THOMAS  JONES.  Lawyer  and  jurist.  He  was  born 
in  1829  and  died  in  1894,  having  been  for  many  years  a  probate  judge 
in  Alabama.  He  is  the  author  of  a  work  entitled  'The  Early  History 
of  Madison  County  and  Incidentally  of  Northern  Alabama,'  which 
contains  some  very  important  information. 

TAYLOR,  WALTER  HERRON,  soldier  and  banker,  was  born 
in  Norfolk,  Va.,  June  13,  1838.  After  graduation  from  the  Virginia 
Military  Institute,  he  entered  commercial  life,  but  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War  he  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  Army,  and  became  adjutant- 
general  on  the  staff  of  General  Lee,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel. 
When  hostilities  were  over  he  resumed  the  banking  business  in  Norfolk. 
He  published  an  interesting  personal  narrative  of  adventure  entitled  'Four 
Years  with  General  Lee'  (New  York,  1878). 

TAYLOR,  WILLIAM,  missionary  bishop  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  South,  was  born  in  Rockbridge  County,  Va.,  in  1821, 
and  reared  on  a  farm.  Entering  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Church, 
he  first  went  to  California,  where  he  developed  a  number  of  missions. 
Later,  he  went  to  Canada,  afterward  to  Australia,  and  finally  to  Africa, 
everywhere  scattering  the  seed  of  the  Kingdom.  On  account  of  his  zeal 
in  the  cause  of  disseminating  religious  truth,  he  was  elevated  to  the 
Episcopal  Bench.  His  writings  include :  'Seven  Years'  Street  Preaching  in 
San  Francisco,'  'The  Model  Preacher,'  'Reconciliation;  or.  How  to  Be 
Saved,'  'Infancy  and  Manhood  of  Christian  Life,'  'Christian  Adventures 
in  South  Africa,'  'Four  Years'  Campaign  in  India,'  'Pauline  Methods  of 
Missionary  Work,'  'The  Flaming  Torch  in  Darkest  Afriica,'  and  'The 
Story  of  My  Life.'    He  died  in  1902. 

TAYLOR,  ZACHARY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XII,  page  5217. 

TEASDALE,  SARA  TREVOR,  writer,  was  born  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  August  8,  1884.  Miss  Teasdale  is  the  author  of  a  volume  of  verse 
entitled  'Sonnets  to  Duse'  (Boston,  Poet  Lore  Publishing  Company,  1908). 
Her  work  has  appeared  in  high-class  periodicals  lilce  Harper's  Magazine 
and  Putnam's  Magazine.    She  resides  in  St.  Louis. 

TEASDALE,  THOMAS  COX.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Miss.].  He 
was  born  in  1808  and  died  in  1891.  He  published  'Reminiscences  of  a 
Long  Life'  (1887). 

TEDFORD,  LINTON,  writer  and  real  estate  dealer,  was  born  in 
Maryville,  Tenn.,  October  2,  1875.    For  several  years  he  was  on  the  staff 


BIOGRAPHICAI^   DIC.TIONARY   OF,  AUTHORS       429 

of,  the  Atlanta  Constitution,  after  which  he  removed  to  California.  Besides 
two  sketches  produced  in  Atlanta,  he  wrOt^e  'The  Greater  Claim'  (1909), 
a  di-ama  which  wafe  pfersented  with  great  success  at  the  'Biirbank  Theater, 
in  Los  Angeles.  Mr.  Tedfofd' is  engaged  at  present  upoh 'another  play 
which  is  likely  still  further  to  increase  his  reputation.  He  married,  in 
1903,  Eveljm  Wiswall,  and  resides  in  Pasadena,  Cal. 

TEMPLE,  OLIVER  PERRY,  Lawyer..  He  was  born  in  Green 
County,  Tenn.,  January  27,  1820,  a  Son  of  James  and  Mary  Craig 
Temple,  graduated  from  Washington  College,  and  married,  September  9, 
18S1,  Scotia  C.  Hume.  He  was  one  of  the  Bell-Everett  electors  in  .1860; 
but'  delivered  the  first  Union  speech  in  Tennessee  after  the  election  of 
Lincoln.  He  was  one  of  the  chancellors  of  Tennessee  from  1866  to  1878. 
Afterward  became  postmaster"  of  Kiioxville.  His  writings  include:  'The 
Covenanter,  the  Cavalier  and  the  Puritan'  (Cincinnati,  The  Robert  Clark 
Cortpany,  1897)  y  'East  Tennessee  and  the  Civil  War'  (ifeirf., -1899),  and 
'Union  Leaders  of  East  Tennessee'  (i6«rf.,  1902).  : 

TERHUNE,  MARY  VIRGINIA  ("Marion  Hajland").  Author. 
Her  maiden  name  was  Mary  Virginia  Hswes..,  She  ,was  born  in  Amelia 
County,  Va.,  December  21,  1831,  and  was  given  the  best  educational  advan- 
tages, with,  the,  result  that  at,  the. age  of  fourteen  her. bright  intellect  was 
so  quickened  that  she  began  tO; contribute  to  the, press.  Nor  was  it  long 
before  sjie  stood  in  the  front  rank  of  Southern  writers  of  iiction.  Her 
boqks  are  devoid  of  melodramatic  ,  or,  sensational ,  elements,,  but  are  f  uH 
of ,  fvholesome  interest  and  are  pure  in  sentiment,  elevated  in,  thoughf,  and- 
pleasing,  iri,  style.  Besides  ,many  novels,  she  has  published,  several,  books 
on;  hcju^eliold  economics,  and, has  been  editorially  connected  with  various 
magazines  and  newspapers..  Her  principal  works  are:  'The> Story ,qf  Mary 
Washington,'  'Alone,'  'Moss  Side,'  'The  Hidden  Path,'  'Common^  Sense 
in  the  Household,'  'Common  Sense;  in  the  Nursery,'  'The  Cottage  Kitchen,' 
'The  Dinner ,  Year-book,'  'Breakfastj!  Luncheon,  and  Tea,'  'Loitering  in 
Pleasant  Paths,' "'The  Old  iFi,eld  ,Scho<>l-girl,'  'Judith,',, 'Hapdkqipped,,'  INe- , 
mesis,'  'At  Last,'  'Helen  Gardner's  Wedding  .Day,'  'Jessamine,'  ,'With  . 
the  Best  Intentions,'  'True  as  Steel,'  'Sunny  Bank,'  'From  My  Youth. Up,' 
'My  Little  Love,'  'A  Gallant  Fight,'  'The  Royal  Road,'  'His  Great  Self,^ 
'Mr.  Wyat's  Wife's  Sister,'  'Eve's  Daughters,'  'When  Grandmama  Was 
New,'  'Some  Colonial  Homesteads,'  'More  Colonial  •Hortie.stea.ds,'  'Where 
Ghosts  Walk,'  'Literary.  Hearthstones,'  and  'Dr., Dale:  a  Sto.ry  .without  a 
Moral,'  written  in  association  with  her  son,  Albert  Terhune.  Most  of  her 
literary  work  has  appeared  under  the  pen-name  of  "Marion  Harland." 
She  married,  in  1856,  Rev.  Edward  Payson  Terhune,  a  Congregational 
minister,  and  became  for  many  years  a  resident  of  New  Jersey. 

TERRELL,  ALEXANDER  WATKINS,  jurist,  lawyer,  diplomat, 
was  torn  in  Patrick  County, '  Va.,  November  7,  1827.  His  father  was 
Dr.  Christopher  J.  Terrell.  On  completing  his  studies  at  the  University 
of  Missouri  he  practiced  la*  for  a  while  at  St.  Joseph, '  ^fter  which  he 
located  at  Austin,  Texas,  where, he  became  a  judge  of ' the  District  Court. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  commanded  a  regiment  of  Texas  cavalry ;  after. 
the  struggle  he  was  for  four  years  a  member  of  the  House,  and  for 
ten  jrears  a  member  of  the  Senate  of  Texas;  and. under  President  Cleve^ 
land's  second  administration,  he  was  United  States  Minister  to  Turkey. 
By  resolution  of  the  Legislature,  his  portrait  has  been  hung  upon  the 
walls' of  the  State 'Capitol  beside  General  Sam  Houston's,  and  tinder 'it 
is  this  inscription:  "Alexander  W.  Terrell,  the  author  of  more  good 
laws  for  Texas  than  any  .other  man  living  or  dead."  He  is  now  engaged 
in  Writing  his  'Memoirs,'  which  besides  some  thirty  public  addresses,  will 
contain  an  account  of  his  adventures  as  a  soldier  under  Marshal '  Bazaine 
in  Mexico,  and  as  a  diplomat  at  the  Court  of  Constantinople  at  the  time 
of  the  Armenian  massacres. 


430  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

TERRELL,  KATE  SCURRY.  Author.  [Texas].  She  contributed 
to  'Wooten's  Comprehensive  History  of  Texas'  (Dallas,  W.  G.  Scarff, 
1898),  two  interesting  chapters,  "The  Runaway  Scrape,"  which  deals 
with  an  episode  of  the  Mexican  Invasion  of  1836  and  "The  Texas 
Rangers." 

TERRELLi  P.  L.  Poet.  [N.C.].  The  author  of  'Una  Gramas: 
a  Southern  Girl  in  War  Times'  ( Statesville,  N.C,  1902). 

TESTUT,  CHARLES.  Physician  and  author,  [La.].  He  pub- 
lished several  works  in  French,  among  them:  'Les  Echoes'  (1849),  'Por- 
traits Litteraires  de  la  Nouvelle  Orleans,  (New  Orleans,  1850),  'Les  Vieux 
Solomons'  (New  Orleans,  1870),  and  'Les  Filles  de  Monte  Cristo.' 

TEUSLER,  MARY  JEFFERSON.  Educator.  [Va.].  She  pub- 
lished 'Outlines  of  German  Literature'   (1896). 

TEVIS,  JULIA,  Mrs.,  educator,  was  born  in  Virginia  but  after- 
ward lived  in  Kentucky  and  published  an  'Autobiography.' 

THARIN,  ROBERT  SEYMOUR  SYMMES,  lawyer,  was  born 
near  Charleston,  S.C,  January  10,  1830.  For  some  time  he  practiced 
law  in  Wetumpka,  Ala.,  a  partner  of  William  L.  Yancey ;  but  the  partner- 
ship was  dissolved  and  on  account  of  his  anti-slavery  sentiments  he  was 
threatened  'by  the  mob  and  forced  to  leave  the  State.  During  the  war  he 
resided  in  Indiana.  Afterward  he  resumed  his  law  practice  in  Charleston. 
He  published  'Arbitrary  Arrests  in  the  South'  (New  York,  1863)  and 
'Letters  on  the  Political  Situation'  (Charleston,  1871). 

THAYER,  MARTIN  RUSSELL,  jurist,  was  born  in  Petersburg, 
Va.,  January  27,  1819.  He  settled  in  Philadelphia  for  the  practice  of  law, 
3»rved  in  Congress  and  became  a  judge  of  the  District  Court.  He  pub- 
lished 'The  Duties  of  Citizenship'  (Philadelphia,  1862),  'The  Great  Vic- 
tory: Its  Cost  and  Value'  (1865),  'The  Life  and  Works  of  Francis  Lieber' 
(1873),  and  other  works. 

THIERRY,  CAMILLE.  Poet.  [La.].  He  published  in  French 
a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Les  Vagabondes'   (1842). 

THOM,  WILLIAM  TAYLOR.  Educator.  [Va.].  He  was 
born  in  1849.  He  published  'Shakespeare  and  Chaucer  Examinations' 
(1887)   and  a  'Course  of  Shakespeare  Historical  Reading'   (1889). 

THOMAS,  ALLEN  CLAPP,  educator  and  minister  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  December  26,  1846.  Since 
1878  he  has  been  professor  of  history  and  librarian  of  Haverford  College. 
He  has  published  'Edward  Lawrence  Scull:  a  Memoir'  (1891),  a  'History 
of  the  United  States  for  Schools  and  Academies'  (1900),  an  'Elementary 
History  of  the  United  States'  (1900),  and,  with  Dr.  Richard  Henry 
Thomas,  a  'History  of  the  Society  of  Friends  in  America'  (1894),  besides 
contributions  to  periodicals.    He  resides  in  Haverford,  Pa. 

THOMAS,  AUGUSTUS,  playwright,  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
January  8,  1859.  For  six  years  he  was  a  page  in  Congress.  It  was  in  the 
capacity  of  a  writer  on  St.  Louis  and  Kansas  City  papers  that  he  developed 
his  peculiar  gifts.  Besides  the  dramas,  which  have  brought  him  world- 
wide celebrity,  viz. :  'Alabama,'  'In  Mizzoura,'  and  'Arizona,'  he  has  pub- 
lished numerous  other  plays,  among  them :  'The  Man  Upstairs,'  'Oliver 
Goldsmith,'  'On  the  Quiet,'  'New  Blood,'  'The  Hoosier  Doctor,'  and  'Tbft 
Burglar.'    He  resides  at  New  Rochelle,  N.Y, 


BIOGRAPHICAL    DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       431 

THOMAS,  CYRUS,  ethnologist,  was  born  in  Kingsport,  Tenn., 
July  27,  1825.  For  years  he  was  archaeologist  in  the  United  States 
Ethnological  Bureau,  and  published  'Reports  on  the  Rocky  Mountain 
Locust,'  in  two  volumes  (1878-1880),  'Synopsis  of  the  Acridae  of  North 
America'  (1873),  'Study  of  the  Manuscript  Troano'  (1882),  'Notes  on 
Certain  Maya  and  Mexican  Manuscripts'  (1884),  and  'Burial  Mounds  of 
the  Northern  Section  of  the  United  States'   (1888). 

THOMAS,  EBF.NEZER  SMITH,  journalist,  was  born  in  Lan- 
caster, Mass.,  in  1780,  and  died  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  1844.  At  the  age 
of  sixteen  he  became  a  bookseller  in  Charleston,  S.C,  where  for  several 
years  he  also  edited  the  Gazette.  He  afterward  settled  in  Baltimore, 
and  finally  removed  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  edited  at  different  times  the 
Daily  Advertiser  and  the  Evening  Post.  He  published  'Reminiscences  of 
the  Last  Sixty-five  Years,'  in  two  volumes  (Hartford,  1840),  and  'Remi- 
niscences of  South  Carolina,'  in  two  volumes  (1840). 

THOMAS,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM,  author,  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  in  1811  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  September  30, 
1866.  At  the  age  of  four  he  became  a  cripple.  Though  he  studied  law, 
journalism  became  his  life's  work  and  he'  edited  various  papers.  At 
different  times  he  was  also  a  clerk  in  Washington,  D.C.,  a  minister  of 
the  Methodist  Church,  a  professor. of  rhetoric  in  the  University  of  Ala- 
bama, and  a  lecturer  on  the  public  platform.  Besides  contributing  to 
magazines,  he  published  several  volumes  in  a  variety  of  veins,  among 
them :  "The  Emigrant ;  or.  Reflections  When  Descending  the  Ohio,"  a  poem 
(Cincinnati,  1833),  'Clinton  Bradshaw'  (Philadelphia,  1835),  'East  and 
West'  (1836),  'Howard  Pinckney'  (1840),  'The  Beechen  Tree,  a  Tale  Told 
in  Rhyme,  and  Other  Poems'  (New  York,  1844),  'Sketches  of  Character 
and  Tales  Founded  on  Fact'  (Louisville,  1849),  and  'John  Randolph  of 
Roanoke,  and  Other  Sketches  of  Character'  (Louisville,  1853).  He  was 
a  son  of  Ebenezer  S.  Thomas. 

THOMAS,  J.  A.  W.  Baptist  clergyman.  [S.C.].  He  wrote  a 
'History  of  Marlborough  County,  S.C.,'  a  work  which  was  completed  by 
his  son. 

THOMAS,  JOHN  PEYRE.  Educator  and  historian.  [S.C.]. 
Colonel  Thomas  published  an  interesting  'History  of  the  South  Carolina 
Military  Academ/  (1893).    He  resides  in  Columbia.  S.C. 

THOMAS,  JOSEPH,  clergyman  and  poet,  was  born  in  Virginia. 
His  'P'oetical  Descant  on  the  Primaeval  and  Present  State  of  Mankind,' 
which  was  published  at  Winchester,  Va.,  in  1816,  is  not  unlike  'The  Course 
of  Time'  in  general  scope,  but  in  execution  it  falls  short  of  the  master- 
piece of  Pollok. 

THOMAS,  LEWIS  FULKE,  editor  and  poet,  was  born  in  Bal- 
timore, Md.,  in  1815,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  in  1868.  He  was  a 
son  of  Ebenezer  S.  Thomas.  For  some  time  he  edited  The  Daily  Herald 
of  Louisville,  Ky. ;  and  later  he  published  at  St.  Louis  what  was  said  to 
be  the  first  book  of  poetry  to  be  issued  west  of  the  Mississippi.  It  was 
entitled  •  'Inda,  and  Other  Poems.'  He  also  wrote  two  plays :  "Osceola 
(New  Orleans,  1838),  and  "Cortez,  the  Conqueror"  (Washington,  1857), 
both  tragedies. 

THOMAS,  MARTHA  McCANNON,  author,  was  a  daughter  of 
Ebenezer  S.  Thomas,  and  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md  November  15,  1823 
She  published  two  interesting  stories,  'Life's  Lesson  (New  York,  1840.; 
Vid  'Captain  Phil:  a  Story  of  the  Civil  War'  (1882). 


432  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

THOMAS,  MARY  VON  ERDEN,  author,  was  a  daughter  of 
Ebenezer  S.  Thomas  and  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  December  8,  1825. 
She  became  a  clerk  in  the  employ  of  the  Government  at  Washington,  D.C., 
and  published  a  novel  entitled  'Winning  the  Battle'   (Philadelphia,  1882). 

THOMAS,  OLIVIA  TULLY.  Poet.  She  resided  in  Mississippi 
during  the  Civil  War  and  wrote  an  exquisite  poem  entitled  "The  Southern 
Republic";  but  no  other  fragment  of  song  has  been  found  from  her  pen. 

THOMAS,  RICHARD  HENRY,  physician  and  minister  of  the 
Society  of  Friends,  was  bom  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  January  26,  18S4.  For 
several  years  he  was  dean  of  the  Woman's  College  of  Baltimore.  His 
published  works  include :  'Echoes  and  Pictures,'  a  volume  of  verse  (Lon- 
don, 189S),  'Penelve;  or.  Among  the  Quakers,'  a  story  (1898),  and,  in 
collaboration  with  Professor  A.  C.  Thomas,  a  'History  of  the  Society  of 
Friends  in  America'  (1894),  besides  pamphlets  and  papers.  He  resides  in 
Baltimore,  Md. 

THOMAS,  THEODORE  GAILLARD,  physician,  was  born  on 
Edisto  Island,  S.C,  November  21,  1831.  After  receiving  his  medical 
diploma,  he  located  in  New'  York,  became  an  eminent  specialist,  and  pub- 
lished a  'Treatise  on  Diseases  of  Women'  (Philadelphia,  1868),  which  was 
translated  into  several  foreign  languages. 

THOMAS,  WILLIAM  HOLCOMBE,  jurist  and  orator,  was  born 
near  Oak  Bowery,  Ala.,  July  10,  1867,  of  vigorous  Revolutionary  stock. 
On  completing  his  education  at  Emory  College,  Georgia,  he  read  law  under 
James  R.  Dowdell,  the  present-  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
State.  In  1902  he  became  associate  judge  of  the  City  Court  of  Mont- 
gomery and,  in  1909,  judge  of  the  same  tribunal.  Judge  Thomas  was  a 
member  of  the  committee  which,  in  1903,  secured  the  passage  of  the  child 
labor,  bill  by  the  Legislature  of  Alabama.  In  1904  he  was  a  member  of 
the  International  Congress  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  in  the  same  year  a 
delegate  to  the  Universal  Congress  of  Judges  and  Lavsryers  in  St.  Louis. 
He  is  deeply  interested  in  the  educational  progress  of  the  South,  and  is 
a  member  of  the  educational  conference  which  meets  annually  in  the 
South  to  discuss  the  great  problem  of  education.  He  also  belongs  to 
various  organizations,  scientific  and  political,  social  and  patriotic.  He 
was  married,  June  4,  1891,  at  Lowndesboro,  Ala.,  to  Lula  Marion.  In- 
cluded among  the  published  writings  of  Judge  Thomas  are:  'The  Birth 
and  Growth  of  the  Constitution  oif  Alabama'  (1900),  'Tribute  to  Honorable 
W.  J.  Sanford,  Governor  of  Alabama'  (1901),  'Governor  Sanford's  Last 
Christmas'  (1902),  "Individualism  vs.  Law,",  an  address  before  the  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Arts  and  Sciences  (1904),  'College  Men  and  World 
Currents'  (1906),  "The  New  South,"  an  address  delivered  before  the  Con- 
gregational Club  of  Boston,  Mass.'  (1908),  and  "The  Jefferson  Davis  Anni- 
versary Celebration,"  an  address  delivered  before  the  Confederate  Veter- 
ans, at  Waverly,  Ala.  (1909),  besides  a  number  of  others  upon  practical 
and  vital  topics. 

THOMPSON,  AGNES.  Author.  [La.].  She  wrote  'Old  Aunt 
Tilda,  and  Other  Sketches'  (New  Orleans,  1892),  in  which  she  charmingly 
portrays  life  in  the  South. 

THOMPSON,  C.  C.  Poet.  [N.C.].  The  author  of  a  poem  en- 
titled  "The   Chnst"    (New   York,    The    Broadway   Publishing   Company, 

THOMPSON,  EDWARD  PORTER.  Historian.  [Ky.].  Besides 
numerous  historical  monographs  and  essays  he  wrote  a  'History  of 
Kentucky,'  a  'History  of  the  (Drphan  Brigade,'  and  other  novels. 


BIOGRAPHICAL    DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        433 

THOMPSON,  GEORGE  WASHINGTON,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
St.  Clairsville,  Ohio,  May  14,  1806,  and  died  near  Wheeling,  W.Va.,  Febru- 
ary 24,  1888.  After  studying  law  in  Richmond,  Va,,  he  settled  west  of 
the  Allegheny  Mountains,  in  what  was  afterward  West  Virginia,  served 
in  Congress  and  became  an  occupant  of  the  Bench.  Besides  contributing 
to  the  periodicals,  he  published  a  'Dissertation  on  the  Historical  Right  of 
Virginia  to  the  Territory  Northwest  of  the  Ohio,'  'Life  of  Linn  Boyd,' 
'The  Living  Forces  of  the  Universe'  (Philadelphia,  1866),  and  'Deus 
Semper.'  At  the  age  of  fourscore  years  he  published  a  poem  entitled 
"The  Song  of  Eighty,"  which  he  circulated  among  his  friends. 

,  THOMPSON,  HOLLAND.  [N.C.].  He  wrote  'From  the  Cotton 
Field  to  the  Cotton  Mill :  A  Study  of  the  Industrial  Transition  of  North 
Carolina'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1908). 

THOMPSON,  HUGH  MILLER,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
bqrn  in  Londonderry,  Ireland,  in  1830.  Coming  to  America  in  early 
youth,,  he  was,  educated  at  the  University  of  the  South  and  received  into 
the  ministry  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  For  several  years  he  taught  in  one 
of  the  theological  schools,;  but  in  1876  he  was  called  to  Trinity  Church, 
New  Orleans,  and  in  1887  he  was  made  bishop  of  Mississippi.  His 
writings,  include :  'Copy:  Essays  from  an  Editor's  Drawer'  (1872),  'Unity 
aiid  Its  Restoration'  (1860),  'First  Principles'  (1863),  'Kingdom  of  God' 
(1873),  'Sin  and  Penalty  (1863),  'The  World  and  the  Logos'  (1885),  'The 
World  and  the  Man'  (1890),  'The  World  and  the  Kingdom'  (1888),  'The 
World  and  the  Wrestlers'  (1895),  'Absolution'  (1864),  'Is  Romanism  the 
Best  Religion  for  the  Republic?'  and  others.  He  died  in  1902.  Hobart 
College  gave  him  the  degree  of  S.T.D.  He  also  held  the  D.D.  and  the 
LL.D.  degrees. 

THOMPSON,  JOHN,  political  writer,  was  born  in  1777,  the 
exact  place  unknown,  and  died  in  Petersburg,  Va.,  in  1799.  Under  the  pen- 
names  of  "Casca"  and  "Gracchus,"  he  published  a  number  of  articles  in 
the  Petersburg  Gazette,  assailing  the  administration  of  John  Adams,  and 
also  a  number ,  of  letters  over  the  signature  of  "Curtius,"  addressed  to 
Chief  Justice  John  Marshall,  which  were  afterward  published  in  book 
form  (1804).    George  Hay  wrote  his  memoir. 

THOMPSON,  JOHN  REUBEN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  Xn,  page  5227. 

THOMPSON,  MAURICE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XII,  page  S25S. 

THOMPSON,  RICHARD  WIGGINTON,  lawyer,  and  Cabinet 
officer,  was  bom  in  Culpeper  Coiunty,  Va.,  June  9,  1809.  He  removed  first 
to  Kentucky  and  afterward  to  Indiana,  studied  law,  became  a  Member  of 
Congress,  a  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Claims,  and  Secretary  of  the  Navy  fn 
the  Cabinet  of  President  Hayes.  He  was  a  power  in  political  conventions 
and  a  writer  of  party  platforms.  Several  volumes  came  from  his  pen: 
'The  Papacy  and  the  Civir  Power"  (New  York,  1876),  and  a  'History  of 
the  Tariff'  (Chicago,  1888),  'Personal  Recollections  of  Sixteen  Presidents,' 
and  'Footprints  of  the  Jesuits.'    He  died  in  1900. 

THOMPSON,  WADDY,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born  in  Pick- 
epsville,  S.C.,  September  8,  1798,  and  died  in  Tallahassee,  Fla.,  November 
23,  1868.  He  studied  law,  became  a  Member  of  Congress,  a  brigadier- 
general  of  militia,  and  United  States'  Minister  to_  Mexico.  In  the  last- 
mentioned  sphere  of  service,  he  negotiated  two  important  treaties  and 
prpcured,  the   release  of   one   hundred' and   fifty  Texan  , prisoners.      On 


434  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

returning  home  he  published  'Recollections  of  Mexico'  (New  York,  1846), 
a  work  of  much  interest,  which  accurately  portrayed  conditions  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Rio  Grande  on  the  eve  of  hostilities.  He  was  a  cotton 
planter  of  large  means. 

THOMPSON,  WADDY.  Author.  He  was  born  in  Columbia, 
S.C,  August  13,  1867,  a  son  of  Hugh  Smith  and  Elizabeth  Anderson 
Thompson,  graduated  from  the  University  of  South  Carolina,  and  married, 
October  30,  1895,  Pauline  Spaia  He  was  engaged  in  active  journalism 
for  eight  years ;  but  relinquished  newspaperdom  for  life  insurance.  He 
is  fond  of  historical  studies,  and  his  leisure  hours  have  borne  fruit  in 
two  excellent  volumes :  'A  History  of  the  United  States'  (New  York, 
D.  C.  Heath  and  Company),  and  'Life  of  Andrew  Johnson.'  He  resides 
in  Columbia,  S.C. 

THOMPSON,  WILL  H.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in  Calhoun,  Ga., 
March  10,  1848,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Grigg  M.  Thompson,  and  was 
educated  in  the  local  schools,  and  at  the  Georgia  Military  Insti- 
tute. Though  only  a  lad,  he  served  in  the  Confederate  Army.  He 
practiced  law  for  several  years  at  Crawfordsville,  Ind.,  and  after- 
ward settled  in  Seattle,  Wash.,  becoming  one  of  the  general  attorneys 
of  the  Great  Northern  Railway  system.  He  was  first  a  Democrat, 
but  became  a  Republican  on  the  issues  of  1896.  In  addition  to  num- 
erous magazine  articles,  he  is  the  author  of  several  interesting  pub- 
lications: 'How  to  Train  in  Archery,'  written  in  collaboration  with 
Maurice  Thompson,  'The  Lion  Heart,'  a  libretto,  'High  Tide  at 
Gettysburg,'  and  'Bond  of  Blood.' 

THOMPSON,  WILLIAM  T.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XII,  page  5283. 

THOMSON,  SAMUEL  HARRISON,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Nicholas  County,  Ky.,  August  26,  1813,  and  died  in  Pasadena,  Cal.,  Septem- 
ber 2,  1882.  He  became  an  ordained  minister  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
but  devoted  his  life  mainly  to  teaching  in  colleges  and.  published  'The 
Mosaic  Account  of  Creation'  (1852),  'Geology  an  Interpreter  of  Scrip- 
ture' (1860),  and  several  pamphlets. 

THORNTON,  JAMES  BANKHEAD,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Mount 
Zephyr,  Va.,  August  28,  1806,  and  died  in  Memphis,  Tenn.,  October  12, 
1867.  He  studied  law,  settled  in  Memphis  for  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion, and  published  a  'Digest  of  the  Conveyancing,  Testamentary,  and 
Registry  Laws  of  the  States  of  the  Union'  (Philadelphia,  1847).  He  also 
compiled  a  work  on  'Assignments,'  but  the  manuscript  was  burned  acci- 
dentally. 

THORNTON,  THOMAS  C,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Dumfries, 
Va.,  October  12,  1794,  and  died  in  Mississippi,  March  23,  1860.  He  studied 
theology,  joined  the  Baltimore  conference  of  the  Methodist  Church, 
became  president  of  a  college  in  Mississippi,  left  the  Methodist  for  the 
Episcopal  Church,  but  eventually  returned  to  his  first  allegiance  and  pub- 
lished a  work  entitled  'An  Inquiry  into  the  History  of  Slavery  in  the 
United  States'  and  'Theological  Colloquies.' 

THORNTON,  WILLIAM  MYNN,  educator,  was  born  in  Cum- 
berland County,  Va.,  October  28,  1851.  After  graduation  from  Hampden- 
Sidney  College,  he  continued  his  studies  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  in 
which  latter  institution  he  has  filled  the  chair  of  mathematics  for  nearly 
thirty-five  years.  He  is  now  also  dean  of  the  department  of  engineering. 
For  several  years  he  edited  The  Annals  of  Mathematics.  The  sketch  of 
Basil  L.  Gildersleeve  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  from  the 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       435 
pen  of  Dr.  Thornton.    Hampden-Sidney  College  gave  him  the  degree  of 

THORNWELL,    JAMES     H.      See    Biographical    and    Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  XII,  page  5309. 

THORPE,  THOMAS  BANGS,  author  and  artist,  was  born  in 
Westfield,  Mass.,  March  1,  1815.  On  account  of  ill  health  he  left  college 
prior  to  graduation  and  came  South,  locating  first  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  and 
afterward  in  New  Orleans.  As  a  humorist  he  acquired  wide  celebrity, 
and  he  was  also  something  of  an  artist.  He  published  'Tom  Owen,  the 
Bee  Hunter'  and  'The  Big  Bear  of  Arkansas,'  besides  numerous  magazine 
articles.  He  also  edited  various  papers.  He  died  in  New  York  City  in 
1878. 

THRALL,  HOMER  S.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman.  [Texas]. 
He  wrote  'Methodism  in  Texas,'  an  interesting  work. 

THRASHER,  JOHN  S.,  journalist,  was  born  in  Portland,  Me., 
in  1817,  and  died  in  Galveston,  Texas,  November  10,  1879.  For  several 
years  he  was  a  merchant  in  Havana,  Cuba.  Afterward  he  embarked 
in  journalism  on  the  island,  but  his  paper  was  suppressed  by  the  Spanish 
authorities  and  his  life  was  for  months  imperiled.  Later  he  returned  to 
the  United  States,  settled  first  in  New  Orleans  and  then  in  New  York, 
traveled  extensively  in  Central  and  South  America,  and  finally  settled  in 
Texas,  where  he  married  a  lady  of  wealth.  He  published  a  translation 
of  Humboldt's  'Personal  Narrative  of  Travels'  (New  York,  1856),  and 
wrote  a  number  of  essays. 

THRUS'TON,   GATES   PHILLIPS.     Lawyer.     He   was  born  in 

Dayton,  Ohio,  June  11,  1835,  and  was  valedictorian  of  his  class  at 
Miami  College.  Afterward  he  studied  law.  He  entered  the  Union 
Army,  and  became  brigadier-general.  He  was  twice  married,  and  is 
the  author  of  'Antiquities  of  Tennessee  and  Adjacent  States'  (1890), 
besides  numerous  contributions  to  magazines.  He  resides  in  Nash- 
ville, Tenn. 

THRUSTON,  LUCY  M.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XII,  page  5327. 

THWAITES,  REUBEN  G.,  antiquarian,  was  not  a  Southerner 
but  he  edited  an  important  work  entitled  'Jesuit  Relations  and  Allied 
Documents'  (Cleveland,  Ohio,  1896-1901),  which  recounts  the  travels  and 
explorations  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries  in  New  France,  from  1610  to 
1791. 

TICE,  J.  H.     [Mo.].    Author  of  a  work  entitled  'Over  the  Plains 

and  on  the   Mountains.' 

TICKNOR,  FRANK  O.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XII,  page  5353. 

TIDBALL,  THOMAS  ALLEN.  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman. 
He  was  born  in  Virginia.  Since  1892,  he  has  been  rector  of  the  Church 
of  St.  Luke  in  Philadelphia.  He  has  published  'Christ  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment'  (New  York,  Thomas  Whittaker,  1891). 

TIERNAN,  CHARLES  B.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  September  4,  1840.  At  the  Maryland  Bar  he  has  for  years  taken 
high  rank.  His  publications  include:  'The  Tiernan  Family  in  Maryland' 
(1898)  and  'The  Tiernan  and  Other  Families'  (1901). 


436  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

TIERNAN,  CHARLES  COMFORT.  Protestant  Episcopal 
clergyman.  Born  in  1829.  For  several  years  he  was  rector  of  Zion 
Church  in  New  York  City,  but  in  1893  became  archdeacon.  His  publica- 
tions' include:  'Expression  in  Church  Ai'chitecture,'  'Modern  Atheism,' 
'The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church'  (New  York,  Charles  Scribner'^  Sons, 
1895),  and  'The  Prayer-book  and  the  Christian  Life'  (ibid.,  1897). 

TIERNAN,,  FRANCES  FISHER  ("Christian  Reid").  See  Bio- 
graphical and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  XII,  page  5369. 

TIERNAN,  MARY  SPEAR  NICHOLAS,  Mrs.  Author.  [Md.]. 
She  wfote  'Homoselle,   'S'uzette,'  'Jack  Horner,'  ajid  other  novejs. 

TIFFANY,  OLIVE.  Poet.  [Mo.].  She  published  a  volume  of 
verse  entitled  'Floral  Poems'  (1893). 

TIFFANY,  OSMOND.  Author.  He  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
July  16,  1823.  While  engaged  in  business  pursuits,  he  also  indulged  his 
taste  for  literary  work,  and,  besides  contributing  to  periodicals,  published: 
'The  Canton  Chinese'  (Boston,  1849),  'Brandon:  a'Tale  of  the  American 
Colonies'  (New  York,  1851),  and  'Slcetch  of  the  Life  of  General  Otho  H. 
Williams'  (Baltimore,  1851)..,  He  also  edited  'Patriarchs  and  Prophets  of 
Biblical  Story!  (Springfield, ;Mass.>  1860). 

TIGERT,  JOHN  JAMES.  Clergyman  and.  editor.  He  was  born 
in  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  I856-,  On  completing  his  edjucation  at  Vanderbilt 
University, ,  he,  was  received  into  the  ministry  of  the  M.E.  Church,  South. 
For  several  years  he  was  professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Vanderbilt, 
and  afterward  became  editor  of  the  Methodist  Review.  He  married,  in 
1878,  Amelia  McTyeire.  His  writings  Include :  'Handbook  of  Logic,'  'Sys- 
tematic Theology,'  'Theology  and  Philosophy,'  'The  Preacher  Himself,' 
'Passing  Through  the  Gates,'  'A  Voice  from  the  South,'  'Constitutional 
History  of  Amerlcari  Episcopal  Methodism,'  'The  Journal  of  Thomas 
Coke,'  'A  Manual  of  Christian,  Doctrine,'  "The  Making  of  Methodism,' 
and  'Theism,'  all  of  which  are  issued  by  the  M.  E.  Publishing  House, 
South.     He  died  in  1906.     Dr.  Tigert  held  the  D.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees. 

TILFORD,  TILDEN.  Author.  [Texas].  He  published  a  story 
of  cowboy  life  entitled  'Butternut  Jones'  (1903). 

TILLETT,  WILBUR  FISK.  He  was  born  at  Henderson,  N.C., 
August  25,  1854.  His  father  was  Rev.  John  Tillett  and  his  mother, 
Elizabeth  Wyche.  On  completing  his  educational  equipment,  he  was 
received  into  the  ministry  of  the  M.E.  Church,  South.  He  married,  first, 
Kate  Schoolfieldand,  afterward,  Laura  E.  McLoud.  He  became  profes- 
sor of  systematic  theology  in  Vanderbilt  University,  in  1884,  and  two 
years  later  assumed  the  additional  duties  of  vice-chancellor.  His  writings 
include:  'Our  Hymns  and  Their  Authors'  (Nashville,  M.E.  Publishing 
House,  South),  'Discussions  in  Theology'  (ibid.),  'Personal  Salvation,' 
(ibid.),  'The  Doctrines  of  Methodism'  (ibid.),  and  'A  Statement  of  the 
Faith  of  World-wide  Methodism,'  besides  numerous  papers  and,  reviews. 
He  held  the  D.D.,  the  S.T.D.  and  the  LL.D.  degrees. 

TILLEY,  MORRIS  PALMER.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Nor- 
folk, Va.  His  father  was  Thomas  C.  Tilley  and  his  mother,  Lois  Frances 
Miller.  He  holds  the  assistant  professorship  of  English  in  the  University 
of  Michigan.  He  has  contributed  articles  of  interest  and  value  to  'Modern 
Language  Notes'  and  to  high-class  popular  periodicals  like  The  Nation 
and  The  Dial..  The  sketch  of  James  Barron  Hope  in  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.    He  holds  the  degree  of  Ph.P. 

TILLMAN,  BENJAMIN  RYAN.  United  States  Senator.  He 
was  born  in  Edgefield  County,  S.C,  August  11,  1847.    Before  completing 


Congressional  Library,  Stair-way  to  Gallery 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       437 

his  education  he  entered  the  Confederate  Army  alid,  due  to  exposure, 
he  was  stricken  with  severe  illness  which  involved  the '  loss  of  his.  left 
eye.  He  followed  the  pursuit  of  farming  but  took  an  active  interest  in 
public  affairs,  became  twice  governor  of  ihe  State  and,  on  retiring  from 
office,  in  1894,  was  sent  to  the  United  States  Senate,  a  position  to  which 
he, has  twice, been  ree^lected.  He  foun,ded  Clemsqn  College,  for  boys,  and 
Winthrop  Normal  and  Industrial  College,  fpi:  gir|s,  .at  John  C.  Calhoun's 
old  home  place,  and  originated  the  dispensary  system,  of  selling  liquor 
under  State  coniirol.'  He  married  Sallie  Starke  in  1868.  On  the  floor 
of  the' United  States  Senate  he  has  bepn  a  power.  Uhconve'ntioiial  and 
outspoken,  he  is  alpo  fearless  and  independent,  a  strong  ifian  of  the  people. 
On  the  lecture  platform  he  has  often  spoken  to  large  assembfies^  He 
resides  at '  Trenton,'  S.C,  and  is  in  politics  a  Democrat  ,  ,  ,   , . 

TILLMAN,  JOHN  NEWTON.  Jurist  and  educator.  He  was 
born  in  Springfield,  Mo.,  DecembeiJ-,13,  18S9.  .His  father. was  N.  J.  Till- 
man and  his  mother,  .IVEajry  Mullins. .  After ,  graduating  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Arkansas,  he  studied  law  and  became  a  judge  of  the  District 
Court  and  a  Statp  Senator.  In  190S  he  was  made  president  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Ai;kansas,  hjs  alrtia , mater.  Besides,  a  number  of  short  stories:  for 
riiagazihes,  he  is  the  author  O'f  several  popular  lectures,  among  them: 
"Nation-wide  Prohibition,"  "College  Life,"  "The  Glory  Jest  and  Riddle  of 
fhe  World,"  and  "The  IvoUy  of  Failure."  He  is  also  one  of  the  consulting 
editors  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married,  March  .5, 
188S,  Tempy  Walker.    He  holds  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

TIMROD,  HENRY.     See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 

XII,  page  5391.,  ,    . 

TIMROD,  WILLIAM  H.  Poet.  He  was  born  near  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  in  1792,  and  was  the  son  of  Henry  Timrod,  a  native  of  Gertnany. 
At  an  early, age  he  evitaced  'tinusual  talent;  but,  due  to  modest  circum- 
stances, he  was  in  the  main  ^elf-educated.  Besides  numerous  poems  of 
rare  power,  he  wrote  a  five-act  drania,  which  he  considered  his  master- 
piece; but  it  was  urifOftunately  lost.  '  Washington  Irving  remarked  of  one 
of  his  poems,  "To  Time,"  that  no  finer  lyric  had  come  from  the  pen  of 
Tom  Moore.  When  he  was  only  nineteen,  he  married  a  belle  who  was 
three  years  younger  than  himself,  by  the  name  of  Miss  Prince ;  ^nd  from 
this  union  sprang  the  celebrated  Henry  Timrod.   '  He  died  in  1837. 

TODD,  CHARLES  SCOTT.  Diplomat  and  soldier.  He  was 
bom  near  Danville,  Ky.,  January  22,  l791,  and  died  in  Baton  Rouge,  La., 
May  14,  1871.  After  leaving  William  and  Mary  College,  he  studied  :law 
and  located  for  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Lexington,  Ky. ;  but  the 
war  fever  seizing  him,  he. became  an  aide,  to  .General ,  Harriso.n  ,  in  the 
regular  Army,  won  distfnction  for  his  prowess,  and  retired  in  1815  with 
the  rank  of  colonel.  For  a  short  tiijie  he  was  Secretary, of  State  in 
,the  Cabinet  of  President  Madison,  and  for  a  ftill  term  Minister  to  Russia 
under  President  Tyler.  In  conjunction  with'  Benjamin  Ufake^  he  prepared 
a  sketch  of  his  civil  and  military  career,  vphiph  was  ;publishe4  in  book 
form  (Cincinnati,,  1840) i  ,  '       ,  '  .        ,    .  ,  ,    ,       ,, 

TOLMAN,  HERBERT  GUSHING.  Edii'cat'of.  He  was  born 
in  Massachusetts,  November  4,  1865,  of,  Puritaij;  ancestors,  received 
the  '  best  educational'  advatitages  'of  both  Europe  and  _  America, 
and  won  numerous  prizes.  He  is  one  of  the  foremost  linguists  of  the 
day,  an  authority  on  many,  languages  both  ancient  and  jnpdern.  He 
married,  August  26,. 1891,.  Mary  Wells,  and  became  professor  of. jireek 
in  VandeAilt  Univei'sity  in  1894.  Besides  editing  the.  Vanderbilt 
Oriental  Series,'  he  is  the  author  of  numerous.  Greek  and  La,tin  text- 
books of  standard  value  and  has  made  frequent  contributions  to  period- 


438  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

icals.  Yale  University  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D.     He  resides  in 
Nashville,  Tenn. 

TOMLINSON,  G.  A.  R.  Poet.  [Ga.].  He  published  'The  Old 
Brigade,  and  Other  Poems.' 

TOMPKINS,  DANIEL  A.  Mechanical  engineer  and  manufactur- 
er. He  was  born  in  Edgefield  County,  S.C,  October  12,  18S2,  a  son 
of  DeWitt  Clinton  and  Hannah  Virginia  Tompkins,  was  educated 
at  South  Carolina  College  and  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  and 
has  since  become  one  of  the  foremost  factors  in  the  industrial  development 
of  the  South  since  the  war,  being  interested  largely  in  cotton  mills. 
He  is  the  author  of  many  articles  bearing  upon  the  commercial  and 
industrial  phases  of  the  subject  of  cotton.  He  resides  in  Char- 
lotte, N.C. 

TONER,  JOSEPH  MEREDITH,  physician,  of  Alabama,  was  born 
in  1825  and  died  in  1896.  He  was  the  author  o.f  an  important  paper  read 
before  the  American  Public  Health  Association,  of  New  York,  in  1873, 
on  "Contributions  to  the  Study  of  Yellow  Fever."  It  was  printed  in 
pamphlet  form  and  created  such  wide  interest  that  several  editions  were 
exhausted. 

TOOMBS,  ROBERT.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
XII,  page  5417. 

TOULMIN,  HENRY.  Jurist.  He  was  born  in  Taunton,  England, 
in  1767,  and  died  in  Washington  County,  Ala.,  November  11,  1823.  He 
came  to  America  at  an  early  age  and  settled  first  in  Norfolk,  Va.,  but  he 
afterward  removed  to  Kentucky,  where  he  filled  the  office  of  Secretary 
of  State  for  several  years.  Later  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  United 
States  District  Court  of  Mississippi;  but  he  spent  his  last  years  in  Ala- 
bama, where  he  assisted  in  framing  the  State  constitution.  He  published  a 
'Description  of  Kentucky*  (1792),  a  'Magistrate's  Assistant,'  a  'Collection 
of  the  Acts  of  Kentucky  (Frankfort,  1802),  a  'Review  of  the  Criminal 
Law  of  Kentucky,'  with  James  Blair  (1804),  and  a  'Digest  of  the  Laws  of 
the  State  of  Alabama'   (Cahaba,  1823). 

TOWNS,  SAMUEL  A.  [Ala.].  He  wrote  a  'History  of  Marion, 
Ala."  (1844). 

TOWNSEND,  BELTON  O'NEALL.  Poet.  [S.C.].  He  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Plantation  Lays,  and  Other  Poems' 
(1884). 

TOWNSEND,  JOHN  WILSON.  Author.  He  was  born  near 
Lexington,  Ky.,  November  2,  1885,  and  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
the  State,  afterward  attending  lectures  at  Harvard.  Despite  his  youth,  two 
volumes  of  unique  interest  have  already  come  from  his  pen :  'Richard 
Hickman  Menefee'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing 
Company)  and  'Kentuckians  in  History  and  Literature'  (ibid.).  The 
sketch  of  Thomas  H.  Chivers  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is 
also  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Townsend. 

TOWNSEND,  MART  A.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XII,  page  5441. 

TOY,  CRAWFORD  HOWELL.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
Norfolk,  Va.,  March  23,  1866,  a  son  of  Thomas  D.  and  Amelia  Toy, 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Virginia  and  afterward  studied 
at  Berlin.     He  married,  in  1888,  Nancy  Saunders.    He  was  professor 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       439 

of  Hebrew  in  the  Southern  Baptist  Theological  Seminary  for  ten 
years,  and  in  1880,  became  professor  of  Oriental  Languages  at  Har- 
vard. Among  his  more  important  works  are:  'The  Religion  of  Israel' 
(1882),  'Quotations  in  the  New  Testament'  (New  York,  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons,  1884),  'Judaism  and  Christianity'  (Boston,  Little,  Brown 
and  Company,  1890),  'Hebrew  Text  and  English  Translation  of  Ezekiel' 
(New  York,  Dodd,  Mead  and  Company,  1899),  and  'Commentary  on 
Proverbs'  (New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1899).  He  resides  in 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  holds  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

TRABUE,  ISAAC  HODGEN.  Lawyer  and  planter.  He  was 
born  in  Russell  County,  Ky.,  March  25,  1829,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Chas- 
teen  and  Elizabeth  T.  Trabue,  the  paternal  name  being  of  Huguenot 
origin.  He  received  an  excellent  education,  and  married,  in  1865, 
Virginia  Taylor  of  Savannah,  Ga.  He  served  in  the  Confederate 
Army,  and,  being  a  large  slaveholder,  he  put  his  male  slaves  to  work 
in  the  commissary  department  and  his  female  slaves  in  the  hospitals. 
He  was  prominent  in  Kentucky  politics  after  the  war,  and  one  of 
the  best  chess-players  of  the  day,  defeating  Zuckertort,  the  world's 
champion,  in  1883.  He  made  and  codified  the  rules  for  playing  four- 
handed  chess,  founded  the  town  of  Punta  Gorda  in  Florida,  and 
became  the  chief  factor  in  opposing  the  removal  of  the  State  capital 
from  Tallahassee.  His  published  works  are:  'Hobson  Blowing  up 
the  Merrimac  in  Santiago  Bay,'  a  drama,  'Black  Wench,'  a  novel, 
and  'Rules  and  Directions  for  Playing  Four-Handed  Trabue,  American 
Chess.'  _  In  politics  he  is  a  Socialist  and  in  religion  a  free  thinker. 
He  resides  at  Punta  Gorda,  Fla. 

TRACY,  S.  M.  Educator.  [Miss.].  He  published  'Mississippi 
as  It  Is'  (1895). 

TRAIL,  FLORENCE.  Author.  She  was  born  in  Frederick, 
Md.,  September  1,  1854.  Though  she  belonged  to  one  of  the  wealthiest 
families  of  Maryland,  she  believed  in  the  doctrine  of  self-support  and 
left  home  to  engage  in  teaching,  first  in  Kentucky  and  North  Carolina, 
and  afterward  in  New  York  and  Connecticut.  On  returning  from  an 
extended  tour  of  Europe,  she  published  'My  Journal  in  Foreign  Lands' 
(New  York,  1885).  This  was  followed  by  other  volumes,  among  them: 
'Studies  in  Criticism'  (New  York,  1888),  'Under  the  Second  Renaissance' 
(Buffalo,  1894),  and  'A  History  of  Italian  Literature.' 

TRAMMELL,  WILLIAM  DUGAS.  Author.  He  was  born  in 
Georgia,  in  1850,  and  died  in  Texas  in  1884.  He  wrote  a  novel  entitled 
•Ca  Ira'  (New  York,  1874). 

TRAYLOR,  ROBERT  LEE.  Business  man  and  collector  of  rare 
books.  He  was  born  at  Midway  Mills,  Va.,  September  23,  1864,  the 
son  of  Albert  Washington  and  Mary  Elizabeth  Traylor.  For  many 
years  he  was  engaged  in  railway  development,  afterward  becoming 
interested  in  insurance  and  banking.  He  is  the  owner  of  perhaps  the 
largest  private  library  in  the  South,  the  collection  including  many 
rare  and  precious  volumes.  He  married,  in_  1887,  Annie  Gavin. 
Among  other  works,  he  is  the  author  of  an  important  monograph 
entitled  'Some  Notes  on  the  First  Recorded  Visit  of  White  Men  to 
the  Site  of  the  Present  City  of  Richmond.'  He  resides  in  Richmond, 
Va. 

TRENHOLM,  WILLIAM.  Author.  He  was  born  in  South  Caro- 
lina in  1836  and  died  in  New  York  in  1901.  He  wrote  a  work  on  finance 
entitled  'The  People's  Money"  (1896). 


440  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

TRENT,  WILLIAM  PETERFIELD.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical ,  Sketch,  Vol.  XII,  page  S4S7. 

TRESCOT,  WILLIAM  HENRY.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
ical  Slietch,  Vol.  XII.  page  S483. 

TREZEVANT,  EVA  WHITTHORNE.  She  was  born  in  Arkan- 
sas in  1866,  but  afterward  removed  to  Texas,  where  she  published  'In 
Maiden  Meditation'  (Chicago,  A.  C.  McClurg  and  Company,  1893),  and 
'The  Reflections  of  a  Lonely  Man'  (ibid.,  1895).  Both  works  passed  into 
several  editions. 

TROTT,  NICHOLAS.  Jurist.  He  was  born  in  England  in  1663 
and  died  in  Charleston,  in  1740.  For  some  time  he  was  governor  of  the 
Bahama  Islands.  After  coming  to  Charleston,  he  became  speaker  of  the 
assembly,  councillor,  and  judge.  He  revised  'The  Laws  of  South  Caro- 
lina before  1734,'  in  two  volumes  (Charleston,  1736),  and  published  'Clavis 
Lingse  Sanctse'  (1817),  and  'Laws  Relating  to  Church  and, Clergy  in 
America.'     He  ^jvas  a  scljolar  of  unusual  ^.ttaiimients. 

TROOST,  GERARD.  Mineralogist.  He  was  born  in  Bois  le 
Due,  Holland,  March  IS,  1776,  and  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  August  14, 
1850.  He  organized  the  first  alum  works  in  the  United  States  at  Cape 
Sable,  Md.,  was  one  of  the  fotmders  (jf  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
in  Philadelphia,  alid  for  mort  than  tweritif  years  filled  the  chair  of  geology 
and  chemistry  in  the  University  of  Nashville.  Besides  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  the  transactions  of  learned  societies,  he  translated  Humboldt's 
'Aspects  of  Nature'  aiid  published  a  'Geological  Survey  of  the  Environs 
of  Philadelphia'  (Philadelphia,  1826),  and  nine  volumes  of  the  'Geological 
Reports  of  Tennessee'  (Nashville,  1835-1848). 

TROUP,  GEORGE  MICHAEL.  Statesman.  He  was  born  at 
Mcintosh  Bluff,  on  the  Tombigbee  River,  in  what  is  now  Alabama,  but 
what  was  then  Georgia,  Septembei;  8,  1780,  and  died  in  Laurens  County, 
Ga.,  May  3,  1856.  After  graduating  from  Princeton,  he  studied  law, 
located  in  Savannah,  achieved  eminence  at  the  Bar  and  distinction  in 
politics.  From  1806  to  1815  he  served  in  Congress,  wherei  he  supported 
the  war  measures  of  1812.  On  the  resignation  of  William  W.  Bibb,  he 
became  United  States  Senator.  Later,  for  two  successive  terms,  he  held 
the  office  of  governor  of  Georgia.  During  his  administration  he  insisted 
upon  the  removal  of  the  Chergkee  and  Creek  Indians  by  the  United  States 
Government,  in  compliance  with  an  old  agreement.  He  stood  boldly  for 
States'  rights  in  a  clash  which  subsequently  ensued  between  State  and 
Federal  authorities,  and  won  the  fight.  At  the  governor's  mansion  in 
Milledgeville  he  entertained  Lafayette.  Later,  he  was  returned  to  the 
United  States  Senate.  'The  Life  of  George  M.  Troup'  was  written  by 
Edward  J.  Harden  (Savannah,  1859). 

TRUEDELL,  SAMUEL  O.  [New  Orleans,  La.].  He  published 
a  work  entitled  'A  Wonderful  Discovery  in  the  Book  of  Job'  (Philadel- 
phia, 1890). 

TRUITT,  JULIA  PHIFER.  Poet.  [La.].  She  published  a  vol- 
ume   of   verse    entitled    'Birds    of   Passage'    (1890). 

TUCKER,  BEVERLEY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol,  XII,  page  5501. 

TUCKER,  BEVERLEY  DANDRIDGE.  Bishop-coadjutor  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  He  was  born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  the  son 
of  Nathaniel  Beverley  and  Jane  Ellis  Tucker.  He  was  educated  in 
England  and  Switzerland  and  at  the  University  of  Toronto.    On  July  22,, 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OP    AUTHORS       441 


1873,  he  married  Anna  Maria,  daughter  of  Colonel  John  Augustus  Wash- 
ington, of  Mount  Vernon.  I  During  the  Civil  War  he  served  in  the  West 
Virginia  artillery ;  and  it  was  from,  this  .'experience  that  he  drew  his 
inspiration  for  his  'Confederate  Memorial  Verses.'  He  was  ordained 
bishop-coadjutor  in  1896.    Roanoke  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

TUCKER^  GEORGE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
XII,  page  SS12.  i 

TUCKER,  HENRY  HOLCOMB.  Clergyman  and  educator.  He 
was  bom  in  Warren  County,  Ga.,  May  10,  1819.  After  gradtiating  from 
Columbian  University,  he  studied  law  and  practiced  for '  two  years.  He 
then  entered  the  Baptist  ministry,  became  an  eminent  educator  and 
divine,  and  at  different  times  was  president  of  Mercer  University  and 
chancellor  of  the  University  of  Georgia:  He  also  owned  and  edited  the 
Christian  Index.  In  addition  to  a  series  oi  letters  on  'Religious  Liberty,' 
addressed  to  Alexander  H.  Stephens;  he  published  'The  Gospel  in  Enoch; 
or.  Truth  in  the  Concrete'  (Philadelphia,  1868),  'The  Old  Theology  Re- 
stated' (1884),  and  numerous  sermons,  one  of  which,  on  the  subject  of 
baptism,  has  been  translated  into  several  different  languages.  He  met 
his  death  by  an  accidental  fall,  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  September  6,  1889.  Colum- 
bian University  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

TUCKER,  HENRY  ST.  GEORGE.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in 
Winchester,  Va.,  April  5,  1853,  a  son  of  John  Randolph  and  _  Laura 
Powell  Tucker,  received  his  collegiate  and  legal  education  at 
Washington  and  Lee  University  and  Married,  first,  Henrietta 
Preston  Johnston,  and  second,  Martha  Sharpe.  He  was  a  Member 
of  Congress  for  eight  years,  and  succeeded  his  father  in  the  chair 
of  constitutional  and  international  law  at  Washington  and  Lee  Univer- 
sity in  1897,  but  resigned  that  position  in  1903  to  become  dean  of  the 
Law  School  of  George  Washington  University,  Washington,  D.C. 
Besides  numerous  speeches  and  addresses,  he  is  the  author  of  many 
important  contributions  to  educational  and  law  journals  and  the 
editor  of  'Tuci:er  on  the  Constitution'  (New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons, 
1899).  He  was  elected  president  of  the  American  Bar  Association  in 
1904,  succeeded  Fitzhugh  Lee  as  president  of  the  Jamestown  Tercen- 
tennial Exposition  of  1907,  and  was  narrowly  defeated  for  governor 
of  Virginia  in  1909.  The  University  of  Mississippi  gave  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D.    He  resides  at  Staunton,  Va. 

TUCKER,  JOHN  RANDOLPH.  Statesman  and  educatoi'.  He 
was  a  son  of  Henry  St.  George  Tucker  and  was  born  in  Winchester,  Va., 
December  24,  1823.  After  completing  his  studies  at  the  University  of 
Virginia,  he  chose  the  profession  of  law  and  rose  to  distinction.  For 
several  years  he  was  a  professor  in  the  legal  department  of  Washington 
and  Lee  University,  but  relinquished  his  chair  to  enter  Congress ;  and  .from 
1874  to  1887  he  was  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  figures  in  the  arena  of 
national  legislation.  As  an  orator  he  possessed  few  equals,  his  gpeec^ies 
in  Congress  being  masterpieces  both  of  eloquence  and  qf  statestnanship. 
He  was  occupying  the  office  of  president  of  Washington  and  Lee  Univer- 
sity at  the  time  of  his  death.     Yale  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

TUCKER,  NATHANIEL.  Poet.  He  was  born  in  Bermuda,  Va., 
in  1750,  and  wrote  in  verse  'The  Bermudian'  (1774). 

TUCKER,  NATHANIEL  BEVERLEY.  Lawyer.  He  was  the 
son  of  St  George  Tucker,  an  eminent  jurist  of  the  early  national 
period,  and  stepbrother  of  John  Randolph  of  Roanoke.    He  was  born 


442  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

in  Williamsburg,  Va.,  in  1784,  and  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary 
College.  For  several  years  he  practiced  law  in  Missouri,  which  he 
knew  both  as  a  territory  and  as  a  state;  but  he  returned  to  Virginia 
in  1830  and  soon  afterward  became  professor  of  law  in  the  famous 
old  school  from  which  he  graduated.  Besides  taking  an  active  part  in  the 
political  affairs  of  the  day,  he  was  a  man  of  literary  inclinations  and 
accomplishments,  and  wrote  in  numerous  veins.  His  published  works 
include  two  novels:  'The  Partisan  Leader,  a  Tale  of  the  Future,'  in  which 
he  distinctly  foreshadowed  the  course  of  events  down  to  1861,  and  'George 
Balcombe.'  He  was  also  the  author  of  a  'Life  of  John  Randolph,'  a 
volume  on  'Political  Science,'  a  volume  on  'The  Principles  of  Pleading,' 
and  a  number  of  essays  which  appeared  in  the  Southern  Literary  Messen- 
ger.   He  died  in  1851. 

TUCKER,   ST.    GEORGE.    Jurist  and   educator.     He   was   born 

in  the  Bermudas,  in  1752,  but  came  to  Virginia  early  in  life  and 
married  Mrs.  Francis  Bland  Randolph,  the  mother  of  the  famous 
John  Randolph  of  Roanoke.  He  became  an  eminent  jurist,  attaining 
the  chief-judgeship  of  the  Virginia  Court  of  Appeals  and  serving  for 
some  time  also  in  the  United  States  District  Court  of  Virginia,  besides 
holding  the  professorship  of  law  at  William  and  Mary  College.  He 
possessed  literary  gifts  of  high  order  and  wrote  with  ease  in  both 
prose  and  verse.  His  writings  include:  'Days  of  My  Youth,  and 
Other  Poems,'  'Probationary  Odes  of  Jonathan  Pindar,  Esq.,'  a  group 
of  satires;  a  'Commentary  on  the  Constitution,'  and  a  'Dissertation 
on  Slavery,  or  Letters  on  Alien  and  Sedition  Laws,'  besides  anno- 
tating an  edition  of  Blackstone's  'Commentaries.'  He  also  left  at  his 
death  some  unpublished  dramas.     He  died  in  1828. 

TUCKER,  ST.  GEORGE  H.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in  Winches- 
ter, Va.,  in  1828,  a  grandson  of  St.  George  Tucker,  and  was  at  one 
time  clerk  of  the  Virginia  Legislature.  He  served  in  the  Confederate 
Army  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  but  died  from 
exposure  in  the  Seven  Days'  Battle  around  Richmond.  He  was  the 
author  of  an  interesting  historical  romance  entitled  'Hansford,  a  Tale 
of  Bacon's  Rebellion,'  which  vividly  portrays  the  life  of  an  eventful 
era.     He  died  in  1862. 

TUDOR,  HENRY.  Poet.  [Mo.].  He  wrote  a  poem  on  the 
death  of  President  McKinley  entitled :  "Ite,  Missa  Est,"  which  is  preserved 
in  'Missouri  Literature.' 

TUNNARD,  W.  H.  [La.].  He  wrote  a  'History  of  the  Third 
Regiment  of  Louisiana  Infantry'   (1866). 

TUNSTALL,  NANNIE  W.  Author.  [Va.].  She  wrote  'Number 
40'  and  numerous  short  stories. 

TUOMY,  MICHAEL.  Geologist.  He  was  born  in  Cork,  Ireland, 
September  29,  1808,  and  died  in  Tuscaloosa,  Ala.,  March  30,  1857.  He 
was  for  some  time  professor  of  geology  and  chemistry  in  the  University 
of  Alabama  and  State  geologist.  Besides  numerous  geological  reports, 
he  published  a  'Geology  of  Alabama'  (1850),  which  was  revised  after  his 
death  by  John  W.  Mallet   (1858). 

TUPPER,  HENRY  ALLEN.  Clergvman.  He  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  February  29,  1828.  On  completing  his  educational  equip- 
ment, he  was  received  into  the  ministry  of  the  Baptist  Church.  For  nearly 
twenty  years  he  was  a  pastor  at  Washington,  Ga.,  but  for  a  part  of  this 
time  he  was  at  the  front,  performing  the  duties  of  a  chaplain  in  the  C.S.A. 
He  afterward  became  corresponding  secretary  of  the  Foreign  Missionary 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       443 

Board  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention.  His  writings  include :  'Foreign 
Missions  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention'  (1880),  'Two  Centuries  of 
the  First  Baptist  Church  of  South  Carolina'  (1889).  'The  Carpenter's 
Son'  (1889),  'Truth  in  Roimance,'  and  'American  Baptist  Missions  in 
Africa.'  He  died  in  1902.  Madison  University  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  D.D. 

TUPPER,  KERR  BOYCE.  Clergyman.  He  was  born  in  Wash- 
ington, Ga.,  February  2,  1854,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  H.  A.  Tupper,  re- 
ceived his  collegiate  education  at  Mercer  University,  Macon, 
Ga.,  and  married,  November  21,  187S,  Lucilla  Sloan,  of  Green- 
ville, S.  C.  He  became  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  of 
Philadelphia,  and  attained  success  on  the  lecture  platform,  his  most 
popular  subjects  being:  "Robert  Burns,"  "Shelley,"  "William  Ewart 
Gladstone,"  "Optimism  Versus  Pessimism,"  "Ideal  Manliness,"  "The 
Old  Book  from  God,"  and  "An  Evening  at  Home."  His  published 
works  include:  'English  Synonyms,'  'Popular  Treatise  on  Christian 
Baptism'  (1885),  'Robertson's  Living  Thoughts'  (1890),  'Seven  Great 
Lights'  (1892),  'Gladstone,  and  Other  Addresses'  (1898),  and  'Life  of 
Diaz.'  He  is  also  an  editorial  contributor  to  The  Baptist  Commonwealth. 
Mercer  University  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  and  Central  University, 
Iowa,  the  degree  of  D.D.    He  resides  in  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

TURNBULL,  ROBERT  JAMES,  political  writer,  was  born  in 
New  Smyrna,  Fla.,  in  1775,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C.,  June  15,  1833. 
He  was  educated  in  England  and,  on  his  return  home,  was  admitted  to 
the  Bar;  but  the  life  of  a  planter  was  more  attractive  to  him  than  the 
profession  of  law.  He  became  OKe  of  the  foremost  writers  of  the  day  on 
political  topics,  espoused  the  nullification  movement,  and  wrote  for  the 
Charleston  Mercury,  a  series  of  letters,  afterward  published  in  book  form 
under  the  title  of  'The  Crisis'  (1827-1832),  which  became  the  text-book  of 
the  nullifiers.  He  also  published  'The  Tribunal  of  Last  Resort'  (1830), 
besides  numerous  monographs  and  speeches.  Most  of  his  newspaper 
articles   were  written   over  the   signature  of   "Brutus." 

TURNER,  EDWARD.  -  Jurist.  He  was  born  in  Fairfax  County, 
Va.,  November  25,  1778,  and  died  in  Natchez,  Miss.,  May  23,  I860. 
For  many  years  he  was  an  occupant  of  the  Supreme  Bench  of  Mississippi 
and  became  chief  justice.  He  published  'Statutes  of  the  Mississippi  Terri- 
tory' (Natchez,  1816). 

TURNER,  FRANCIS  M.  He  wrote  a  'Life  of  John  Sevier'  (New 
York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1909). 

TURNER,  HENRY  M.,  bishop  of  the  African  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church,  was  born  at  Newberry,  S.C,  February  1,  1834.  For  years 
he  has  been  an  eminent  leader  of  his  race,  and  has  advocated  with  great 
warmth  the  return  of  his  people  to  Africa.  His  published  works  include : 
a  'Hymn  Book  of  the  A.M.E.  Church,'  a  'Catechism'  and  'Methodist 
Polity,'  besides  numerous  sermons.    He  resides  in  Atlanta,  Ga. 

TURNER,  THOMAS  SLOSS.  Poet.  He  was  born  in  Kentucky, 
in   1860,  but  afterward  removed  to  Texas.    He  wrote  'Life's  Brevity,' 

and  other  poems. 

TURNER,  WILLIAM  MASON.  Physician.  He  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1835,  but  for  the  practice  of  his  profession  settled  in  Philadel- 
phia. At  leisure  intervals  he  wrote  several  entertaining  works  of  fiction, 
among  them :  'Under  Bail,'  'The  Ruby  Ring,'  and  other  stories. 

TURNER,  WILLIAM  WILBERFORCE.  Author.  [Ga.].  Born 
in  1830.     He  wrote  'Jack  Hopeton.' 


444  ,    SOUTHERN   LITERATURE ,    ; 

TURRENTINE,  MARY  E.  ARRIKGTON,,  Mrs.  Writer.  She 
was  born  in  Arkansas, ,  hut  afterward  removed  to  Texas.  She  wrote  "To 
a  Mocking-Bird"  and  otHer  poerns,  besides   short  stories  and.  sketches. 

TUTHILL,  C.  L.  Residence  unknowri.  The  authOi"  of  'Virginia 
Dare;  or,  the  Colony  of  Roanoke.* 

TUTTLE,  JOSEPH  K.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman. ,  [Mq.]. 
He  published  a  series  of  lectures  entitled  'ExicA  Christus'  (1887). 

TUTTLE,  R.  M.  Poet.  [Texas].  Besides  'The  Mountain  Idyl: 
or,  the  White  Cliff  Souvenir'  (1889),  he  published  'Tuttle's  Poems'  (Dal- 
las, Texas,  William  Warlick,  1905),  a  voluminous  work  which  evinces 
wide  range  of.  thought.    ■ 

TUTWILER,  JULIA  STRUDWICK.  Educator  and  poet.  She 
was.bqrn  at  Tuscaloosa,  Ala.,  a,  daughter  of  Dr.  Henry  .Tutwiler,  who 
was  a  classmate  of  Edgar  AUan  Poe  at  the  University  of  Virginia.  For 
some  time  past,  she  has  been  president,  of  the  Alabama  Normal  College, 
at,  Liyingstpn.  It  was  due  largely  to  her  efforts  that  the  University  of 
Alabama,  vfas  opened  to  the  girls  of  the  State ;  g-nd  the  trustees  of  the  ; 
institution  have  named  the  Woman's  Annex  in  her  honor.  She  has  long 
been  an  ardent,  advocate  of  [prison  reform.  At  the  Paris  Exposition,  in 
1878,  she  represented  The  International  Journal  of  Education.  Besides 
numerous  contributions  to  the  periodicals,  she  is  the  author  of  some  fine 
soHgs,  among  them :  "Alabama,"  "The  Dixie  Now,"  "The  Southern  Yankee 
Doodle,"  and  "Duty,"  all  of  which  are  used  in  the  public  schools  of 
Alabama.    The  last  of  the  four  was  composed  for  the  Lee  Centennial. 

"TWAIN,  MARK."     See   Clemens,  Samuel  Langhorne. 

TYDINGS,  RICHARD.  Clergyman.  He  was  born  in  Anne  Arun- 
del County,  Md.,  June  16,  1783j  and  died  in  Bullitt  County,  Ky.,  October 
3,  1865.  He  joined  the  Baltimore  conference  of  the  Methodist  Church, 
but  labored  with  success  in  many  ■  fields  and  wrote  a  work  entitled 
'Apostolic  Succession'  (Louisville,  1844). 

TYLER,  JOHN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  XII, 
page  5539. 

TYLER,  LYON  GARDNER.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Charles 
City,  Va.,  in  1853,  a  son  of  John  Tyler,  the  tenth  President  of  the 
United  States',  graduated  from  the  Univfersity' of  Virginia,  and  married, 
November  14,  1878,  Annie  B.  Tucker.  He  practiced  law  in  Richmond,  Va., 
for  several  years,  but  relinquished  the  legal  profession  ip;  1888  to  become 
president  of  historiq  old  William  and  Mary  College.  Among  his  pub- 
lished works  are :  'The  Letters  and  Times  of  the  Tylers,'  'Parties  and 
Patronage  in  the  United  States'  (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons),  and 
'The  Cradle  of  the  Republic'  (1900).  He  isalso  the  author  of  numerous 
addresses  and  articles,  includjng  "The  Contribution  of  William  and  Mary 
College  to  the  Making  of  the  Union."  He  is  editor  and  proprietor  of  the 
William  and  Mary  College  Quarterly  Masadne  and  ^editor  of  'Narratives 
of  Early  Virginia,  1606-1625'  (New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons). 
Trinity  College,  N.C.,  gave  him  the  degree  of  LLD.  He  resides  in 
Williamsburg,  Va. 

TYLER,  ODETTE  (Elizabeth  Lee  Kirkland).  Au*or  snd  actress. 
She  wrote  'Bass;  a  Story  of  Virginia  Life.' 

TYLER,  ROBERT.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in  New  Kent  Cqunt^, 
Va.,  in  1818  and  died  in  Montgomery,  Ala.,  iDecember  3,  1877.    He  was 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       445 

a  son  of  John  Tyler,  president  of  the  United  States,  by  his  first  'wife, 
Letitia  Christian.  After  graduating  from  William  and  Mary  College,  he 
studied  law,  and  practiced  his  profession  for  several  years' in  Philadelphia. 
At  the  beginning  of  hostilities  he  returned  to  Virginia  and  espoused  the 
Confederate  cause.  Later  he  edited  the  Montgomery  Mail  and  Advrtiser. 
He  published  "Ahasuerus,"  a  poem  based  on  the  legend  of  "The  Wandering 
Jew"  (New  York,  1842),  'Death;  or,  Medora's  Dream'  (1843),  and- two 
open  letters,  "Is  Virginia  a  Repudiating  State?"  and  "The  States'  Guar- 
antee" (Richmond,  1858). 

TYLER,  SAMUEL.  Author.  He  was  born  in  Prince  George 
County,  Md.,  October  22,  1809,  and  died  in  Georgetown,  D.C.,  Decenjber 
IS,  1878.  For  several  years  he  was  professor  of  law  in  Columbian  College. 
The  cast  of  his  mind  was  metaphysical,  and  he  contributed  nurnerous 
articles  to  magazines  and  reviews  on  reflective  topics.  One  of  his',pa,rliest 
productions  was  'The  Baconian  Philosophy"  (Baltimore,  1844).  It.  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  Sir  William  Hamilton,  who  praised  it  in  the  most 
cordial  terms  and  became  the  author's  fast  friend.  Other  volumes  fol- 
lowed, among  them:  'Robert  Burns  as  a  Poet  and  as  a  Man'  (New  York, 
1848),  'The  Progress  of  Philosophy  in  the  Past  and  in  the  Future'  (Phila- 
delphia, 1858),  and  a  'Memoir  of  Roger  Brooke  Tane/  (Baltimore,  1872). 
The  College  of  South  Carolina  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

TYNG,  DUDLEY  ATKINS.  Clergyman.  He  was  born  in  Prince 
George  County,  Md.,  January  12,  1825,  and  died  near  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
April  19,  1858.  After  studying  at  Alexandria,  Va.,  he  was  admitted  to- 
orders  and  became  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Epiphany  in  Philadelphia. 
He  published  'Vital  Truth  and  Deadly  Error'  (Philadelphia,  1852),  'Chil- 
dren of  the  Kingdom'  (1850),  and  'Our  Country's  Troubles'  (1857).  He 
died  from  an  accident  and  his  memoir  was  written  by  his  father.  Dr. 
Stephen  H.  Tyng. 

TYSON,  PHILIP  THOMAS.  Chemist.  He  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  June  23,  1799,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  December  16,  1877. 
When,  the  gold  fever  broke  out,  in  1849,  he  went  to  California  and  made 
numerous  geological  researches  which  he  embodied  in  an  important  work 
entitled :  'The  Geology  and  Industrial  Resources  of  California'  (Baltimore, 
1851).  Later  he  became  State  agricultural  chemist  of  Maryland,  published 
two  volumes  of  reports,  and  became  the  first  president  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences. 

ULLOA,  ANTONIO  DE.  First  Spanish  governor  of  Louisiana. 
He  was  born  in  Seville,  Spain,  January  12,  1716,  and  died  on  the  Island  of 
Leon,  July  3,  1795.  He  was  sent  to  the  Azores  under  sealed  orders  to 
take  command,  at  Havana,  of  an  expedition  for  the  reconquest  of  Florida, 
but  intent  upon  his  scientific  observations,  he  neglected  to  read  his  instruc- 
tions and  returned  to  Cadiz  after  cruising  for  two  months.  He  was  tried 
by  a  court-martial,  but  acquitted.  He  published,  in  five  volumes,  'Relacion 
Historica  del  Viaje  a  la  America  Meridianal  y  Observaciones  Sobre  As- 
tronomia  y  Fisica'  (Madrid,  1748,  French  and  English  translations),  besides 
minor  works. 

"UNCLE  REMUS"  (See  Joel  Chandler  Harris). 

UNDERWOOD,  J.  L.  Baptist  clergyman.  He  received  his 
master  of  arts  degree  from  Mercer  University,  at  Macon,  Ga.,  was  both 
a  captain  and  a  chaplain  in  the  Confederate  Army,  and  wrote  an  excellent 
work  entitled  'The  Women  of  the  Confederacy  (New  York  and  Washmg- 
ton.  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1906),  to  which  the  mtroduction  was 
written  by  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Hawthorne,  D.D. 


446  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

UNDERWOOD,  JOSEPH  ROGERS.  Statesman.  He  was  born 
in  Goochland  County,  Va.,  October  24,  1791,  and  died  near  Bowling 
Green,  Ky.,  August  23,  1876.  At  an  early  age  he  removed  to  the  frontier 
belt,  studied  law,  took  part  in  the  military  operations  along  the  Canadian 
border  in  the  War  of  1812^  became  a  Member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky, 
a  judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  and  a  United  States  Senator. 

UPSHAW,  MARY  JANE  STITH.  Poet.  She  was  born  in  Ac- 
comac  County,  Va.,  April  7,  1828,  received  her  education  at  home,  and 
began  at  an  early  age  to  write  for  periodicals.  Under  the  pen-name  of 
"Fanny  Fielding,"  she  published  in  the  Home  Monthly,  a  paper  issued  in 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  an  interesting  historical  novel  entitled  "Confederate 
Notes."    She  became  the  wife  of  Josiah  R.  Sturgess  of  New  York. 

UPSHAW,  WILLIAM  DAVID.  Editor  and  lecturer.  He  was 
born  in  Coweta  County,  Ga.,  October  IS,  1866.  On  account  of  injuries 
received  in  early  boyhood,  his  educational  advantages  were  curtailed,  but 
the  discipline  of  affliction  was  the  best  of  teachers.  He  began  his  literary 
career  by  contributing  to  the  Sunny  South,  and  eventually  published 
'Earnest  Willie;  or.  Echoes  from  a  Recluse'  (Atlanta,  The  Franklin- 
Turner  Company,  1898),  a  work  which  passed  into  several  editions.  He 
is  the  founder  and  editor  of  the  Golden  Age,  has  won  success  on  the 
lecture  platform,  and  is  an  eloquent  advocate  of  prohibition.  He  mar- 
ried Margaret  Beverley  of  Thomasville,  Ga.,  in  1909. 

UPSHUR,  ABEL  PARKER,  statesman,  was  born  in  Northamp- 
ton, Va.,  June  17,  1790,  and  died  near  Washington,  D.C.,  February  28, 
1844.  For  several  years  he  practiced  law  in  Richmond,  after  which  he 
became  a  judge.  In  the  Cabinet  of  President  Tyler  he  was  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  until  the  resignation  of  Daniel  Webster,  when  he  became  Secre- 
tary of  State.  He  was  killed  by  the  bursting  of  a  gun  on  board  the 
United  States  schoolship  Princeton,  while  witnessing  some  experiments  in 
company  with  the  President.  Besides  a  number  of  essays  and  speeches, 
he  published  a  'Brief  Inquiry  into  the  True  Nature  and  Character  of  Our 
Federal  Government'  (Petersburg,  1840). 

VAIL,  THOMAS  HUBBARD.  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop.  He 
was  born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  October  21,  1812.  On  completing  his  educa- 
tion, he  was  admitted  to  orders  and  became  rector  of  several  important 
parishes  in  the  North.  In  1863  he  went  to  Iowa,  and  one  year  later  was 
consecrated  the  first  bishop  of  Kansas.  He  published  'The  Comprehensive 
Church'  (New  York,  1841),  and  'Hannah,'  a  sacred  drama  (Boston,  1839). 
He  received  the  degrees  of  D.D.  and  LLD. 

VALENTINE,  MILTON.  Theologian.  He  was  born  near  Union- 
town,  Md.,  January  1,  1825.  He  became  an  eminent  Lutheran  educator 
and  divine,  was  for  twenty  years  president  of  Pennsylvania  College,  edited 
The  Lutheran  Quarterly  Review,  and  published  'Natural  Theology  and 
Rational  Theism'  (Chicago,  1885).  He  received  the  degrees  of  D.D. 
and  LL.D. 

VANCE,  JAMES  ISAAC.  Clergyman.  He  was  born  in  Arcadia, 
Tenn.,  September  25,  1862,  the  son  of  Charles  Robertson  and 
Margaret  Newland  Vance,  graduated  at  King  College,  Tenn.,  and  at  the 
Union  Theological  Seminary,  Va.,  and  married,  December  22,  1886,  Mamie 
Stiles  Carroll.  He  has  held  important  Presbyterian  pastorates  in  Nash- 
ville and  Chicago,  and,  in  1900,  became  pastor  of  the  North  Reformed 
Church,  of  Newark,  N.J.  He  is  also  an  eloquent  platform  speaker.  His 
writings  include:  'Young  Man  Four-square'  (1894),  'Church  Portals' 
(1895),  'The  College  of  Anostles'  (1896),  'Predestination'  (a  pamphlet, 
1898),  'Royal  Manhood'  (1899),  'The  Rise  of  a  Soul,'  'Simplicity  in  Life,' 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OP   AUTHORS       447 

'A  Young  Man's  Make-up,'  and  numerous  contributions  to  magazines  and 
reviews.  King  and  Hampden-Sidney  colleges  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 
He  resides  in  Newark,  N.J. 

VANCE,  JOSEPH  ANDERSON.  Clergyman.  He  was  born 
in  Sullivan  County,  Tenn.,  November  17,  1864,  the  son  of  Charles 
Robertson  and  Margaret  Newland  Vance,  and  was  educated  at  King 
College,  Tenn.,  and  at  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Va.  After 
filling  pulpits  in  Louisville  and  Baltimore,  he  was  called  to  the  Hyde 
Park  Presbyterian  Church  in  Chicago.  He  married,  January  15,  1890, 
Mary  B.  Forman.  Among  his  published  works  are:  'The  Westminster 
Assembly  and  Its  Confession  for  God,'  'Home,'  'Religion  and  Money,' 
'American  Problems,'  and  'The  True  and  the  False  in  Christian 
Science.'     He  resides  in  Chicago,  111.,  and  holds  the  degree  of  D.D. 

VANCE,  ROBERT  B.  Soldier,  Congressman,  poet.  He  was 
bom  in  Buncombe  County,  N.C.,  April  28,  1828.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
vrar  he  was  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits.  He  enlisted  in  the  Confed- 
erate Army,  attained  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  and  made  an  excellent 
record  of  soldiership.  After  the  war  he  served  several  terms  in  Congress. 
Besides  political  speeches  and  occasional  addresses,  he  published  a  volume 
of  verse  entitled  'Heart  Throbs  from  the  Mountains'  (Nashville,  The 
M.E.  Publishing  House,  South,  1887). 

VANCE,  SALLY  ADA  REEDY,  Mrs.  Poet.  She  was  born  in 
Mississippi,  but  afterward  removed  first  to  Kentucky  and  then  to  Arkansas. 
She  published  numerous-  poems,  including  "The  Sisters." 

VANCE,  ZEBULON  BAIRD.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XII,  page  SSS5. 

VAN  EPPS,  HOWARD.  Lawyer,  jurist  and  author  of  legal  text- 
books. He  was  born  in  Eufaula,  Ala.,  December  21,  1847,  and  died  in 
Florida,  December  25,  1909.  On  completing  his  studies  at  the  University  of 
Georgia,  he  settled  in  Atlanta  for  the  practice  of  law,  achieved  distinc- 
tion at  the  Bar,  and  became  judge  of  the  City  Court.  He  was  the 
author  of  numerous  law-books,  including  an  'Index  Digest  of  Georgia 
Reports,  Vols.  1  to  100,'  compiled  in  association  with  John  W.  Akin 
(1899),  an  'Index  Digest  of  Georgia  Reports,  Vols.  100  to  120'  (1905), 
an  'Index  Digest  of  Georgia  Reports,  Vols.  120  to  130,'  'Georgia  Supreme 
Court  and  Georgia  Court  of  Appeals,  Vols.  I  and  II'  (1909),  'Van  Epps's 
Code  Supplement'  (1901),  'Van  Epps's  Georgia  Form  Book'  (1907),  'Van 
Epps's  Georgia  Reports,  Annotated,  Vols.  1  to  33,  with  Supplement,'  and 
'Georgia  Decisions,  Van  Epps's  Annotations,'  Vol.  I  containing  the  "Charl- 
ton Reports"  and  Vol.  II,  the  "Dudley  Reports."  Judgd  Van  Epps  was 
also  an  orator  of  rare  accomplishments,  and  extracts  from  some  of  his 
literary  addresses  have  been  preserved  in  Knight's  'Reminiscences  of 
Famous  Georgians,'  Vol.  I.  He  married,  February  l!2,  1873,  Minnie  C. 
Thomas. 

VAN  NOPPEN,  LEONARD  CHARLES.  Editor,  author,  lec- 
turer. He  was  born  in  Holland,  January  8,  1868,  but  at  the  age  of  six 
was  brought  by  his  parents  to  the  United  States.  After  completing  his 
education,  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  of  North  Carolina,  but  his  love 
of  literature  proved  stronger  than  his  allegiance  to  Blackstone.  He 
spent  some  time  abroad,  specialized  in  the  study  of  Dutch  literature, 
on  which  subject  he  has  delivered  lecture  courses  at  various  institu- 
tions, including  Columbia  and_  Princeton  universities,  and  translated 
into  English  verse  Vondel's  'Lucifer,'  besides  also  translating  other  works 
by  the  same  author.  Dr.  Van  Noppen  has  contributed  poems  and  critiques 
to   magazines,   and  has   rendered   important   service   to  literature   by  his 


448  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

splendid  lecture  work.  As  a  writer  of  prose  he  is  both  logical  and  lurni- 
nous;  as  a  poet  he  is  governed  by  high  literary  ideals.  He  married, 
September  28,  1902,  Adah  Maud  Stanton  Becker  of  Jamestown,  N.Y. 

VARDAMAN,  JAMES  KIMBLE,  ex-governor,  editor,  and  law- 
yer, was  born  in  Jackson  County,  Texas,  July  26,  1861,  but  in  early 
boyhood  was  taken  by  his  parents  to  Mississippi,  where  he  studied 
law,  and  was  in  due  time  admitted  to  ,the  Bar.  He  also  became  an 
active  factor  in  journalism,  and,  after  editing  various  papers,  founded 
in  1906  The  Commonwealth.  £)uring  the  Spanish-American  War  he 
went  to  the  front  and  served  in  the  Cuban  campaign.  Both  in  1892 
and  in  1896  he  was  an  elector  on  the  National  Democratic  ticket;  and 
from  1904  to  1908  he  filled  the  office  of  governor  of  Mississippi.  He 
is  an  uncompromising  advocate  of  the  repeal  of  the  constitutional 
amendments  which  confer  the  rights  and  privileges  of  citizenship 
upon  the  negro.  On  the  lecture  platform  Governor  Vardaman  has  become 
quite  a  favorite  because  of  his  radical  views  and  his  rare  oratorical  gifts. 

VASCONCELLOS,  ANDRES  DE.  Portuguese  navigator.  During 
the  early  part  of  the  Sixteenth  Century  he  accompanied  Hernando  de 
Soto  to  Florida  and  commanded  the  Buena  Fortuna.  As  the  result  of  his 
explorations  along  the  coast  lines,  he  published  ^^Rela^ao  da  Viajem 
do  Almirante  Dom  Hernando  de  Soto,  Descripgao  da  Provincia  da 
Florida,'  which  was  translated  into  Spanish  (Seville,  154S),  and  also  into 
French  (Paris,  1685),  because  of  the  important  information  which  it 
gave  of  "the  Land  of  Flowers." 

VASS,  LACHLAN  GUMMING.  Presbyterian  clergyman.  [N.C.]. 
Born,  iru  1831.  He  wrote  an  interesting  'History  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  New  Bern,  N.C. 

VAUGHAN,  GEORGE  TULLY.  Surgeon.  He  was  born  in 
Arrington,  Va.,  June  27,  18S9.  For  more  than  twenty  years  he  has  been 
surgeon  in  the  United  States  Marine  Hospital,  in  Washington,  D.C. 
During  the  Spanish-American  War  he  was  brigade  surgeon  in  the  Seventh 
Corps.  Besides  medical  papers  on  various  subjects,  he  has  published  'The 
Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery*  (New  York  and  Washington,  The 
Neale  Publishing  Company,  1901). 

VEGA,  GARCILASSO  DE  LA.  Spanish  historian.  He  pub- 
lished an  interesting  work  entitled  'La  Florida  del  Inca,  Historia  del 
Adelantado  de  Soto'  (Lisbon,  1605). 

VELASQUEZ,  LORETTA  JANETA,  Madame.  Heroine.  She 
was  born  in  Havana,  Cuba,  June  26,  1842.  Her  girlhood  days  were  spent 
in  Texas.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  she  donned  male  attire, 
adopted  the  name  of  Harry  T.  Buford,  and  entered  the  Confederate  ranks. 
The  narrative  of  her  adventures  is  told  in  'The  Woman  in  Battle'  (Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  T.  Bellknap,  1876). 

VELTHUSEN,  JOHANN  CASPER.  Clergyman.  [N.C.].  He 
published  in  German  four  interesting  reports  entitled  'News  of  the  Church 
in  North  Carolina'  (1786-1792). 

VENABLE,  CHARLES  SCOTT.  Mathematician.  He  was  born 
in  Prince  Edward  County,  Va.,  April  19,  1827.  After  graduating  from 
Hampden- Sidney  College,  he  studied  abroad  and,  on  his  return  to  America, 
held  professorships  in  various  institutions.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was 
an  aide-de-camp  on  the  staff  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee  At  the  close  of 
hostilities  he  became  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  University  of  Vir- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       449 

ginia  and  published  a  series  of  mathematical  text-books.    The  University 
of  Virginia  made  him  an  LL.D. 

VENABLE,  FRANCIS  PRESTON.  Educator  and  author.  He 
was  born  in  Prince  Edward  County,  Va.,  November  17,  18S6,  the 
son  of  Charles  Scott  and  Cantey  McDowell  Venable.  He  received 
the  best  educational  advantages,  supplemented  by  post-graduate  studies 
at  Gottingen,  and  married,  November  3,  1884,  Sallie  Charlton  Manning. 
He  was  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina, from  1880  to  1900,  and  became  its  president  in  1900.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  of  the  American,  German,  and 
London  Chemical  Societies,  and  of  various  other  scientific  organiza- 
tions. He  was  chosen  president  of  the  American  Chemical  Society 
in  1905.  His  researches  and  experiments  have  been  of  the  greatest 
scientific  value  and  his  publications  include:  'Qualitative  Chemical 
Analysis'  (1883),  'History  of  Chemistry'  (New  York,  D.  C.  Heath  and 
Company,  1893),  'Development  of  Periodic  Law'  (1896),  'Inorganic 
Chemistry  According  to  Periodic  Law'  (1898),  and  'Study  of  the  Atom.' 
He  resides  at  Chapel  Hill,  N.C.,  and  is  one  of  the  consulting  editors 
of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  His  degrees  are  Ph.D.,  ScD. 
and  LL.D. 

VILLENEUFUE,  LE  BLANC  DE.  Dramatist.  [La.].  He 
wrote  in  French  a  tragedy  entitled  'Poncha  Houma'  (New  Orleans,  1814). 

VILLIERS  DU  TERRACE,  BARON  M.  DE.  Author.  [La.]. 
He  wrote  in  French  an  interesting  work  entitled  'Les  Demieres  Annees 
de  la  Louisiane  Frangaise'  (1903). 

VERNER,  SAMUEL  PHILLIPS.  Explorer.  He  was  born  in 
South  Carolina  in  1863.  After  graduating  from  the  University  of  South 
Carolina,  he  taught  for  several  years  at  Stillman  Institute,  Tuscaloosa, 
Ala.,  became  interested  in  the  subject  of  African  exjploration,  made  an 
expedition  to  Central  Africa,  which  was  so  productive  of  results  that 
others  followed.  His  discoveries  have  been  numerous  and  have  brought 
him  into  wide  recognition.  Besides  contributing  to  magazines  and  periodi- 
cals, he  has  published  'Pioneering  in  Africa,'  'The  Cape  to  Cairo  Railway,' 
'The  Baluba  Language,'  and  'The  Pigmies.' 

.VEST,  GEORGE  GRAHAM.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XII,  page  5575. 

VIEL,  iriENNE  BERNARD  ALEXANDRE.  Clergyman.  He 
was  bom  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  October  31,  1736,  and  died  in  France,  at 
the  College  of  Juilly,  December  16,  1821.  For  many  years  he  labored  at 
Attapakas,  La.,  in  the  ranks  of  the  Jesuits.  He  was  gifted  both  as  a  poet 
and  as  a  linguist ;  translated  into  Latin  verse  Fenelon's  'Telemaque,'  and 
into. French  the  'Ars  Poetica'  of  Horace,  and  several  of  the  'Odes';  and 
also  published  'Miscellanea  Latino-Gallica'  (1816). 

VIGNAUD,  JEAN  HENRL  Author.  He  was  born  in  New  Or- 
leans, La.,  of  an  old  Creole  family,  November  27,  1830.  For  several  years 
he  engaged  successfully  in  journalism  and  established  a  number  of  papers. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  was  a  captain  in  the  Confederate  Army  until 
captured  in  New  Orleans,  and,  on  being  released,  he  was  appointed  assist- 
ant secretary  of  the  Confederate  diplomatic  commission  in  Paris.  After 
the  struggle  he  was  sent  upon  numerous  errands  abroad  by  the  United 
States  Government.  Besides  contributing  to  various  periodicals,  he  pub- 
lished 'L'Anthropologie'  (1861),  a  'History  of  the  Formation  of  the  Ameri- 
can Union,'  and  a  'History  of  the  Discovery  and  Occupation  of  the 
Territory  of  the  United  States.' 


450  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

VIGNE,  CHARLES  DE  LA.  Soldier.  He  was  born  in  Southern 
France  about  1530,  and  died  at  Fort  Caroline,  Fla.,  September  20,  1S6S. 
While  chief  of  the  night  watch  in  charge  of  the  fort,  he  was  surprised 
and  killed  by  the  Spaniards.  He  wrote  an  interesting  account  of  the 
founding  of  the  French  colony  in  Florida  (Paris,  1565). 

VIGNOLES,  CHARLES.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  a  'His- 
tory of  the   Floridas'   (1824). 

VINCENT,  JOHN  HEYL.  Bishop  of  the  M.E.  Church  and 
chancellor  of  the  Chautauqua  system.  He  was  born  in  Tuscaloosa,  Ala., 
February  23,  1832.  At  eighteen  he  began  to  preach.  After  holding  nu- 
merous pastorates  he  was  ordained  bishop  in  1888.  He  originated  the 
famous  Chautauqua  movement,  edited,  for  many  years,  the  Sunday-school 
publications  of  his  denomination,  and  published  'Little  Footprints  in  Bible 
Lands,'  'The  Chautauqua  Movements,'  'Earthly  Footsteps  of  the  Man  of 
Galilee,'  'The  Modern  Sunday-school,'  'Better  Not,'  'Outline  History  of 
Greece,'  'Outline  History  of  England,'  'Our  Own  Church,'  and  several  other 
works.     He  holds  various  degrees,  including  D.D.,  S.T.D.,  and  LL.D. 

VOORHIES,  FELIX.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  'Blanche  Du- 
vart:  a  Louisiana  Romance'  (1876). 

WADDEL,  JAMES.  Clergyman.  He  was  born  in  Newry,  Ire- 
land, in  1739,  and  died  in  Louisa  County,  Va.,  September  17,  1805.  Before 
his  death  he  ordered  that  his  manuscripts  be  burned,  but  tradition  speaks 
with  one  voice  to  the  effect  that  he  was  the  ablest  Presbyterian  divine 
and  the  foremost  pulpit  orator  of  his  day  in  Virginia.  "Under  his 
preaching,"  says  William  Wirt,  "audiences  were  irresistibly  and  simulta- 
neously moved,  like  the  wind-shaken  forest."  Patrick  Henry  classed  him 
with  Samuel  Davies  as  one  of  the  two  greatest  orators  to  whom  he  ever 
listened.  One  of  his  daughters  married  Dr.  Archibald  Alexander  of 
Princeton;  and  his  memoir  was  written  by  the  Rev.  James  W.  Alexander, 
D.D. 

WADDELL,  ALFRED  MOORE,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Hillsboro, 
N.C.,  September  16,  1834.  After  graduating, from  the  University  of  North 
Carolina,  he  studied  law,  became  clerk  of  the  Court  of  Equity,  and  edited 
the  Wilmington  Herald.  During  the  Civil  War  he  served  in  the  Confed- 
erate Army  and  attained  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.  From  1871  to 
1879  he  represented  his  district  in  Congress,  published  two  interesting 
volumes  entitled :  'A  Colonial  Officer  and  His  Times'  (Raleigh,  Edwards 
and  Broughton,  1891),  'Some  Memories  of  My  Life'  {ibid.,  1908),  and  is 
now  engaged  uoon  a  'History  of  New  Hanover  County,  N.C  He  holds 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  The  sketch  of  Maurice  Moore  in  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen. 

WADDELL,  JAMES  D.  Lawyer.  [Ga.].  During  the  Civil  War 
he  was  a  colonel  in  the  Confederate  Army.  He  published  a  'Life  of 
Linton  Stephens'  (1877). 

WADDELL,  JOHN  NEWTON,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Willington,  S.C,  April  2,  1812.  After  graduating  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Georgia,  he  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and 
achieved  eminence  in  the  educational  world.  For  several  years  he  was 
chancellor  of  the  University  of  Mississippi  and  afterward  chancellor  of 
the  Southwestern  Presbyterian  University,  at  Clarksville,  Tenn.,  where 
he  died  at  an  advanced  age.  He  published  'Memorials  of  an  Academic 
Life,'  giving  an  interesting  account  of  the  Waddells.  The  University  of 
Nashville  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  and  the  University  of  Georgia,  the 
degree  of  LL.D. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       451 

WADDELL,  JOSEPH  ADDISON.  [Va.].  He  published  "An- 
nals of  Augusta   County,  Va.,"  and   other  historical   papers. 

WADDELL,  MOSES  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in 
Rowan  County,  N.C.,  July  29,  1770,  and  died  in  Athens,  Ga.,  July  21  1840 
He  was  a  landmark  of  Presbyterianfsm  in  the  South.  At  Willington' 
,^,v9,'.  ^^  T*?"^^*  ^^^  "^^y  y^^'"S  ^  select  school,  and  John  C.  Calhoun! 
William  H.  Crawford,  Hugh  S.  Legare  and  James  L.  Pettigru  were  among 
his  pupils.  He  afterward  became  president- of  the  University  of  Georgia 
and  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  of  Athens.  In  addition  to 
numerous  sermons  and  addresses,  he  published  'Memoirs  of  Miss  Cather- 
ine Elizabeth  Smelt'  (Augusta,  1819).  The  College  of  South  Carolina 
made  him  a  D.D. 

WADDELL,  WILLIAM  HENRY.  Editor.  For  years  he  was 
professor  of  ancient  languages  at  the  University  of  Georgia.  He  was  a 
son  of  Professor  James  P.  Waddell,  and  a  grandson  of  Dr.  Moses  Wad- 
dell,  both  eminent  educators.  He  published  a  'Greek  Grammar  for  Be- 
ginners,' and  a  number  of  poems,  including  one  entitled  "Regret,"  which 
Dr.  A.  A.  Lipscomb  pronounced  a  masterpiece.  He  died  in  Milford  Va 
in  1878. 

WADDILL,  E.  M.  Poet.  [N.C.].  He  wrote  "The  Song  of  the 
Soldier's  Home,"  an  extended  poem  (Raleigh,  Edwards  and  Broughton 
1895). 

WAGSTAFF,  HENRY  McGILBERT,  educator,  was  born  in 
Roxboro,  N.C,  January  27,  1876.  Besides  a  number  of  historical  mono- 
graphs, he  has  published  'State  Rights  and  Political  Parties  in  North 
Carolina,  1776-1860'  (Baltimore,  The  Johns  Hopkins  Press,  1906).  He 
also  wrote  the  sketch  of  Francis  Lester  Hawks  for  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature.'  He  holds  the  chair  of  history  in  the  University 
of  North  Carolina.    Johns  Hopkins  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

WAKELEE,  KATE  C,  author,  was  born  in  Connecticut  but 
afterward  lived  in  Georgia  and  wrote  'The  Forest  City  Bride'  and  'India 
Morgan,'  besides  other  entertaining  stories. 

WALDO,  J.  CURTIS.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  'Mardi 
Gras:  a  Tale  of  Ante-Bellum.  Times'  (1871),  and  a  'Roll  of  Honor:  the 
Citizen  Soldiery  Who  Saved  Louisiana'   (New  Orleans,  1877). 

WALES,  PHILIP  SKINNER,  surgeon,  was  born  in  Annapolis, 
Md.,  February  27,  1837.  After  practicing  medicine  for  several  years  in 
Baltimore  and  Washington,  he  became  a  surgeon  in  the  United  States 
Navy,  and  published  'Mechanical  Therapeutics'  (Philadelphia,  1867),  and 
numerous  papers  on  scientific  topics. 

WALKEJ,  HENRY,  naval  officer,  was  born  in  Princess  Anne 
County,  Va.,  December  24,  1808.  At  an  early  age  he  removed  to  Ohio, 
but  afterward  entered  the  United  States  Navy  and  attained  the  rank  of 
rear-admiral.  He  published  'Naval  Scenes  in  the  Late  War'  (New  York, 
1877). 

WALKER,  ALEXANDER.  Lawyer  and  editor.  He  was  bom  in 
Alexandria,  Va.,  October  13,  1819.  Early  in  life  he  removed  to  New 
Orleans  and  became  an  active  force  in  journalism  while  engaged 
successfully  at  the  same  time  in  the  practice  of  law.  For  a  number 
of  years  he  edited  The  Picayune.  Later  he  shifted  his  residence  to 
Cincinnati  and  edited  The  Enquirer,  but  returned  to  New  Orleans  and 
became  Judge  of  the  City  Court.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Secession 
Convention  of  Louisiana  in  1861.     His  writings  include:  'The  Life  of 


452  ,,,      SOUTHERN  UTERATURE 

Andrew  Jackson,'  'Jackspn  and  Ngw.Orleans'  (1856),  'The  History  of 
the  Battle  of  Shiloh,'  and  'Butler  ait,  New  Orleans.'     For  elegance  of 
■  style  he  has  few  equals,  his  language  at  times  being  almost  rhythmic. 
He  died  in  New  Orleans,  January  24,   1893. 

WALKER,  CORNELIUS,- clergyman,  was  born  near  Richmond, 
Va.,  June  12,  1819.  On  completing  his  education  he  was  admitted  to 
orders,  became  rector  pf  Christ  Church,  Winchester,  Va.,  for  twelve  years, 
ancl  in  1866  9,ccepted  the  chair  of  Church  i  history  in  the  Theological  Semi- 
nary of  Virginia,  which  he  held  yptil  accepting  the  chair  of  divinity  and 
homiletics.  Besides  contributing  artiples  to,  reviews  and  magazines,  he 
published  a  'Biography  qf  the  Rev.  William  Duval'  (Richmond,  1854), 
'Life  and  Correspondence  of  the  Rev.  William  Sparrow,  D.D.,  Professor 
in  the  Theological  Seminary,  Va.'  (Philadelphia,  1876),  a  'Biography  of 
the  Rev.,  Charles  W.  Andrews,  -D.D.'  (1877),  and  -Sorrowing  Not  without 
Hope'  (New  York,  1887).  William  and  Mary  College  gave  him  the  degree 
of  P,D.  ;  '     ^      ' 

WA,LK;i:p,  JAMES,  MURDOCJC,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Charleston, 
S.C„  Jar(uary,J0,  1813,  and  died,  in  Charleston,  S.C,  September  18,  1854. 
After  graduating  from  South  Carolina  College,  he  studied  law,  attained 
high  rank  In  the  profession,  and  served  several  terms  in  the  Legislature. 
He  ,published  'The:  State  Versus  the  Bank  of  South  CSirolina'  (Charleston 
1836))  /An  Inquiry  Concerning  the  Use  and  Authority  of  Roman  Juris- 
prudence in  the  Law  Concerning  Real  Estate'  (1850),  'The  Theory  of 
Common  Law'  (1852),  and  a  tr.^LQt  qn  ,'Gov#rnnjpRt',C13,S3),, 

WALKER,  JEANIE  MORT.  AuthoV:  [New  Orleans,  La.]. 
The  Life  of  Captain  Joseph  Fry,  the  Cuban  Martyr'  (Hartford,  Conn., 
1875)  was  her  only'production.   

WALKER.,  NATHAN  WILSON.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
Currituck  County,  N.C.,  March  7,  187i.  He  holds  the  professorship  of 
secondary  education  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  Besides  mono- 
graphs and,. sketches  -contributed  to  various  periodicals^  he  wrote  'The 
Biographical  History  of  North  Carolina'  (Greensboro,  Charles  Van  Nop- 
pen),  a  'Hand-book  for  High  School  Teachers'  (1907),  and  the  memoir 
of  James  Johnston  Pettigrew  in  'The  Library  of^Southern  Ijter^ture.' 
He  .resides  at  Chapel  Hill,  N.C.    '  '   '     -      '      -"■^'' 

WALKER»  ,  ROBERT"  JOHN.  Statesman.  He  was  born  in 
Northumberland,  Pa.,  July  23,  1801,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C,  Novem- 
ber M,  !l869.  After  practicing  law  for  some  time  in' Pittsburg,  'Pa.,  he 
settled  in  Mississippi,  was  twice  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate,  supr 
ported  James  K.  Polk  for' President,' became  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
in  the  letter's  Cabinet,"  arid  wafe  also  governor  of  tCansas.  He  was  the 
author  of  numerous  political  essays  and'  speeches;'  and  in  1863  joined 
James  R.  Gilmore  in  the  conduct  of  the  Continental.  Monthly,  a  paper 
published  in  Washington,  D.C,  in  the  interest  of ,  eriiancipatiqn;  ~He  also 
represented  the  United  States  Government,  as  financial  agent  in  Europe,, 

_  WALKER,  WILLIAM,  an  American  adventurer,  was  'born 
in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1824  He  studied  both  law  and  medicine  and 
took  special  courses  of  study  at  Edinburgh  and  at  Heidelberg.  But 
the  spirit  of  adventure  caused  him  to  relinquish  both  professions,  and 
he  organized  anv  expedition,  which  was  partially  successful,  for  the 
conquest  of  the,  Mexican  State  o;f  Sonorn,  and  afterward  undertook, 
an  expedition  of^  like  character  atrainst  Nicaragua,  which  was  prose- 
cuted with  varying  fortunes  until  Seotember  22,  1860,  when  he  was' 
shot,  under  order  of  court, martial,  at  Truxillo:  Nothing  roitld  be  done 
by  the    United   States   Government  in  the  prisoner's  behalf  because  of 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       453 

his  violation  of  the  neutrality  laws.     He  was  the  author  of  a  volume 
entitled  'The  War  in  Nicaragua'  (New  York  and  Mobile,  1860). 

WALL,  HENRY.  Clergyman  and  poet.  In  a  vein  of  blended 
humor  and  satire  he  published  a  volume  on  'Fashion,'  which  suggests  the 
Ult  of  Butler's  'Hudibras'  (Richmond,  1870). 

WALL,  HENRY  CLAY.  [N.C.].  He  published  a  'Sketch  of 
the  Peedee  Guards'   (1876). 

WALL,  MARY  VIRGINIA.  Author.  [Va.].  She  wrote  an  in- 
teresting story  of  the  lost  colony  of  Roanoke,  entitled:  'The  Daughter 
of  Virginia  Dare'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Com- 
pany, 1908). 

WALLACE,  DAVID  DUNCAN.  Educator.  Dr.  Wallace  was 
born  in  Columbia,  S.C,  May  25,  1874.  For  several  years  past  he  has 
filled  the  chair  of  history  and  economics  in  Wofford  College,  his  alma 
mater.  Besides  a  thesis  on  "The  Constitutional  History  of  South  Caro- 
lina, 172S-177S,"  which  earned  for  him  the  Ph.D.  degree  at  Vanderbilt,  he 
has  published  'A  Chapter  of  South  Carolina  Constitutional  History'  (Nash- 
ville, 1900),  and  'The  Civil  Government  of  South  Carolina  and  the  United 
States'  (Dallas,  Texas,  The  Southern  Publishing  Company,  1906).  He 
is  at  present  engaged  upon  a  'Life  of  Henry  Laurens.' 

WALLACE,  JOHN  H.  Author.  [Ala.].  He  wrote  an  interest- 
ing work  entitled  'The   Senator  from  Alabama'    (1904). 

WALLACE,  WILLIAM  ROSS,  author,  was  born  in  Lexington, 
Ky.,  in  1819 ;  and,  after  receiving  his  education  in  Indiana,  he  moved  to 
New  York  for  the  practice  of  law.  But  he  found  the  muses  more  attrac- 
tive than  the  courts,  and  gave  his  time  almost  exclusively  to  literary  work. 
Besides  contributing  poems  and  sketches  to  the  periodicals,  he  published: 
'The  Battle  of  Tippecanoe'  (Cincinnati,  1837),  'Wordsworth'  (New  York, 
1846),  'Alban,  the  Pirate'  (New  York,  1848),  'The  Loved  and  the 
Lost,'  and  'Meditations  in  America,  and  Other  Poems'  (New  York,  1851). 
He  died  in  1881. 

WALLIS,  SEVERN  TEACKLE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XII,  page  SS93. 

WALSH,  ROBERT.  Journalist  and  author.  He  was  born  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1784,  and  died  in  Paris,  France,  February  7,  1859. 
He  edited  the  first  quarterly  review  ever  published  in  the  United  States. 
From  time  to  time  he  was  also  identified  with  other  representative  periodi- 
cals. During  the  last  six  years  of  his  life  he  was  United  States  Consul  in 
Paris.  His  .publications  include :  a  'Letter  on  the  Genius  and  Disposition 
of  the  French  Government'  (Philadelphia,  1810,  republished  in  England), 
'Correspondence  Respecting  Russia,'  with  Robert  Goodloe  Harper  (1813), 
an. 'Essay  on  the  Future  State  of  Europe'  (1813),  an  'Appeal  from  the 
Judgment  of  Great  Britain  Respecting  the  United  States'  (1819),  "The 
Museum  of  Foreign  Literature  and  Science'  (1822),  and  'Didactics:  Social, 
Literary  and  Political,'  in  two  volumes  (1836).  He  also  edited  several 
Works  and  wrote  numerous  essays  and  sketches. 

WALSH,  THOMAS  TRACY.  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman. 
[S.C.].  He  published  a  work  entitled  'Facts  and  Principles  Pertammg 
to  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.' 

WALSINGTON,  MARY,  author,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
about  183S,  but  was  taken  by  her  parents  in  infancy  to  New  Orleans, 
where  she  was  well  educated  and  became  a  writer  of  note,  contribut- 


454  SOUTHERN  LITERATURE 

ing  both  stories  and  poems  to  current  periodicals.  "The  Palmetto 
Swamp,"  a  war  tale,  is  her  best  known  prose  production,  while  her 
poetic  work  includes  "The  Old  Tomb,"  "Shot,"  and  other  favorites. 

WALTER,  THOMAS.  Botanist.  He  was  born  in  Hampshire, 
England,  in  174S,  and  died  near  Charleston,  S.C,  in  1800.  On  his  planta- 
tion in  St.  Stephen's  Parish  he  cultivated  most  of  the  specimens  which 
he  describes.    He  published  'Flora  Caroliniana'  (London,  1788). 

WALTON,  AUGUSTUS  Q.  Author,  of  Alabama.  He  wrote 
'The  History  of  the  Detection  and  Conviction  of  John  A.  Murel,  the 
Great  Western  Land  Pirate,'  which  appeared  in  1835. 

WALTON,  GEORGE.  Signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence. He  was  born  in  Frederick  County,  Va.,  in  1740,  and  died  in 
Augusta,  Ga.,  February  2,  1804.  By  the  light  of  pine-knots,  while  serving 
an  apprenticeship,  he  acquired  the  rudiments  of  an  education,  removed  to 
Georgia,  when  released  from  his  contract,  studied  law,  and  became  one  of 
the  most  zealous  champions  of  liberty  in  the  colonies.  He  served  in  the 
Continental  Congress,  signed  the  immortal  instrument  which  severed  the 
ties  of  allegiance  to  England,  commanded  a  regiment  in  the  field,  twice 
occupied  the  chair  of  governor,  received  an  election  to  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States,  became  chief  justice  of  the  State,  and  died  an  occupant 
of  the  Superior  Court  Bench.  Mr.  Walton  was  an  eloquerit  brand  in  kin- 
dling the  flames  of  revolution  in  Georgia,  a  thinker  of  original  and  inde- 
pendent cast  of  mind,  and  a  writer  of  superior  gifts.  At  the  time  of 
his  death,  he  was  preparing  a  history  of  Georgia.  He  married  the  daugh- 
ter of  an  English  nobleman. 

WALTON,  WILLIAM  CLAIBORNE.  Presbyterian  clergyman 
and  evangelist.  He  was  born  in  Hanover  County,  Va.,  November  4,  1793, 
and  died  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  February  18,  1834.  By  his  wonderful  powers 
as  a  revivalist,  it  is  said  that  he  brought  100,000  persons  into  the  Church 
communion.  He  published  only  one  volume  of  sermons,  besides  a  number 
of  separate  discourses  and  a  sketch  of  his  daughter,  Margaret  Ann. 
Joshua  N.  Danforth  wrote  his  biography  (New  York,  1837)  and  Mrs. 
Lydia  H.  Sigourney  dedicated  to  him  a  poem. 

WALTZ,  ELIZABETH  CHERRY.  Author.  [Ky.].  She  has 
published  a  number  of  charming  stories  of  Kentucky  life,  among  them: 
'Pa  Gladden,  the  Story  of  a  Common  Man'  (New  York,  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons,  1904),  and  'The  Ancient  Landmark.' 

WALWORTH,  JEANNETTE  H.  Author.  She  was  born  in 
Mississippi  in  1838,  but  afterward  removed  to  Louisiana.  She  published 
a  volume  of  sketches  entitled  'Southern  Silhouettes'  (1886),  'Stories  of 
a  Southern  County,'  'A  Little  Radical,'  'A  Splendid  Egotist,'  'That  Girl 
from  Texas,'  'On  the  Winning  Side,'  and  other  charming  works  of  fiction. 

WARD,  GEORGE.  An  ante-bellum  Florida  poet.  He  was  first 
major  ard  afterward  colonel,  and  was  the  author  of  some  excellent  verse, 
some  of  which  has  been  preserved  in  old  scrapbooks. 

WAftD,  LYDIA,  A.  C.  Poet.  [Va.].  She  was  born  in  1845.  At 
odd  mcments  she  has  written  both  poems  and  sketches,  and  has  published 
'Under  the  Pines,  and  Other  Verses.' 

WARD,  MATT  FLOURNOY.  Author.  He  was  born  in  Scott 
County,  Ky.,  May  19,  1806,  and  died  in  Helena,  Ark.,  September  30,  1862. 
Aft«r  completing  his  education,  he  engaged  in  cotton  planting  in  Arkansas ; 
but  he  also  devoted  some  time  and  thought  to  literature  and  published 
'Letters  from  Three  Continents'   (New  York,  1850),  and  'English  Items; 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       455 

or,  Microscopic  Views  of  England  and  Englishmen'  (1852).  He  was 
killed  before  his  house  by  a  Confederate  officer  who  mistook  him  for  a 
Federal  soldier. 

WARDEN,  ROBERT  BRUCE,  author,  was  born  in  Bardstown, 
Ky.,  January  18,  1824.  For  the  practice  of  law,  he  settled  in  Cincinpati, 
Ohio,  and  became  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State. 
He  wielded  an  industrious  pen  and  wrote  'A  Familiar  Forensic  View  of 
Man  and  Law'  (Columbus,  1859),  'A  Voter's  Version  of  the  Life  and 
Character  of  Stephen  Arnold  Douglas'  (1860),  'An  Account  of  the  Private 
Life  and  Public  Services  of  Salmon  Portland  Chase'  (Cincinnati,  1874), 
and  'A  View  of  Land  and  Life.'  He  also  published  several  volumes  of 
'Ohio  Reports.' 

WARDER,  GEORGE  WOODWARD.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in 
Richmond,  Mo.,  May  20,  1848,  the  son  of  Luther  Fairfax  and  Ellen 
Warder,  received  a  collegiate  education  and  married  Virginia  D. 
McWilliams.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  and  also  became  a  large  in- 
vestor in  Kansas  City  real  estate,  building  many  handsome  structures, 
among  them  the  Warder  Grand  Opera  House.  His  leisure  hours  have 
been  spent  in  scientific  studies  and  in  literary  diversions.  On  the  plat- 
form he  has  been  a  favorite.  His  principal  works  are:  'Poetic  Frag- 
ments,' 'Eden  Dell,  or  Love's  Wanderings,'  'Utopian  Dreams  and 
Lotus  Leaves,'  'After  Which,  All  Things'  (a  novel),  'The  New  Cos- 
mogony,' 'Invisible  Light,  or  the  'Electric  Theory  of  Creation,'  'The 
Conflict  Between  Man  and  Mammon,'  'The  Cities  of  the  Sun,'  'The 
Stairway  to  the  Stars,'  'The  Universe  a  Vast  Electric  Organization,' 
and  'Life  in  Celestial  Sun  Worlds.'    He  resides  in  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

WARE,  ELEANOR  PERCY.  Poet.  She  was  born  in  Missis- 
sippi, becoming  in  after  years  the  wife  of  Henry  Lee,  of  Virginia.  With 
her  sister,  Catherine  Anne  Ware,  who  afterward  became  Mrs.  Warfield, 
the  famous  novelist,  she  wrote  two  volumes  of  verse  which  were  quite 
successful :  'The  Wife  of  Leon,  and  Other  Poems,'  and  'The  Indian 
Chamber,  and  Other  Poems.'  She  died,  a  victim  of  yellow  fever,  in 
1849. 

WARE,  MARY,  poet,  was  born  in  Madisonville,  Tenn.,  in  1828. 
Her  father  was  George  Harris,  an  eminent  lawyer,  who  practiced  his 
profession  first  in  Tennessee  and  afterward  in  Alabama.  It  was  in 
the  latter  state  that  her  literary  gifts  first  found  expression;  and  for 
more  than  half  a  century  she  was  a  contributor  of  splendid  verse 
to  current  periodicals.  She  married  in  1863,  Horace  Ware,  a  native 
of  Massachusetts,  but  a  pioneer  in  the  development  of  the  South's 
iron  industries.  At  the  ripe  age  of  fourscore  years  Mrs.  Ware  still 
retains  her  intellectual  faculties  but  little  dimmed  by  time's  encroach- 
ments  and  resides   in   Birmingham,  Ala.,   on   "The   Highlands." 

WARE,  NATHANIEL  A.  Author.  He  was  born  in  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1789,  and  died  in  Galveston,  Texas,  in  1854.  For  several  years 
he  taught  school  in  South  Carolina,  where  he  also  studied  and  practiced 
law.  Later  he  removed  to  Natchez,  Miss.,  became  territorial  secretary, 
acquired  a  fortune  by  the  judicious  purchase  of  land,  and  specialized  in 
the  study  of  the  natural  sciences.  He  published  'Views  of  the  Federal 
Constitution,'  'Notes  on  Political  Economy'  (New  York,  1844),  and  a 
work  on  the  Pestalozzian  system  of  education.  He  was  the  father  of 
the  famous  novelist,  Catharine  Ann  Warfield. 

WARFIELD,  BENJAMIN  BRECKINRIDGE.  Eminent  theo- 
logian and  divine,  professor  of  didactic  and  polemic  theology  in 
the  Presbyterian  Seminary  at  Princeton,  New  Jersey.     He  was  born  in 


456  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

Lexington,  Ky.,  November  S,  1851,  the  son  of  William  Warfield  and 
Mary  Cabell  Breckinridge,  was  educated  at  Princeton  University  and  at 
Leipsic,  and  married,  August  3,  1876,  Anna  Pearce  Kinkead,  of  Lexington. 
From  1878  to  1887  Dr.  Warfield  was  professor  of  New  Testament 
language  and  literature  in  the  Western  Theological  Seminary  at  Alle- 
ghany, Pa.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  called  to  the  chair  which  he 
now  holds.  Besides  editing  The  Presbyterian  and  Reformed  Review 
and  The  Princeton  Review,  he  has  contributed  numerous  essays  and 
articles  on  doctrinal  themes  to  the  encyclopadias  and  religious  periodi- 
cals, and  has  also  published  the  following  works,  which  are  of  standard 
value  among  conservative  Presbyterians:  'The  Divine  Origin  of  the 
Bible'  (1881),  'Introduction  to  the  Textual  Criticism  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment' (1886),  'Inspiration'  (1886),  'St.  Augustine's  Anti-Pelagian 
Treatise'  (1887),  'The  Idea  of  Systematic  Theology'  (1888),  'On  the 
Revision  of  the  Confession  of  Faith'  (1890),  'The  Gospel  of  the  Incarna- 
tion' (1893),  'Two  Studies  in  the  History  of  Doctrine'  (1893),  'The 
Right  of  Systematic  Theology'  (1897),  'The  Significance  of  the  West- 
minster Standards'  (1898),  'Acts  and  Pastoral  Epistles'  (1902),  and 
'The  Power  of  God  Unto  Salvation,'  a  volume  of  sermons.  Dr.  War- 
field  lives  in  Princeton,  N.J.     His  degrees  are  D.D.  and  LL.D. 

WARFIELD,  CATHARINE  ANNE.  See  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Sketch,  Vol.  XII,  page  S617. 

WARFIELD,  ETHELBERT  DUDLEY.  Educator  and  divine, 
president  of  Lafayette  College,  at  Easton,  Pa.,  the  son  of  William 
Warfield  and  Mary  Cabell  Breckinridge.  He  was  educated  at  Prince- 
ton University,  Columbia  Law  School,  and  Oxford  University,  England. 
He  practiced  law  for  two  years  in  Lexington,  and  married,  first,  Sarah  Lacy 
Brooks,  and  second,  Eleanor  F.  Tilton.  He  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  in  1899  and  became  president  of  Lafayette 
College  in  1891.  His  published  works  include:  'The  Kentucky  Re- 
solutions of  1798,'  an  historical  study  (1887),  'At  the  Evening  Hour' 
(1898),  and  a  'Memoir  of  Joseph  Cabell  Breckinridge,  U.S.A.'  (1898). 
He  resides  at  Easton,  Pa.    His  degrees  are  D.D.  and  LL.D. 

WARING,  MALVINA  SARAH.  Author.  She  was  born  in  New- 
berry, S.C,  November  12,  1842,  a  daughter  of  John  Blair  and  Elizabeth 
Ann  Sheppard  Black.  She  graduated  from  Limestone  College  and  mar- 
ried, first,  William  Morena  Gist,  and  second,  Clark  Waring.  She  is  one 
of  the  foremost  women  of  the  State  in  all  patriotic  and  public  enterprises, 
and  has  frequently  represented  South  Carolina  on  the  great  industrial 
exposition  boards.  In  lecture  work  she  has  been  deservedly  popular.  Some 
of  her  poems  possess  unusual  merit,  and  in  short  stories  and  sketches  she 
has  done  some  excellent  work.  The  volumes  by  which  she  is  best  known 
are:  'The  Lion's  Share'  (1889),  and  'That  Sandhiller'  (Washington,  The 
Neale  Publishing  Company).    She  resides  in  Columbia,  S.C. 

WARNER,  BEVERLEY  ELLISON.  Clergyman  and  author. 
He  was  born  in  Jersey  City,  N.J.,  October  14,  1855.  After  completing 
his  education  he  was  admitted  to  orders  and  became  rector  of  Trinity 
Church  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  a  charge  which  he  has  ably  filled  for  thirty 
years.  His  writings  evince  an  exceptional  versatility  of  thought.  They 
include :  'Troubled  Waters,'  a  novel  ( Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Com- 
pany, 1885),  'English  History  in  Shakespeare's  Plays'  (New  York,  Long- 
mans, Green  and  Company,  1894),  'The  Facts  and  the  Faith'  (New  York, 
Thomas  Whitaker,  1897),  'The  Young  Man  in  Modern  Life'  (New  York, 
Dodd,  Mead  and  Company,  'The  Young  Woman  in  Modern  Life'  {ibid., 
1905),  and  'Famous  Introductions  to  Shakespeare's  Plays'  {ibid.,  1906). 
The  University  of  the  South  has  given  him  the  degree  of  D.D.,  and  Tulane 
University  the  degree  of  LL.D. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       457 

WARNER,  ZEBBDEE.  Clergyman.  He  was  born  in  Pendleton 
County,  Va.,  February  28,  1833,  entered  the  ministry  of  the  United 
Brethren  in  Christ,  taught  theology  for  several  years,  and  published  a 
number  of  books,  among  them:  'Christian  Baptism'  (Parkersburg,  W.Va., 
1864),  'Rise  and  Progress  of  the  United  Brethren'  (1865),  'Life  and  Times 
of  the  Rev.  Jacob  Bachtel'  (Dayton,  Ohio,  1867),  and  'The  Roman  Catholic 
not  a  True  Church'  (Parkersburg,  1868).  Otterbein  University  gave  Jiim 
the  degree  of  D.D. 

WARREN,  E.  W.  Baptist  clergyman.  [Ga.].  For  several  years 
he  was  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  of  Atlanta,  Ga.  He  wrote  a 
novel  entitled  'Nellie  Morton.' 

WARROCK,  JOHN.  Publisher.  He  was  born  in  1774  and  died 
in  1858  in  Richmond,  Va.,  where  he  published  annually  for  forty  years 
'Warroek's  Almanac.' 

WASHINGTON,  BOOKER  TALIAFERRO.  The  recognized 
leader  of  the  negro  race  in  the  United  States.  He  was  born  near 
Hale's  Ford,  Va.,  about  1859,  of  African  descent,  graduated  from  Hampton 
Institute,  Va.,  and  married  a  woman  of  his  own  race.  He  taught  at 
Hampton  Institute  until  called  to  take  charge  of  the  school  at  Tuskegee, 
Ala.,  in  1881.  From  an  obscure  beginning  this  school,  which  he  planned 
and  organized,  has  become  the  most  widely  known  and  the  most  hand- 
somely endowed  institution  in  the  world  for  the  education  of  the  negro 
race.  On  the  platform  an  effective  speaker,  and  on  the  printed  page  an 
effective  writer,  he  wields  an  immense  influence  and  possesses  the  confi- 
dence and  esteem  of  his  white  brethren  in  both  sections.  As  principal  of 
the  Tuskegee  Normal  and  Industrial  Institute,  he  eschews  offensive 
partisan  politics  and  commands  recognition  on  the  ground  of  meritorious 
service  and  of  high  character.  His  pubhshed  works  include :  'Sowing  and 
Reaping,'  'Up  from  Slavery"  (New  York,  Doubleday,  Page  and  Company), 
'Future  of  the  American  Negro'  (Boston,  Small,  Maynard  and  Com- 
pany), 'Character  Building'  (New  York,  Doubleday  Page  and  Com- 
pany), 'Story  of  My  Life  and  Work'  (ibid.),  'Working  With  Hands' 
(ibid.),  'Life  of  Fred.  Douglass'  (Philadelphia,  G.  W.  Jacobs),  and  'Tuske- 
gee and  Its  People,'  besides  numerous  platform  addresses.  He  resides  in 
Tuskegee,  Ala.,  and  holds  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

WASHINGTON.  BUSHROD.  Jurist.  He  was  born  in  West- 
moreland County,  Va.,  June  5,  1762,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Novem- 
ber 26,  1829.  He  was  the  son  of  John  Augustine  Washington,  a  younger 
brother  of  General  Washington.  For  more  than  thirty  years  he  was  an 
associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States;  and  on 
the  death  of  Martha  Washington  he  inherited  the  mansion  at  Mount 
Vernon,  with  four  hundred  acres.  He  published  'Reports  of  Cases  Argued 
and  Determined  in  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  Virginia'  (1798-1799,  two  vol- 
umes), and  'Reports  of  Cases  Determined  in  the  Circuit  Court  of  the 
United  States  for  the  Third  Circuit,'  edited  by  Richard  Peters  (1826-1829, 
four  volumes).  Horace  Binney  published  'The  Life  of  Bushrod  Washing- 
ton' (Philadelphia,  1858). 

WASHINGTON,  GEORGE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XIII,  page  5633. 

WASHINGTON,  JAMES  MADISON,  Mrs.  Author.  [La.]. 
She  published  some  charming  little  sketches  of  life  in  Louisiana  during 
war  times,  entitled:  'How  Beauty  Was  Saved,  and  Other  Memories  of 
the  Sixties'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company, 
1907). 


458  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

WASHINGTON,  LAURENCK  [Va.].  He  published  'A  Ro- 
mance.' 

WASHINGTON,  WILLIAM  A.  [Ky.].  He  published  a  work 
entitled  'Rural  Minstrelsy'   (1860). 

WATERHOUSE,  S.  Educator.  [Mo.].  He  published  'Resources 
of  Missouri'  (1867),  'The  Westward  Movement  of  Capital'  (1890),  and 
'St.  Louis,  the  Site  for  the  World's  Fair'  (1889). 

WATERS,  NICHOLAS  BAKER,  physician,  was  born  in  Mary- 
land in  1764  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1796.  He  published  an 
abridged  edition  of  a  'System  of  Surgery,'  by  Benjamin  Bell  of  Edinburgh 
(Philadelphia,  1791). 

WATERS,  PHILEMON  BERRY.  [S.C.].  He  published  a  vol- 
ume of  genealogical  data  entitled  'The  Waters  and  Kindred  Families' 
(1902). 

WATKINS,  EDGAR,  lawyer,  received  his  law  diploma  from  the 
University  of  Georgia  in  1889  and  settled  in  Texas,  where  he  became 
one  of  the  foremost  young  lawyers  of  the  State;  but  he  returned  to 
Georgia  in  1908,  locating  in  Atlanta,  where  he  has  since  resided.  He 
published  an  authoritative  work  entitled :  'Shippers  and  Carriers  of  Inter- 
state Freight'  (Chicago,  T.  H.  Flood  and  Company,  1909). 

WATKINS,  JOHN  ELFRETH,  civil  engineer,  was  born  in  Ben 
Lomond,  Va.,  May  17,  18S2.  For  several  years  past  he  has  been  superin- 
tendent and  curator  of  technological  collections  of  the  United  States 
National  Museum.  He  was  educated  at  Lafayette  College.  Several  vol- 
umes have  come  from  his  pen,  among  them :  'The  History  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad,  1846-1896,'  'The  Evolution  of  the  Railway  Passenger  Car' 
(New  York,  Harper  and  Brothers),  and  numerous  papers  on  engineering 
topics. 

WATKINS,  MAY  L.  Author.  [Ala.].  She  wrote  'My  Lady 
Primrose.' 

WATKINS,  MILDRED  CABELL.  Educator.     She  was  born  in 

Virginia  in  1860,  but  afterward  removed  to  North  Carolina.     Besides  a 

'Primer  of  American   Literature'    (1894),  she   published  numerous   short 
stories  of  rare  excellence. 

WATKINS,  SAMUEL,  soldier  and  planter,  was  born  in  Tennessee 
in  1838,  but  afterward  removed  to  Oklahoma.  He  published  in  a  semi- 
humorous  vein,  'Company  Aytch,  Maury  Grays,  of  the  First  Tennessee 
Regim.ent;  or,  a  Side-show  of  the  Big  Show'  (1882). 

WATKINS,  TOBIAS.  Physician.  He  was  born  in  Maryland  in 
1780  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  November  14,  1855.  During  the  War 
of  1812  he  was  a  surgeon  in  the  United  States  Army,  and  afterward  assist- 
ant surgeon-general.  With  his  brother-in-law,  Stephen  Simpson,  he  edited 
in  Philadelphia  'The  Portico,'  in  four  volumes  (1816-1820).  Besides 
contributing  to  periodicals,  he  translated  Xavier  Bichat's  'Physiological 
Researches  upon  Life  and  Death,'  and  Louis  de  Onis's  'Memoir  upon  the 
Negotiations  between  Spain  and  the  United  States,  which  led  to  the 
Treaty  of  1819'  (Bahimore,  1822). 

WATSON,  ANNAH  ROBERTSON,  Mrs.,  poet,  was  born  near 
Louisville,  Ky.,  but  became  in  after  years  a  resident  of  Memphis,  Tenn. 
Her  poem,  "Bereft,"  which  is  preserved  in  'Songs  of  the  South,'  betrays 
genuine  poetic  feeling.    She  also  wrote  essays  and  sketches. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        459 

WATSON,  ASA  _R.  Journalist  and  poet.  He  was  born  in  Virginia 
but  removed  to  Georgia  in  early  manhood  and  became  active  in  journalism, 
editing  various  papers.  He  also  wrote  occasional  verse.  One  of  his 
poems,  "Kin,"  is  preserved  in  'Songs  of  the  South.' 

WATSON,  HENRY  CLAY,  author,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
in  1831,  and  died  in  Sacramento,  Cal.,  July  10,  1869.  At  an  early  age  he 
settled  in  Philadelphia,  entered  journalism,  and  afterward  removed  to 
California.  He  published  several  delightful  volumes  of  adventure,  inclu- 
ding 'Camp-fires  of  the  Revolution'  (Philadelphia,  1851),  'Nights  in  a 
Block  House'  (1852),  'Old  Bell  of  Independence'  (1852),  'The  Yankee 
Teapot'  (1853),  'Lives  of  the  Presidents  of  the  United  States'  (Boston, 
(1853),  'Heroic  Women  of  History'  (Philadelphia,  1853),  'The  Ladies' 
Glee  Book'  (New  York,  1854),  'The  Masonic  Musical  Manual'  (1855),  and 
'Camp-fires  of  Napoleon'  (Philadelphia,  1856). 

WATSON,  THOMAS  E.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XIII,  page  5681. 

WATTERSON,  HENRY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XIII,  page  5707. 

WATTS.  WILLIAM  COURTNEY.  Author.  [Ky.].  He  wrote 
'Chronicles  of  a   Kentucky  Settlement'   (1897). 

WAUCHOPE,   GEORGE  ARMSTRONG.     Educator  and  editor. 

He  was  born  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry  at  Natural  Bridge,  Va.,  May  26, 
1862.  After  graduation  from  Washington  and  Lee  University,  he  prose- 
cuted his  studies  in  Berlin.  For  four  years  he  was  assistant  professor 
of  English  in  the  University  of  Missouri,  and  afterward,  for  two  years, 
professor  of  English  in  the  University  of  Iowa.  He  then  became  a 
graduate  student  at  Harvard.  Since  1898  he  has  filled  the  chair  of  Eng- 
lish at  the  University  of  South  Carolina,  a  position  to  which  he  has 
brought  the  resources  of  an  exceptional  equipment.  Among  men  of  letters 
Dr.  Wauchope  is  distinguished  for  his  ripe  scholarship  and  for  his  critical 
powers  of  analysis.  His  editorial  labors  have  borne  fruit  in  several 
works  of  standard  value,  including  De  Quincey's  'Confessions  of  an 
Opium-eater'  (Boston,  D.  C.  Heath  and  Company,  1898),  De  Quincey's 
'Revolt  of  the  Tartars'  {ibid.,  1897),  George  Eliot's  'Silas  Marner'  {ibid., 
1898),  Lamb's  'Selected  Essays,'  and  'Essays  of  Elia,'  two  volumes  (1903- 
1908),  Longfellow's  'Courtship  of  Miles  Standish,  and  Other  Poems' 
(1902),  Spenser's  'Faerie  Queene,'  Book  I  (New  York,  The  Macmillan 
Company),  and  Pope's  'Rape  of  the  Lock,  and  Other  Poems'  (in  press). 
He  has  also  published  "The  Burning  of  the  University  of  Missouri,"  a 
pamphlet  (1892),  "From  Generation  to  Generation,"  a  poem  (1905),  and 
'The  Writers  of  South  Carolina'  (in  press).  Dr.  Wauchope  is  one  of  the 
assistant  literary  editors  of  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  has 
visited  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Universities  and  made  literary  pilgrimages 
through  England  and  Scotland;  he  has  delivered  lectures  on  the  great 
English  and  American  poets,  including  the  tercentenary  oration  on  Mil- 
ton, at  the  University  of  Virginia,  and  was  awarded  the  Poe  centenary 
medal  by  the  University  of  Virginia.  He  has  contributed  numerous  short 
stories,  poems  and  essays  to  high-class  periodicals.  For  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature'  he  wrote  the  sketches  of  Caroline  Gilman  and 
William  J.  Grayson.  He  married,  August  8,  1899,  Elizabeth  Bostedo. 
Washington  and  Lee  University  gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

WAYLAND,  JOHN  WALTER,  educator  and  writer,  was  born 
in  Mount  Jackson,  Va.,  December  8,  1872.  His  father  was  John  Wesley 
Wayland.  He  occupies  the  chair  of  history  in  Harrisonburg  State  Nor- 
mal School.     Besides  numerous  historical  papers,  he  has  published  several 


460  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

volumes  of  exceptional  interest,  among  them :  'Paul,  the  Herald  of  the 
Cross'  (Elgin,  111.,  The  Brethren  Publishing  House),  'The  Twelve  Apos- 
tles' (i6i(f.),  'The  German  Element  of  the  Shenandoah  Valley  of  Virginia' 
(Charlottesville,  The  Mitchie  Company),  and  'The  Political  Opinions  of 
Thomas  Jefferson'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing 
Company,  1906).  He  wrote  the  sketches  of  Samuel  M.  Janney  and  Joseph 
Salyards  for  "The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  has  received  the 
degree  of  Ph.D. 

WAYNE,  HENRY  CONSTANTINE,  soldier,  was  born  in  Sa- 
vannah, Ga.,  September  8,  181S,  and  died  m  Savannah,  Ga.,  March  IS, 
1883.  After  graduating  from  West  Point,  he  entered  the  United  States 
Army,  and  became  a  major.  He  resigned  his  commission  in  1861  and 
received  the  appointment  of  adjutant-general  of  the  State  of  Georgia. 
He  published  'The  Sword  Exercise,  Arranged  for  Military  Instruction' 
(1856). 

WEAVER,  W.  T.  G.  Poet.  He  was  born  in  Missouri  in  1834 
and  died  in  Texas  in  1877.  He  published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled 
'Hours  of  Amusement.'  Among  his  most  popular  airs  are  included:  "The 
Song  of  the  Texas  Rangers,"  "Houston's  Address  to  His  Men,"  and  "The 
Girl  in  Red."    He  possessed  unusual  gifts. 

WEBB,  LAURA  S.  ("Stannic  Lee").  [Ala.].  She  published  a 
volume  of  verse  entitled  'Heart  Leaves.' 

WEBB,  ROBERT  ALEXANDER,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  in  Oxford,  Miss.,  September  20,  18S6.  His  father  was  Robert  Clark 
Webb  and  his  mother,  Elizabeth  Dortch.  On  completing  his  theological 
studies,  he  was  received  into  the  ministry  of  the  Southern  Presbyterian 
Church  and  for  several  years  filled  important  pastorates.  In  1892  he  be- 
came professor  of  systematic  theology  in  the  Southwestern  Presbyterian 
University,  and  in  1907  he  was  called  to  the  same  chair  in  the  Theological 
Seminary  at  Louisville.  His  only  published  work,  'The  Theology  of  In- 
fant Baptism,'  is  one  of  the  religious  standards.  He  married,  October  23, 
1883,  Roberta  C.  Beck,  of  Columbia,  S.C.  He  holds  the  D.D.  and  the 
LL.D.  degrees. 

WEBBER.  CHARLES  WILKINS,  author,  was  born  in  Russell- 
ville,  Ky.,  May  29,  1819,  and  died  in  Nicaragua,  Central  America,  April  11, 
1856.  During  the  war  for  Texan  independence  he  served  in  a  company 
of  rangers  and  experienced  numerous  adventures.  Later  he  studied  for 
the  Presbyterian  ministry  at  Princeton,  but  abandoned  this  intention  and 
settled  in  New  York,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  literature  and  published 
a  number  of  thrilling  stories,  among  them :  'Old  Hicks,  the  Guide'  (New 
York,  1849),  'Gold  Mines  of  the  Gila'  (1849),  'The  Hunter  Naturalist' 
(Philadelphia,  1851),  'A  Texan  Virago;  or,  the  Tailor  of  Gotham'  (1852), 
'The  Wild  Girl  of  Nebraska'  (1852),  'Tales  of  the  Southern  Border' 
(1853),  'Spiritual  Vampirism'  (1853),  'Shot  in  the  Eye,'  'Adventures  with 
Texas  Rifle  Rangers'  (London,  1853),  'Wild  Scenes  and  Song  Birds'  (New 
York,  1854),  and  'History  of  Mystery'  (Philadelphia,  1855).  He  fell  in 
an  ambuscade  in  the  battle  of  Rivas  in  Central  America,  whither  he  went 
in  the  fall  of  1855  to  join  William  Walker. 

WEBER,  JOHN  LANGDON.  Author.  [S.C.].  He  wrote  a 
'History  of  South  Carolina.' 

WEBER,  WILLIAM  LANDER.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
Lenoir,  N.  C,  April  14,  1866,  a  son  of  the  Rev.  S.  A.  Weber,  D.D. 
was  educated  at  Wofford  College  and  took  special  work  in  English 
at  the   University  of   Chicago   and  at   Johns   Hopkins   University.    He 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  Of"  AUTHORS       46l 

married,  August  27,  1891,  Bettie,  daughter  of  Bishop  A.  W.  Wilson, 
and  became  professor  of  English  in  Emory  College  in  1899.  His  pub- 
lished works  include:  'Word-Lists  for  the  Study  of  English  Etymology' 
and  'Selections  from  the  Southern  Poets'  (New  York,  Macmillan  Company, 
1901),  besides  frequent  contributions  to  the  periodicals.  He  resides  in 
Oxford,  Ga. 

WEBSTER,  M.  M.,  Mrs.  Poet.  She  was  born  in  Virginia,  of  the 
hne  of  Pocahontas,  the  celebrated  Indian  princess,  and  was  the  author  of 
a  work  of  distinct  merit  entitled:  'Pocahontas:  a  Legend,  with  Historical 
and  Traditionary  Notes'  (Philadelphia,  1840). 

WEEDEN,  HOWARD.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XIII,  page  5721. 

WEEKS,  RAYMOND.  Poet,  of  Missouri.  One  of  his  fragments 
of  verse  entitled,  "In  Normandie,"  is  preserved  in  'Missouri  Literature.' 

WEEKS,  STEPHEN  BEAUREGARD,  educator,  author,  editor, 
was  born  in  North  Carolina,  February  2,  1865,  the  son  of  James  Elliott 
and  Mary  Louisa  Mullen  Weeks,  graduated  from  the  University  of 
North  Carolina,  and  married,  first,  Mary  Lee  Martin,  and  second,  Sallie 
Mangum  Leach.  Dr.  Weeks  is  the  owner  of  perhaps  the  largest  book 
collection  in  existence  dealing  with  the  State  of  North  Carolina.  He  was 
more  than  twenty  years  gathering  this  library,  which  contains  more  than 
three  thousand  books  and  pamphlets.  In  1899  he  became  superintendent 
of  the  United  States  Indian  Service,  rising  to  this  position  from  the  chair 
of  principal  teacher.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  encyclopaedias 
and  reviews,  his  writings  include:  'The  Press  of  North  Carolina  in  the 
Eighteenth  Century'  (1891),  'The  Lost  Colony  of  Roanoke:  Its  Fate  and 
Survival,'  'Religious  Development  in  the  Province  of  North  Carolina'  (Bal- 
timore, Johns  Hopkins  University  Press),  'Church  and  State  in  North 
Carolina'  {ibid.),  'History  of  Negro  Suffrage  in  the  South,'  'General 
Joseph  Martin  and  the  War  of  the  Revolution  in  the  West,'  'A  Bibliography 
of  the  Historical  Literature  of  North  Carolina'  (1895),  'Libraries  and  Lit- 
erature in  North  Carolina  in  the  Eighteenth  Century,'  'Southern  Quakers 
and  Slavery'  (ibid.,  1896),  'American  Learned  and  Educational  Societies,' 
'Beginning  of  the  Common  School  System  in  the  South,'  'Bibliography 
of  Confederate  Text-Books,'  'Index  to  North  Carolina  Colonial  and 
State  Records,'  'Life  and  Times  of  W.  P.  Mangum,  United  States 
Senator  from  North  Carolina,'  and  numerous  minor  works.  He  resides 
in  Trinity,  N.C.     His  degrees  are  Ph.D.  and  LL.D. 

WEEMS,  MASON  L.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XIH,  page  5731. 

WEIDEMEYER,  JOHN  WILLIAM,  author,  was  born  in  Fred- 
ericksburg, Va.,  April  26,  1819.  For  several  years  he  taught  in  various 
institutions,  after  which  he  engaged  in  commercial  enterprises  in  New 
York.  The  love  of  nature  was  the  passion  of  his  earlier  years,  and  he 
gathered  many  rare  specimens  and  curiosities.  He  published  a  'Catalogue 
of  North  American  Butterflies  (Philadelphia,  1864) ;  two  plays,  'The 
Vagabonds'  and  'Caesar  and  Cleopatra,'  a  volume  of  poems  entitled  'Real 
and  Ideal,  by  John  W.  Montclair'  (Philadelphia,  1865),  'Themes  and 
Translations'  (New  York,  1867),  and  'American  Fish  and  How  to  Catch 
Them'  (1885). 

WEIR,  JAMES,  Jr,  Physician.  He  was  born  in  Owensboro, 
Ky.,  October  17,  1856,  a  son  of  James  and  Susan  Charlotte  Weir, 
was  valedictorian  of  his  class  at  the  University  of  Louisville.  He 
subsequently  studied  medicine  and  received  the  finishing  touches  of  his 


462  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

education  in  the  best  hospitajs  of  the  North  and  East.  His  writings 
constitute  an  important  contribution  to  the  literature  of  his  profession, 
including:  'Religion  and  Lust,'  'The  Dawn  of  Reason,'  'Intelligence  in 
the  Lower  Animals,'  and  'The  Physical  Correlation  of  Religious  Emo- 
tion and  Sexual  Desire.'     He  resides  in  Owensboro,  Ky. 

WELBORN,  DRUMMOND.  Poet.  [Texas].  He  published  'An 
American  Epic,  and  Other  Poems.' 

WELBY,  AMELIA  B.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  Xin,  page  S7S1. 

WELD,  ANGELINA  EMILY  GRIMK^,  reformer,  was  born  in 
Charleston,   S.C,  February  20,  1805,   and  was  the  daughter  of  John  F. 

Grimke.  With  her  sister,  Sarah,  she  joined  the  Society  of  Friends  in 
Philadelphia,  emancipated  her  slaves,  became  an  advocate  of  this  line  of 
policy  upon  the  public  rostrum,  wrote  'An  Appeal  to  the  Women  of  the 
South,'  which  was  reproduced  in  England,  and  also  published  'Letters  to 
Catharine  E.  Beecher'  (Boston,  1837).  The  controversy  which  the  appear- 
ance of  the  Grimke  sisters  awoke  is  said  to  have  been  the  beginning  of 
the  crusade  for  equal  suffrage  in  the  United  States. 

WELLS,  EDWARD  L.  Author.  [S.C.].  He  published  an  au- 
thoritative work  of  much  interest  entitled  'Hampton  and  His  Cavalry' 
(Richmond,  B.  F.  Johnson  Company,  1899),  which  was  followed  by  another 
interesting  volume  entitled  'Hampton  and  Reconstruction.' 

WELLS,  J.  M.  Lawyer.  [Miss.].  He  published  'The  Chisholm 
Massacre:  or,  a  Picture  of  Home  Rule  in  Mississippi'   (1877). 

WELLS,  WILLIAM  CHARLES.  Physician  and  scientist.  He 
was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  in  1757,  and  died  in  London,  England,  Sep- 
tember 18,  1817.  He  received  his  degree  from  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh. The  achievement  upon  which  his  reputation  as  a  scientist  rests  is 
his  "Essay  on  Dew"  (London,  1814),  and  the  conclusions  which  he  an- 
nounced are  to-day  accepted  by  men  of  science  with  only  slight  modifica- 
tions. He  received  numerous  medals  and  honors.  After  his  death  a  col- 
lection of  his  essays,  with  an  autobiographical  memoir,  appeared  (Edin- 
burgh, 1818). 

WELSH,  MARY.  An  Alabama  author  who  wrote  'The  Model 
Family'  (1858)  and  'Aunt  Abbie'  (1859).  In  the  'Transactions  of  the 
Alabama  Society'  will  also  be  found  a  contribution  from  her  pen  entitled 
"Reminiscences  of  Old  St.  Giles." 

WENDLING,  GEORGE  R.    Lecturer.    He  resides  at  Charlestown, 

W.Va.  As  an  orator  he  is  unsurpassed  on  the  lecture  platform.  His 
work  is  characterized  by  breadth  of  thought  and  by  independence  of 
treatment.  The  South's  favorite  heroes,  Robert  E.  Lee  and  Stonewall 
Jackson,  have  inspired  two  of  his  most  superb  efforts.  His  other  lectures 
include :  "The  Man  of  Galilee,"  "Saul  of  Tarsus,"  "Unseen  Realities,"  and 
"The  Hebrew  Law-giver."  He  has  published  'The  Man  of  Galilee'  in 
book  form  (Charlestown,  W.Va.,  The  Olcott  Publishing  Company,  1909), 
in  deference  to  numerous  requests  for  the  preservation  of  this  masterpiece, 
and  others  will  doubtless  follow. 

WEST,  ANSON,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Robertson  County,  N.C., 
September  3,  1832,  and  was  the  son  of  Alfred  West.  For  fifty  years  he 
was  an  influential  minister  of  the  gospel  in  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South.  He  was  twice  married.  His  writings  include:  'The  State 
of  the  Dead'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company),  'The  Old  and  the 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       453 

oiu^C^iZ^A^^d:^'^^'''  «--'  S-*'^)'  -<1  'The  History 

Ca'^A^fJu^lV^fF^  NEPHEW  lawyer,  was  born  in  Savannah, 
Ga  August  31,  1844,  served  m  the  Confederate  Army,  practiced  law 
n  Savannah  and  wrote  the  chapter  on  "Georgia's  Bench  and  Bar" 
ik,n    I's'^S)"  ^°'^^'    ^^'^^'^   '^^'   ^°"*""   Historical   Ass^ia- 

Klo^H?hI'  FLORENCE  DUVAL.  Mrs.    Author.     She  was  born  in 
fnHt^H  ^tI  ^t*"^^""^  rempved  to  Texas.     Besides  a  collection  of  sketches 

Oth1fpSms^^"lht  died'-risfr"'   ^'^  -^"'^  "''''  ^^^"^  L"^-  --^ 

WESTMORELAND,  MARIA  JOURDAN.     Author.     [Gal      Be- 
sides several  dramas,  which  were  produced  with  thrilling  effect   during 

w/t         .  /■lT'^^^r'"?*M'!^?x*''*^/*,?'"'"S  n°^«'s  °f  Southern  life,  'Clif- 
ford Troup'  (New  York,  1873)  and  'Heart  Hungry'  (ibid.,  1874). 

WESTON,  JAMES  A.  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman  Be- 
sides sermons  and  tracts,  he  published  a  'Life  of  Peter- Stuart  Ney'  (ISPS) 
and  contributed  to  religious  periodicals. 

WE-TMORE  ELIZABETH  BISLAND.  See  Biographical  and 
Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  XIII,  page  5767. 

WHALING,  -THORNrON.  Clergyman.  He  was  born  in  Brad- 
,?r.  ',•  ^■'  J""^  ^'  ^°^°'  ^  ®°"  °^  Alexander  Lewis  and  Agatha 
Whaling,  and  was  educated  at  Davidson  and  Roanoke  colleges 
Choosing  the  ministry,  he  went  first  to  New  York  and  afterward  to 
Columbia,  S.C,  for  his  theological  education.  He  was  for  several 
years  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Lerington,  Va.,  the  one 
in  which  Stonewall  Jackson  was  an  elder.  At  present  he  is  pastor 
of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Dallas,  Texas.  Dr.  Whaling  is  the 
author  of  'The  Church  and  Education.' 

WHAREY,  JAMES,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Rutherford  County, 
N  C,  June  IS,  1789,  and  died  in  Goochland  County,  Va.,  April  29,  1842. 
He  was  a  Presbyterian,  served  churches  in  various  parts  of  Virginia  and 
published  'Sketches  of  Church  History,'  and  a  work  on  'Baptism.' 

WHARTON,  CHARLES  HENRY,  clergyman,  was  born  in  St. 
Mary's  County,  Md.,  June  5,  1748,  and  died  in  Burlington,  N.J.,  July  22, 
1833.  He  was  educated  for  the  Roman  Catholic  priesthood,  but  soon  after 
the  Revolution  he  adopted  the  creed  of  the  Church  of  England,  became 
rector  of  parishes  in  Delaware  and  New  Jersey,  and  declined  an  offer  of 
the  presidency  of  Columbia  College,  in_New  York.  His  first  excursion 
into  the  field  of  literature  was  a  rhythmic  epistle  to  General  Washington, 
with  a  sketch  of  his  life,  which  was  published  for  the  benefit  of  American 
prisoners  in  England  (Annapolis,  1779;  London,  1780),  'Letter  to  the 
Poman  Catholics  of  Worcester'  (Philadelphia,  1784),  'Reply  to  an  Ad- 
dress (by  Bishop  Carroll)  to  the  Roman  Catholics  of  the  United  States' 
(Philadelphia,  178.'5),  'Inquiry  into  the  Proofs  of  the  Divinity  of  Christ' 
(1796)  and  'Concise  View  of  the  Principal.  Points  of  Controversy  between 
the  Protestant  and  Roman  Churches'  (New  York,  1817).  He  also  edited 
religious  reviews.  His  memoirs  were  published  by  Bishop  George  W. 
Doane,  in  two  volumes  (Philadelphia,  1834). 

WHARTON,    EDWARD    C.      Author.      [La.].      Besides    several 
comedies,  he  wrote  a  'Life  of  Charles  Gayarre.'  'The  War  of  the  Bache- 


464  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

lors:  a  Story  of  the  Crescent  City'  (New  Orleans,  1882),  and  translated 
from  the  French  'The  New  World'  (New  Orleans,  18SS). 

WHARTON,  HENRY  M.,  clergyman  and  author,  was  born  in 
Culpeper  County,  Va.,  in  1848.  His  father  was  Malcolm  H.  Wharton  and 
his  mother,  Susan  Roberts  Colvin.  Though  only  a  lad,  he  wore  the  Con- 
federate uniform  during  the  closing  days  of  the  war,  being  sixteen  when 
he  surrendered.  On  completing  his  studies,  he  practiced  law  for  five  years, 
but  abandoned  this  profession  to  enter  the  ministry  of  the  Southern 
Baptist  Church.  He  afterward  became  the  leading  exponent  of  his  faith 
in  Baltimore;  but,  under  an  imperative  conviction  of  duty,  he  relinquished 
his  influential  charge  to  engage  in  evangelistic  work.  On  the  lecture  plat- 
form and  in  the  public  press  he  has  been  a  power.  His  writings  include: 
'Pulpit,  Pen,  and  Platform,'  'Travels  in  Palestine,'  'Sermons,'  'The  War 
Songs  and  Poems  of  the  Confederacy,'  'D.  L.  Moody:  His  Work  and 
Workers,'  and  a  novel  entitled:  'White  Blood'  (New  York  and  Washing- 
ton, The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1906).  Among  his  lectures  are:  "On 
Horseback  in  the  Hohr  Land,"  "The  Ups  and  Downs  of  Life,"  "The  Man 
in  the  Moon,"  "The  Cfonfederate  Soldier,"  and  "Rambles  in  Europe."  He 
holds  the  degree  of  D.D. 

WHARTON,  JOHN.  Physician  and  poet.  At  Winchester,  Va., 
in  1814,  appeared  from  the  pen  of  this  author  a  volume  of  poems  entitled : 
'The  Virgmia  Wreath,'  which  is  said  to  have  contained  some  fair  verse, 
the  best  of  the  collection  being  an  "Ode  to  Washington."  He  studied 
medicine  at  Edinburgh. 

WHARTON,  MORTON  BRYAN.  Clergyman  and  author.  He 
was  born  in  Orange  County,  Va.,  April  6,  1839,  a  son  of  Malcolm 
H.  and  Susan  Roberts  Wharton.  He  was  a  student  in  the  Virginia 
Military  Institute  when  the  war  began,  and  left  college  to  enter 
the  Confederate  Army  in  1861.  He  married  Mary  Belle  Irwin,  of 
Lee  County,  Ga.  He  held  several  important  Baptist  pastorates, 
edited  the  Christian  Index,  spent  some  time  in  European  travel  and  was 
a  writer  of  unusual  charm  and  interest.  Among  his  published  works 
are :  'European  Notes,'  'Famous  Women  of  the  Old  Testament'  (New 
York,  E.  B.  Treat),  'Famous  Women  of  the  New  Testament'  (ibid.), 
'Pictures  from  a  Pastorium,'  and  'Sacred  Songs  to  Popular  Airs.'  Dr. 
Wharton  died  in  1908. 

WHEAT,  JOHN  THOMAS,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Washington, 
D.C.,  November  IS,  1800,  and  died  in  Salisbury,  N.C.,  February  2,  1888. 
For  several  years  he  conducted  a  school  in  Washington.  Afterward  he 
was  admitted  to  orders  in  the  Episcopal  Church  and  served  parishes  in 
North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  and  Arkansas.  He  published  a  work  on 
'Preparation  for  the  Holy  Communion'  (New  York,  1860),  which  became 
a  standard.    The  University  of  Nashville  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

WHEELER,  JOHN  HILL,  author,  was  born  in  Murfreesboro, 
N.C.,  August  6,  1806,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  December  7,  1882. 
After  completing  his  studies  at  Columbian  University,  he  took  a  course  of 
law  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  became  superintendent  of  the 
mint  at  Charlotte,  treasurer  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  and  United 
States  Minister  to  Nicaragua.  For  ten  years  he  was  occupied  in  collecting 
materials  for  his  'History  of  North  Carolina'  (Philadelphia,  1851),  a  work 
which  has  deservedly  taken  high  rank.  He  also  published  a  'Legislative 
Manual  of  North  Carolina'  (1874),  'Reminiscences  and  Memoirs  of  North 
Carolina'  (Columbus,  Ohio,  1884),  and  edited  Colonel  David  Fanning's 
'Autobiography'  (Richmond,  1861).  He  spent  his  last  years  in  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  in  labors  on  statistics. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       465 

WHEELER,  JOSEPH.  Soldier  and  statesman.  He  was  born 
in  Augusta,  Ga.,  September  10,  1836,  graduated  from  the  United  States 
Military  Academy  at  West  Point  in  1859,  and  married  Daniella 
Jones.  He  became  lieutenant-general  in  the  Confederate  Army 
and  a  noted  cavalry  commander.  He  was  three  times  wounded,  in 
addition  to  losing  sixteen  horses,  which  were  shot  from  under 
him.  He  represented  the  Eighth  Alabama  District  in  Congress  for 
eighteen  years,  resigning  his  seat  to  serve  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment in  the  war  with  Spain.  Being  made  a  brigadier-general  in 
the  United  States  Army,  he  served  with  distinction  both  in  Cuba 
and  in  the  Philippines.  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  the 
magazines,  and  speeches  in  Congress  and  upon  the  platform,  his 
published  works  include:  'An  Account  of  the  Kentucky  Campaign,' 
'Cavalry  Tactics,'  'Military  History  of  Alabama,'  'History  of  the  San- 
tiago Campaign,'  'History  of  Cuba,'  'History  of  the  Eflfect  Upon 
Civilization  of  the  Wars  of  the  Nineteenth  Century.'  He  died  in  New 
York,  while  on  a  visit  to  his  sister,  in  1906,  being  at  the  time  an  officer 
on  the  retired  list  of  the  United  States  Army.  He  received  the  degree 
of  LL.D. 

WHEELER,  JUNIUS  BRUTUS.  Soldier.  He  was  born  in 
Murfreesboro,  N.C.,  February  21,  1830,  and  died  in  Lenoir,  N.C.,  July  IS, 
1886.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Mexican  War,  he  left  the  University  of 
North  Carolina  to  enlist  for  the  struggle,  and  became  a  lieutenant.  Later 
he  entered  the  academy  at  West  Point  and  attained  eventually  the  rank 
of  major  of  engineers.  He  published  a  series  of  military  text-books,  which 
are  not  only  authoritative  in  character  but  systematic  in  arrangement,  in- 
cluding a  work  on  'Civil  Engineering'  (New  York,  1877),  'Art  and  Science 
of  War'  (1878),  'Elements  of  Field  Fortifications'  (1882),  and  'Military 
Engineering,'  in  two  volumes  (1884-1885). 

WHELAN,  JAMES.  Roman  Catholic  bishop.  He  was  born  in 
Kilkenny,  Ireland,  December  8,  1823,  and  died  in  Zanesville,  Ohio,  February 
18,  1878.  When  quite  a  lad  he  crossed  the  water,  locating  with  his  parents 
in  Kentucky,  where  he  began  his  theological  studies.  On  the  death  of 
Bishop  Miles,  of  Nashville,  he  succeeded  to  the  vacant  See.  He  wrote 
'Catena  Aurea;  or,  a  Golden  Chain  of  Evidences  Demonstrating  from 
Analytical  Treatment  of  History  That  Papal  Infallibility  Is  No  Novelty' 
(1871),  an  able  discussion  of  this  subject. 

WHIPPLE,  LEON  RUTLEDGE,  educator,  was  born  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  September  19,  1882.  He  holds  the  instructorship  of  English  writing 
at  the  University  of  Virginia  and  contributes  short  stories  and  sketches  to 
current  periodicals.  The  sketch  of  Kate  Chopin  in  'The  Library  of  South- 
ern Literature'  is  from  his  pen. 

WHITrAKER,  ALEXANDER,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Cambridge, 
England,  in  1585  and  died  in  Henrico  County,  Va.,  after  1613.  He  took 
orders  in  the  Church  of  England,  ministered  to  an  English  parish  for 
several  years  before  coming  to  America,  baptized  Pocahontas,  ofjciated  at 
the  marriage  of  the  Indian  maiden  to  John  Rolfe,  and  published  'Good 
News  from  Virginia'  (London,  1613),  one  of  the  earliest  books  written  in 
the  English  colonies. 

WHITAKER,  BESSIE  LEWIS.  Educator.  Miss  Whitaker  is  a 
native  of  Halifax  County,  N.C.  At  present  she  is  engaged  in  teaching 
in  Birmingham,  Ala.  Besides  numerous  essays  and  sketches,  she  is  the 
author  of  a  thesis  on  "The  Provincial  Council  and  the  Committees  of 
Safety  in  North  Carolina,"  published  in  the  'James  Brunt  Historical 
Monograph'  (Chapel  Hill,  N.C,  The  University  Press,  1907).  She  also 
wrote  for  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  the  s'.cetch  of  Mary  Bay- 
ard Clarke. 


466  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

WHITAKER,  DANIEL  KIMBALL,  editor,  was  born  in  Sharon, 
Conn.,  April  13,  1801,  and  died  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  April  10,  1881.  For 
a  while  he  practiced  law  in  South  Carolina,  but  he  leaned  toward  literature 
and,  abandoning  the  profession  of  law,  he  organized  and  edited  in  succes- 
sion numerous  periodicals,  including  the  Southern  Literary  Journal,  Whit- 
aker's  Magazine,  the  Southern  Quarterly  Review,  and  the  New  Orleans 
Monthly  Review.  Of  these,  the  Southern.  Quarterly  Review  was  the  most 
successful,  running  from  1841  until  1861,  when  it  was  discontinued  by  the 
outbreak  of  hostilities. 

WHITAKER,  LILY  C.  Poet.  She  was  a  daughter  of  Daniel  K. 
Whitaker  and  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  about  18S0.  She  received  her 
education  in  New  Orleans,  contributed  to  the  Southern  Quarterly  Review, 
of  which  her  father  was  the  editor,  and  published  "Donata"  and  other 
poems  (New  Orleans,  1880). 

WHITAKER,  MARY  S.,  author,  was  born  in  Beaufort,  S.C, 
February  22,  1820,  and  was  the  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Furman. 
She  was  educated  in  Edinburgh,  contributed  her  first  poems  to  the  Scottish 
press  under  the  auspices  of  Thomas  Campbell,  married  first  a  Scotchman, 
John  Miller,  and  afterward,  on  her  return  to  America,  an  editor,  Daniel 
K.  Whitaker.  Besides  numerous  magazine  articles,  she  published  a  volume 
of  'Poems'  (Philadelphia,  1850),  and  a  novel  entitled  'Albert  Hastings' 
(1868). 

WHITAKER,  WALTER  CLAIBORNE.  Clergyman.  He  was 
born  at  Lenoir,  N.C.,  January  28,  1867.  His  father  was  Lucius  F.  Whit- 
aker and  his  mother,  Rowena  Oates.  He  is  rector  of  St.  John's  Church, 
Knoxville,  Tenn.  Several  volumes  have  come  from  his  pen :  'The  Prodi- 
gal Son'  (1890),  'Dives  and  Lazarus'  (1898),  'History  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  in  Alabama'  (1898),  and  'Richard  Hooker  Wilmer:  a 
Biography'  (1907),  besides  occasional  pamphlets.  He  also  edited  for 
several  years  the  Alabama  Church  Record  and  the  Mississippi  Church 
News.  He  married,  March  30,  1891,  Isabel  Preston  Royall.  The  Univer- 
sity of  the  South  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

WHITE,  CHARLES  IGNATIUS,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Bal- 
timore, Md.,  in  1807,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  April  1,  1877.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  Mary's  College,  became  a  Roman  Catholic  priest, 
and  was  for  twenty  years  pastor  of  St.  Matthew's  Church,  in  Washing- 
ton, D.C.  Besides  editing  numerous  periodicals,  he  translated  Balme's 
'Protestantism  and  Catholicity,  Compared  in  Their  Effects  upon  the  Civili- 
zation of  Europe'  (Nev/  York,  1850),  'Chateaubriand's  Genirs  of 
Christianity"   (1856),  and  wrote  a  'Life  of  Mrs.  Eliza  A.  Seton'   (1853). 

WHITE,  EDWARD  LUCAS.  Educator.  His  father  was  Thomr.s 
H.  White  and  his  mother,  Kate  Butler  Lucas.  He  was  born  in  Bergen. 
N.J.,  May  18,  1866.  On  completing  his  studies  at  Johns  Hopkins,  he 
became  a  teacher  of  the  classic  languages  in  Baltimore.  He  is  the  author 
of  'Narrative  Lyrics'  (1908).  The  sketch  of  Marguerite  E.  Easter  in  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen. 

WHITE,  GEORGE.  Clergyman.  He  lived  in  Georgia  and  wrote 
two  books  of  very  great  value  to  the  student  of  State  antiquities,  viz. : 
'Historical  Collections  of  Georgia'  (New  York,  1854),  and  'Statistics  of 
Georgia,'  each  of  which  contains  a  mine  of  information  concerning  the 
Violitical  subdivisions  of  the  State,  its  social  life,  its  leading  men  and  its 
salient  outlines  of  p*>gress  from  the  earliest  times. 

WHITE,  GREENHOW.  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman  and 
educator.     [Tenn.J.    He  published  'The  Philosophy  of  American  Litera- 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        467 

ture'  (1890),  'The  Philosophy  of  English  Literature'  (1895),  'A  Saint  of 
the  Southern  Church,'  comprising  a  biography  of  Bishop  Cobbs  (1897), 
'All  Apostle  of  the  Western  Church'  (1899),  and  numerous  contributions 
to  periodicals. 

WHITE,  HENRY  ALEXANDER.  Theologian.  He  was  born 
in  Greenbrier  County,  Va.,  April  IS,  1861,  a  son  of  William  Orr 
and  Mary  White,  graduated  from  Washington  and  Lee  University, 
and  afterward  took  theological  work  at  Union  Seminary,  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  at  Princeton,  N.  J.  He  married,  July  18,  1899,  Fannie 
Beverley  Wellford.  He  was  professor  of  history  in  Washington 
and  Lee  University  for  thirteen  years;  and  in  1902  was 
called  to  Columbia  Theological  Seminary.  His  published  works 
include:  'The  Pentateuch  in  the  Light  of  the  Ancient  Monuments' 
(Richmond,  B.  F.  Johnson),  'Robert  E.  Lee  and  the  Southern  Confed- 
eracy' (New  York,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons),  'History  of  the  United 
States'  (New  York,  Silver,  Burdett  and  Company),  'History  of  South 
Carolina,'  'Beginners  History  of  the  United  States'  (New  York,  D. 
Appleton  and  Company),  and  'Life  of  Stonewall  Jackson'  (Philadel- 
phia, G.  W.  Jacobs  Company).  The  sketch  of  John  C.  Calhoun  in  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  He  resides  in 
Columbia,  S.C.     His  degrees  are  D.D.  and  LL.D. 

WHITE,  HENRY  CLAY.  Educator.  He  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  December  30,  1850,  a  son  of  Levi  S.  and  Louisa  White,  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  Virginia  and  married,  December 
19,  1872,  Ella  Frances  Roberts.  He  was  made  professor  of 
Chemistry  at  the  University  of  Georgia  in  1872  and  president  of  the 
Georgia  State  College  of  Agricultural  and  Mechanic  Arts  in  1890. 
He  belongs  to  numerous  learned  societies  on  both  sides  of  the  water. 
His  writings  include:  'Elementary  Geology  of  Tennessee,'  with  Wil- 
liam Gibbs  McAdoo  (1873) ,  'Complete  Chemistry  of  the  Cotton  Plant' 
(1874),  'Lectures  and  i\ddresses,'  in  two  volumes  (188S-1891),  and 
minor  works.  He  also  wrote  the  sketch  of  Joseph  Le  Conte  tor  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  On  the  platform  Dr.  White  is  an 
attractive  speaker.  He  resides  in  Athens,  Ga.  His  degrees  are  Ph.D., 
D.C.L.  and  LL.D. 

WHITE,  HUGH  LAWSON,  jurist  and  statesman,  was  born  in 
Iredell  County,  N.C.,  October  30,  1/73,  and  died  in  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  April 
10,  1840.  Under  General  Sevier,  he  fought  against  the  Cherokees  when 
a  youth  of  seventeen.  Afterward  he  studied  law  in  Philadelphia,  settled 
in  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  for  the  practice  of  his  profession,  achieved  distinction 
by  reason  of  his  rare  talents,  became  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  and 
Senator  of  the  United  States,  incurred  the  hostility  of  General  Jackson, 
but  was  sustained  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State,  and  in  the  campaign 
of  1836  received  the  electoral  votes  of  Tennessee  and  Georgia.  _  His  integ- 
rity of  character  earned  for  him  the  soubriquet  of  "The  American  Cato." 
One  of  his  descendants,  Nancy  N.  Scott,  published  'A  Memoir  of  Judge 
White,  with  Selections  from  His  Speeches  and  Correspondence'  (Phila- 
delphia, 1856). 

WHITE,  ISRAEL  CHARLES.  Geologist.  He  was  born  in  Mon- 
nongalia  County,  W.Va.,  November  1,  1848.  For  fifteen  years  he  was 
professor  of  geology  in  the  University  of  West  Virginia.  At  the  present 
time  he  is  State  geologist.  Besides  compiling  several  volumes  of  geologi- 
cal reports,  he  has  contributed  at  frequent  intervals  to  scientific  journals. 

WHITEl,  JOHN  BLAKE.  Artist  and  author.  He  was  born  near 
Eutaw  Springs,  S.C,  September  2,  1781,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C, 
August  24,  1S59.    Besides  producing  a  number  of  celebrated  portraits,  he 


468  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

• 

published  several  dramas,  among  them :  'Foscari ;  or,  the  Venetian  Exile' 
(1805),  'Mysteries  of  the  Castle'  (1806),  'Modern  Honor'  (1812),  'The 
Triumph  of  Liberty;  or,  Louisiana  Preserved'  (1819),  and  'Intemperance' 
(1839).  Both  in  literature  and  in  art  he  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  the 
South. 

WHITE,  JOHN  ELLINGTON,  clergyman,  was  born  at  Clayton, 
N.C.,  December  19,  1868.  His  father  was  the  Rev.  James  M.  White  and 
his  mother,  Martha  Ellington.  For  several  years  he  has  occupied  the 
pulpit  of  the  Second  Baptist  Church,  of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  one  of  the  largest 
congregations  in  the  South.  Several  pamphlets  have  come  from  his  pen, 
containing  literary  material  of  more  than  ordinary  value,  among  them : 
'Noble  Anglo-Saxonism,'  'The  Silent  Southerners,'  'My  Old  Confederate,' 
"The  True  and  the  False  in  Sotithern  Life,'  'The  Mountaineers,'  'Prohibi- 
tion the  Task  and  the  Opportunity  of  the  South,'  'The  Backward  People,' 
'A  White  Man's  Program,'  and  'The  Blind  Strength  of  the  Mountaineer's 
Child.'  He  married,  October  12,  1892,  Effie  L.  Guess.  He  holds  the 
degree  of  D.D. 

WHITE,  JOSEPH  M.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Franklin  County,  Ky., 
May  10,  1781,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  October  19,  1839.  For  the  prac- 
tice of  law  he  settled  in  Pensacola,  Fla.,  where  his  familiarity  with 
French  and  Spanish  brought  him  numerous  clients.  He  was  an  eloquent 
speaker,  a  ready  debater,  a  fluent  writer,  served  six  consecutive  terms  in 
Congress,  and  published  a  'New  Collection  of  Laws,  Charters,  etc.,  of 
Great  Britain,  France  and  Spain  relating  to  Concessions  of  Lands,  with 
the  Laws  of  Mexico,'  in  two  volumes  (Philadelphia,  1839). 

WHITE,  OCTAVIUS  AUGUSTUS,  physician,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, S.C,  February  8,  1826.  After  graduating  from  the  College  of  South 
Carolina  he  pursued  his  studies  at  the  South  Carolina  Medical  College,  be- 
came an  eminent  practitioner  of  Charleston,  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  Con- 
federate Army,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  settled  in  New  York.  He 
invented  a  number  of  surgical  instruments,  discovered  new  methods  of 
treatment  and  made  important  contributions  to  medical  literature  in  the 
way  of  reports  and  papers. 

WHITE,  ROBERT.  Lawyer.  Colonel  White  commanded  the 
Twenty-third  Regiment  of  Virginia  Cavalry  during  the  Civil  War.  He 
achieved  distinction  at  the  Bar  and  was  honored  by  his  comrades  in  the 
order  of  United  Confederate  Veterans  with  the  command  of  the  West 
Virginia  Division.  He  wrote  the  volume  on  "West  Virginia"  for  the  'Con- 
federate Military  History'  (Atlanta,  Ga.,  The  Confederate  Publishing 
Company,  1899). 

WHITE,  S.  V.  Poet.  [N.C  ].  Four  of  the  author's  poems  were 
published  by  his  daughter  in  a  work  entitled  'Selections  from  Portfolio' 
(New  York,  1893). 

WHITEFIELD,  GEORGE,  clergyman  and  orator,  was  born  in 
Gloucester,  England,  December  7,  1714,  and  died  in  Newburyport,  Mass., 
September  30,  1770.  He  followed  the  Wesleys  to  Georgia,  organized  the 
Bethesda  Orphanage,  near  Savannah,  and  devoted  his  rare  gifts  of  elo- 
quence to  raising  funds  for  this  benevolent  institution.  He  originated 
the  Calvinistic  Methodists.  As  an  orator  he  was  peerless  among  the 
preachers  of  either  hemisphere;  and  to  reach  the  multitudes  who  flocked 
to  hear  him  most  of  his  meetings  were  conducted  in  the  open  air.  The 
journals  which  he  kept  of  his  frequent  visits  to  Georgia  are  included  in 
his  published  works,  which  appeared  soon  after  his  death,  in  six  volumes. 
The  earliest  of  his  biographers  was  his  friend,  the  Rev.  John  Gillies,  D.D., 
who  wrote  a  volume  of  'Memoirs'   (1772).     Some  of  his  sermons  were 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       469 

published  with  an  introductory  sketch  by  Samuel  Drew  (1833).    But  the 
most  exhaustive  and  thorough  account  of  his  wonderful  career  is  given  by 
the  Rev.  Luke   Tierman,  in   two  volumes   entitled  'The  Life  of   George  • 
Whitefield.'    One  of  the  counties  of  Georgia  bears  the  name  of  the  great 
evangelist. 

WHITEHEAD,  PAUL.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman.  [Va.]. 
He  published  'The  Odd  Hour;  or,  Recreations  of  a  Presiding  Elder.' 

WHITELOCK,  LOUISE  CLARKSON.  Author  and  artist.  She 
was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1865.  Her  maiden  name  was  Louise 
Clarkson.  She  wrrites  not  only  charming  prose  but  very  graceful  verse; 
and  for  the  most  of  her  books  she  has  furnished  the  illustrations.  Her 
published  works  include :  'Violet  with  Eyes  of  Blue,'  'The  Gathering  of 
the  Lilies,'  'The  Rag  Fair,'  'Indian  Summer,'  'Heartsease  and  Happy 
Days,'  'Fly  Away  Fairies,'  and  'Little  Miss  Stay-at-Home,'  all  of  which 
are  dainty  bits  of  artistic  work,  the  two  last-named  being  for  children. 
She  has  published  also  "The  Shadow  of  John  Wallace,'  a  novel,  'How 
Hindsight  Met  Provincialitis,'  a  collection  of  short  stories,  'Madcap  Ma- 
donna,' and  others.  She  married  George  Whitelock,  a  lawyer  of  Balti- 
more. 

WHITELOCK,  WILLIAM  WALLACE.  Author.  He  was  born 
at  Mount  Washington  near  Baltimore,  Md.,  April  1,  1869,  and  was  the 
son  of  William  and  Jane  Stockton  Whitelock.  His  education  was  received 
at  Johns  Hopkins  and  at  Munich  (Ph.D.).  On  January  10,  1901,  he  mar- 
ried, in  London,  England,  Baroness  Mary  von  Stockhausen.  For  some 
time  he  was  engaged  in  New  York  journalism.  During  the  Spanish- 
American  War  he  was  chief  yeoman'  on  the  United  States  ship  Gloucester. 
His  writings  have  touched  the  popular  chord.  They  include :  'When  the 
Heart  Is  Young'  (New  York,  E.  P.  Dutton  and  Company),  'The  Literary 
Guillotine'  (New  York,  John  Lane),  'Just  Love  Songs,'  'Foregone  Verse' 
(Boston,  R.  G.  Badger  and  Company),  and  'When  Kings  Go  Forth  to 
Battle'  (Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company).  He  resides  in  New 
York. 

WHITESIDE,  MARY  BRENT,  author,  was  born  at  Shelbyville, 
Tenn.,  in  1882.  Her  father  was  James  Robinson  Whiteside  and  her 
mother,  Frances  Smith,  a  sister  of  the  Honorable  Hoke  Smith,  former 
governor  of  Georgia  and  Secretary  of  the  Interior  under  President  Cleve- 
land. She  possesses  unusual  literary  gifts,  writing  with  ease  in  both  prose 
and  verse.  Two  little  volumes  which  have  come  from  her  pen  have 
won  for  her  much  praise.  They  are:  'Bill  Possum:  His  Book'  (Atlanta 
The  Byrd  Company),  suggested  by  the  visit  of  Mr.  Taft  to  the  South  on 
the  eve  of  his  inauguration ;  and  'The  Caprice  of  Capri,'  a  libretto.  She 
has  also  made  frequent  contributions  to  the  periodicals. 

WHITNEY,  E.  L.  Educator.  [S.C.].  He  has  made  some  very 
exhaustive  researches  and  besides  a  'Bibliography  of  Colonial  South 
Carolina'  (1896)  has  published  an  interesting  work  on  the  'Government  of 
the  Colony  of  South  Carolina'  (1895). 

WHITSETT,  WILLIAM  HETH.  Clergyman  and  educator. 
He  was  born  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  November  25,  1841,  and  was 
educated  at  Union  University  in  Tennessee.  He  served  in  the 
Confederate  Army  and  resumed  his  studies  after  the  war,  spend- 
ing some  time  at  the  University  of  Leipsic.  He  held  several  im- 
portant pastorates  after  entering  the  ministry,  but  relinquished  pastoral 
for  educational  work.  He  was  a  professor  in  the  Southern  Bap- 
tist Theological  Seminary  for  nearly  twenty-five  years,  and  its  presi- 
dent from   1895  to  18^9.     Later  he  became  professor  of  philosophy 


470  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

in  Richmond  College,  Va.  His  writings  include:  'The  Origin  of 
Infant  Baptism,'  'History  of  Communion  Among  Baptists,'  'The  Origin 
of  the  Disciples  of  Christ,'  'Life  and  Times  of  Judge  Caleb  Wallace'  (1888), 
and  'A  Question  in  Baptist  History.'  The  sketch  of  John  A.  Broadus  in 
'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  He  resides  in 
Richmond,  Va.    His  degrees  are  D.D.  and  LL.D. 

WHITSETT,  WILLIAM  THORNTON.  Educator.  He  was 
born  in  Guilford  County,  N.C.,  August  6,  1868,  and  was  educated  at  the 
University  of  North  Carolina.  For  more  than  twenty  years  he  has  been 
president  of  Whitsett  Institute.  He  has  written  a  number  of  excellent  poems, 
including  "To  a  Lark"  and  "Bob  White."     He  resides  at  Whitsett,  N.C. 

WRITTEN,  MARTHA  ELIZABETH  HOTCHKISS.  Poet. 
[Texas].  She  wrote  some  very  clever  verse,  including  'The  Old  Home, 
and  Other  Poems.' 

WHITTET,  ROBERT.  He  was  born  in  Scotland.  For  many 
years  he  has  lived  in  Virginia,  but  the  idiom  of  his  boyhood  has  continued 
to  be  the  favorite  vehicle  of  his  thought  and  much  of  his  poetry  is  cast 
in  the  quaint  molds  of  the  Highlands.  He  is  the  author  of  two  volumes 
entitled  'The  Bright  Side  of  Suffering,  and  Other  Poems'  (Richmond, 
1882),  and  'Sonnets,  Mostly  on  Scripture  Themes'   (Richmond,  1900). 

WHITTLE,  WALTER  ANDREW.  Baptist  clergyman.  He  was 
born  in  Alabama,  but  afterward  lived  in  Kentucky  and  published  'A 
Baptist  Abroad'   (1890). 

WHITTLESEY,  SARAH  JOHNSON  COGSWELL.  Author. 
She  was  born  in  Williamston,  N.C,  about  1825.  After  receiving  her 
education,  she  removed  to  Alexandria,  Va.,  where  she  began  t9  write  for 
the  press.  She  contributed  articles  of  merit  both  in  prose  and  in  verse 
to  the  current  periodicals  and  published  'Heart  Drops  from  Memory's 
Urn'  (New  York,  1852),  'The  Stranger's  Stratagem;  or,  the  Double  De- 
ceit, and  Other  Stories'  (1860),  'Herbert  Hamilton;  or,  the  Bas  Bleu' 
(1867),  'Bertha,  the  Beauty'  (Philadelphia,  1871),  and,  with  her  brother, 
'Spring  Buds  and  Summer  Blossom^s'   (18^). 

WHYTE,  WILLIAM  PINKNEY.  United  States  Senator.  He 
was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  August  9,  1824.  After  completing  his  law 
studies  at  Harvard,  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  and  became  one  of  the 
foremost  lawyers  of  Maryland.  When  Reverdy  Johnson  was  appointed 
Minister  to  England,  Mr.  Whyte  succeeded  him  in  the  United  States 
Senate.  He  afterward  became  governor  of  Maryland,  but  resigned  the 
office  to  return  to  the  United  States  Senate.  He  spoke  with  gre?t  effec- 
tiveness and  power  in  the  debates  of  the  Upper  Chamber.  In  politics 
he  was  a  Democrat.  The  University  of  Maryland  gave  him  the  degree 
of  LL.D. 

WIER,  A.  M.  Writer.  For  years  over  the  signature  of  "Sarpre 
Phmkett,"  he  has  contributed  to  the  Atlanta  Constitution  weekly  letters 
full  of  rustic  philosophy  and  humor.  Some  of  them  have  been  published 
in  book  form  under  the  title  of  'Old  Times  in  Georgia'  (1900). 

WIGGINS,  BENJAMIN  LAWTON.  Educator.  He  was  born  at 
Sand  Ridge,  S.C,  September  11,  1861.  After  graduating  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  South,  he  pursued  post-graduate  studies  at  Johns  Hopkins.  In 
1882  he  accepted  the  chair  of  Greek  in  the  University  of  the  South,  a 
position  which  he  continued  to  hold  until  his  death.  For  more  than 
fifteen  years  he  also  filled  the  office  of  vice-chancellor.  Besides  occasions^ 
contributions  to  magazines  and  reviews,  he  wrote  the  sketch  of  Sarah 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  Ot    AUTHORS       471 

Barnwell  Elliott  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married, 
January  20,  1886,  Clara  Quintard.  Three  separate  institutions  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.     He  died  at  Sewanee,  Tenn.,  June  14,  1909. 

WIGHTMAN,  FRANCIS  P.  He  compiled  and  edited  'Little 
Leather  Breeches,  and  Other  Southern  Rhymes'  (New  York,  J.  F.  Taylor 
and  Company,  1899),  and  'Jingle  Jingle,'  another  collection  of  negro  songs 
(ibid..  1899). 

V/IGHTMAN,  WILLIAM  MAY,  bishop  of  the  M.  E.  Church, 
South.  He  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  January  29,  1808,  and  died  in 
Charleston,  S.C,  February  IS,  1825.  For  several  years  he  edited  the 
Southern  Christian  Advocate  in  Charleston,  and  afterward  became  chan- 
cellor of  the  Southern  University.  He  was  ordained  a  bishop  in  New^ 
Orleans.  Randolph-Macon  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D.,  and 
the  College  of  Charleston,  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  edited  'The  Auto- 
biography of  Bishop  William  Capers,'  with  an  interesting  memoir  (Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  1858). 

WILCOX,  CADMUS  MARCELLUS.  Soldier.  He  was  born  in 
Wayne  County,  N.C.,  May  29,  1826.  He  was  educated  at  West  Point 
and  served  with  distinction  in  the  Mexican  War,  but  at  the  outbreak  of 
hostilities,  in  1861,  he  resigned  his  captain's  commission,  entered  the  Con- 
federate service  and  became  a  major-general.  He  translated  'Evolutions 
of  the  Line'  (1860),  wrote  'Rifles  and  Rifle  Practice'  (New  York,  1859), 
and  a  'History  of  the  Mexican  War.'      He  died  in  1890. 

WILDE,  JENNY.     Poet.     [La.].    She  published  a  volume  of  verse 

entitled   'Why,   and   Other   Poems'    (1888). 

WILDE,  RICHARD  HENRY.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XIII,  page  5789. 

WILDS,  SAMUEL,  jurist,  was  born  in  Darlington  District,  S.C, 
March  4,  1775,  and  died  near  Cheraw,  S.C,  March  9,  1810.  Before  reach- 
ing the  age  of  thirty  he  was  elevated  to  the  Bench.  His  unique  powers 
of  eloquence  were  never  more  signally  displayed  than  when  pronouncing 
sentence  upon  criminals.  On  such  occasions  the  effect  was  most  dramatic. 
Some  of  his  addresses  from  the  Bench  are  preserved  in  Bishop  Gregg's 
'History  of  the  Old  Cheraws.' 

WILEY,  CALVIN  HENDERSON.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  XIII,  page  5805. 

WILEY,  EDWIN.  Librarian.  He  was  born  near  Knoxville, 
Tenn.,  in  18/2.  His  father  was  Edwin  F.  Wiley  and  his  mother,  Catharine 
McAdoo.  He  is  employed  in  the  Library  of  Congress  in  the  department 
of  classification.  At  leisure  intervals  he  has  published  'The  Old  and  the 
New  Renaissance'  (1903),  and  'The  Rationale  of  Southern  Literature' 
(1895).  He  also  wrote  "Presses  in  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,"  iri  the  'Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Bibliographical  Society  of  America,'  "Libraries  in  the 
South,"  for  'The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,'  and  the  sketch  of 
Olive  T.  Dargan  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  married, 
in  1902,  Garnet  Noel,  of  Nashville,  Tenn. 

WILEY,  GARNET  NOEL.  Writer.  She  was  born  in  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  April  9,  1883.  Numerous  short  stories  and  sketches  have  come 
from  the  pen  of  this  talented  woman,  besides  rhymes  for  children  and 
noems  of  rare  grace  for  older  heads.  She  is  the  author  of  'Santa  Claus 
in  Wonderland,'  a  cantata  (London.  The  Curwen  Press),  'The  Ballad  of 
Lady  Yolande'  (The  Olymoian.  1903),  "Kinsr  Ulad's  Woe"  (Boh  Taylor's 
Magazine,  1904),  'Urla's  Quest'    {ibid.,  1905),  and  contributions  both  in 


472  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

prose  and  in  verse  to  St.  Nicholas,  Harper's  Magasine,  _  Putnam's 
Magazine,  The  Independent,  and  other  periodicals.  She  married  Edwin 
Wiley,  August  7,  1902,  and  resides  in  Washington,  D.C. 

WILEY,  GEORGE  EPHRAIM.  Physician.  He  was  born  at 
Emory  and  Henry  College,  Virginia,  October  19,  18S7,  the  youngest  child 
of  the  Rev.  Ephraim  Emerson  Wiley,  D.D.,  for  thirty-six  years  president 
of  Emory  and  Henry  College,  a  kinsman  of  Ralph  Waldo' Emerson,  and 
a  preacher  of  great  power.  The  son  chose  the  medical  profession,  in  which 
he  has  risen  to  high  distinction.  At  leisure  intervals  he  has  exercised  his 
literary  gifts  by  writing  a  volume  entitled  'Southern  Plantation  Stories 
and  Sketches'  (New  York,  The  Broadway  Publishing  Company,  1907), 
in  which  he  preserves  some  delightful  bits  of  negro  dialect  and  humor. 
Dr.  Wiley  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  person  to  undertake  the  humane 
task  of  providing  local  homes  for  the  worn-out  ex-slaves.  He  resides  in 
Bristol,  Va. 

WILKINSON,  ANDREW.  Author.  [La.].  He  wrote  'Sketches 
of  Plantation  Life'  (1884). 

WILKINSON,  ELIZA,  writer,  was  born  in  St.  Paul's  Parish, 
S.C,  February  7,  18S7,  a  daughter  of  Francis  Yonge,  Sr.,  and  a  grand- 
daughter of  Honorable  Robert  Yonge,  associate-justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  South  Carolina.  During  the  occupation  of  Charleston  by  the 
British  she  wrote  a  series  of  graphic  and  brilliant  letters,  which  were 
afterward  edited  by  Caroline  Howard  Oilman  (1839).  They  throw  an 
interesting  light  upon  this  dramatic  period.  Several  of  Mrs.  Wilkinson's 
unpublished  letters,  written  subsequent  to  the  Revolution,  are  also  pre- 
served in  Charleston. 

WILKINSON,    JAMES.      An    officer    of    the    Revolution,    who 

attained  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  He  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  in  1757.  Although  a  gallant  soldier,  he  was  implicated  in  cer- 
tain affairs  of  intrigue  which  seriously  injured  his  reputation.  After 
resigning  his  commission  in  1781  he  removed  to  Kentucky  and 
acquired  wide  influence  along  the  border,  but  he  is  charged  with  having 
connived  with  the  Spaniards  in  Louisiana  for  the  absorption  of  the 
Western  country  by  Spain.  It  is  also  asserted  that  at  the  same  time 
he  was  engaged  with  Aaron  Burr  in  a  scheme  for  the  conquest  of 
Mexico.  He  was  exonerated  of  this  charge  and  subsequently  was 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  major-general  in  the  second  war  with  Eng- 
land, but  was  finally  superseded.  He  afterward  removed  to  Mexico 
and  took  part  in  the  operations  that  were  then  in  progress.  He  died 
in  1828.  The  last  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  an  unsuccessful  effort 
to  collect  from  the  Mexican  Government  a  sum  that  was  due  him  for 
munitions  of  war.  To  vindicate  his  good  name,  he  published  in  18C8 
a  work  entitled  'The  Aaron  Burr  Conspiracy  Exposed,'  and  in  1816 
he  gave  to  the  public  in  three  volumes  his  'Memoirs  of  My  Own 
Times.' 

WILKINSON,  JOHN,  naval  officer,  was  born  in  Norfolk,  Va., 
November  6,  1821.  The  lure  of  the  sea  constrained  him  to  enter  the 
United  States  Navy,  in  which  he  attained  the  rank  of  lieutenant ;  but  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  resigned  his  commission,  entered  the 
Confederate  service,  encountered  a  number  of  thrilling  adventures  in 
command  of  different  vessels,  and  published  an  interesting  account  of  his 
exploits  entitled  'The  Narrative  of  a  Blockade  Runner'  (New  York, 
1877). 

WILL,  ALLEN  SINCLAIR.  Author.  [Va.].  He  wrote  'The 
World-Crisis  in  China.' 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS        473 

WILLARD,  FLORENCE  J.  Author.  [La.].  She  published  a 
volume  of  'Poems'  (1879). 

WILLET,  JOSEPH -EDGERTON.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
Macon,  Ga.,  November  17,  1826.  After  receiving  his  education  at  Mercer,- 
he  became  a  professor  in  the  institution  and  taught  the  natural  sciences. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  was  employed  by  the  Confederate  Government 
to  superintend  the  manufacture  of  ammunition.  Besides  a  course  of  lec- 
tures on  "Science  and  Religion,"  he  published  a  volume  on  'The  Wonders 
of  Insect  Life'  (1869). 

WILLEY,  WAITMAN  THOMAS.  United  States  Senator.  He 
was  born  in  Monongalia  County,  Va.,  in  what  is  now  West  Virginia, 
October  18,  1811,  and  studied  law.  When  Virginia  seceded,  he  was 
elected  by  the  Unionist  Legislature  at  Wheeling  to  succeed  James  M. 
Mason  in  the  United  States  Senate;  and  later,  on  the  creation  of  West 
Virginia  into  an  independent  state,  he  was  commissioned  to  represent 
the  new  commonwealth  in  the  Upper  Chamber;  and  was  subsequently 
reelected.  He  contributed  to  magazines  and  reviews  and  delivered  a 
series  of  lectures  on  "Methodism."  Alleghany  College  gave  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D. 

WILLIAMS,  BESSIE  W.  JOHNSON,  Mrs.  Writer.  She  was 
born  in  South  Carolina  but  afterward  lived  in  Georgia.  She  published 
"In  Memory  of  Captain  Herndon,"  a  poem,  and  'Ciaromski  and  His 
Daughter.' 

WILLIAMS,  ESPY  WILLIAM  HENDRICKS.  Dramatist.  He 
was  born  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  January  30,  1852,  the  son  of  William 
H.  and  Lavinia  M.  Williams,  was  educated  in  the  grammar 
schools,  and  married,  April  IS,  1879,  Nannie  Bowers.  He  engaged  in 
business  operations,  devoting  his  leisure  intervals  to  literary  work. 
Some  of  his  dramatic  productions  have  received  the  favor  of  the 
highest  critics  and  have  been  successfully  staged  on  both  sides  of  the 
ocean.  Besides  a  volume  of  poems  entitled  'A  Dream  of  Art,'  he  is 
the  author  of  the  following  plays :  "Parrhasius,"  a  tragedy  produced 
by  Robert  Mantell,  "The  Husband,"  a  society  draina,  produced  by  the 
same,  "The  Queen's  Garter,"  a  romantic  play,  produced  by  the  same, 
"The  Man  in  Black,"  a  drama,  produced  by  Walter  Whiteside,  "A 
Cavalier  of  France,"  a  drama,  produced  by  Louis  James;  "The  Duke's 
Jester,"  a  romantic  comedy,  produced  by  Frederick  Warde;  "Unorna," 
a  romantic  play,  produced  by  Mrs.  Brune,  "The  Emperor's  Double," 
a  romantic  comedy,  produced  by  Clarence  Brune,  "A  Royal  Joke,"  a 
comic  opera,  produced  by  the  Metropolitan  Opera  Company,  "Olla- 
mus,"  a  comic  opera,  "Eugene  Aram,"  a  tragedy,  and  "The  Last 
.Witch,"  a  play.    He  resides  in  New  Orleans. 

WILLIAMS,  EUSTACE  LEROY.  Journalist.  He  was  born  in 
Culpeper,  Va.,  September  29,  1874,  a  son  of  L.  E.  and  Flora  Williams, 
was  well  educated,  and  married,  in  1900,  Elizabeth  Smith.  He  is 
the  author  of  'The  Mutineers'  (Lothrop)  and  'The  Substitute  Quarterback' 
(Dana  Estes).    He  resides  in  Louisville,  Ky. 

WILLIAMS,  FLORA  McDONALD.  Author.  She  wrote  an  in- 
teresting story  of  the  Confederacy  entitled:  'The  Blue  Cockade'  (New 
York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907). 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN  G.  Author.  [S.C.].  He  published  'The  In- 
vasion of  the  Moor.' 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN  LEE.  Civil  engineer  and  lawyer.  He  was 
born  in  Salem,  Mass.,  i^  1775,  and  died  in  Picoloto,  Fla.,  in  1856.    After 


474  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

graduation  from  Hamilton  College,  N.Y.,  he  practiced  law  for  a  while 
in  Virginia,  but  later,  on  the  exchange  of  flags,  removed  to  Florida.  He 
traveled  over  the  entire  territory,  made  extensive  surveys  and  observa- 
tions, and  together  with  Dr.  W.  H.  Simmons,  was  appointed  to  select  the 
site  of  the  State  capitol.  His  published  works  include:  'A  View  of  East 
Florida,'  'A  View  of  West  Florida,'  and  his  'Journal,'  all  of  which  are 
works  of  very  great  value  to  historical  students  because  of  the  light 
which  they  throw  upon  the  early  territorial  history  of  the  peninsula.  He 
was  a  man  of  cultured  attainments,  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  eminent 
writers  and  thinkers,  and  accompanied  Audubon  on  more  than  one  expe- 
dition. 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN  SHARP,  United  States  Senator,  Congress- 
man, lawyer,  was  born  in  Memphis,  Tenn.,  July  30,  1854.  During  the 
Civil  War,  when  he  was  still  a  lad,  his  parents  moved  to  Mississippi, 
where  he  spent  his  boyhood  days.  He  enjoyed  the  best  educational 
advantages,  including  courses  both  at  the  University  of  the  South 
and  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  after  which  he  completed  his  studies 
at  Heidelberg.  He  studied  law  and  also  became  a  cotton  planter; 
achieved  early  distinction  in  politics,  attended  the  National  Demo- 
cratic Conventions  in  1892  and  1904,  presiding  over  the  latter  in  the 
capacity  of  temporary  chairman;  served  in  Congress  from  1893  to 
1909,  becoming  minority  leader  and  was  finally  elected  to  succeed 
Honorable  H.  D.  Money  in  the  United  States  Senate,  defeating  ex- 
governor  James  K.  Vardaraan.  As  a  debater.  Senator  Williams  is 
without  a  superior.  He  is  also  an  accomplished  parliamentarian,  a 
ripe  scholar  and  a  sound  thinker  upon  political  and  economic  ques- 
tions. 

WILLIAMS,    JOHN    WILSON    MONTGOMERY,    clergyman, 

was  born  in  Portsmouth,  Va.,  April  7,  1820.  He  was  educated  at  Colum- 
bian College  and  at  Newton  Theological  Seminary,  and  was  for  a  number 
of  years  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church,  of  Baltimore,  Md.  He  pub- 
lished 'Pastor  and  People:  a  Lecture'  (Washington,  1867),  'Reminiscences 
of  a  Pastorate  of  Thirty-three  Years'  (1884),  'Training  of  our  Members 
in  the  Distinctive  Principles  of  Our  Denomination  a  Duty  and  a  Necessity' 
(Philadelphia,  1855),  and  a  number  of  tracts  and  sermons.  Columbian 
College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

WILLIAMS,  JOSEPH  S.  Author.  [Tenn.].  He  has  preserved 
many  delightful  incidents  and  traditions  of  pioneer  life  in  a  work  entitled 
'Old  Times  in  Tennessee,  by  a  Descendant  of  One  of  the  First  Settlers' 
(1873). 

WILLIAMS,  MARTHA  McCULLOCH.  Author.  She  was  born 
in  Montgomery  County,  Tenn.,  and  married  Thomas  McCulloch 
Williams.  She  began  her  literary  career  after  removing  to  New  York 
in  1887.  Besides  numerous  short  stories  and  sketches,  she  is  the 
author  of  several  interesting  serials,  among  them:  'Field  Farings'  (New 
York,  Harper  and  Brothers),  'Two  of  a  Trade,'  'Milre,'  and  'Next  to 
the  Ground'  (New  York,  McClure,  Phillips  and  Company).  One  of 
her  short  stories — "In  Jackson's  Purchase" — won  the  prize  in  McClure's 
competition.    She  resides  in  New  York  City. 

WILLIAMS.  MARY  BUSHNELL.  Author.  She  was  born  in 
Baton  Rouge,  La.,  in  1826.  Her  father  was  Judge  Charles  Bushnell,  a 
native  of  Boston.  She  was  educated  by  Professor  Alexander  Dimitry, 
a  distinguished  scholar,  and  became  the  wife  of  Josiah  P.  Williams,  a 
planter.  She  contributed  to  current  periodicals,  wrote  a  number  of  poems 
which  were  greatly  admired,  among  them,  one  entitled  "The  Serfs  of 
Chateney,"  and  published  a  volume  of  'Tales  and  Legends  of  Louisiana.' 


BIOGRAi'HICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       475 

WILLIAMS,  R.  GRAY.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in  Leesburg, 
V'a.,  July  10,  1878.  During  the  leisure  intervals  of  a  life  somewhat 
crowded  by  professional  engagements  he  has  exercised  his  literary  gifts. 
Besides  magazine  and  newspaper  work,  he  has  published  occasional 
speeches,  and  a  memoir  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe.  He  is  also  the  founder 
and  editor  of  Things  and  Thoughts,  a  Southern  literary  periodical.  The 
sketch  of  Mrs.  Burton  Harrison  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature' 
is  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Williams. 

WILLIAMS,  RICHARD  D'ALTON.  Physician  and  man  of  let- 
ters. He  was  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  October  8,  1822.  Under  the 
pen-name  of  "Shamrock,"  he  began  to  contribute  verses  to  the  press 
in  early  youth.  Later  he  became  one  of  the  founders  and  editors  of 
the  Irish  Tribune,  and  on  account  of  the  extreme  sentiments  of  the 
paper,  he  was  charged  with  treason  against  the  Queen.  In  the  prose- 
cution that  followed  he  was  represented  by  the  celebrated  Samuel 
Ferguson,  who,  in  the  course  of  his  argument,  declared  him  to  be  the 
lirst  living  poet  of  Ireland,  next  to  Thomas  Moore.  Soon  after  his 
acquittal  he  emigrated  to  the  United  States.  For  a  while  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  belles-lettres  at  Spring  Hill  College  in  Alabama;  but  he 
afterward  settled  at  Thibodaux,  La.,  dividing  his  time  between  the 
practice  of  medicine  and  the  labor  of  authorship.  He  died  July  5, 
1862. 

WILLIAMS,  WALTER.  Editor.  He  was  born  in  Boonville, 
Mo.,  July  2,  1864,  received  a  high-school  education,  learned 
the  printer's  trade,  and  established  in  1895  The  Country  Editor,  a 
monthly  magazine  in  the  interest  of  newspaper  men.  He  was  made 
vice-president  of  the  International  Press  Congress  at  Berne. 
Switzerland,  and  was  chosen  delegate  from  the  General  Assembly  of 
his  church  to  the  Pan-Presbyterian  Council  in  Scotland.  He  has  been 
an  extensive  traveler,  organized  the  World's  Press  Parliament  at  St. 
Louis,  in  1904,  and  married,  June  30,  1892,  Hulda  Harned.  He  teaches 
a  Bible  class  of  more  than  four  hundred  members.  His  writings 
include :  'How  the  Cap'n  Saved  the  Day,'  'Some  Saints  and  Some  Sin- 
ners in  the  Holy  Land,'  and  'The  State  of  Missouri.'  At  present  he 
is  editor  of  the  Columbia  Herald.  The  sketch  of  J.  N.  Baskett  in  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  He  resides  in 
Columbia,  Mo. 

WILLIAMSON,  HUGH.  Physician.  Though  born  in  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1735,  he  located  in  North  Carolina  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution, 
served  in  the  Continental  Congress  from  1784  to  1786,  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  that  framed  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and 
published,  in  two  volumes,  a  'History  of  North  Carolina'  (Philadelphia, 
1812),  besides  numerous  minor  works.  Late  in  life  he  removed  to  New 
York  City,  where  he  died  in  1819. 

WILLIAMSON,  J.  J.  Author.  He  published  an  interesting  vol- 
ume entitled  'Mosby's  Rangers'   (1896). 

WILLIAMSON,  MARY  LYNN.  Educator  and  author.  She  was 
born  near  Charlottesville,  Va.,  May  4,  1850,  a  daughter  of  P.  R.  and 
Mary  Harrison.  She  received  a  collegiate  education  and  married, 
November  2,  1874,  M.  W.  Williamson.  The  greater  part  pi  her  life  has 
been  devoted  to  educational  work;  and  in  connection  v/ith  her  school 
duties  she  has  endeavored  to  simplify  biography  for  the  benefit  of  her 
youthful  pupils.  Among  her  books  are:  'The  Life  of  Robert  E.  Lee' 
(1866),  'The  Life  of  General  T.  J.  Jackson'  (1899),  and  The  Life  of 
Washington'  (1901).     She  lives  in  New  Market,  Va. 


476  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

WILLIS,  BYRD  CHARLES  and  RICHARD  HENRY.  They 
were  born  in  Virginia,  but  afterward  removed  to  Arkansas,  where  they 
jointly  compiled  a  work  of  genealogy  entitled  'The  Willis  Family  of 
Virginia'   (1899). 

WILLIS,  HENRY  PARKER.  Economist  and  educator.  He 
was  born  in  Weymouth,  Mass.,  August  4,  1874,  a  son  of  John  Henry 
Willis,  and  received  a  collegiate  education  supplemented  by  post- 
graduate studies  abroad.  He  married,  and  was  for  some  time 
leading  editorial  writer  on  the  New  Evening  Post,  and  later  Wash- 
ington correspondent  for  Eastern  papers.  In  1905  he  became  the 
professor  of  economics  and  political  science  in  Washington  and  Lee 
University.  His  writings  include:  'The  History  of  the  Latin  Monetary 
Union,'  'Reciprocity'  (in  collaboration  with  Professor  J.  L.  Laughlin), 
and  'The  Philippines  Problem.'  The  University  of  Chicago  gave  him  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.     He  resides  in  Lexington,  Va, 

WILLIS,  MARY  JASPER  BOCOCK.  Educator.  Mrs.  Willis 
is  a  native  of  Virginia  and  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  John  Holmes  Bocock, 
an  eminent  Presbyterian  minister.  She  married  Richard  B.  Willis.  For 
several  years  she  has  been  State  historian  for  Arkansas  of  the  United 
t)aughters  of  the  Confederacy,  and  each  year  has  prepared  an  address  on 
the  work  in  Arkansas  to  be  published  in  the  minutes.  Besides  maga- 
zine articles  and  poems  of  high  merit,  she  is  also  the  author  of  an  ex- 
ceptionally interesting  volume  entitled  'American  History  in  the  South' 
(Richmond,  Va.,  B.  F.  Johnson  and  Company,  1900).  She  resides  in 
Fayetteville,  Ark. 

WILLOUGHBY,  WESTEL  WOODBURY.  Educator.  He  was 
born  in  Alexandria,  Va.,  July  20,  1867.  After  graduation  from  Johns 
Hopkins,  he  practiced  law  for  several  years  in  Washington,  D.C.,  and 
then  became  associate  professor  of  political  science  at  Johns  Hopkins.  His 
writings,  which  bear  the  impress  of  profound  scholarship,  include:  'The 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  Its  History  and  Administrative  Im- 
portance' (Baltimore,  The  Johns  Hopkins  Press,  1890),  'The  Government 
and  Administration  of  the  United  States'  {ihid.,  1891),  'The  Nature  of  the 
State:  a  Study  in  Political  Philosophy'  (New  York,  The  Macmillan  Com- 
pany, 1896),  and  'The  Rights  and  Duties  of  American  Citizenship'  (New 
York,  The  American  Book  Company,  1898),  besides  numerous  minor 
works,  including  contributions  to  magazines  and  reviews.  Johns  Hopkins 
gave  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

WILLOUGHBY,  WILLIAM  FRANKLIN.  Expert  in  the 
United  States  Department  of  Labor.  He  was  born  in  Alexandria,  Va., 
July  20,  1867,  a  twin-brother  of  Dr.  Westel  W.  Willooighby,  and  was 
educated  at  Johns  Hopkins.  He  has  several  times  represented  the  De- 
partment of  Labor  at  international  congresses,  has  received  the  Cross 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor  from  the  French  Government,  and  has  delivered 
lectures  on  economics  at  Johns  Hopkins.  He  has  also  published  a  volume 
entitled  'The  Working  Man's  Insurance'  (New  York,  Thomas  Y.  Crowell 
and  Company,  1898),  besides  other  writings. 

WILLSON,  BYRON  FORCYTHE.  Editor  and  poet.  He  was 
born  in  Alleghany  County,  N.Y.,  April  10,  1837,  but  afterward  removed 
with  his  parents  to  Covington,  Ky.,  and  later  became  an  editorial  writer 
on  the  Louisville  Journal.  He  wrote  a  number  of  poems,  including  "The 
Old  Sergeant."  Just  before  his  death  he  published  a  collection  of  his 
verse  (Boston,  1866). 

WILMER,  RICHARD  HOOKER.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XIII,  page  5823. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS       477 

WILMER,  WILLIAM  HOLLAND,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Kent  County,  Md.,  October  23,  1782,  and  died  in  Williamsburg,  Va., 
July  24,  1827.  On  completing  his  education,  he  was  admitted  to  orders! 
became  rector  of  St.  Paul's  Church  in  Alexandria,  Va.,  founded  the  Vir- 
ginia Protestant  Episcopal  Seminary,  in  which  he  taught,  and  became 
president  of  William  and  Mary  College.  He  published  a  number  of 
sermons,  edited  the  Theological  Repertory,  and  published  an  'Episcopal 
Manual'  (1815).    Brown  University  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

WILSON,  ALPHAEUS  WATERS,  bishop  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  South.  He  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  February  S, 
1834;  and,  after  completing  his  studies  at  Columbian  College,  he  joined 
the  itinerant  ranks  of  Methodism.  He  became  secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Missions  in  1878  and  bishop  in  1882.  Three  separate  times  he  has  made 
Episcopal  tours  of  the  globe,  besides  visiting  remote  fields  on  sepa- 
rate occasions.  He  delivered  the  Cole  Lectures  at  Vanderbilt,  in  1894; 
and  these  were  afterward  published  in  a  volume  entitled  'Witnesses  to 
Christ'  (Nashville,  Publishing  House  of  the  M.E.  Church,  South).  On 
March  4,  1857,  he  married  Susan  B.  Lipscomb. 

WILSON,  ALPHAEUS  WATERS,  Mrs.  [Md.].  She  published 
an  interesting  series  of  "Letters  from  the   Orient." 

WILSON,  AUGUSTA  EVANS.       See  Biographical  and  Critical 

Sketch,  Vol.  XIII,  page  5841. 

WILSON,  D.  L.  Author.  [Va.].  In  association  with  J.  C.  Les- 
ter, he  wrote  'The  Ku  Klux  Klan,  Its  Origin,  Growth,  and  Disbandment' 
(New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907). 

WILSON,  FRANKLIN,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
December  8,  1822i  He  was  educated  at  Brown  University  and  studied 
theology,  but  on  account  of  physical  infirmities  he  held  no  pastorates. 
Besides  editing  The  True  Union,  he  published  a  number  of  essays  and 
tracts,  one  of  which  on  "The  Duties  of  Churches  to  Pastors"  secured  a 
prize. 

WILSON,  JAMES  SOUTHALL.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
Bacon's  Castle,  Va.,  November  12,  1880.  His  father  was  John  Wilson  and 
his  mother,  Mary  E.  Jordan.  He  is  professor  of  history  and  associate 
■professor  of  English  in  William  and  Mary  College,  Williamsburg,  Va. 
Besides  several  magazine  articles,  he  has  published  'Alexander  Wilson, 
Poet,  Naturalist'  (New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing 
Company,  1906),  and  'Pausanius:  a  Dramatic  Poem,'  with  Charles  William 
Kennedy  {ibid.,  1907).  Princeton  University  gave  him  the  degree  of 
Ph.D.  The  sketch  of  E.  A.  Pollard  in  'Tfce  Library  of  Southern  Litera- 
ture' is  from  his  pen. 

WILSON,  JOHN  LEIGHTON,  missionary,  was  born  in  Sumter 
County,  S.C,  March  25,  1809,  and  died  near  Maysville,  S.C,  July  13, 
18B6.  After  completing  his  theological  equipment,  he  went  on  an  explor- 
ing expedition  to  West  Africa,  the  result  of  which  was  the  establishment 
of  a  mission  station  at  Cape  Palmas.  Afterward  he  developed  other  fields 
in  the  same  region.  He  reduced  the  language  of  the  natives  to  writing 
and  made  grammars  in  order  to  reach  them  with  the  message  of  the 
Gospel,  and  the  results  were  marvelous.  But,  on  account  of  impaired 
health,  he  returned  to  the  United  States.  For  many  years  he  was  secre- 
tary of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  first 
of  the  united  organization  and  afterward  of  the  Southern  branch.  Besides 
frequent  contributions  to  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Review,  he  published 


478  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

'Western   Africa:    Its   History,    Condition,   and    Prospects'    (New    York, 
1857).    Lafayette  College  gave  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 

WILSON,  JOHN  LYDE,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Marlborough  Dis- 
trict S  C ,  May  24,  1784,  and  died  in  Charleston,  S.C.,  February  12,  1849. 
He  studied  law,  achieved  distinction  at  the  Bar,  and  on  the  hustmgs  and 
became  governor.  He  fought  several  duels  and  published  a  'Code  of 
Honor,'  which  he  designed  for  the  purpose  of  regulating  the  resort  to 
hostile' weapons.  He  was  a  writer  of  exceptional  vigor,  caused  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  Court  of  Appeals  by  an  attack  in  the  public  prints,  and  pub- 
lished 'Cupid  and  Psyche:  from  the  Golden  Ass  of  Apuleius'  (Charleston, 
1842). 

WILSON,  JOHN  S.  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  educator.  He 
was  one  of  the  religious  pioneers  of  North  Georgia,  organized  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  in  Atlanta,  and  published  a  'Necrology'  (1869)  and 
'Atlanta  as  It  Is'  (1871). 

WILSON,  LIZZIE.  Poet.  [Ky.].  She  published  a  volume  of 
verse  entitled  'Poems  by  Lizzie'  (I860). 

WILSON,  LOUIS  ROUND.  Librarian  of  the  University  of 
North  Carolina.  He  was  born  at  Lenoir,  N.C.,  December  27,  1826.  Be- 
sides the  sketch  of  Archibald  Murphey  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Lit- 
erature '  he  is  the  author  of  a  work  entitled  'Chaucer's  Relative  Construc- 
tions' (Chapel  Hill,  N.C.,  The  University  Press,  1906),  and  numerous 
library  articles.  He  is  also  chairman  of  the  North  Carolina  Library  Com- 
mission and  holds  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

WILSON,  RICHARD  HENRY  ("Richard  Fisquill").  Educator 
and  author.  He  was  born  in  Christian  County,  Ky.,  March  6,  1870.  His 
father  was  Richard  Henry  Wilson  and  his  mother,  Margaret  Field  Smith. 
On  completing  his  education  in  this  country,  he  continued  his  studies 
abroad;  and,  while  in  Paris,  he  married,  June  24,  1893,  Marie  Louise 
Rourceret.  For  several  years  past  he  has  been  the  professor  of  Romance 
languages  at  the  University  of  Virginia.  Among  the  delightful  products 
of  his  leisure  hours,  in  addition  to  numerous  magazine  articles,  are  'Mazel' 
(New  York,  Henry  Holt  and  Company)  and  'The  Venus  of  Cadiz,'  an 
extravaganza  (ibid.).  He  resides  at  Charlottesville.  Johns  Hopkins  gave 
him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

WILSON,  ROBERT  BURNS.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XIII,  page  S86S. 

WILSON,  SAMUEL  FARMER.  Lawyer  and  journalist.  He 
was  born  in  Connecticut  in  180S  and  died  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  in  1870. 
After  practicing  law,  first  in  North  Carolina  and  afterward  in  Alabama, 
he  engaged  in  journalism  in  New  Orleans  and  published  a  'History  of 
the  American  Revolution'  (Baltimore,  1834),  which  passed  into  several 
editions. 

WILSON,  THOMAS.  [N.C.].  "Mr.  Daniel  Parke  Custis,  of 
Tallahassee,  Fla.,  credits  Dr.  Wilson  with  a  volume  (of  verse),  which 
as  a  boy  he  remembers  but  which  was  lost  in  Newbern  during  the  Civil 
War."— Dr.  Hight  C.  Moore. 

WILSON,  WILLIAM  LYNE.  Statesman  and  educator.  He  was 
born  in  Jefferson  County,  Va.,  May  3,  1843.  After  graduating  from  Co- 
lumbian College,  he  began  a  course  of  study  at  the  University  of  Virginia, 
but  the  Civil  War  intervened.  He  served  in  the  Confederate  ranks,  and 
at  the  close  of  hostilities  became  a  professor  in  Columbian  College,  after 
which  he  settled  in  Charleston,  W.Va.,  for  the  practice  of  law.     In  1882 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       479 

he  was  made  president  of  the  University  of  West  Virginia,  but  resigned 
to  accept  an  election  to  the  National  House  of  Representatives.  From  1883 
to  1895  he  was  a  Member  of  Congress,  took  the  leadership  of  the  Demo- 
cratic side,  and  wrote  the  famous  tariff  bill  which  bore  his  name  On 
retiring  from  Congress  he  accepted  the  office  of  Postmaster-general  in 
the  Cabinet  of  President  Cleveland,  and  at  the  conclusion  of  his  term 
of  service  became  president  of  Washington  and  Lee  University,  a  chair 
which  he  filled  until  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1900.  He  was  an  elo- 
quent public  speaker,  and  on  economic  questions,  an  authority  of  the 
highest  character.     Columbian  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

„  WILSON,  WOODROW.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  Xni,  page  5881. 

WINANS,  WILLIAM,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Pennsylvania, 
November  3,  1788,  and  died  in  Mississippi,  August  31,  1857.  He  was  a 
pioneer  of  Methodism  in  the  South,  and  published  'Discourses  on  Funda- 
mental Religious  Subjects,'  edited  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  O.  Summers,  D.D. 

WINCHESTER,  BOYD.    [Ky.].    Author  of  'The  Swiss  Republic' 

WINCHESTER,  SAMUEL  GROVER.  Clergyman.  He  was 
born  in  Rock  Run,  Md.,  February  17,  1805,  and  died  in  New  York,  August 
31,  1841.  For  several  years  he  was  pastor  of  a  Presbyterian  church  at 
Natchez,  Miss.  He  published  'Companion  for  the  Sick'  (1833),  'Christian 
Counsel  to  the  Sick'  (1836),  'Family  Religion'  (1841),  and  'The  Theater' 
(1841). 

WINEBRENNER,  JOHN,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Frederick 
County,  Md.,  March  24,  1797,  and  died  in  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  September  12, 
1860.  For  several  years  he  proclaimed  the  doctrines  of  Luther,  but  even- 
tually departed  from  the  strict  standards  and  organized  a  denomination 
which  he  called  "the  Church  of  God,"  in  which  the  washing  of  feet  was 
made  obligatory  and  approval  given  to  fasts.  He  edited  periodicals  and, 
with  Isaac  D.  Rupp,  wrote  the  'History  of  Religious  Denominations  in 
the  United  States'  (Hartford,  1844).  He  also  published  a  'Pronouncing 
Testament  and  Gazetteer'  (Harrisburg,  1836),  'Brief  Views  of  the  Church 
of  God'  (1840),  'Practical  and  Doctrinal  Sermons'  (1860),  and  'The 
Church  Hymn-Book.' 

WINGARD,  E.  A.  Lutheran  clergyman.  [S.C.].  He  published 
a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Echoes,  and  Other  Poems'   (1899). 

WINGFIELD,  EDWIN  MARIA.  English  merchant  and  colonist. 
He  was  born  in  England  about  1570,  took  an  active  part  in  colonizing 
Virginia,  sailed  with  the  first  company  of  emigrants  and  was  named  the 
first  president  of  the  colony  in  the  sealed  instructions;  but  an  unfortunate 
quarrel  with  Captain  John  Smith  caused  him  to  be  deposed,  after  which 
he  returned  to  England.  He  wrote  'A  Discourse  of  Virginia,'  which  was 
edited  with  notes  by  Charles  Deane  from  the  original  manuscript  (Boston, 
1860). 

WINKLER,  A.  v.,  Mrs.  Editor.  She  was  born  in  Virginia,  but 
afterward  lived  in  Texas.  She  wrote  'The  Confederate  Capitol'  and 
'Hood's  Texas  Brigade.' 

WINLOCK,  JOSEPH.  Astronomer.  He  was  born  in  Shelby 
County,  Ky.,  February  6,  1826,  and  died  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  July  11,  1875. 
He  was  educated  at  Shelby  College.  For  several  years  he  was  professor 
of  astronomy  at  Harvard,  and  completed  before  his  death  thirty-five 
plates  of  the  most  interesting  objects  in  the  heavens.  He  also  published 
'The  Tables  of  Mercury,'  and  made  contributions  to  scientific  journals. 


480  SOUTHERN  LITERATURE 

WINN,  MARY  POLK.  Author.  [La.].  She  wrote  an  interest- 
ing novel  of  old  Creole  days  entitled  'The  Law  and  the  Letter'  (New  York 
and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1907),  the  scenes  of 
which  are  laid  in  the  Province  of  Louisiana  at  the  time  of  the  War  of 
1812. 

WINSTON,  ANNIE  STEGER.  Writer.  She  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia, the  daughter  of  Charles  H.  Winston,  professor  of  physics  in 
Richmond  College.  She  is  a  frequent  contributor  to  periodicals, 
including  The  Century  Magazine,  and  is  also  the  author  of  an  interest- 
ing volume,   'The   Memoirs  of   a   Child.'     She   lives   in   Richmond,   Va. 

WINSTON,  ROBERT  WATSON,  jurist  and  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Windsor,  N.C.,  September  12,  1860.  His  father  was  the  Honorable 
Patrick  Henry  Winston  and  his  mother,  Martha  E.  Byrd.  Besides  numer- 
ous monographs  on  historical  and  economic  subjects,  magazine  articles 
and  occasional  lectures,  he  is  the  author  of  the  sketch  of  Edwin  Wiley 
Fuller  in  'The  Library  of  Southern  Literature.'  He  was  for  some  time 
president  of  the  Historical  Society  of  North  Carolina.  He  married,  De- 
cember 12,  1882,  Sophronia  Horney,  and  resides  at  Raleigh,  N.C. 

WINSTON,  ROSALIE  BANKHEAD,  Mrs.  Author.  This  Vir- 
ginia lady  in  1885  published  at  Petersburg  a  volume  of  mingled  prose  and 
verse  entitled  'Pilate's  Question:  or,  What  is  Truth?' 

WINTER,  LOVICK  PIERCE,  Methodist  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Oglethorpe  County,  Ga.,  December  18,  1850.  The  master  of  an  enter- 
taining style,  he  frequently  contributes  to  the  press.  Two  of  his  latest 
articles  are  entitled  "Marry  Your  Neighbor's  Daughter"  and  "Sketches 
of  Georgia  Books  and  Authors."  He  has  recently  Ijeen  engaged  by  one 
of  the  publishing  houses  to  write  a  'Life  of  Martin  Luther.'  He  married, 
September  26,  1900,  Wilhelmina  McAvoy,  and  resides  at  Hepzibah,  Ga. 

WIRT,  ELIZABETH  WASHINGTON,  author,  was  born  in 
Richmond,  Va.,  January  30,  1784,  and  died  in  Annapolis,  Md.,  January  24, 
1857.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Colonel  Robert  Gamble,  became  the  second 
wife  of  William  Wirt,  the  distinguished  orator  and  statesman,  and  pub- 
lished a  volume  entitled  'Flora's  Dictionary'  (Baltimore,  1S29),  which 
became  for  years  the  authorized  interpreter  of  the  language  of  flowers. 

WIRT,  WILLIAM.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
XIII,  page  S903. 

WISE»  BARTON  H.  Lawyer.  [Va.].  He  published  an  interest- 
ing volume  of  biography  entitled  'The  Life  of  Governor  Henry  A.  Wise' 
(1899),  in  which  he  vividly  portrays  the  turbulent  times  of  which  this 
distinguished  Virginian  was  one  of  the  dominant  figures. 

WISE,  GEORGE.  [Va.].  He  wrote  a  'History  of  the  Seven- 
teenth Virginia  Infantry'  (1870). 

WISE,  HENRY  A.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
XIII,  page  5921. 

WISE,  JOHN  S.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol.  XIII, 
page  5937. 

WISSER,  JOHN  PHILIP,  soldier,  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
July  19,  1852.  He  was  educated  at  West  Point,  served  on  the  staff  of 
General  John  Gibbon  during  the  Chinese  troubles  on  the  Pacific  Coast, 
taught  various  branches  of  science  in  the  academy  for  years,  studied  at 
the  Royal  School  of  Mines  in  Frieberg,  attained  the  rank  of  major  in 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  AUTHORS       481 

1901,  and  is  at  present  military  attache  at  Berlin.  On  topics  relating  to 
the  artillery  branch  of  the  service,  he  is  an  authority  of  recognized  stand- 
ing among  critics  of  the  art  of  war.  His  writings  include :  'Gun  Cotton' 
(New  York,  D.  Van  Nostrand  Company),  'Practical  Problems  in  Minor 
Tactics  and  Strategy'  (New  York,  D.  Appleton  and  Company),  'By  Land 
and  Sea'  (Philadelphia,  Hamersley  and  Company),  various  articles  on 
military  subjects  in  Johnson's  'New  Universal  Cyclopaedia'  (Richmond, 
B.  F.  J«hnson  and  Company),  'Explosive  Materials'  (New  York,  D.  Van 
Nostrand  and  Company),  'The  Second  Boer  War'  (Kansas  City,  Hudson- 
Kimberly  Company),  'Tactics  of  Coast  Defence'  (ibid.),  'Practical  Field 
Exercises'  (ibid.),  and  'A  Military  and  Naval  Dictionary'  (Philadelphia, 
Lutheran  Publishing  Society),  besides  contributions  to  numerous 
periodicals. 

WITHERS,  ALEXANDER  SCOTT.  Lawyer.  [Va.].  He  was 
born  in  1792  and  died  in  186S.  He  published  a  work  entitled  'Border  War- 
fare' (1831). 

WITHERS,  EMMA,  Miss.  Poet.  [W.  Va.].  She  published  a 
volume  of  verse  entitled  'Wildwood  Chimes'  (Cincinnati,  1891). 

WOLFE,  C.  TOLER.  He  was  born  in  Virginia,  in  1810,  and  was 
the  author  of  a  work  entitled  'A  Book  of  Odds  and  Ends'  (Winchester, 
1852).  Somewhat  of  a  rover,  he  memorialized  each  place  he  visited;  and 
we  can  follow  him  in  his  wanderings  by  turning  the  pages  of  his  work. 
He  took  authorship  none  too  seriously,  but  there  are  glints  of  genius  which 
bespeak  his  briUiant  talents. 

WOMACK,  NELLIE,  Poet.  [Ga.].  She  published  a  volume  of 
verse  entitled  'Waifs  and  Wild  Meadows'  (Atlanta,  The  Foote  and  Davies 
Company,  1898). 

WOOD,  ANNIE  C.  Author.  [Va.].  She  wrote  two  entertain- 
ing novels  entitled  'Diana  Fontaine'  (1891)  and  'Westover's  Ward'  (1892) 

WOOD,  BENJAMIN.  Journalist.  He  was  born  in  Kentucky  in 
1820,  but  afterward  engaged  in  journalism  in  New  York  City,  where  he 
attained  distinction  and  wrote  a  novel  of  the  Civil  War  period  entitled 
'Fort  Lafayette ;  or.  Love  and  Secession.'    He  died  in  1900. 

WOOD,  HENRY.  He  was  born  in  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  July  8, 
1849,  and  studied  at  Berlin  and  Leipsic  (Ph.D.).  He  fills  the  chair 
of  German  at  Johns  Hopkins  University.  He  is  the  author  of  various 
monographs  on  German  and  English  literature  and  the  editor  of  a 
critical  edition  of  'Faust.'    He  resides  in  Baltimore,  Md. 

WOOD,  JEAN  MONCURE,  Mrs.  Poet.  She  was  born  in  Virginia, 
her  father  bemg  the  Rev.  John  Moncure.  She  enjoyed  fair  educational  ad- 
vantages and  married  General  James  Wood,  who  distinguished  himself 
in  the  Revolution  and  was  governor  of  Virginia  from  1796  to  1799.  On 
account  of  her  Scotch  parentage,  she  wrote  with  ease  and  charm  in  the 
Highland  dialect.  She  died  in  1832,  leaving  a  volume  of  poems  in  manu- 
script, which  was  favorably  reviewed  by  the  Southern  Literary  Messen- 
ger, and  afterward  published  by  John  Lewis  in  'Flowers  and  Weeds  of 
the  Old  Dominion'  (Frankfort,  Ky.,  18S7). 

WOOD,  JOHN,  author,  was  born  in  Scotland  in  1775  and  died  in 
Richmond,  Va.,  in  1822.  For  several  years  he  edited  newspapers,  first  in 
Kentucky  and  afterward  in  Washington,  D.C.  Besides  numerous  mmor 
works  he  published  a  'Full  Statement  of  the  Trial  and  Acquittal  of  Aaron 


482  SOUTHERN    LITERATURE 

Burr'  (Alexandria,  1807),  a  work  which  has  been  severely  criticized  by- 
James  Parton.  He  also  published  a  'History  of  Switzerland'  (Edinburgh, 
1799),  and  a  'History  of  the  Administratioii  of  John  Adams'  (New  York, 
1802),  the  latter  of  which  was  suppressed  by  Burr,  but  it  was  afterward 
edited  with  notes  by  John  Henry  Sherburne  and  republished  (Philadel- 
phia, 1846). 

WOOD,  THOMAS  L.  Editor.  He  compiled  a  work  of  much 
interest  entitled:  'Arcade  Echoes,'  a  collection  of  poems  culled  from  the 
University  Magazine  between  the  years  1859  and  1890. 

WOOD,  WILLIAM  MAXWELL,  surgeon,  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Md.,  May  27,  1809,  and  died  at  Owen's  Mills,  Md.,  March  1,  1880. 
He  became  surgeon-general  of  the  United  States  Navy  and  published 
'Wandering  Sketches  of  People  and  Things'  (New  York,  1849),  'A  Shoul- 
der to  the  Wheels  of  ProgressI  (New  York,  1849),  'Hints  to  the  People 
on  the  Profession  of  Medicine'  (Buffalo,  1852),  and  Fankv/ei;  or,  the 
San  Jacinto  in  the  Seas  of  India,  China,  and  Japan'  (New  York,  1859). 

WOODROW,  JAMES.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
XIII,  page  5957. 

WOODS,  ALVA.  Educator  and  divine.  He  was  born  in  1794  and 
died  in  1887.  He  was  the  iirst  president  of  the  University  of  Alabama. 
His  only  work  extant  is  entitled  'Literary  and  Theological  Addresses,' 
published  in  1868. 

WOODS,  KATE  PEARSON.  See  Biographical  and  Critical 
Sketch,  Vol.  XIII,  page  5979. 

WOODS,  W.  H.  Clergyman.  [Baltimore,  Md.].  Several  poems 
have  come  from  the  pen  of  this  ripe  scholar.  He  holds  the  degree 
of  D.D. 

WOODWARD,  AUGUSTUS  B.  Jurist.  He  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia, in  1775,  and  died  in  Florida,  in  1827.  Besides  attaining  distinction 
at  the  Bar,  he  was  also  a  student  of  the  sciences.  His  published  works 
include:  'Considerations  on  the  Substance  of  the  Sun'  (1801),  'Considera- 
tions on  the  Executive  Government  of  the  United  States'  (1809),  and 
'A  System  of  Universal  Science'   (1816). 

WOODWARD,  CALVIN  MILTON.  Educator.  He  was  born 
at  Fitchburg,  Mass.,  August  25,  1837.  His  father  was  Isaac  Burnap  Wood- 
ward ■  and  his  mother,  Eliza  Wetherbee.  On  completing  his  studies  at 
Harvard  he  engaged  in  educational  work,  but  his  labors  were  interrupted 
by  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  and  he  enlisted  in  Company  A  of  the 
Forty-eighth  Massachusetts  Volunteers.  For  nearly  forty  years  he  has 
been  identified  with  Washington  University  at  St.  Louis,  in  the  chair  of 
mathematics  and  mechanics;  and  for  this  same  length  of  time  he  has 
been  dean  of  the  School  of  Engineering.  He  also  originated,  in  1879,  the 
St.  Louis  Manual  Training  School.  For  several  years  he  was  president 
of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  University  of  Missouri.  His  writings 
include:  'History  of  the  St.  Louis  Bridge,'  'The  Manual  Training  School' 
(Boston,  D.  C.  Heath  and  Company),  and  'Manual  Training  in  Education' 
(New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons).  Harvard  University  gave  him  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.  and  Washington  University,  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

WOODWARD,  FRANKLIN  COWLES.  Educator.  He  was 
born  in  Virginia,  May  27,  1849,  and  was  educated  at  Randolph-Macon 
College.  He  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
South,  and  married,  in  1879,  Mary  P.  Leary.  He  was  professor  of 
English  in  Wofford  College  from  1887  to  1897;  and  president  of  that 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       483 

institution  from  1897  to  1902.  At  present  he  is  professor  of  English 
in  Richmond  College.  He  is  the  author  of  'English  in  the  Schools' 
and  English  Analysis.'  He  resides  in  Richmond,  Va.,  and  holds  the 
degree  of  Litt.D. 

WOODWARD,  THOMAS  SIMPSON.  Born  in  1797  and  died 
in  1861.  He  was  a  major-general  of  Georgia  Volunteers  and  wrote: 
'Reminiscences  of  the  Creek  and  Muscogee  Indians,'  a  rare  book  (Mont- 
gomery, 18S9). 

WOODWARD,  W.  S.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman.  [Mo.]. 
He  published  'The  Annals  of  Methodism  in  Missouri'   (1893). 

WOOLWINE,  THOMAS  LEE.  This  Southern  author  has  pub- 
lished a  volume  entitled  'In  the  Valley  of  the  Shadow'  (New  York,  Double- 
day,  Page  and  Company). 

WOOTEN,  DUDLEY  G.,  lawyer  and  editor,  published  in  two 
quarto  volumes,  'A  Comprehensive  History  of  Texas'  (Dallas,  Wm. 
G.  Scarff,  1898),  which  embodies  Yoakum's  pioneer  work  and  con- 
tinues the  narrative  down  to  the  last  century's  end.  It  contains  con- 
tributions from  various  writers,  is  an  authoritative  work  of  great 
value,  and  deals  fully  with  the  political,  legislative  and  judicial  his- 
tory of  the  Commonwealth.  The  splendid  chapter  on  "The  Land 
Titles  of  Texas"  is  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Wooten.  He  also  wrote 
"The  Results  of  Fifty  Years  of  Progress  in  Texas." 

WORMELEY,  MARY  ELIZABETH.  Author.  She  was  born 
in  London,  England,  July  26,  1822.  Her  father  was  Admiral  Ralph  Ran- 
dolph Wormeley  of  the  British  Navy,  a  native  of  Virginia,  and  a  kinsman 
of  the  Randolphs.  For  some  time  preceding  his  death  he  resided  in 
the  United  States,  and  his  daughter,  Mary  Elizabeth,  married  Randolph 
Latimer,  of  Baltimore.  But  she  was  already  well  known  by  this  time 
to  the  reading  public  through  her  books.  She  wrote  'Forest  Hill :  a  Tale 
of  Social  Life'  (London,  1846,  in  three  volumes),  'Anabel :  a  Family  His- 
tory' (New  York,  18S3),  'Our  Cousin  Veronica'  (1856),  and  'Familiar 
Talks  on  Some  of  Shakespeare's  Comedies'  (Boston,  1857),  besides  several 
translations  and  frequent  contributions  to  periodicals.  She  was  a  woman 
of  rare  gifts.  The  author's  mother  was  a  niece  of  Commodore  Edward 
Preble. 

WORMELY,  ARINA  RANDOLPH.  [Va.].  She  published  'The 
Coming  Woman,'  a  comedy  (1870). 

WORMLEY,  CARTER  W.  Journalist  and  poet.  He  published 
a  volume  of  lyrics  entitled  'Poems'  (New  York,  1904).  He  resides  in 
Richmond,  Va. 

WORTHINGTON.  JANE  TAYLOR  LOMAX.  Writer.  [Va.]. 
Mrs.  Worthington  published  numerous  essays  and  poems,  chiefly  in  the 
Southern  Literary  Messenger. 

WREN,  MARGARET  BRECKINRIDGE.  Poet.  This  Virginia 
lady  published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Echoes  from  the  Heart'  (Rich- 
mond, 1887).  Most  of  her  poems  are  introspective  in  character  and  tinged 
with  sadness. 

WRENSHALL,  LETITIA  H.  YONGE.  Writer.  She  was  born 
in  Washington,  D.C.  For  many  years  she  lived  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  but  her 
home  is  at  present  in  Baltimore.  Md.  She  married  John  C.  Wrenshall. 
The  writings  of  this  gifted  Southern  lady  have  not  been  numerous,  but 
they  have  dealt  with  very  important  subjects.     She  has  published  'Aborig- 


484  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

inal  Relics  from  the  Stone  Graves  of  Tennessee,'  a  lecture  delivered  before 
the  Maryland 'Academy  of  Sciences;  "Incantation  and  Popular  Healing  in 
Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,"  an  essay  in  the  Journal  of  American  Folk 
Lore;  "Odd  Corners  in  Southern  Europe,"  a  series  of  letters  in  the  Balti- 
more Sun;  the  sketch  of  Lizette  Woodworth  Reese  in  'The  Library  of 
Southern  Literature,'  and  numerous  contributions  to  periodicals. 

WRIGHT,  CHARLES  E.  Editor  and  author.  He  wrote  a 
story  of  modern  social  life  entitled  'Three  Beautiful  Women.'  Mr.  Wright 
is  engaged  in  journalistic  w^ork  at  Vicksburg,  Miss. 

WRIGHT,  JAMES  CORNELIUS.  He  was  born  in  Tennessee 
in  1851.  The  only  product  of  his  pen  is  a  biography  of  his  father,  the 
Rev.  A.  B.  Wright  (1895). 

WRIGHT,  JEAN.  Poet.  [Ky.].  She  published  a  volume  of 
verse   entitled   'Poems'    (1892). 

WRIGHT,  LOUISE  SOPHIE  W.  Author.  [Md.].  She  wrote 
an  interesting  story  entitled  'A  Southern  Girl.' 

WRIGHT,  M.  E.  Author.  [Ga.].  She  wrote  a  'History  of  Mis- 
sions of  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention'  (Philadelphia,  The  American 
Baptist  Publication   Society,   1900),  and  afterward  became  Mrs.  Wilbur. 

WRIGHT,  MARCUS  JOSEPH,  soldier,  was  born  in  Purdy,  Tenn., 
June  5,  1831.  For  some  time  he  practiced  law  in  Memphis;  but  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  entered  the  Confederate  service  and  attained 
the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  He  was  afterward  appointed  by  the  War 
Department  at  Washington  to  collect  Confederate  records  for  publication. 
He  wrote  'Reminiscences  of  the  Early  Settlement  and  Early  Settlers  of 
McNairy  County,  Tenn.'  (Washington,  1882),  and  a  'LilEe  of  Governor 
William  Blount'  (1884). 

WRIGHT,  MARIE  ROBINSON.  Author.  She  was  born  in 
Georgia  in  1866.  She  published  'Picturesque  Mexico,'  Mrs.  Wright 
resides  in  New  York  City. 

WRIGHT,  ROBERT.  Author.  [England].  He  published  the  most 
complete  and  thorough  biography  of  the  founder  of  the  colony  of  Georgia 
in  a  work  entitled  'The  Memoirs  of  General  James  Edward  Oglethorpe' 
(London,  1867). 

WRIGHT,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  engineer,  was  born  in  Wilming- 
ton, N.C.,  in  1814,  and  died  in  Wilmington,  N.C.,  December  29,  1845. 
After  graduating  from  William  and  Mary  College  he  studied  law,  but 
relinquished  the  legal  profession  to  enter  West  Point.  He  attained  the 
rank  of  first  lieutenant  in  the  engineering  corps,  superintended  the  con- 
struction of  Fort  Warren,  in  Boston  Harbor,  and  published  a  'Brief, 
Practical  Treatise  on  Mortars,  with  an  Account  of  the  Processes  at  the 
Public  Works  in  Boston  Harbor'  (Boston,  1845). 

WYETH,  CHARLES  A.  Author.  [Ky.].  He  wrote  'The  Basket 
of  Flowers'  and  'Rosa  of  Linden  Castle;  or.  Filial  Affection,'  besides 
minor  works. 

WYETH,  JOHN  ALLAN.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch, 
Vol.  XIII,  page  6001. 

WYLIE,  LOLLIE  BELLR  Poet  and  special  writer.  She  was 
born  of  distinguished  colonial  and  revolutionary  stock,  in  Bayou  Coque 
d'Inde  on  the  Gulf  Coast  of  Alabama.  Her  maiden  name  was  Lollie  Belle 
Moore.    She  became  the  wife  of  Hart  Wylie,  of  Atlanta.  Ga..  the  marriage 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF  AUTHORS       485 

occurring  June  4,  1877.  Mrs.  Wylie  is  a  woman  of  exceptional  gifts. 
She  has  been  editorially  connected  with  numerous  periodicals  and  has 
taken  an  active  interest  in  the  progressive  movements  of  her  sex.  Be- 
sides hundreds  of  sketches,  descriptive  and  biographical,  she  has  published 
'Memoirs  of  Judge  Richard  H.  Clark'  (Atlanta,  1898),  a  'Legend  of  the 
Cherokee  Rose,'  a  volume  of  verse  (1887),  and  'Ashes  of  Love,'  a  novel- 
ette  (1890). 

WYMAN,  WILLIAM  STOKES.  Educator.  He  was  born  in 
Montgomery,  Ala.,  November  23,  1830,  received  a  collegiate  edu- 
cation and  married  Melissa  A.  Bearing.  He  was  for  forty-six 
years  professor  of  Latin  in  the  University  of  Alabama.  He  declined 
the  presidential  office  several  times,  but  served  in  this  capacity 
pro  tempore  on  four  different  occasions,  and  finally,  in  1902,  accepted 
an  election,  but  soon  afterward  retired.  Besides  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  the  magazines,  he  is  the  author  of  'The  Syntax  of  the  Latin 
Compound  Sentence'  and  'The  Trial  of  Milo.'  He  resides  in  Tusca- 
loosa, Ala.,  and  holds  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

WYNNE,  EMMA  MOFFETT,  Mrs.  Author.  She  was  born  in 
Alabama  in  1844  but  afterward  lived  in  Georgia  and  published  'Crag 
Font'  and  'Crown  Jewels.' 

WYNNE,  THOMAS  HICKS.  Author.  He  was  born  in  Virginia 
in  1820,  but  lived  for  some  time  in  North  Carolina.  He  published  'His- 
torical Documents  of  the  Old  Dominion'  (1860-1874),  'Historical  Docu- 
ments of  the  Old  North  State,'  and  a  'Narrative  of  Colonel  David  Fan- 
ning" (1861). 

WYNNE,  WILLIAM  AMOS.  Draughtsman.  He  was  born  in 
Texas  in  1877.  Besides  a  number  of  essays,  he  has  published  a  volume  of 
verse  entitled  'Be  Thou  Thankful,  and  Other  Poems'  (1899). 

WYTHE,  GEORGE.  Signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
He  was  born  in  Elizabeth  City,  Va.,  in  1726,  and  died  in  Richmond,  Va.. 
June  8,  1806.  As  a  lawyer  he  stood  at  the  head  of  the  Virginia  Bar.  He 
espoused  the  patriotic  cause  with  great  ardor,  signed  the  immortal  charter 
of  independence,  and  would  also  have  signed  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  but  was  absent  from  the  proceedings  of  the  convention 
on  the  last  day.  Later  he  held  for  twenty  years  the  chancellorship  of  the 
High  Court  of  Equity  in  Virginia.  While  in  the  full  possession  of  his 
faculties  at  the  age  of  eighty  years,  he  died  from  poisoning.  Thomas 
Jefferson  has  paid  the  highest  tribute  both  to  his  purity  of  character  and 
to  his  rare  force  of  intellect.  He  published  'Decisions  in  Virginia  by 
the  High  Court  of  Chancery,  with  Remarks  upon  Decrees  by  the  Court 
of  Appeals'  (Richmond,  1793)  ;  the  second  edition  with  a  memoir  by  Ben- 
jamin B.  Minor  (18S2). 

YANCEY,  WILLIAM  LOWNDES.  See  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal Sketch,  Vol.  XIII,  page  6021. 

YANDELL,  LUNSFORD  PITTS,  physician,  was  born  near  Harts- 
field,  Tenn.,  July  4,  180S,  and  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  February  4,  1878. 
For  years  he  taught  in  medical  colleges  and  edited  medical  journals.  He 
published  numerous  essays  and  monographs,  one  of  which  on  "Fever"  was 
awarded  a  prize. 

YEAMAN,  GEORGE  HELM,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Harden 
County,  Ky.,  November  1,  1829.  He  became  a  judge,  a  Member^  of  Con- 
gress, and,  by  acpointment  of  President  Johnson,  Minister  to  Denmark. 
Besides  several  p'amphlets,  he  published  a  'Study  of  Government'  '.Boston, 
1870).     After  his  return  from  Europe  he  practiced  law  in  New  "I'ork. 


486  SOUTHERN   LITERATURE 

YERGER,  GEORGE  SHALL.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in  Ha- 
gerstown,  Md.,  August  23,  1801,  and  died  in  Bolivar  County,  Miss.,  April 
20,  1860.  He  located  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  for  the  practice  of  law  and  was 
for  many  years  Supreme  Court  reporter.  Later  he  removed  to  Jackson, 
Miss.  While  engaged  in  a  deer  hunt  he  died  of  heart  disease,  falling 
upon  stag  which  he  had  just  shot.  He  published  ten  volumes  of 
"Tennessee  Reports'    (Nashville,   1832-1838),  besides   essays  and  sketches. 

YOAKUM,  HENDERSON.  Lawyer  and  historian.  He  was  born 
in  Claiborne  County,  Tenn.,  in  1810,  and  died  in  Houston,  Texas, 
November  29,  1856.  After  graduating  from  West  Point,  he  served  in  the 
Black  Hawk  War  with  the  rank  of  second  lieutenant,  but  resigned  from 
the  Army,  entered  the  legal  profession,  and  practiced  law,  first  in  Tennes- 
see and  afterward  in  Texas.  He  fought  in  the  Mexican  War  and  later 
became  colonel  of  militia.  Besides  contributing  to  numerous  periodicals, 
he  published  an  authoritative  work  entitled  'A  History  of  Texas  from 
Its  First  Settlement  under  La  Salle,  in  1685,  to  Its  Annexation  to  the 
United  States  in  1845'  (New  York,  18SS). 

YOCUM,  WILBUR  FISK,  clergyman  and  educator,  was  born 
in  Salein  Ohio,  July  20,  1840,  being  the  son  of  Elmore  and  Jane  Riley 
Yocum.  On  completing  his  educational  equipment,  he  became  an  ordained 
minister  in  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  organized  the  first  public 
school  in  Walla  Walla,  Wash.  Subsequently  he  taught  in  various  col- 
leges. For  thirty  years  he  has  lived  in  Florida  and  is  at  present  professor 
of  education  at  the  University  of  the  State,  which  is  situated  at  Gaines- 
ville. His  work  entitled  'Civil  Government  in  Florida'  is  an  important 
text-book  for  the  student.  He  married,  in  1871,  Sarah  Hanchett  of 
Chicago. 

YONGE,  FRANCIS.  Colonist.  [S.C.].  Besides  an  account  of 
a  voyage  to  Virginia,  he  published  'The  Proceedings  of  the  People  of 
South  Carolina  in  1719.' 

YOUNG,  BENNETT  HENDERSON.  Lawyer.  He  was  born  in 
Nicholasville,  Ky.,  May  23,  1843,  the  son  of  Robert  and  Josephine 
Henderson  Young.  He  received  the  best  educational  advantages, 
pursuing  his  studies  in  Kentucky,  at  Toronto,  Canada,  and  at 
Belfast,  Ireland.  He  married,  first,  Mattie  R.  Robinson  and,  second, 
Ella  S.  Sharp.  He  served  in  the  Confederate  Army  under  General 
John  H.  Morgan,  and  was  brigadier-general  on  the  staff  of  General 
John  B.  Gordon,  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  United  Confederate  Vet- 
erans. He  is  prominent  at  the  Bar  and  in  the  lay  councils  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church.  Included  among  his  published  works  are: 
'A  History  of  Constitutions  in  Kentucky,'  'A  History  of  Evangelistic 
Work  in  Kentucky,'  'A  History  of  Jessamine  County,'  'A  History  of 
Presbyterian  Church  Division  in  Kentucky,'  and  'A  History  of  the 
Battle  of  the  Thames.'  The  sketch  of  John  C.  Breckinridge  in  'The 
Library  of  Southern  Literature'  is  also  from  his  pen.  He  resides  in 
Louisville,  Ky.,  and  holds  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

YOUNG,  EDWARD.  Poet.  He  was  born  in  Bristol,  England, 
in  1818,  but  came  to  America  in  childhood  and  settled  in  South  Carolina. 
He  published  a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'The  Ladye  Lillian,  and  Other 
Poems.' 

YOUNG,  LUCIEN.  Naval  officer.  He  was  born  in  Lexington, 
Ky.,  March  31,  1852,  and  was  educated  at  Annapolis.  He  wrote  'The 
Real  Hawaii.' 

YOUNG,  MARTHA.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
XIII,  page  6043. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY   OF   AUTHORS        487 

YOUNG,  MAUD  J.  FULLER.  Author.  She  was  born  in  North 
Carolina  in  direct  line  of  descent  from  Pocahontas.  Afterward  she  re- 
sided in  Texas  and  wrote  'The  Song  of  the  Texas  Rangers,'  a  text-book 
entitled  'The  Botany  of  Texas,'  and  'Cordova:  a  Legend  of  Lone  Lake.' 

YOUNG,  R.  E.,  Miss.  Author.  [Mo.].  She  published  'Sally  of 
Missouri'   (1903). 

YOUNG,  ROBERT  ANDERSON.  Methodist  Episcopal  clergy- 
man. [Tenn.].  He  was  born  in  1824.  His  published  works  include: 
'Personages'  (1857),  'A  Reply  to  Ariel'  (1866),  and  'Sketches  of  Foreign 
Travel,'  besides  minor  writings. 

YOUNG,  Si-ARKE.  See  Biographical  and  Critical  Sketch,  Vol. 
XIII,  page  6065. 

YOUNG,  VIRGINIA  DURANT.  Journalist  and  author.  She 
was  born  in  Marion,  S.C.  Her  maiden  name  was  Durant.  She  wielded 
a  pen  of  rare  gifts,  wrote  newspaper  editorials  and  sketches,  and  pub- 
lished several  works,  among  them:  'Beholding  as  in  a  Glass'  (New  York, 
The  Arena  Publishing  Company,  1895),  'A  Tower  in  the  Desert'  {ibid., 
1896),  and  'One  of  the  Blue  Hen's  Chickens'  (1901).  She  married,  Decem- 
ber 22,  1880,  Dr.  N.  J.  Young,  and  resided  in  Fairfax,  S.C.  She  died 
November  2,  1906. 

YULEE,  C.  WICKLIFFE.  Author.  He  wrote  an  interesting 
novel  of  life  at  the  national  seat  of  Government  entitled  'The  Awakening 
(New  York  and  Washington,  The  Neale  Publishing  Company,  1906). 

ZACHARIE,  JAMES  S.  Author.  [La.].  He  published  'The  New 
Orleans  Guide'  (New  Orleans,  1889),  and  'New  Orleans— Its  Old  Streets 
and  Places'  (Louisiana  Historical  Society,  1900),  besides  essays  on  prison 
reform. 

ZIMMERMAN,  LEANDER  M.  He  was  born  in  Manchester, 
Md.,  August  29,  1866,  the  son  of  Henry  and  Leah  Zimmerman,  gradu- 
ated from  Pennsylvania  College,  at  Gettysburg,  and  was  ordained  to 
the  Lutheran  ministry  in  1878.  He  is  now  a  pastor  in  Balti- 
more. His  books  are  numerous.  They  include:  'How  to  Be  Happy 
When  Married,'  'The  Little  Grave,'  'Daily  Bread  for  Daily  Hun- 
ger,' 'Sunshine,'  'Pearls  of  Comfort  from  Tennyson's  "In  Memor- 
iam," '  'Expository  Thoughts  on  Pilgrim's  Progress,'  'Paths  That  Cross,' 
'A  Wedding  Token,'  'The  Family,'  'Oil  of  Kindness,'  'Yvonne,'  'Book  of 
Verses,'  and  'A  Word  to  the  Troubled.'  He  resides  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
and  holds  the  degree  of  D.D. 

ZOGBAUM,  RUFUS  FAIRCHILD.  Artist  and  author.  He  was 
born  in  Charleston,  S.C,  August  28,  1849,  and  studied  art  in  New  York  and 
Paris.  He  is  well  known  as  a  delineator  of  military  and  naval  subjects. 
He  has  also  written  and  illustrated  several  entertaining  works,  among 
them:  'Foot,  Horse,  and  Dragoons;  or,  Sketches  of  Army  Life,'  'All 
Hands,'  and  'Ships  and  Sailors.'    He  resides  in  New  York  City.